Warm UpWarm Up- 5 mins to - 5 mins to study for Eye Quizstudy for Eye Quiz

Word BankWord Bank

TransductionTransduction

CorneaCorneaPupilPupil IrisIrisLensLensAccommodationAccommodation

RetinaRetinaRodsRodsConesConesThalamusThalamusOccipital (visual) Occipital (visual)

cortexcortexOptic NerveOptic NerveFovea Fovea

Chapter 5: Sensation pt. 2Chapter 5: Sensation pt. 2

Mariachi or Old FolksMariachi or Old Folks

3 Faces In One3 Faces In One

9 People?9 People?

Old Man or Lovers Old Man or Lovers KissingKissing

A Young Woman or… A Young Woman or…

A Grouchy ClownA Grouchy Clown

A Clown…A Clown…

Or a CircusOr a Circus

Color ConstancyColor Constancy

Human Beings Human Beings maintain maintain Color Color Constancy:Constancy: perceiving familiar perceiving familiar objects as having objects as having consistent color, consistent color, even if lighting even if lighting changes to alter changes to alter the wavelength the wavelength given off by the given off by the object.object.

Context Affects ColorContext Affects Color

We only retain We only retain color constancy color constancy when the context when the context remains the same.remains the same.

Same color will Same color will look different look different when compared in when compared in different contexts.different contexts.

Sense 2: Hearing Sense 2: Hearing (Audition)(Audition)

The loudness of a sound is The loudness of a sound is determined by a waves amplitudedetermined by a waves amplitude (height.)(height.)

The The frequencyfrequency, , number of number of complete wavelengths that pass complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time, a point in a given time, determines the sounds pitchdetermines the sounds pitch: the : the tones highness or lowness.tones highness or lowness.

Hearing ThresholdHearing Threshold

Hearing is measured in decibels. Zero decibels is considered the threshold of hearing.

Parts of the EarParts of the EarOuter Ear:Outer Ear:

Job:Job: Gather sound waves to eardrumGather sound waves to eardrum..Parts: Parts: auditory canal and eardrum.auditory canal and eardrum.

Middle EarMiddle EarJob:Job: To Amplify and concentrate the To Amplify and concentrate the

vibrations onto cochlea’s oval window.vibrations onto cochlea’s oval window.Parts: Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones: Parts: Ossicles, made up of three tiny bones:

hammer, anvil, and stirruphammer, anvil, and stirrup (malleus, incus, (malleus, incus, and stapes)and stapes)

Inner EarInner EarJob:Job: To change sound waves into neural To change sound waves into neural

impulsesimpulsesParts: Parts: Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar Oval Window, Cochlea, Basilar

Membrane, Hair Cells.Membrane, Hair Cells.

Process of HearingProcess of Hearing1.1. Your Your outer ear outer ear

channels sound channels sound waves to the waves to the eardrum or eardrum or tympanumtympanum..

2.2. Your Your eardrum vibrateseardrum vibrates with sound waveswith sound waves

3.3. This causes This causes 3 tiny 3 tiny bones called the bones called the ossiclesossicles (the hammer, (the hammer, anvil and the stirrup) anvil and the stirrup) of of your middle ear to your middle ear to vibratevibrate

Process of HearingProcess of Hearing4. 4. The vibrating stirrup The vibrating stirrup

pushes against the pushes against the oval window of the oval window of the cochlea in the inner cochlea in the inner earear. The cochlea is fluid . The cochlea is fluid filled and filled and waves are waves are createdcreated..

5. Inside the cochlea is a 5. Inside the cochlea is a basilar membrane basilar membrane with hair cells that with hair cells that are bent by the are bent by the vibrationsvibrations and are and are transduced into a transduced into a neural impulseneural impulse

Process of HearingProcess of Hearing

66. Hair cells synapse with . Hair cells synapse with auditory neuron whose axons auditory neuron whose axons form the auditory nerveform the auditory nerve

7. The auditory nerve transmits 7. The auditory nerve transmits sound messages though your sound messages though your medulla, pons and thalamus medulla, pons and thalamus to the auditory cortex of the to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.temporal lobe.

What cell is triggers neural What cell is triggers neural impulses in the eye?impulses in the eye?

Inner Ear and Vestibular Inner Ear and Vestibular SenseSense

The semicircular canals The semicircular canals are connected to the are connected to the cochlea by cochlea by the the vestibular sacs. vestibular sacs.

The semicircular canals The semicircular canals contain substance that contain substance that move when our head move when our head rotates or tilts and allows rotates or tilts and allows us to maintain our us to maintain our vestibular sense:vestibular sense: sense of our body sense of our body movement and positionmovement and position

How Do We Perceive Pitch: How Do We Perceive Pitch: 2 Theories2 Theories

Hemholtz’s Place Theory:Hemholtz’s Place Theory: argues we argues we hear different pitches because hear different pitches because different different sound waves trigger activity at sound waves trigger activity at different places in the cochlea’s different places in the cochlea’s membranemembrane…easily explains …easily explains high pitcheshigh pitches since these pitches are highly localized.since these pitches are highly localized.

Frequency Theory:Frequency Theory: We sense pitch by We sense pitch by the the basilar membrane in cochlea basilar membrane in cochlea vibrating at the same rate as the vibrating at the same rate as the soundsound. Explains . Explains low pitchlow pitch well…. well….

Volley Principle- Volley Principle- alternate firing to get alternate firing to get over 1000 fires per sound over 1000 fires per sound

How Do We Locate How Do We Locate SoundsSounds

Why is Having 2 Ears Important?

Parallel Processing Parallel Processing

Just like with vision, Just like with vision, audition involves parallel audition involves parallel processing processing

Time differenceTime differenceIntensityIntensitymemoriesmemories

Hearing LossHearing LossConductive Hearing Conductive Hearing

Loss:Loss: hearing loss hearing loss caused by damage to caused by damage to the mechanical system the mechanical system that conducts sound that conducts sound waves to the cochlea waves to the cochlea like eardrum and like eardrum and ossicles. ossicles.

Solution to Conductive Solution to Conductive Hearing Loss?Hearing Loss?Hearing aidHearing aid

Hearing LossHearing Loss Sensorineural Sensorineural

Hearing Loss:Hearing Loss: damage caused damage caused to cochlea’s to cochlea’s receptor cells receptor cells (hair cells) or (hair cells) or auditory nervesauditory nerves..

Solution?Solution?Cochlear Cochlear

ImplantImplant

Older People Suffer Most Hearing Older People Suffer Most Hearing Loss With High Frequency SoundsLoss With High Frequency Sounds

On a separate pieces of paper put these On a separate pieces of paper put these words in the correct order of how we words in the correct order of how we

hear and in your own words tell me how hear and in your own words tell me how we hearwe hear

DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR NOTES DO NOT JUST COPY YOUR NOTESCochlea Cochlea StirupStirupHammerHammerSound wavesSound wavesNeural impulseNeural impulseTransductionTransductionOval windowOval window

AnvilAnvilOssiclesOssiclesOuter earOuter earEardrum/Eardrum/

tympanumtympanumBasilar Basilar

membranemembraneHair cellsHair cells

Warm up – page 34Warm up – page 34

1. What is the difference between 1. What is the difference between Sensor neural and conductive hearing Sensor neural and conductive hearing loss?loss?

2. Why do we have 2 ears?2. Why do we have 2 ears?3. What is the purpose of function of the 3. What is the purpose of function of the

hammer, anvil and stirrup?hammer, anvil and stirrup?4.How do we transform sound waves 4.How do we transform sound waves

into perceived sound?into perceived sound?What is the Place Theory?What is the Place Theory?What is the Frequency Theory?What is the Frequency Theory?

Touch Touch Premature BabiesPremature BabiesMonkeysMonkeys Skin sensations are a Skin sensations are a

variation of the basic 4variation of the basic 4PressurePressureWarmthWarmthColdColdPain Pain

Sense #3: TouchSense #3: TouchPain Is a Good Thing!Pain Is a Good Thing!Gate Control Theory: Gate Control Theory:

theory that the spinal cord contains a theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the signals or allows them to pass on to the brainbrain

““gate” opened by the activity of pain gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers signals traveling up small nerve fibers

““gate” closed by activity in larger fibers gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brainor by information coming from the brain

Social Influence On PainSocial Influence On Pain-Pain is both a physiological and a psychological phenomenon.

-Depending on symptoms, doctors may use drugs, surgery, etc. or relaxation training, thought distraction.

Example: Lamaze Method

Memories of PainMemories of Pain

More to our memories of pain than the More to our memories of pain than the pain we experienced.pain we experienced.

People tend to overlook duration of pain People tend to overlook duration of pain and instead concentrate on its peak and instead concentrate on its peak moments and how much pain they felt at moments and how much pain they felt at the end.the end.

What do doctors do because of this?What do doctors do because of this?Taper down proceduresTaper down procedures

Senses 4 & 5: Taste and Senses 4 & 5: Taste and SmellSmell

Why are Taste and Why are Taste and Smell studied Smell studied together?together?

Taste Taste 4 Basic Sensations4 Basic Sensations

SweetSweetSourSourSaltySaltyBitterBitter

200 taste buds200 taste budsReproduce every 1 or 2 weeksReproduce every 1 or 2 weeksOlder= decrease in taste budsOlder= decrease in taste budsSmoking and Alcohol= decrease in taste Smoking and Alcohol= decrease in taste

budsbuds

Taste and SmellTaste and SmellTaste and Smell are both Taste and Smell are both

chemical senses.chemical senses.Tongue is central muscle Tongue is central muscle

for taste which contain for taste which contain taste buds. taste buds.

Smell runs through Smell runs through receptor cells in nasal receptor cells in nasal cavity which are send cavity which are send neural signals to the neural signals to the olfactory bulbsolfactory bulbs in the in the brain.brain.

Smell Smell

5 million receptor cells at the top 5 million receptor cells at the top of your nasal cavityof your nasal cavity

Detect 10,000 odorsDetect 10,000 odorsDecreases with ageDecreases with ageHave your own chemical Have your own chemical

signaturesignature

Smell Smell

Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to Nasal Cavity brings the smell up to your receptorsyour receptors

Receptor cells send the message to Receptor cells send the message to the brain’s olfactory bulbthe brain’s olfactory bulb

Then to the temporal lobe’s primary Then to the temporal lobe’s primary smell cortexsmell cortex

Parallel Processing Parallel Processing

Receptor cells inolfactory membrane

Nasal passage

Olfactorybulb

Olfactorynerve

Smell and EmotionSmell and Emotion

Sense of smell Sense of smell activates areas in activates areas in limbic system involved limbic system involved in emotion and in emotion and memory.memory.

Smells can often evoke Smells can often evoke memories of the past memories of the past or emotional or emotional experiences more often experiences more often than most other than most other senses.senses.

Sensory RestrictionSensory Restriction

People born without access to a People born without access to a sense, compensate with sense, compensate with development of stronger other development of stronger other senses. senses.

Sensory Restriction has produced Sensory Restriction has produced mixed results depending on mixed results depending on context:context:

Early Experiments: Early Experiments: disorientation, disorientation, hallucinations, etc.hallucinations, etc.