WAR WITH CARTHAGEWAR WITH CARTHAGE

THE PUNIC WARTHE PUNIC WAR

CAUSESCAUSES

■ TRADE DISPUTETRADE DISPUTE■ DISPUTE IN SICILYDISPUTE IN SICILY

ACTUAL STARTACTUAL START1. PIRATES ATTACK MESSINA WHICH 1. PIRATES ATTACK MESSINA WHICH

APPEALS TO ROME, CARTHAGE AND APPEALS TO ROME, CARTHAGE AND SYRACUS.SYRACUS.

2. BY THE TIME THE ROMAN ARMY ARRIVES 2. BY THE TIME THE ROMAN ARMY ARRIVES THE PIRATES HAVE WON AND ARE BEING THE PIRATES HAVE WON AND ARE BEING ATTACKED BY CARTHAGEATTACKED BY CARTHAGE

3. PIRATES ASK FOR ROMAN HELP WHO 3. PIRATES ASK FOR ROMAN HELP WHO DECIDE TO ASSIST BECAUSE THEY DON’T DECIDE TO ASSIST BECAUSE THEY DON’T WANT CARTHAGE TO CONTROL MESSINAWANT CARTHAGE TO CONTROL MESSINA

EARLY ADVANTAGESEARLY ADVANTAGES

■ CARTHAGE TOP NAVAL POWER CARTHAGE TOP NAVAL POWER WITH ROME HAVING 0 SHIPSWITH ROME HAVING 0 SHIPS

■ ROME SUPERIOR ON LANDROME SUPERIOR ON LAND

NAVAL WARNAVAL WAR

FIRST PUNIC WARFIRST PUNIC WAR

264 B.C.E.-241 B.C.E264 B.C.E.-241 B.C.E

BATTLESBATTLES

■ 260BCE BATTLE MYLAE-ROMAN 260BCE BATTLE MYLAE-ROMAN VICTORY FIRST USE OF CORVUSVICTORY FIRST USE OF CORVUS

■ 256BCE BATTLE ECNOMUS, ROMAN 256BCE BATTLE ECNOMUS, ROMAN VICTORY WHICH ALLOWED THE VICTORY WHICH ALLOWED THE ROMAN ARMY TO LAND IN AFRICA ROMAN ARMY TO LAND IN AFRICA

■ CARTHAGE SUED FOR PEACE BUT CARTHAGE SUED FOR PEACE BUT ROMAN TERMS WERE TOO HARSHROMAN TERMS WERE TOO HARSH

BATTLESBATTLES■ 255 BCE BATTLE OF TUNIS, 255 BCE BATTLE OF TUNIS,

MERCENARY GENERAL XANTHIPPUS MERCENARY GENERAL XANTHIPPUS DEFEATS THE ROMANSDEFEATS THE ROMANS

■ 250BCE BATTLE PANORMUS A 250BCE BATTLE PANORMUS A ROMAN VICTORYROMAN VICTORY

■ 249BCE BATTLE DREPANUM A 249BCE BATTLE DREPANUM A ROMAN DEFEATROMAN DEFEAT

■ FINAL VICTORY BATTLE OF FINAL VICTORY BATTLE OF AEGADIAN ISLES 241 BCEAEGADIAN ISLES 241 BCE

PEACE TREATYPEACE TREATY■ ROME RECEIVES SICILYROME RECEIVES SICILY■ 3,200 TALENTS OF GOLD OVER 10 3,200 TALENTS OF GOLD OVER 10

YEARSYEARS■ STOP RECRUITING MERCENARIES IN STOP RECRUITING MERCENARIES IN

ITALYITALY■ AGREE NOT TO ATTACK EACH AGREE NOT TO ATTACK EACH

OTHERS ALLIESOTHERS ALLIES■ KEEP THEIR SHIPS OUT OF ITALIAN KEEP THEIR SHIPS OUT OF ITALIAN

WATERWATER

BETWEEN THE WARSBETWEEN THE WARS

■ MERCENARY WAR IN CARTHAGE MERCENARY WAR IN CARTHAGE WON BY HAMLICAR BARCAWON BY HAMLICAR BARCA

■ CARTHAGE TAKES OVER SPAINCARTHAGE TAKES OVER SPAIN■ BARCA SONS; MAGO, HASDRUBAL, BARCA SONS; MAGO, HASDRUBAL,

AND HANNIBAL RAISED AND AND HANNIBAL RAISED AND DEDICATED TO ROME’S DEDICATED TO ROME’S DESTRUCTIONDESTRUCTION

■ 226 BCE EBRO TREATY BETWEEN 226 BCE EBRO TREATY BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE.EBRO RIVER ROME AND CARTHAGE.EBRO RIVER IS THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN IS THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN ROMAN AND CARTHAGINIAN AREASROMAN AND CARTHAGINIAN AREAS

SECOND PUNIC WARSECOND PUNIC WAR

218 B.C.E-201 B.C.E218 B.C.E-201 B.C.E

HANNIBAL’S ARMYHANNIBAL’S ARMY

CELTIBERIANSCELTIBERIANS

NUMIDIANSNUMIDIANS

MERCENARY MERCENARY TROOPSTROOPS

CAUSE:REVENGE CAUSE:REVENGE STARTED BY HANNIBAL CROSSING EBRO RIVERSTARTED BY HANNIBAL CROSSING EBRO RIVER

HANNIBAL’S ARMYHANNIBAL’S ARMY■ 50,000 MEN50,000 MEN■ 9,000 CAVAKRY9,000 CAVAKRY■ 37 WAR 37 WAR

ELEPHANTSELEPHANTS

■ AFTER EARLY AFTER EARLY BATTLES ARMY BATTLES ARMY REDUCED TO REDUCED TO 26,00026,000

PHASE 1PHASE 1

HANNIBAL’S ADVANTAGES AND HANNIBAL’S ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

■ SUPERIOR GENERALSUPERIOR GENERAL■ SUPERIOR CAVALRYSUPERIOR CAVALRY■ BUT UNABLE TO RECEIVE BUT UNABLE TO RECEIVE

REINFORCEMENTSREINFORCEMENTS

ROME’S ADVANTAGES AND ROME’S ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES

■ VAST MANPOWER RESERVESVAST MANPOWER RESERVES■ CONTROL OF THE SEACONTROL OF THE SEA■ CAN TAKE THE WAR TO SPAIN OR CAN TAKE THE WAR TO SPAIN OR

AFRICAAFRICA■ WEAK GENERALS EARLY IN THE WEAK GENERALS EARLY IN THE

WARWAR■ WEAK CAVALRYWEAK CAVALRY

PHASE 2PHASE 2

BATTLE OF TREBIABATTLE OF TREBIA

■ HANNIBAL ARMY 56,000 VS PUBLIUS HANNIBAL ARMY 56,000 VS PUBLIUS SCIPIO AND SEMPRONIUS 40,000SCIPIO AND SEMPRONIUS 40,000

■ ROMANS DEFEATED RETREATING ROMANS DEFEATED RETREATING WITH ONLY 10,000 TROOPSWITH ONLY 10,000 TROOPS

■ ALL NORTHERN ITALY NOW IN ALL NORTHERN ITALY NOW IN HANNIBAL’S HANDSHANNIBAL’S HANDS

TREBIA TODAYTREBIA TODAY

BATTLE LAKE TRASIMENE 217BCEBATTLE LAKE TRASIMENE 217BCE

■ HANNIBAL 40,000 TROOPSHANNIBAL 40,000 TROOPS■ FLAMINIUS 36,000 TROOPSFLAMINIUS 36,000 TROOPS

■ FLAMINIUS LURED INTO A TRAP FLAMINIUS LURED INTO A TRAP AND AMBUSHEDAND AMBUSHED

FABIAN TACTICSFABIAN TACTICS

■ SENATE SELECTS QUINTAS FABIUS SENATE SELECTS QUINTAS FABIUS AS DICTATORAS DICTATOR

■ HE INSTITUTES FABIAN TACTICS HE INSTITUTES FABIAN TACTICS WHICH ARE HARASS HANNIBAL CUT WHICH ARE HARASS HANNIBAL CUT HIS SUPPLIES BUT DON’T FIGHT HIS SUPPLIES BUT DON’T FIGHT HIM, WEAR HIM OUTHIM, WEAR HIM OUT

HANNIBAL’S COUNTER HANNIBAL’S COUNTER PLANPLAN

■ DICTATOR HAS TO BE RENEWED DICTATOR HAS TO BE RENEWED EVERY 6 MONTHSEVERY 6 MONTHS

■ BEGAN ATTACKING THE ESTATES BEGAN ATTACKING THE ESTATES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SENATE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SENATE RUINING THEIR LAND AND WEALTHRUINING THEIR LAND AND WEALTH

■ FORCING THE SENATE TO BECOME FORCING THE SENATE TO BECOME MORE AGRESSIVEMORE AGRESSIVE

BATTLE OF CANNAEBATTLE OF CANNAE216BCE216BCE

■ HANNIBAL 50,000 TROOPSHANNIBAL 50,000 TROOPS■ ROME 86,000ROME 86,000 A. CONSUL AEMILIUS PAULUSA. CONSUL AEMILIUS PAULUS B. CONSUL TERENTIUS VARROB. CONSUL TERENTIUS VARRO

AFTERMATHAFTERMATH

■ HANNIBAL’S LOSSES 5,700HANNIBAL’S LOSSES 5,700■ ROME 70,000 KILLEDROME 70,000 KILLED A. PAULUS KILLEDA. PAULUS KILLED B. 25 MAJOR OFFICIERSB. 25 MAJOR OFFICIERS C. 80 SENATORS(28%)C. 80 SENATORS(28%)■ CITY OF ROME DEFENSELESSCITY OF ROME DEFENSELESS

HANNIBAL’S FATAL ERRORHANNIBAL’S FATAL ERROR

■ DID NOT ATTACK ROMEDID NOT ATTACK ROME■ WANTED TO HAVE ALL HER ALLIES WANTED TO HAVE ALL HER ALLIES

DESERT ROME AND THEN FINISH DESERT ROME AND THEN FINISH ROME OFF LATERROME OFF LATER

■ FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH FORMED AN ALLIANCE WITH MACEDONIAMACEDONIA

ROME’S RESPONSEROME’S RESPONSE

■ BACK TO FABIAN TACTICSBACK TO FABIAN TACTICS■ ATTACK ANY ALLY THAT SWITCHED ATTACK ANY ALLY THAT SWITCHED

SIDES AS AN EXAMPLE TO OTHERSSIDES AS AN EXAMPLE TO OTHERS■ MOVE THE WAR TO SPAINMOVE THE WAR TO SPAIN

PHASE 3PHASE 3

PHASE 4PHASE 4

BATTLE METAURUS RIVER BATTLE METAURUS RIVER 207BCE207BCE

■ HASDRUBAL WITHHASDRUBAL WITH A. 14,000 SPANISH VETERANSA. 14,000 SPANISH VETERANS B. 8,000 LIGURIANSB. 8,000 LIGURIANS C. 10,000 GAULSC. 10,000 GAULS D. 1,000 NUMIDIANSD. 1,000 NUMIDIANS E. 10 ELEPHANTSE. 10 ELEPHANTS■ ROME GAIUS NERO & MARCUS LIVIUS ROME GAIUS NERO & MARCUS LIVIUS

40,000 INFANTRY 2,500 CAVALRY40,000 INFANTRY 2,500 CAVALRY

ROMAN ROMAN VICTORYVICTORY

ROME ON THE ATTACKROME ON THE ATTACK

■ ROME LANDS AN ARMY IN NORTH ROME LANDS AN ARMY IN NORTH AFRICAAFRICA

■ CARTHAGE ORDERS HANNIBAL CARTHAGE ORDERS HANNIBAL HOMEHOME

■ ROME ALLOWS HANNIBAL TO ROME ALLOWS HANNIBAL TO LEAVELEAVE

■ ROME BUYS OFF HANNIBAL’S ROME BUYS OFF HANNIBAL’S AFRICAN ALLIESAFRICAN ALLIES

BATTLE OF ZAMA 202BCEBATTLE OF ZAMA 202BCE

■ HANNIBAL 24,000 VETERANS, 4,000 HANNIBAL 24,000 VETERANS, 4,000 CAVALRY,10,000 LIGURIANS, 10,000 CAVALRY,10,000 LIGURIANS, 10,000 CITIZENS OF CARTHAGE, 80 CITIZENS OF CARTHAGE, 80 ELEPHANTSELEPHANTS

■ ROME P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO 36,000 ROME P. CORNELIUS SCIPIO 36,000 INFANTRY AND 8,000 CAVALRYINFANTRY AND 8,000 CAVALRY

P.C. SCIPIO HANNIBALP.C. SCIPIO HANNIBAL

AFTERMATH ZAMAAFTERMATH ZAMA■ HANNIBAL DEFEATED BUT HANNIBAL DEFEATED BUT

ALLOWED TO ESCAPE BY SCIPIOALLOWED TO ESCAPE BY SCIPIO■ CARTHAGE SUES FOR PEACECARTHAGE SUES FOR PEACE■ HANNIBAL SPENDS THE REST OF HANNIBAL SPENDS THE REST OF

HIS LIFE FIGHTING ROME UNTIL HE HIS LIFE FIGHTING ROME UNTIL HE COMMITS SUICIDE IN 182 BCE TO COMMITS SUICIDE IN 182 BCE TO KEEP FROM BEING KEEP FROM BEING CAPTURED(64YEARS OLDCAPTURED(64YEARS OLD

TREATYTREATY■ CARTHAGE LOSES ALL TERRITORY CARTHAGE LOSES ALL TERRITORY

OUTSIDE OF AFRICAOUTSIDE OF AFRICA■ NUMIDIA INDEPENDENT AND AN ALLY OF NUMIDIA INDEPENDENT AND AN ALLY OF

ROMEROME■ CARTHAGE NAVY REDUCED TO 10 SHIPSCARTHAGE NAVY REDUCED TO 10 SHIPS■ 10,000 TALENT INDEMNITY TO BE PAID IN 10,000 TALENT INDEMNITY TO BE PAID IN

50 YEARS50 YEARS■ CARTHAGE CANNOT MAKE WAR WITHOUT CARTHAGE CANNOT MAKE WAR WITHOUT

ROME’S PERMISSIONROME’S PERMISSION

THIRD PUNIC WARTHIRD PUNIC WAR

149 B.C.E.-146 B.C.E149 B.C.E.-146 B.C.E

149-146 BCE END OF 149-146 BCE END OF CARTHAGECARTHAGE

■ CARTHAGE ATTACKED NUMIDIA IN CARTHAGE ATTACKED NUMIDIA IN SELF DEFENSESELF DEFENSE

■ ROME DECLARES WARROME DECLARES WAR■ THREE YEARS OF FIGHTING AND THREE YEARS OF FIGHTING AND

CARTHAGE IS WIPED OUTCARTHAGE IS WIPED OUT■ NO TREATY FOR THIS WARNO TREATY FOR THIS WAR

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE PUNIC WARS ON ROMEPUNIC WARS ON ROME

■ ITALY DEVASTATEDITALY DEVASTATED■ SMALL FARMERS WIPED OUTSMALL FARMERS WIPED OUT■ LARGE FARMS, LATFUNDIA COME INLARGE FARMS, LATFUNDIA COME IN■ CONSTANT WAR NOW THAT ROME IS SO CONSTANT WAR NOW THAT ROME IS SO

LARGE AND THREATENS NEIGHBORSLARGE AND THREATENS NEIGHBORS■ GOVERNMENT NOT DESIGNED FOR GOVERNMENT NOT DESIGNED FOR

CONTROL OF AN EMPIRECONTROL OF AN EMPIRE