Warm Up 22Jan15How many Social Sciences can you name?

What do schools, churches, civic groups and family traditions have in common?

Warm Up 22Jan15How many Social Sciences can you name?• Sociology• Psychology• Economics• Political Science• History

• Schools, churches, civic groups and family traditions are all considered to be SOCIAL STATICS

Sociology Unit One

• Sociology – Social science that studies human society an social behavior.

• Perspective- Allows a person to look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions

• Positivism is a way of thinking developed by Auguste Comte and is based on the assumption that it is possible to observe social life and establish reliable, valid knowledge about how it(Social Life) works; has very little effect on modern Sociology

Sociology Unit One

• Social Statics – Based on Comte’s theories, he suggested that there are certain processes that help hold society together…. An example might be schools, churches, civic groups and family traditions

• Social Dynamics – Society changes through definite processes; identifying processes that cause change in Society (Social, Political, Economic or Religious factors that produce change… Examples

Sociology Unit One

Sociology Unit One

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx

Sociology Unit One

• Bourgeoisie – Based on the writings of Karl Marx, the Bourgeoisie “Ruling class that controls the means of capital and production” will eventually be overthrown by the Proletariats “Working Class” and society will be more egalitarian with all people sharing and distributing wealth and resources equally. This could only be achieved if the Proletariat class united to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. This overthrow would emplace Communism as the preferred economic and social model for the world.

Sociology Unit One

• The establishment of Communism would bring an end to the Capitalistic ventures of European and North American nations.

• Capitalism is the freedom to pursue wealth though obtaining resources that can produce goods or services and then marketing and selling those goods for profit

• Class Conflict was the prediction of Karl Marx that the Proletariats and the Bourgeoisie would inevitably conflict over the economic and social disparities created by Capitalism

Sociology Unit One

• Mechanical solidarity connects the individual to society without any intermediary. That is, society is organized collectively and all members of the group share the same beliefs.

• Organic solidarity - society is a system of different functions that are united by definite relationships. Each individual must have a distinct job or action and a personality that is his or her own. Individuality grows as parts of society grow

Sociology Unit One

Mechanical Solidarity does not tolerate individual

differences

Sociology Unit One

• Verstehen - The attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions • “Empathy” or being able to relate to

someone’s actions – Give an example• Rationalization is the process of replacing

traditional and emotional thought with reason and practicality (Most polytheistic societies created gods to explain what they could not understand) • A more practical explanation is to attempt to

explain an action that might be controversial or breaking from the norm

Sociology Unit One

• Theoretical Perspective – Is a school of thought or a particular way of thinking or an outline of the nature of social life• Functionalism – Based on the ideas of Comte,

Spencer and Durkheim: It view Society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to create a stable society. • What interrelated parts hold the American

public school system together?

Sociology Unit One

Manifest functions – An intended consequence of some element of society.

• School System – What are the intended consequences?

• Latent functions – An unintended consequence of some element of society. • School System – What are the unintended

consequences?

Sociology Unit One

• Dysfunction – A negative consequence an element has for the stability of a social system. • Michael Brown shooting in Ferguson, Missouri

• Conflict perspective – Forces in society that promote competition and change (Violent and non-violent) Provide examples of violent change and non-violent change

Sociology Unit One

• Power is established through a variety of means: Political, Social, Economic, Religious and inherited power are evident in U.S. Society.

Sociology Unit One

Sociology Unit One

Dramaturgy - Erving Goffman (1922-1982) was a sociologist who analyzed social interaction, explaining that people live their lives much like actors performing on a stage. As we present ourselves in various situations, we are much like actors putting on performances for their audience.

Do you act differently when interacting with different people?

Sociology Unit One

• Survey - are intended to gather information from individuals who are part of a larger social group.– Types of Surveys

• Opinion• Cross-Sectional• Longitudinal

– What is a Likert Scale?

• Population - The composition of a specific and defined area. Sociologist seek information to define the population based on given categories. (Demographics)– Which populations are easier to assess: Homogeneous or

Heterogeneous?

Sociology Unit OneSurveys are the most commonly used tool in sociological research, whether in the form of a questionnaire, interview, or telephone poll. Surveys make it possible to ask specific questions about a large number of topics and then perform sophisticated analyses to find patterns and relationships among variables.

Sociology Unit One

Sociology Unit One• Social structure - the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose society. Social structures are not immediately visible to the untrained observer, however they are present and affect all dimensions of human experience in society• Representative Sample - subset of a statistical population that accurately reflects the members of the entire population• should be an unbiased indication of what the population is like. •In a classroom of 30 students in which half the students are male and half are female, a representative sample might include six students: three males and three females

Sociology Unit One•A questionnaire is a list of written questions that can be completed in one of two basic ways• Firstly, respondents could be asked to complete the questionnaire with the researcher not present. This is a postal questionnaire and (loosely) refers to any questionnaire that a respondent completes without the aid of the researcher• Secondly, respondents could be asked to complete the questionnaire by verbally responding to questions in the presence of the researcher. This variation is called a structured interview

Sociology Unit OneACTIVITY

• Groups of 2-3• Develop a ten item postal questionnaire focused on improving the cultural diversification at Hopewell High School• Develop a five item structured interview questionnaire focused on improving technology in the classrooms• Conduct your structured interview with two

separate groups and record your results

Sociology Unit OneInterview - In its simplest form, a structured interview involves one person asking another person a list of predetermined questions about a carefully-selected topic. • The person asking the questions (“the

interviewer”) is allowed to explain things the interviewee (or “respondent” - the person responding to the questions) does not understand or finds confusing.

Sociology Unit OneClosed-end Question – Can be answered with a one word answer. (Most often related to a postal questionnaire)

Open-ended Question – Requires thought and elaboration (Most often related to a structured interview)

Secondary Analysis - the practice of analyzing data that have already been gathered by someone else, often for a distinctly different purpose. As a research method, it saves both time and money and avoids unnecessary duplication of research effort.

Sociology Unit OneField Research - Qualitative research, also called field research, typically involves fieldwork in which the researcher observes and records behavior and events in their natural setting. The researcher physically goes to the people, setting, or site in order to observe the subject as it normally and naturally occurs or behaves.Case Study - a research method that relies on a single case rather than a population or sample. When researchers focus on a single case, they can make detailed observations over a long period of time, something that cannot be done with large samples without costing a lot of money.

Warm Up 27Jan15Using your SmartPhone • Find an example of a Study where a Sociologist went to a specific location and studied a specific group for a period of time• Who was the Sociologist?• Where was the Sociologist?• Was there an existing hypothesis?• Why was the study conducted?• What was the result of the Study?

Sociology Unit OneParticipant Observation - the observer doing the research (Anthropology or Sociology) studies the group by sharing in its activities

Causation - a belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another

Multiple Causation – Same as Causation

Variable - is something that can change or vary, so that its opposite is a constant

Sociology Unit OneQuantitative Variable - A quantitative variable is one whose observations can be characterized in numerical terms.

Qualitative Variable - A qualitative variable is one that cannot be described meaningfully in terms of numbers.

Examples: Gender is qualitative because there is no way in which numbers can be assigned to “male” and “female” in a meaningful way.

Sociology Unit One(In)dependent Variable - A dependent variable (Y) is an effect, result, or outcome; it is assumed to depend on or to be caused by at least one independent variable (X).

Intervening Variable - Example: A higher education (independent variable) typically leads to a higher income (dependent variable). Occupation is an intervening variable here between education and income because it is causally affected by education and itself affects income. In other words, more schooling tends to mean a better job, which in turn tends to bring a higher income.

Sociology Unit OneCorrelation - refers to the strength of a relationship between two variables. A strong, or high, correlation means that two or more variables have a strong relationship with each other while a weak, or low, correlation means that the variables are hardly related

Example of Spurious Correlation Joan gets excited flirting with other men at events. John is a good looking guy, attends a lot of events and likes flirty women. OR Joan's husband Bill is considered a "lurking variable" because he weighs 250 pounds and wants to beat the crap out of both Joan and John

Sociology Unit One1. Use the scientific method• Step 1 - Observation• Step 2 - Description• Step 3 - Control• Step 4 - Replication2. Collect a database of sociolological research

Sociology Unit OneHypothesis - a prediction about the relationship between variables. It is usually based on theoretical expectations about how things work.

There are two types of hypotheses:

Null hypothesis: A null hypothesis always predicts the absence of a relationship between two variables. For example, “There is no relationship between education and income.”Alternative hypothesis: The alternative hypothesis states an actual expectation, such as, “Higher levels of education increase the likelihood of earning a higher income.”

Sociology Unit OneStep 1 – Define the Problem

Step 2 – Review the Literature

Step 3 – Form a Hypothesis

Step 4 – Choose a Research Design

Step 5 – Collect the Data

Step 6 – Analyze the Data

Step 7 – Presenting the Conclusions

Sociology Unit One Test

We will go back through the slides:• Tag the terms/concepts that will be on the test• Make any clarifications that are needed• TEST WILL BE ON

Sociology Unit Two• Unit Two will cover Chapters 2,3,4• It will cover the multiple aspects of Culture• Items that important to a specific culture• Language, religion, politics, food, sports….• Taboos, norms and mores• Relationship with neighboring cultures• The concepts of Ethnocentrism• Countercultures and Subcultures of the U.S.• An examination of what makes up the

“American” culture• How culture affects behavior and law• Population trends• Social Structure and expectations• Competition and Conflict

Sociology Unit Two• Different types of societies• Forces that changed societies• Social groups • Group dynamics

Sociology Unit TwoQUARTER PROJECT

• Today, we will develop the categories and outline for your quarter project on CULTURE• Everyone will participate• Conduct the development through the democratic process• I will develop a rubric to help guide you once the requirements are set.•Culture