Warm Up

How is a conditioned stimulus different than an unconditioned stimulus?

True or False: An originally neutral stimulus must be paired with an unconditioned stimulus in order to elicit the intended response

Test Next Wednesday (10/23)

It will cover ONLY classical and operant conditioning, and social learning

We will review in class Tuesday

ALSO- Tutoring after school Tuesday 2:15-2:45

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner

learning from consequences of behavior

Reinforcement or Punishment

Skinner’s Experiment

Pavlov is to the dog experiment, as Skinner is to the rat experiment

Rats had to press a bar in order to receive the food (reinforcement)

Reinforcement

Stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated

Can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-63ysqT5nu0

Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Takes away an unpleasant stimulus

Escape Conditioning-remove or terminate unpleasant stimulus

Avoidance Conditioning- prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus; often has a warning signal

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHhcidCoGAE

Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer

Primary- satisfies a biological need (hunger/thirst/sleep)

Secondary-paired with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning and has acquired value (Almost any stimulus)

Schedules of Reinforcement

Behavior Reinforced EVERY time- Continuous Schedule

Behaviors Reinforced with intervals- Partial Schedule

Quick Write

Which do you think is more effective?

Partial Schedule

253-254

Pull out the 4 types of partial reinforcement and describe each (in your notes!)

Shaping

Desired behavior is “modeled” by first rewarding any act similar to desired behavior and then requiring closer acts before giving a reward

Shaping

For example, to teach a child to write his or her first name, you initially give praise for writing the first letter correctly. After the child has mastered that first step, letter-by-letter you give praise until the entire name is correctly written.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iox5BVm5-qk

Response Chains

Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence

Simple skills make harder tasks possible

Ride a training bike, have parent guide you, ride a real bike

Punishment

Opposite of negative reinforcement

Behavior is decreased

Negative Punishment

When a child "talks back" to his/her mother, the child may lose the privilege of watching her favorite television program. Therefore, the loss of viewing privileges will act as a negative punisher and decrease the likelihood of the child talking back in the future.

Positive Punishment

If you stroke a cat's fur in a manner that the cat finds unpleasant, the cat may attempt to bite you. Therefore, the presentation of the cat's bite will act as a positive punisher and decrease the likelihood that you will stroke the cat in that same manner in the future.

Disadvantages of Punishment

257-259

What are the problems with punishment? Please identify and add to your notes

THEN WE ARE DONE WITH NOTES- YOU MADE IT!

Operant Conditioning in your Life