warm up
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Warm Up. Get a marker or colored pencil Pick up a notes packet. Chapter 9: Memory. Memory. Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences. Vivid Memories. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
MemoryMemoryMemory:
persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information.
Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences.
Vivid MemoriesVivid MemoriesFlashbulb Memories:Flashbulb Memories:
clear memory of an clear memory of an emotionally significant emotionally significant event or moment. event or moment.
Usually personally Usually personally meaningful or meaningful or historically significant. historically significant. 911911OJOJ
Memory as Information Memory as Information ProcessingProcessing
Memory is similar to a computer (write to file, save to disk, read from disk).
3 Basic Steps to Memory: 1. Encoding: getting information into the
memory system.• File Cabinet• Needs to be organized
2. Storage: the retention of the encoded information over time.
3. Retrieval: process of getting information out of the memory system.
Three Stage Processing Model Three Stage Processing Model of Memoryof Memory
Stage One: The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as sensory memory.
Stage Two: sensory memories are processed into short term memory your activated memory which can only hold a minimal amount of information.
Stage Three: short term memories are encoded into long-term memory, the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse from which we retrieve.
Concept of Working MemoryConcept of Working Memory
Working Memory: similar to short-term memory but focuses more on manipulation of information.
Working Memory and Short-Term Memory are both quite limited in capacity and duration.
You can only hold so much information in your working memory at one given time.
Magic Number tends to be 7 +/- 2..
Types of EncodingTypes of EncodingAutomatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental informationspacetimefrequency
well-learned informationword meanings
we can learn automatic processingreading backwards
Automatic Processing: Automatic Processing: Reading BackwardsReading Backwards
Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice becomes automatic.
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Automatic processing allows us to do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing.
Effortful ProcessingEffortful Processing
Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc.
Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal: simple rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories.
King of Memory Experiments King of Memory Experiments is Hermann Ebbinghausis Hermann Ebbinghaus
Wanted to research capacity of verbal memory.
Looked to study to see capacity of peoples’ memories to study strings of non-sense syllables.
Ex: JIH, FUB, YOX, XIR,
General Findings General Findings
1. Next in Line Effect- don’t concentrate/remember when you know you are going to have to speak next
2. Info right before we sleep is not remembered
3. Taped info is not remembered
Findings of EbbinghausFindings of Ebbinghaus4. Practice makes perfect. The more rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn the syllables again on day 2. Over learning increased retention.
5. The Spacing Effect: the tendency for studying over a long period of time produces better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. SPACED STUDYING BEATS CRAMMING!!!
Findings of EbbinghausFindings of Ebbinghaus6. Serial Position Effect: our tendency
to recall best the last and first items in a list. Ex: Presidents
Types of EncodingTypes of EncodingSemantic Encoding: encoding of
meaning, including the meaning of words…yields best memory.
Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words….usually the least effective.“ if the glove doesn’t fit , you must
acquit” Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture
images.Self Reference Effect- do better on on
things we relate back to ourselves
Example Example 1. Is the word in capital letters?
Visual2. Does the word rhyme with train?
Acoustic 3. Would the word GUN fit in this
sentence. The girl put the ___ on the table
Semantic
Encoding ImageryEncoding ImageryImagery: creating mental pictures,
helps effortful processing especially when combined with semantic encoding.
Recall of events is often colored by highest joys and lowest lows of events…usually remember events differently than you evaluated them at the time.
Mneumonics: memory aids, often use vivid imagery and organizational devices. .
Organizing Information for Organizing Information for EncodingEncoding
Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, manageable
unitslike horizontal organization- 1776149218121941
1776 1492 1812 1941Phone numbers
often occurs automaticallyuse of acronyms
HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, SuperiorA way to get over the 7 +/- 2 rule
Process of Chunking: Process of Chunking: Organized Information is Organized Information is More Easily RememberedMore Easily Remembered
Hierarchies Hierarchies Organized info. is remembered
bettercomplex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
Encoding(automatic or effortful)
Imagery(visualEncoding)
Meaning(semanticEncoding)
Organization
Chunks Hierarchies