Waning Power in the Waning Power in the Middle EastMiddle East

The Ottoman Empire and The Ottoman Empire and Egypt in the Long 19Egypt in the Long 19thth century century

The Decline of the The Decline of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

The “Sick Man of Europe”The “Sick Man of Europe”

1800-19221800-1922

Reasons for Ottoman DeclineReasons for Ottoman Decline

Internal power struggles:Internal power struggles: Janissaries, Ulama, and government Janissaries, Ulama, and government officials vied for power.officials vied for power.

Unable to compete with the Unable to compete with the WestWest

Ottomans failed to industrializeOttomans failed to industrialize Influx of Western manufactured goods Influx of Western manufactured goods

led to decline of cottage industries. led to decline of cottage industries.

Europeans took advantage of Europeans took advantage of the “Sick Man.”the “Sick Man.”

Austria-Hungary push Austria-Hungary push Ottomans out of Ottomans out of Bulgaria and HungaryBulgaria and Hungary

Russia expanded into Russia expanded into Crimea and Caucasus.Crimea and Caucasus.

Christian states fight Christian states fight for independencefor independenceGreece 1829.Greece 1829.Serbia 1867.Serbia 1867.

How did the Ottomans manage How did the Ottomans manage to survive the 19to survive the 19thth century? century?

Europeans feared a shift in the balance of Europeans feared a shift in the balance of power; supported Ottomans against Russia.power; supported Ottomans against Russia.

Internal reforms preserved the empire Internal reforms preserved the empire temporarily.temporarily.

Sultan Selim III attempts reformSultan Selim III attempts reform

Pushed for Pushed for modernization of modernization of government government bureaucracy and bureaucracy and military.military.

sparked Janissary sparked Janissary revolt in 1807.revolt in 1807.

Selim was executed in Selim was executed in 1807.1807.

Mahmud II attempts at Mahmud II attempts at reform.reform.

Secretly built a Secretly built a professional army and professional army and destroyed the destroyed the Janissaries.Janissaries.

Imitated western Imitated western models and opened models and opened diplomatic relations with diplomatic relations with European powers.European powers.

Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)

Western-style university Western-style university education introduced.education introduced.

Infrastructure updated.Infrastructure updated.Newspapers established.Newspapers established.Constitution modeled on Constitution modeled on

European states adopted.European states adopted.Expanded trade hurt Expanded trade hurt

artisans.artisans.Reforms had little effect Reforms had little effect

on women.on women.

Effects of these reformsEffects of these reforms Strengthened the Empire.Strengthened the Empire. Economic ties to Germany grew.Economic ties to Germany grew. Weakened the Sultanate.Weakened the Sultanate. Western educated elites saw the Western educated elites saw the

Sultan, Ulama, and Ayan as a Sultan, Ulama, and Ayan as a barriers to further reform.barriers to further reform.

Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) Sultan Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) responded with repressive responded with repressive measures; restricting rights and measures; restricting rights and killing dissidents.killing dissidents.

Rise of the Young TurksRise of the Young TurksOttoman Society for Union Ottoman Society for Union

and Progress formed by and Progress formed by exiled dissidents in Paris exiled dissidents in Paris in 1889.in 1889.

Young Turks came to Young Turks came to power in 1908.power in 1908.

Restored Constitution and Restored Constitution and civil liberties.civil liberties.

Sultan retained as a Sultan retained as a figurehead.figurehead.

Results of Young Turks reignResults of Young Turks reign Infighting limited reform.Infighting limited reform. Arab resistance within the empire grew.Arab resistance within the empire grew. The attempt to create a “pure” Turkish The attempt to create a “pure” Turkish

state, one people, one religion led to the state, one people, one religion led to the Armenian Genocide (nearly 1.5 million of Armenian Genocide (nearly 1.5 million of this Christian minority was slaughtered).this Christian minority was slaughtered).

Entrance into WWI as a Entrance into WWI as a Central Power. Central Power.

World War I Alliances World War I Alliances 1914-19181914-1918

The Decline of EgyptThe Decline of Egypt

After French After French (Napoleon) (Napoleon) withdrawal, withdrawal, Albanian-Ottoman Albanian-Ottoman officer, officer, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Ali, emerged as emerged as Egypt’s ruler Egypt’s ruler (1811). (1811).

Ali attempts to reform EgyptAli attempts to reform Egypt Introduced European military reforms Introduced European military reforms

that freed him from dependence on that freed him from dependence on the Ottomans. the Ottomans.

Attempted, with limited success, to Attempted, with limited success, to modernize Egypt’s economy:modernize Egypt’s economy:Increase production of cash Increase production of cash

crops cropsBuilt up infrastructure Built up infrastructure

(harbors and irrigation) (harbors and irrigation)Encouraged foreign Encouraged foreign

investment. investment.

Results of Ali’s reformsResults of Ali’s reforms Influx of European goods Influx of European goods

discouraged industrializationdiscouraged industrializationLandlords strengthened at the Landlords strengthened at the

expense of the peasants.expense of the peasants.Loans from European bank gave the Loans from European bank gave the

West inroads in Egypt.West inroads in Egypt.

Reform ended by Ali’s Reform ended by Ali’s successors.successors.

Allowed the ayan to profit at the expense Allowed the ayan to profit at the expense of the peasantry.of the peasantry.

Turned Egypt into one-crop economy.Turned Egypt into one-crop economy. Tax revenues spent on extravagant Tax revenues spent on extravagant

pastimes for the elite, and military pastimes for the elite, and military campaigns in the Sudan.campaigns in the Sudan.

The regime became indebted to European The regime became indebted to European banks.banks.

Europeans invested in the Europeans invested in the building of the Suez Canal building of the Suez Canal (1869). (1869).

Efforts made to save Egypt.Efforts made to save Egypt.Muslim intellectuals and political Muslim intellectuals and political

activists looked for ways to protect activists looked for ways to protect Egypt from its inept khedival rulers.Egypt from its inept khedival rulers.

University of al-Azhar became a focal University of al-Azhar became a focal center for Muslims from many lands.center for Muslims from many lands.

Differences developed. Differences developed.

Some of the thinkers thought tradition and Some of the thinkers thought tradition and the past should serve as the model for Egypt.the past should serve as the model for Egypt.

Others thinkers (al-Afghani & Muhammad Others thinkers (al-Afghani & Muhammad Abduh), pushed for Muslims to adopt Abduh), pushed for Muslims to adopt Western science and technology.Western science and technology. emphasized the importance of rational inquiry.emphasized the importance of rational inquiry. Denied the idea that the single source of truth Denied the idea that the single source of truth

was found in a literally interpreted Qur’anwas found in a literally interpreted Qur’an These difference damaged Muslim ability to These difference damaged Muslim ability to

meet the European threat.meet the European threat.

British Influence in Egypt British Influence in Egypt Grew.Grew.

The strategic importance of the The strategic importance of the Suez Canal stimulated British and Suez Canal stimulated British and French thoughts of intervention.French thoughts of intervention.

When army officer Ahmad Orabi When army officer Ahmad Orabi led a revolt against the khedives led a revolt against the khedives (1882), the British intervened to (1882), the British intervened to save the ruler. save the ruler.

British consuls thereafter directed British consuls thereafter directed the Egyptian government through the Egyptian government through “puppet” khedives.“puppet” khedives.

The Mahdi Movement.The Mahdi Movement. Muslims in Sudan rallied around Muslims in Sudan rallied around

Muhammad Achmad, the “Mahdi” Muhammad Achmad, the “Mahdi” (messiah).(messiah).

The Mahdi proclaimed a jihad against The Mahdi proclaimed a jihad against the Egyptians and British. the Egyptians and British.

Wished to return Islam to its original purity.Wished to return Islam to its original purity. The Mahdi won control of the Sudan.The Mahdi won control of the Sudan. Movement continued under Khalifa Abdallahi.Movement continued under Khalifa Abdallahi. Mahdists built a strong state with a society Mahdists built a strong state with a society

closely regulated by strict Islamic norms. closely regulated by strict Islamic norms. The British crushed the Mahdist forces at in The British crushed the Mahdist forces at in

1896.1896. Local economies became more dependent on Local economies became more dependent on

European products and demands.European products and demands.

Islamic FundamentalismIslamic Fundamentalism No separation between religion and No separation between religion and

government: Shari’a law NOT secular law.government: Shari’a law NOT secular law. Alcohol and dancing banned.Alcohol and dancing banned. Women covered in public; men must have Women covered in public; men must have

beards.beards. Theft, adultery, and apostasy severely Theft, adultery, and apostasy severely

punished.punished. Religious minorities (and other Muslim Religious minorities (and other Muslim

sects) persecuted.sects) persecuted. Islamic rituals enforced.Islamic rituals enforced. Current strains: Wahhabism as practiced by Current strains: Wahhabism as practiced by

the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.