Warm-Up

• Name the 5 hominids.– Australopithecus, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo

sapiens neanderthalensis (Neanderthals), Homo sapiens sapiens (Cro-Magnons)

• Which was the first to use fire?– Homo Erectus

• Which was the first to bury their dead?– Neanderthals

Neolithic Revolution

Neolithic Revolution

• Neolithic = New Stone Age

Neolithic Revolution

• About 10,000 years ago, women may have scattered seeds near a regular campsite. When they returned the next season, they may have found new crops growing. This discovery would usher in the Neolithic Revolution, or the agricultural revolution

Neolithic Revolution

• Neolithic Revolution

–A.k.a. Agricultural Revolution

•Agriculture = Farming

–Also, domestication of animals

•Horses, dogs, goats and pigs

The Environment

• Temperatures increase

–Ice age ends

–More useable land

Invention of Farming

Early Farming Methods

• Slash-and-burn farming

– in which they cut trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field.

–The ashes that remained fertilized the soil.

Major Changes

• Nomadic clans form settled villages

• Greater populations

• Extra time not devoted to food production

• New problems to worry about

Problem #1: Solutions?

• People work not on food but for food

• Perform useful, new jobs

• They become specialized workers

–Perhaps artisans

Problem #2: Solutions?

• Need someone to:

–Lock and guard the food

–Count it

–Give it out

• You also have to invent record keeping, writing, and counting

Problem #3: Solutions?

• Do you share equally with everyone?

• Do you own your land, or does your clan own it?

• Where do you get your tools?

Problem #4: Solutions?

• Laws, police, courts…

• You’ve just invented institutions, like the government

Neolithic Advances

• New art!

–Pottery

–Baskets

Neolithic Advances

Better tools!

–Including the use of metal (Bronze)

Neolithic Advances

More food! WHY?

Neolithic Advances

• More people! WHY?

Neolithic vs. Paleolithic

Neolithic vs PaleolithicNeo=new; Lithic=stone. Neolithic era is also call the New Stone age.

Meaning Paleo=old; Lithic=stone. The Paleolithic era is also called the Old Stone age.

Mud bricks supported by timber Dwelling Mouths of caves, huts, skin tents

Sedentary....They farmed in permanent settlements and raised/herded animals; agriculture was discovered and became a major source of food; families evolved.

Lifestyle Nomadic; in groups of up to 50; tribal society; hunters and gatherers

polished stone tools made sharper by grinding

Tools Chipped stone, wooden weapons, light stone tools (not sharpened)

Animal skins, woven garments Clothes Animal skins

Military and religious leaders had authority. Monarchy emerged.

Governance Tribal society. Clan controlled by elders or the powerful (according to age)

The concept of private property and ownership emerged for things such as land, livestock and tools.

Economy There was no concept of private property.

Neolithic vs PaleolithicNeolithic people were shorter and had lower life expectancy. Diseases like tooth cavities and typhoid emerged in the new stone age. Neolithic women had more children because the life style was no longer nomadic.

Health Paleolithic people were taller and lived longer than Neolithic people.

Wall paintings Art Cave paintings

Stone, clay (baked) Sculpture material

Stone, mammoth ivory, reindeer horn

Agriculture and tools with polished stones, the plow

Main Discovery

Fire; Rough stone tools

They grew crops such as corn, wheat, beans, etc.

Food Hunted and gathered for their food supply.