Slide 1

Warm cloud microstructures Liquid water content (LWC): amount of water per unit volume of air Droplet concentration: # droplets per unit volume of air Droplet size distribution/spectrum: droplet concentration vs. size interval

Slide 2

Liquid water content & entrainment Liquid water content (LWC) correlated with updraft speed; large intra-cloud variability Actual LWC

Thunder Return stroke heats air to > 30,000 K Pressure in channel increases to 10-100 atm Induces supersonic shock wave in addition to sound wave (thunder) At distances > 25 km, thunder generally refracted above earths surface (inaudible)