“Advance Production Technology of Walnut ”

Submitted to Submitted byDr. M. J. Patel Pawan Kumar Nagar

Associate Professor M.Sc. Fruit Science

Dept. of Horticulture. Dept. of Horticulture.

BACA, AAU, ANAND BACA, AAU, ANAND

WALNUT

Overview of Walnut Botanical Name : Juglance regia

Family : Juglandaceae

Centre of Origin : Central Asia

Chromosome No. : 2n= 32

Sex Form : Monoecious

Infloresccence : Catkin

Growth Curve : Double Sigmoid

Fruit Type : Nut

Edible Part : Cotyledon

Bearing : Axillary old Branches

WALNUT conti..

Propagation : Patch Budding

Type of Dichogamy : Heterostyly

Chilling Req. : 200-800 hours

Nature of fruit : Non-Climecteric

Nature of Plant : Decidous & 10-40 m. tall

Energy : 687 calory

Mode of Pollination : Cross pollination

Mechanism of Poll. : Anemophyllous (Wind)

Species-

Butter nut : J. cenaria

Heart nut : J. cordiformis

J. nigra, J. hindsi

WALNUT conti..

Training System : Modified Central leader

Acid Present : Ascorbic & Omega 3 F.A.

Rootstock : Paradox

Dichogamy : Prtoandry

Harvesting : Aug.-Sept.

Protien : 14-20%

Fat : 60-70%

Largest Producer is USA (70% of world)

India stands 8th in production

Wallnut have Allelopathic Effect

INTRODUCTION

Walnut (Juglans sp.) is the most important temperate nut fruit

of the country.

It is grown in jammu and Kasmir, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal

Pradesh.

There are no regular orchards of walnuts in country because

the existing planting are generally of seedling origin.

The seedling trees attain giant size and start bearing nuts of

variable size and shape after 10-15 years,

whereas vegetatively propagated plants are true to type and

produce almost uniform sized nuts after 4-5 years. They

remain within manageable size.

But the major constraint is low success in vegetative

propagation. Limited availability of scion material from desired

tree results in very few vegetatively propagated plants.

Most valuable Exchange Earning nut crop.

Species and classificationSect. Juglans. Leaves large (20-45 cm) with 5-9 broad leaflets, hairless , margins entire. Wood hard. Southeast Europe to central Asia.

Juglans regia L. (J. duclouxiana Dode, J. fallax Dode, J. orientis Dode) - Persian Walnut, Carpathian, or Common Walnut Juglans sigillata Dode - Iron Walnut (doubtfully distinct from J. regia)

Sect. Rhysocaryon. Leaves large (20-50 cm) with 11-23 slender leaflets, finely pubescent, margins serrated. Wood hard. North America, South America.

Juglans australis Griseb. (J. boliviana Dode) - Argentine WalnutJuglans brasiliensis Dode - Brazilian WalnutJuglans californica S.Wats. - California WalnutJuglans hindsii (Jepson) R.E.Smith - Hinds' WalnutJuglans hirsuta Manning - Nuevo Leon WalnutJuglans jamaicensis C.DC. (J. insularis Griseb.) - West Indies WalnutJuglans major (Torrey) Heller (J. arizonica Dode, J. elaeopyron Dode, J. torreyi Dode) - Arizona Walnut

Juglans major var. glabrata Manning Juglans microcarpa Berlandier (J. rupestris Engelm.) - Texas Walnut or Little Walnut

Juglans microcarpa var. stewartii (Johnston) Manning Juglans mollis Engelm. - Mexican WalnutJuglans neotropica Diels (J. honorei Dode) - Andean WalnutJuglans nigra L. - Black WalnutJuglans olanchana Standl. & L.O.Williams -Juglans peruviana Dode - Peruvian WalnutJuglans soratensis Manning -Juglans steyermarkii Manning - Guatemalan WalnutJuglans venezuelensis Manning - Venezuela Walnut

Sect. Cardiocaryon. Leaves very large (40-90 cm) with 11-19 broad leaflets, softly downy, margins serrated. Wood soft. Northeast Asia, eastern North America.

Juglans ailantifolia Carr. (J. cordiformis Maxim., J. sieboldiana Maxim.) - Japanese WalnutJuglans cinerea L. - ButternutJuglans mandshurica Maxim. (J. cathayensis Dode, J. formosana Hayata, J. hopeiensis Dode, J. stenocarpaMaxim.) - Manchurian Walnut or Chinese Walnut.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Excellent source of Proteins (14-20%)

Excellent source of Fats (60-70%)

Rich in Omega 3, vitamin B and E, fibres and trace elements;

High energetic value;

Highly recommended to athletes;

Immature fruits are rich in Ascorbic acid.

There’s already a Canadian and world market for Walnuts

Walnut have high Anti-oxidant content(vitamin-E)

Sl.No Content Amount/100g

1 Water 3.5 %

2 Protein 14.8 g

3 Fat 64.0 g

4 Carbohydrate 15.8 g

5 Fibre 2.1 g

6 Ash 1.9 g

7 Calcium 99 mg

8 Phosphorus 380 mg

9 Iron 3.1 mg

10 Sodium 2 mg

11 Potassium 450 mg

12 Magnesium 131 mg

13 Vitamin A 30 I.U *

14 Thiamine 0.33 mg

15 Riboflavin 0.13 mg

16 Niacin 0.9 mg

17 Vitamin C 2 mg

NUTRITIONAL VALUE

USES AND COMPOSITION

Walnut kernel (the edible portion) is very rich in protein, fat

and minerals and is a concentrated source of energy.

The walnut kernels are used for dessert purposes in

confectionery and for extraction of oil and as a dry fruit.

Immature fruits are used for making pickles, chutneys,

marmalades, juice and syrups.

Walnut oil is used for edible purposes, artist oil colours,

varnishes and soap making.

Walnut shell flour is used as ingredient in plastic pillers,

battery cases, moulding resin forms, industrial tile and as

insecticide spreader.

Walnut timber is used for furniture, carving and making butts

of guns.

CLIMATE

Climate

highly sensitive to the extremes of winter and summer

temperatures as well as to its duration.

climate which is free from frost in spring and from extreme

beat in summer.

A temperature of even 2 or 3 degree below freezing point (0oC)

kills leaves, shoots and flowers and thus resulting into a crop

failure.

High temperature of about 38°C causes sun-burning of hulls

and shriveling of kernels resulting sometimes in empty nuts.

An annual rainfall of about 80 cm is considered sufficient for

the cultivation of walnut which can be supplemented drier

regions with irrigations, particularly for young plants.

SOIL

Soil

A well drained, deep sill loam soil containing an abundance of

organic matter is the most suitable for walnut cultivation.

Soil analysis of top soil and sub-soil is also essential as the

walnut requires a fertile and well drained top soil and the

sub-soil should be free from solid rock, impervious clay or

gravel layers which restrict root growth.

A soil depth of 2-3 metres give the best results, because

walnut roots penetrate up to a depth of about three metres.

It requires a soil pH of neutral range i.e. 6 to 7.

VARIETIES

Varieties

All walnut trees in India are of seedling origin, thus no

standard named varieties exist. However, a large number of

cultivars have been evolved in the USA which is the main

walnut exporting country of tile world. Description of some

important varieties are given here.

I. Hartley

It is one of the most popular commercial cultivars of

California. It is a selection from a seedling. The nuts are large

with broad flat base and pointed tip. The shell is light

coloured, thin and seals well. The variety is tolerant to codling

moth and blight disease.

2. Payne

It is tile second leading cultivar of California which originated

as a seedling. Nut is medium to small in size with a good seal.

Trees are moderately vigorous, round in shape and require

heavy pruning to maintain vigour.

VARIETIES conti…

3. Franquette

It is an old and leading cultivar of France. Nut is small, good

shell seal and kernel is light. in colour. Tree is large and

upright in nature and is known for its late bud break thus

escaping injury from frost during late spring.

4. Serr

It was evolved from a cross of Payne X PI 159568. It is heavy

yielding and well adapted to warm conditions. The tree is very

vigorous and gives poor yield on very fertile soils. The kernel is

light in colour and good in quality. It is susceptible to codling

moth and blight disease.

5. Ashley

It is a high yielding, early bearing cultivar which requires

heavy pruning to keep the tree vigorous. Kernel is of high

quality, good in flavour and light tan in colour. This variety is

unsuitable for high rainfall areas due to blight problem.

VARIETIES conti…

1. Hamdan 12. Sulaiman

2. CITH Walnut - 1 13. CITH Walnut - 2

3. CITH Walnut – 3 14. Walnut - 4

4. CITH Walnut – 5 15. CITH Walnut - 6

5. CITH Walnut – 7 16. CITH Walnut - 8

6. CITH Walnut – 9 17. CITH Walnut-10

7. Partap 18. Kotkhai Selection-1

8. Chakrata Selection 19. Tehama

9. Chandler 20. Sunland

10. Chico 21. Vina

11. Howard 22. Pedro

PROPAGATION

Propagation

Walnut can be propagated either by seed or by vegetative

methods. Both of these methods are described here.

1. Seed propagation- Healthy and disease free seeds should be

selected for sowing. They may be sown in lines 50 cm apart

and the seed to seed distance should be kept at 25 cm.

Sowing is done during mid-November to mid-January

depending on the altitude and temperature. it is advisable

to avoid propagation by seed because the plants which are

grown by this method take a very long time (10 to 12 years)

to begin fruiting and the plant characteristics may also not

be true to type.

2. Vegetative propagation

Walnut can be propagated vegetatively by grafting, budding

and stooling.

PROPAGATION conti..

1. GraftingTongue or whip grafting, cleft and veneer grafting during February and early March have given good results. Epicotyl grafting has also given encouraging success in tile propagation of walnut. The best period for grafting is January -February. For propagating tile plants through veneer grafting, 5-6 month old scion wood of 15 cm is grafted on the rootstock of same thickness. The selected scion wood should be defoliated 15 days prior to its detachment from the scion cultivars. The optimum time for veneer grafting under mid -hill condition is July -August. One year old seedlings of hard shelled walnut or black walnut can be used as rootstock. Scion for tongue grafting should always be selected from the tree which has already started fruiting.

PROPAGATION conti..

2.Patch budding is generally practiced to propagate walnut

plants vegetatively. The best period for budding is May -June.

Scion should always be selected from the tree which has already

started fruiting.

PLANTING & IRRIGATION

Planting

Square system & Pits of 1.25 X 1.25 x 1.25 m size at a

distance of 10 X 10 m should be dug during September. The

pits should be filled up with orchard soil mixed with 50 kg

well rotten FYM, 150 g Aldrin dust, 150 g urea, 500 g each of

superphosphate and MOP. Walnut plantating in Dec.-Jan.

The plant should be well fixed in the soil and the adjoining

portion of scion and stock union should be at least 15 cm

above the ground surface. Watering should be done soon after

plantation. To protect the plant from collar rot it should be

treated with Dithane Z- 78 before planting.

Irrigation

Watering is very essential for the establishment of grafts and

young plants.. When the trees start bearing, irrigation should

be given from the time of fruit set till its maturity to reduce

the fruit drop and for better filling of nuts. When the trees are

grown under rainfed conditions and common irrigation

systems followed are flood, furrow, sprinkler and drip

irrigation.

Persian Walnut Planting Plan

Tree spacing 28' x 28' x 40' in a triangular pattern. Area = 1.1 Acres or 0.45 ha.

Gl, G2 and G3 are 3 different grafted cultivars totaling 60 trees

FUTURE FOLLOW UP When trees crowd, remove the 30 trees in the even numbered walnut rows. Good trees can be tree

spaded into a new planting that will begin to bear in a few short years. Gl should be a prolific variety

like Lake to maximize the early year production

TRAINING & PRUNING

Modified central leader system is most ideal for training since

it provides very good strength to its framework.

Trees should be trained on a single stem up to 1–2m, on which

5–6 scaffold branches should be retained at almost uniform

distance spirally.

Excess buds should be pinched during first year. Pruning is

not being practiced in our country, as almost entire plantation

is of seedling origin, attaining giant size which makes pruning

in later years almost impossible.

However with grafted plants, pruning is practicable which can

help increase the productivity and improve the quality.

Trees of seedling origin receive some kind of pruning while

harvesting by thrashing the limbs with wooden poles.

It is however a crude method which needs to be modified.

MANURES & FERTILIZERS

Use the following guide below as a indicative amount of NPK for

the walnut

in the absent of plant and soil nutrients analysis information:

Year N Dose (g/tree) Location: circle around the tree (m)

1 100 0.5

2 200 1.0

3 300 1.5

4 400 2.0

5-7 500 2.5

7-9 600 3.0

>10 900 3.0

• In the first five years, place small amounts (about 100 g) of P

and K per tree.

From fifth year up to full production, apply 40-80 kg/ha of P

and 60-100kg/ha of K based on soil fertility and plant vigour.

FLOWERING

Imperfect flower separate pistillate (female) & staminate(male)

Monoecious

BEARING Self – fertile, but dichogamous Pollen release from male

flowers dosen’t coincide with bloom of female flowers Pollinizer

needed

Age to commercial bearing 6-10 yrs

Tree density at full production 30-50 trees/ acre

Peaches often interplanted for first 10-15 years

A green husk surrounds the nut ofthe English Walnut. The husknaturally splits at the time ofripening to release the nut

Persian Walnut, Juglans regia

The shells of walnuts

Juglans regia walnuts.

Mature walnut fruit closeup English walnut leaf

Inside of a Persian Walnut nut with green outer layer

visible in the top left corner

The shell of the English walnut is light brown, hard, and bumpy. It is

roughly oval and tapers at the bottom. The shell has an vertical seam

dividing it into two halves.

Walnut meats have a lobbed and wrinkled appearance. The outside is

golden brown and the inside white to light brown. Inside each shell are

two nuts, separated by a thin, paper-like layer. Each nut meat

resembles a butterfly or wings, with two flared lobes joined by a smaller

centre section. Walnuts can be confused with pecans, but pecans look

more like a brain than wings

English walnut trees grow 40 to 60 feet in height and width and have an rounded to spreading shape to their canopy.

English walnut leaves are compound and arranged alternately along the stem

The leaf is composed of 5 to 9 leaflets, each reaching a length of 2 to 5 inches.

English walnut and Black walnut differ in the number of leaflets, the shape of the leaflets, and the leaflet margin. black walnut leaves have a greater number of leaflets (15-23) than English walnuts (5-9). English walnut leaflets have more oval shaped leaves while black walnut leaves are generally smaller and narrower in shape. Black Walnut leaflets have toothed margins while English walnut leaflet margins are entire.

English walnut and Butternut have the same general leaf shape. They differ in the number of leaflets, butternut has 11-19 leaflets, while English walnut has only 5-9. Also, butternut has a toothed margin, while the leaf margin of the English walnut is entire.

Black walnut fruit is usually between two and three inches in diameter. The husk (shown here) is rough and light green in color and forms the outer layer of protection for the nut

Black walnuts grow in clusters amidst the pinnately compound leaves

Walnuts are usually harvested when hull colour changes from

green to yellowish with cracks or when splitting starts at suture

from pedicel end. Nuts should be harvested at PTB stage (when

packing tissue turns brown). For better nut recovery, the

orchard floor should be cleaned and tarpaulin or polythene

sheets may be spread on the floor beneath trees prior to

knocking of the nuts. After harvesting, nuts should be properly

dehulled, washed and dried. In case nuts are not dried properly

there is every apprehension of mould development which

impairs the quality of the fruit.

In Himachal Pradesh harvesting commences from August and

extends up to last week of September, whereas in Kashmir

walnuts are harvested in September.

HARVESTING AND POST HARVESTMANAGEMENT

The shell is brown and wrinkled in appearance and and is the second layer of protection for the nut. The nut is found inside the shell.

Black walnut trees are very large, ranging from 50 to 75 feet in height and width.

Walnut shoot cut longitudinally to show chambered pith. Scale in mm

Black walnut kernels are often used in the manufacturing of ice cream, commercial baking, and candy making