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1

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Source: http:/ /www.ntlib.nt.gov.au

22

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3

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tylydkif;a'o qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;rsm;hjzpfay:yHkudk tqifh (3)qifh cGJjcm;Ekdifygonf/

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yHk 1-1/ tylydkif;rkefwdkif;wpfckzGJYpnf;jzpfay:yHk

44

(c) rkefwdkif;BuD;tjzpf tiftm;aumif;vmaomtqifh

qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;twGuf ork'&mESifh avxkywf0ef;usiftajctae qufvufíyHUydk;rI&Sdaeygu rkefwkdif;onf tiftm;ydkrdkaumif;vmNyD; 0if½dk;pGef;bufodkY a&GUvsm;oGm;ygonf/ rkefwkdif;wGifyg0ifaomwdrftpkta0;onf puf0dkif;o@mef ydkrdkjzpfay:vmNyD;rkefwdkif;rsufpdvnf; xif&Sm;pGmay:aygufvmygonf/ þtqifhrSm jyif;xefaomqdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;tqifhjzpfNyD; tEÅ&m,ftrsm;qHk;jzpfygonf/ jzpfay:vmaomqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;teuf xuf0ufeD;yg;onf tiftm;aumif;aom rkefwdkif;rsm;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdMuygonf/

(*) tm;aysmhysufjy,fjcif;tqifh

tylydkif;a'oqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;onf aEG;ípdkxdkif;aomavt&if;tjrpf avsmhenf;usqif;vmjcif;? odkYr[kwf ½kwfw&ufjywfawmufoGm;jcif;jzpfonfESifhwpfNydKifeufavjyif;wkdufcdkufrSKrsm;pwifí tm;enf;vmygonf/ qkd;&Gm;aom &moDOwktajctaerSmvnf; avsmYyg;oufomvmygonf/ xdkodkY tm;enf;ysufjy,fjcif;rSmukef;wGif;odkY0ifa&mufjyD;csdefwGif jzpfay:avY&Sdygonf/ rkefwdkif;rsm;ukef;wGif;odkY0ifa&mufcsdefwGif avjyif;wdkufcwfjcif;ESifY rkefwdkif;'Da&vSdKif;rsm; urf;ajcwpfavQmufwGifjzpfay:jyD; rdk;onf;xefpGm&GmoGef;jcif;ESifY a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;rsm;jzpfavY&Sdygonf/ &uftenf;i,fqufvufí rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;Ekdifygonf/

1-4 qdkifuvkef;rsm;udktqifhowfrSwfjcif;

qdkifuvkef;rsm;udk avwdkufEIef;ay:rlwnfí tqifhowfrSwfavh&Sdaomfvnf;qdkifuvkef;tqifhowfrSwfcsufrsm;rSm a'otvdkufuGJjym;ygonf/ tar&duef

Z,m; 1-2/ qmzD-qifrfqefpau;(Saffir-Simpson Scale)

Source: NWS, NOAA

5

jynfaxmifpkwGif rkefwdkif;rsm;udkavwdkufEIef;ay:rlwnfítqifh(5)qifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfxm;jyD; qmzD-qifrfqefpau; (Saffir-Simpson Scale (SS Scale))jzifh azmfjyygonf/ qmzD-qifrfqefpau;jzifhqdkifuvkef;tqifhowfrSwfcsufudk Z,m; 1-1wGifazmfjyxm;ygonf/

1-5 qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;rsm;aMumifY jzpfay:aom ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;

qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;ESifhqufpyfNyD; tysuftpD;jzpfapaom ab;tEÅ&m,foHk;rsdK;MuHKawGY&Ekdifygonf/ ,if;ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;onf wpfckjyD;rSwpfck jzpfay:vmjcif;rsdK;r[kwfyJ qdkifuvkef;jzpfay:pOf wpfNydKifeufwnf; jzpfyGm;ygonf/

(u) rkefwkdif;'Da&/ tm;aumif;aomrkefwdkif;aMumifY ysufpD;rItrsm;qHk;jzpfapaomab;tEÅ&m,frSm rkefwkdif;'Da& jzpfygonf/ avzdtm;jyif;xefjcif;\ tiftm;rsm;aMumifYavwdkufESKef;jyif;xefjcif;onf rkefwdkif;'Da&rsm;udk ay:aygufapygonf/ rkefwdkif;'Da&qkdonfrSm jyif;xefaomtylydkif;a'o qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;aMumifh urf;½dk;wef;teD;wGifyifv,fa&rsufESmjyifonf yHkrSefxuftqrsm;pGmjrifhwufjcif;jzpfygonf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh urf;½dk;wef;a'orsm;&Sd ajredrfhrsm;udk yifv,fa&vTrf;rdk;NyD; vlrsm;? arG;jrLa&;wd&pämefrsm; a&epfaoqHk;ygonf/ urf;ajcrsm;? wmwrHrsm;ESifY tyifrsm;ysufpD;jcif;?ajrqDvTmysufpD;jcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;ygonf/

(c) avjyif;wdkufcwfjcif;/ qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;\ zsufqD;rItm;rsm;apaomtEÅ&m,fwpf&yfrSm jyif;xefpGmavwdkufcwfjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;avjyif;rsm;onf NcHpnf;½dk;rsm;?EGm;wif;ukwfrsm;?taqmufttHkrsm;? opfyifrsm;? vQyfppf"mwftm;wdkifrsm;ESifhqufoG,fa&;pepfrsm; tvG,fwulNydKvJapEdkifNyD; tumtuG,frJhaomolrsm;udk avwGifvGifhygapEkdifygonf/ qdkifuvkef;avjyif;aMumifh taqmufttHkrsm;NydKusjcif;?tdrfrsm;vHk;0vGifhygoGm;jcif;rsm;jzpfNyD; vltrsm;tjym; toufqHk;½HI;jcif;? ypönf;OpömysufpD;jcif;rsm; jzpfyGm;apygonf/

(*) a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;/ qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;aMumifh rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;aomtcgwGifjrpfa&vQHjcif;? ajredrfha'orsm;udk a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;jzpfyGm;NyD; touftdk;tdrfESifhypönf;rsm;ysufpD;jcif; jzpfyGm;apygonf/ o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; umvMum&SnfpGmydwfqdkUEdkifygonf/ wd&pämeftaoaumifrsm;? ykyfaeaompm;eyf&du©mrsm;aMumifY a&ESifYywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rIrsm;jzpfyGm;wwfygonf/ vltrsm;rSm tpmtdrfESifh tlvrf;aMumif;a&m*grsm;awGUBuHHKcHpm;&Edkifygonf/

66

1-6 ysufpD;rIrsm;jym;cJYonfh qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;

1940 rS 2008 ckESpf umvtwGif;wGif tdEd,ork'&majrmufydkif;ü jzpfyGm;cJhaomtysuftpD;rsm;jym;onfhqkdifuvkef;rkefwkdif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/(aoqHk;olOD;a&(3000)ausmf qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;udkomxnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/)

1942 ckESpf b*Fvm;qkdifuvkef;rkefwdkif;onf tdEd,^b*Fvm;a'h½Sf e,fpyfteD;0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJh&m vl 40000 cefU aoqHk;cJhygonf/

1960 ckESpf ta½SUygupöwef qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif; (1) onf atmufwdkbmv10 &ufaeUwGif xdkpOfuta½SUb*Fvm;jynfe,f[kac:wGifaom ygupöwefta½SUydkif;odkU 0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJh&m vl 6000 cefU aoqHk;cJhygonf/

1963ckESpf ta½SUygupöwef(2)qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;onf arv23&ufwGif ,ckb*Fvm;a'h½Sf[kac:wGifaoma'o (xdkpOfu ta½SUygupöwefjynfe,f) udk 0ifa&mufwkdufcwfcJh&mrkefwdkif;'Da&ESifh a&vTrf;rdk;jcif;aMumifhvlaygif; 22000 toufqHk;½HI;cJh&ygonf/

1965ckESpf?arv11&ufESifh ZGefv 1 &uf wdkYwGif ygupöwef? b*Fvm;qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif; 2ck 0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJh&m pkpkaygif; 47000OD; aoqHk;cJh&ygonf/

1965 ckESpf ygupöwefqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;onf u&mcsdNrdKUteD;odkU 'DZifbmv15 &ufaeUwGif 0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJh&m aoqHk;ol 10000OD; ½SdcJhygonf/

1970 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 10 &ufwGifwdkufcdkufcJYaom bdkvmqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;aMumifh ta½SUygupöwef (,ck b*Fvm;a'h½Sf) wGif toufqHk;½HI;&ol 300000rS 500000tMum; ½SdcJhygonf/

1971 ckESpf Mo&doqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;aMumifh tdEd,EdkifiH? uwfwufcf wGifaoqHk;ol 10000 cefU½SdcJhygonf/

1977 ckESpfwGif tif'&my&m'uf½Sf qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;aMumifh tdEd,EdkifiH tif'&my&m'uf½Sfjynfe,fwGif aoqHk;ol 10000½SdcJhygonf/

1985ckESpf arv 25 &uf qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif; 01(bD)aMumifh b*Fvm;a'h½Sfr*¾emjrpf0uRef;ay:wGif 15 ay rS ay 20 txd rkefwdkif;'Da&wufcJh&maoqHk;ol6000 rS 10000 ywf0ef;usif½SdcJhygonf/

7

1988ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 26 &uf qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif; 04(bD) onf b*Fvm;a'h½SfEdkifiHqef'gbef(pf)tydkif;odkU 0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJhygonf/ rkefwdkif;'Da&jyif;xefjcif;aMumifhaoqHk;ol2000(aysmufqHk;ol6000) ½Sdygonf/ ,if;rkefwdkif;jzwfausmfcJY&mvrf;aMumif;&Sd rav;½Sm;? xkdif;ESifh tif'kdeD;½Sm;taemufydkif;wdkUwGif aoqHk;ol1000 ½SdcJhygonf/

1991ckESpf b*Fvm;a'h½Sf qkdifuvkef;rkefwkdif;aMumifh b*Fvm;a'h½SfEdkifiH ppfwaumif;a'owGif aoqHk;ol 138000 ½SdcJhygonf/

1999ckESpf Mo&doqdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;aMumifh tdE´d,EkdifiH Mo&dojynfe,fwGifaoqHk;ol 10000 cefU½SdcJhygonf/

2007ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 15&ufaeUwGif qD'g&fqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;onf b*Fvm;a'h½SfodkU0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJh&m vl 3500 xufrenf;aoqHk;cJhygonf/

2008ckESpf? arv 2 &uf 3&ufrsm;wGif em*pfqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH?{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:odkU0ifa&mufwdkufcwf&m vl 138373 aoaMuaysmufqHk;NyD;EdkifiH\tBuD;qHk;NrdKUjzpfaom&efukefNrdKUwGifvnf; tysuftpD;rsm;jym;cJhygonf/ jrefrmhordkif;wGifvlaoqHk;rI trsm;qHk;obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfygonf/ tdEd,ork'&majrmufydkif;qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;rSwfwrf;wGif ysufpD;rIwefzdk;trsm;jym;qHk;ESifh toufqHk;½HI;rI 'kwd,trsm;qHk;jzpfygonf/

88

2-1 yx0Dwnfae&m

jrefrmEkdifiHonf ta&SUawmiftm&S\taemufpGef;ydkif;wGif wnf&Sdygonf/ ajrmufvwåDwG'f 9 'D*&D 32rdepfESifh 28'D*&D 31rdepftMum;wGifvnf;aumif;? ta&SUavmif*sDwG'f92 'D*&D 10rdepfESifh 101 'D*&D 11rdepftMum;wGif wnf&Sdygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\urf;½dk;wef;onf uDvdkrDwm 2400 &Snfvsm;NyD; b*Fvm;y,fv,fatmf? uyÜvDyifv,fwdkYESifh xdpyfaeygonf/ xkdYaMumifh vdIif;'Pf? qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;'PfESifh ¤if;wdkYESifhqufpyfaeaom &moDOwkwdkY\ tEÅ&m,f&Sdygonf/

tdEd,ork'´&majrmufydkif;&Sd y*Fvm;yifv,fatmfonf tDauGwmrS ajrmufbufodkY jA[®ykMwjrpf? **FgjrpfESifh r*femjrpf0rsm;? ta&SUbufodkY tdE´d,EkdifiHr'&yfurf;½dk;wef;rS jrefrmEkdifiHurf;½dk;wef;txd wnf&Sdygonf/ qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;jzpfay:vmygu a,bk,stm;jzifh taemufbuf&Sd tdEd,EdkifiHbufodkY OD;wnfía&GUvsm;ygonf/ rkefwdkif;vrf;aMumif;tenf;i,fauG;ygu qdkifuvkef;onfb*Fvm;a'h&SfbufodkYOD;wnfygonf/ vrf;aMumif;auG;rIrsm;vQif jrefrmEkdifiHurf;½dk;wef;odkYOD;wnfygonf/vrf;aMumif;auG;rI'D*&Drsm;avav vwåDwG'ftedrfhydkif;wGif&Sdaom jrefrmEkdifiHurf;½dk;wef;odkYjzwfoef;0ifa&muf&ef tvm;tvmrsm;avavjzpfygonf/

2-2 qdkifuvkef;&moD

ESpfpOf {NyDvrS 'DZifbmvtxd b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwGif tylydkif;rkefwkdif;q,fBudrfcefYjzpfay:wwfygonf/ rkwfoHkr0ifa&mufrD {NyDvrS arvtxdESifh rkwfoHk0ifa&mufNyD; atmufwdkbmvrS 'DZifbmvumvtwGif;wGif jyif;xefaom qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm; jzpfyGm;ygonf/ ZGefvrS pufwifbmvtxd rkwfokH&moDtwGif;jzpfyGm;aomtylydkif;rkefwdkif;rsm;rSmtm;enf;NyD; tdEd,yifv,furf;½dk;wef;odkY 0ifa&mufNyD;aemufrMumrDysufjy,foGm;avh&Sdygonf/ rkwfokHvGefumvwGif awmifw½kwfyifv,fjyifrS wdkifzkef;rkefwdkif;t<uif;tusefrsm;onf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfodkYa&muf&SdvmNyD; rkefwkdif;rsm;tjzpftm;aumif;vmwwfygonf/ xdkYaMumifhb*Fvm;yifv,fatmfonf wpfESpfvQifqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;&moD 2 Budrfusa&mufygonf/ taemufawmifrkwfoHkavrusa&mufrDwpfvcefYtcsdefESifh taemufawmifrkwfoHkqkwfcGmNyD;aemuf oHk;vcefYtcsdefwdkYjzpfygonf/

1887 ckESpfrS 2005 ckESpfumvtwGif;wGif jrefrmurf;½dk;wef;odkY 0ifa&mufaom qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;teuf arvwGif 30&mcdkifEIef;? {NyDvwGif 19&mcdkifEIef;?

t c ef ; 2jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wkdufcwfaom qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;

9

atmufwdkbmvESifh Edk0ifbmvwGif 18&mcdkifEIef;pD 0ifa&mufcJhMuygonf/ rdk;av0oESifhZvaA'nTefMum;rIOD;pD;Xmeu jrefrmEkdifiHurf;½dk;wef;a'oodkY qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;0ifa&muf&ef jzpfEdkifajctjrifhrm;qHk;tcsdefumvrSm arvjzpfonf[kowfrSwfygonf/

2-3 rkefwdkif;jyif;tm;tqifh cG Jjcm;owfrSwfjcif;

b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwGifjzpfay:aomrkefwdkif;rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;jyif;tm;tqifh trsdK;rsdK;owfrSwfxm;ygonf/

Z,m; 2-1/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;rsm;tqifhowfrSwfcsuf

Source: obm0ab;qdkif&mwnfjrJtrdefY

yHk 2-1/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif;&Sd rkefwkdif;rsm;tm; N*dKvfwkrSawGUjrif&yHk

@DMH

2-4 qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;usa&mufavY&S daoma'orsm;

jrefrmhurf;½dk;wef;wGif t"dutydkif; 3 ydkif; yg0ifNyD; taemufajrmufbufwGif&cdkifurf;½dk;wef;? tv,fydkif;wGif {&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:ESifh awmifydkif;wGif weoFm&D

em*pfrkefwdkif;24 {jyD rS 2-3ar?2008

rmvmrkefwdkif;24-30 {jyD 2006

tuwf&frkefwdkif;14-15 ar 2007

110

ajryHk 2-1/jrefrmEkdifiHurf;½dk;wef;a'owpfavQmufqdkifuvkef;0ifa&mufcJYrIjzpfEkdifajc(1947rS2008ckESpftxd)

jrefrmEkdifiH\ atmufazmfjyyge,fajra'orsm;onf qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;usa&mufvG,faome,fajra'orsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqygonf/

&cdkifjynfe,f

{&m0wDwdkif;

&efukefwdkif;

rGefjynfe,f

weoFm&Dwdkif;

urf;½dk;wef;wdkYjzpfygonf/ jrefrmhurf;½dk;wef;wGif 1947ckESpfrS2008ckESpftwGif;qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;0ifa&mufrItcsuftvufrsm;t& ppfawGESifhausmufjzLNrdKUwdkYwGifrkefwdkif;0ifa&muf&eftvm;tvmtjrifhrm;qHk;jzpfNyD; armif;awmwGif 'kwd,trsm;qHk;jzpfumawmifbuf{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:odkY rkefwdkif;0ifa&mufEdkifrItvm;tvmavsmhenf;oGm;ygonf(ajryHk 1-3)/ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfrS qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;onf 2008ckESpftxd rGefjynfe,fESifh weoFm&Dwdkif;awmifydkif;urf;½dk;wef;odkY jzwfoef;0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif qdkifuvkef;vrf;aMumif;rsm; awmifbufodkY ajymif;a&TUjcif; (Oyrm?qdkifuvkef;em*pf)aMumifh aemifwGif jrefrmEkdifiHawmifydkif;urf;½dk;wef;a'otwGif;odkYqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm; jzwfoef;0ifa&mufjcif;rjyKEdkif[k rkcsrqdkEkdifyg/

Source: rdk;^ZvaA'nTefMum;rIOD;pD;Xme

11

Z,m; 2-2/ 1947 ckESpfrS 2008 ckESpftxd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 0ifa&mufwdkufcwfcJhonfhtaotaysmufrsm;jym;aom qkdifuvkef;rkefwdkif;BuD;rsm;

Source:rdk;^ZvnTefMum;rIOD;pD;Xme? PONJA

2-5 ysufpD;rSKrsm;cJYaomqdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;rsm;

1947 rS 2008 ckESpftxd jrefrmEkdifiH urf;½dk;wef;odkY qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif;(36)Budrf jzwfoef;0ifa&mufcJhygonf/ trsm;qHk;aoaMuysufpD;onfh ta&twGufrSm2008ckESpf qdkifuvkef;em*pftwGif; vl 130000 ausmf aoaMuaysmufqHk;cJYygonf/

112

3-1 ab;avsmhyg;apa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;

ab;avsmhyg;apa&;qdkonfrSm ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufvmygu xdcdkufrIrsm;enf;yg;EkdiforQenf;yg;ap&eftwGufab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufrDwGif BudKwifaqmif&Gufaom tpDtrHrsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;ab;avsmhyg;apa&; tpDtrHrsm;wGif(u)aqmufvkyfrIqkdif&mESifh(c)aqmufvkyfrIESifhroufqkdifaomab;avsmhyg;apa&;tpDtrHrsm; yg0ifygonf/ ,if;tpDtrHrsm;rSm tpdk;&\OD;aqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;omru&yf&GmrSaqmif&GufrIvnf;vdktyfygonf/ tcsdKUaomtpDtrHrsm;? txl;ojzifh Oya'jyKjcif;ESifh rl0g'a&;&mudpö&yfrsm;udk &yf&Gmudk,fwdkifu pwifaqmif&Gufír&EdkifyJ tpdk;&\aqmif&Gufay;rIvdktyfygonf/ e,fajrcHjynfolvlxkonf ¤if;wdkY\e,fajra'o?wnfae&m?,Ofaus;rIESifh &yf&Gm"avhxHk;wrf;qdkif&m tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csufrsm;udktaumif;qHk;od&Sdolrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh tcsdKUaomvkyfief;rsm;udk &yf&Gmudk,fwdkifupwifí aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ tqdkyg&yf&Gmab;avsmhyg;apa&;vkyfief;rsm;onftpdk;&ESifhtpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\yHhydk;rIjzifh acsmarGUatmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/

(u) tEÅ&m,fjyajryH ka&;qGJjcif;

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@UN-Habitat

@UN-Habitat

15

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@UN-Habitat

@UN-Habitat

@UN-Habitat

116

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@UN-Habitat

@UN-Habitat

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(X) trsm;jynfol odjrifem;vnfrI½Sd&ef aqmif½Gufjcif;

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21

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(!) BudKwifjyifqifa&;ESif hwHk Yjyefaqmif&Gufa&;tpDtpOf

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@RCC

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222

avhusifhjcif;? Zmwfwdkufavhusifhjcif;wdkYjyKvkyfNyD; tpDtpOfudk yHkrSefumv tydkif;tjcm;rsm;wGif jznfhpGufjyifqif&ygrnf/ &yf&Gmvlxkonf ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufrIrsm;wGifOD;pGmwkHYjyefaqmif&Guf&olrsm;jzpf&m 4if;wkdY\ wuf<upGmyg0ifrIudk&,lvsuf ]&yf&GmtajcjyKab;tEÅ&m,f BudKwifjyifqifa&;}udk tav;xm;vkyfaqmifoifhygonf/&yf&GmtpDtpOfrsm;udktaumiftxnfazmf&mwGifxdcdkufvG,faomvltkyfpkESifhvlOD;a&udkazmfxkwfvsufyg0ifaqmif½Gufaom aus;vuftuJjzwfcsuf (Participatory RuralAssessment-PRA)/PVA enf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;? &yf&Gm\ab;&efrsm;pkpnf;azmfxkwfxm;jcif;? t&if;tjrpfajryHkazmfxkwfjcif;? tvsiftjrefwkHYjyefaqmif&Gufa&;tzGJYrsm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkif&ef txl;tzGJYrsm;zGJYpnf;jcif;wdkYudkaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/&SmazGu,fq,fa&;ESifha&S;OD;jyKpkjcif;?BudKwifowday;csufjzefYa0jcif;wdk YtwGufoifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;ponfYab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufrD?usa&mufpOfESifhusa&mufjyD;tajctaersm;wGifaqmif&Guf&rnfY taMumif;t&mrsm;udk od&Sdxm;&efvnf; aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ &yf&GmvlxkrSvnf; &SdNyD;jzpfaomtEÅ&m,frSausmfvTm;atmifjrifEdkifonfhenf;vrf;rsm;udkoHk;vsuf aemifwGifawGYMuHK&rnfh tEÅ&m,f\qdk;usdK;rsm; avsmhenf;apa&;vkyfief;rsm; azmfxkwf&ygrnf/

(¡) rl0g'qdkif&mjy|mef;csufrsm;?tufOya'rsm;ESif henf;ynmESif hpnf;rsOf;yd kif;qdkif&m owfrSwfcsufrsm;

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(P) BudKwifowday;pepf

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23

tvHtcsufjypepf

jrefrmEdkifiHtrsdK;om;obm0ab;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;A[dkaumfrwDonf &yfuGufaus;&Gmrsm;ü rkefwdkif;tEÅ&m,ftwGufpdkufxlowday;rnfh tvHtcsufjypepf owfrSwfxm;ygonf/

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tqifh(1)rS(3) tqifh(4)rS(7) tqifh(8)rS(11)

(tvHrsm;rSm teDa&mif jzpfygonf/)

Source: obm0ab;qdkif&mwnfjrJtrdefY

Source: rdk;^ZvnTefMum;rIOD;pD;Xme

224

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owday;csuftqifh (5) / rkefwdkif;onf tiftm;tenf;i,frS toifhtwifhodkYajymif;vJa&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfí txl;owdjyKMu&ef/

owday;csuftqifh (6) / rkefwdkif;aMumifh &moDOwktajctae ydkrkdqdk;&Gm;vmzG,f&m&Sdíowday;csufrsm;twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&GufMu&ef/

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owday;csuf tqifh (8) / rkefwdkif;onf toifhtwifhrS ydkrdktm;aumif;vmEdkifzG,f&mtajctaeodkY a&muf&SdvmNyDjzpfí BudKwifa&TUajymif;rIrsm; aqmif&GufMu&ef/

owday;csuf tqifh (9) / þa'oodkY tiftm;jyif;xefaom rkefwdkif;usa&mufawmhrnfjzpfí BudKwifa&TUajymif;rIrsm;aqmif&GufMu&ef/

owday;csuf tqifh (10) / rMumciftcsdeftwGif; jyif;xefaomrkefwdkif;usa&mufawmhrnfjzpfí ab;vGwf&modkYa&Smifwdrf;Mu&ef/

owday;csuf tqifh (11) / qufoG,frIrsm;jywfawmufoGm;NyDjzpfírkefwdkif;usa&mufvmNyDjzpfonf/

rd k;av0oBudKwifowday;csufrsm;ESif h cefUrSef;csufrsm;xkwfjyefjcif;

rdk;av0oqdkif&mcefYrSef;xkwfjyefcsufrsm;

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25

(u) omreftcsdefaeUpOfrdk;av0oowif;xkwfjyefjcif;

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(2) aejynfawmfjrefrmhtoH t*Fvdyfydkif;tpDtpOfrS aeUpOf rdk;av0oowif;tm;rGef;vGJydkif; 14;00 em&DcefUESifh n 21;30 em&DcefUwdkUwGif xkwfvTifhay;vsuf½Sdygonf?txufazmfjyyg jrefrmhtoHjrefrmydkif;tpDtpOfESifh t*Fvdyfydkif;tpDtpOfwdkUtm;atmufyga&'D,dkvIdif;rsm;rS zrf;,l&½Sdedkifygonf/

Z,m; 3-1/ aeYpOfrdk;av0oowif;xkwfjyefonfha&'D,dkvIdif;rsm;

(3) &efukefNrdKUawmf City FM tpDtpOfrS aeUpOf rdk;av0oowif;tm; wpfaeUvQifESpfBudrfuspDjzifh 89 MHz rS zrf;,l&½Sdedkifygonf/ xkwfvTifhonfhtcsdef oD;jcm;owfrSwfcsufr½Sdyg/

(4) &efukefa&'D,dktpDtpOfrS yifv,fjyifü ckwfarmif;vsuf½Sdaeaom a&,mOfrsm;twGufrdk;av0oowif;rsm;tm; 156.6 MHz rS 15;45 em&DtcsdefwGif xkwfjyefay;vsuf½Sdygonf/

(5) jrefrmh½kyfjrifoHMum;ESifh jr0wD½kyfjrifoHMum;wdkUrS rdk;av0oowif;rsm;tm;aeUpOf n 20;00em&D owif;tjyD;üxkwfvTifhay;vsuf½Sdygonf/ MRTV-4 tpDtpOfrSwpfaeUvQif 4Budrfusjzifh rdk;av0oowif;rsm;tm; tvsOf;oifhovdk xkwfvTifhay;vsuf½Sdygonf/

(c) rdk;av0otxl;owif;xkwfjyefjcif;

rdk;av0otxl;owif;tm; uyÜvDyifv,fjyifESifh b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfwdkUtwGif;rkefwdkif;pwifjzpfay:csdefrS tpjyKí vdktyfovdkxkwfjyefay;ygonf/ tqdkyg rdk;av0otxl;owif;tm; jrefrmhtoHESifh City FM wdkUrS wpfem&DvQif (2)BudrfrS (3)BudrfcefUjzifh

226

vnf;aumif;? jrefrmh½kyfjrifoHMum;ESifh jr0wD½kyfjrifoHMum;wdkUrS aeUpOfrdk;av0oowif;xkwfjyefonfhtcsdefü xnfhoGif;azmfjyxkwfvTifhay;ygonf/

(*) rkefwdkif;owday;csuf

txufazmfjyyg owday;csufrsm;teuf rkefwdkif;owday;csufxkwfjyefjcif;tm; rkefwdkif;jyif;tm;tajctaeESifh jrefrmhurf;½dk;wef;tm; jzwfausmfrnfh tajctaewdkUtay:rlwnfí owday;csufrsm;tm; jrefrmhtoHrS wpfem&DvQif (3)BudrfrS (6)BudrfcefUtxd jrefrmh½kyfjrifoHMum;? MRTV-4 ESifh jr0wD½kyfjrifoHMum;wdkUrS tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nDpmwef;xdk;í Mum;jzwftpDtpOfjzifh rMumcPxkwfvTifhay;ygonf/

ta&;ay:tajctaeowfrSwfjcif;

t0ga&mifta&;tay:tajctae

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vdar®mfa&mifta&;ay:tajctae

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teDa&mifta&;tay:tajctae

rkefwdkif; jrefrmhurf;½dk;wef;qDodkU wl&la½GUvsm;vmjyD; jrefrmhurf;½dk;wef;odkUrjzwfausmfrD 12 em&D tvdkudk teDa&mifta&;ay:tajctae[k owfrSwfonf/xdktajctaewGif tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm;yg0ifaom rkefwdkif;owday;csuftm;

27

jrefrmhtoHrS wpfem&DvQif 3 BudrfrS 6 BudrfcefUtxd jrefrmh½kyfjrifoHMum;? MTRV-4 ESifh jr0wD½kyfjrifoHMum;wdkUrS tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD pmwef;xdk;í Mum;jzwf tpDtpOfjzifhrMumcPxkwfvTifhay;&rnf/

tndKa&mifta&;tay:tajctae

jrefrmhurf;½dk;wef;a'orsm;odkU rkefwdkif;jzwfausmf0ifa&mufaecsdeftm; tndKa&mifta&;ay:tajctae[k owfrSwfonf/ tqdkygtajctaewGif rkefwdkif; owday;csuftm; jrefrmhtoHrS wpfem&DvQif 3 BudrfrS 6 BudrfcefUtxd jrefrmh½kyfjrifoHMum;?MTRV-4 ESifh jr0wD½kyfjrifoHMum;wdkUrS tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD pmwef;xdk;í Mum;jzwftpDtpOfjzifh rMumcPxkwfvTifhay;&rnf/

tpdrf;a&miftajctae

rkefwdkif;tm;aysmhí rkefwdkif;tEÅ&m,f uif;½Sif;oGm;csdefudk tpdrf;a&miftajctae[k owfrSwfonf/ rkefwdkif;jzwfausmf 0ifa&mufjyD;aemuf jrefrmhtoHrS wpfem&DvQif 2 Budrf rS 3 BudrfcefU rMumcP xkwfvTifhay;&rnf/ jrefrmh½kyfjrifoHMum;?MTRV-4 ESifh jr0wD½kyfjrifoHMum;wdkUrS tcsdefESifhwpfajy;nD pmwef;xdk;í Mum;jzwftpDtpOfjzifh xkwfvTifhay;&rnf/

24 em&Dowif;xkwfjyefjcif;

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3-2 &yf&GmtqifhwGif qdkifuvkef;rkefwdkif;twGuf BudKwifjyifqifjcif;

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228

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@UNDP

29

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31

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332

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@UN-Habitat

33

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35

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@UN-Habitat

336

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wHcg;rsm;? jywif;aygufrsm;ukd ydwfxm;yg/

37

jyifyodkYxGuf&rnfqkdygu avoHus,favmifvmonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ckdvIH&mae&modkUjyefvnf0ifa&mufyg/ av\toHrSm tvGefvsifjrefpGm us,favmifvmwwfygonf/tvGefjyif;xefNyD; OD;wnf&mbuftopfvnf;jzpfEdkifygrnf/

aetdrfpwifíNydKusvmygu vlwkdif;tm; arGU&mrsm;? apmifrsm;jzifh tumtuG,fay;xm;yg/ ckdifjrJpGmwyfqifxm;onfhypönf;rsm;ukd ukdifxm;yg/ odkYr[kwf ckdifaompm;yGJrsm;atmufwGifckdvIHaeyg/

a&'D,kdzGifhí rdk;av0oBudKwifcefYrSef;csufrsm;? owday;csufrsm;ukd em;axmifyg/

rnfonfYouf&SdowÅ0gudkrS csnfaESmifjcif;? avSmifxm;jcif;rjyKrd&ef owdxm;yg/

avrkefwkdif;tenf;i,favsmhyg;oGm;csdefwGif tdrfjyifxGufjcif;? urf;ajcodkY oGm;a&mufjcif;rsm; rjyKygESifh/

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@UN-Habitat

4-4 rkefwkdif;ausmfvGefoGm;aomtcgwGif

tdrfjyifodkYxGuf&eftwGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;rS tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;aMumif; w&m;0iftoday;csufr&rcsif; tdrfjyifyodkY rxGufygESifh/ *wfpfrD;zkd,dkpdrfhjcif;&Sd-r&Sd ppfaq;yg/vQyfppfypönf;rsm;ukd pdkpGwfaeonfhtcsdefwGif toHk;rjyKygESifh/

a&'D,dkudk qufvufzGifhxm;NyD; w&m;0ifowday;csufESifh tMuHjyKcsufrsm;ukdem;axmifyg/

338

aetdrfrS ab;uif;&Sif;&modkY oGm;a&mufcJhygu aetdrfodkYjyef&ef tEÅ&m,fuif;&Sif;NyD[kxkwfjyefcsufrxGufrcsif; aetdrfodkYrjyefygESifh/

aetdrfokdYjyefygu toHk;jyKoifhonf[kqkdaom vrf;aMumif;twkdif;oGm;yg/ tavmwBuD; roGm;ygESifh/

jywfusaeaom vQyfppf"mwftm;vkdif;rsm;? ysufpD;aeaomwHwm;rsm;? taqmufttHkrsm;? opfyifrsm;ukd owdjyKyg/ a&vQHaevQif a&twGif;odkY rjzwful;ygESifh/

owday;csufrsm;tm;vHk;ukd *½kjyKyg/ vSnfhywfMunfh½Ijcif;rjyKygESifh/

qdkifuvkef;aMumifh aetdrfrSm ysufpD;NyD; aexdkif&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhygu &yf&GmtajcjyKab;tEÅ&m,favsmhyg;a&;tzGJY okdYr[kwf e,fajrcHtmPmykdifxHqufoG,fítultnDawmif;cHyg/

qdkifuvkef;rkefwkdif; wkdufcwfcsdefwGif rkefwkdif;'Da&jrifhwufjcif;rsm; jzpfay:wwfygonf/ urf;½kd;wef;teD;wGifaexkdifygu a&vTrf;rkd;rItwGuf azmfjyxm;aom owday;csufrsm;ukdvnf; vkdufemaqmif&GufEkdifygonf/

aumvm[vowif;rsm;udk em;raxmifygESifh/

References:

ADPC. 2004. Community-based Disaster Risk Management :Field Practioners’ Handbook.

ADPC. 2006. CBDRM for Local Authorities

ADPC.et al. 2009. Hazard Profile of Myanmar.

National Disaster Management Division, GoI, MHA. Hazards, Disasters and Your Community.

NDPCC, Union of Myanmar. 2009. Standing Order on Disaster Management..

San Hla Thaw. 2009. Storm Track, Costal Orientation and Storm Surges.

Tun Lwin. 2008. Nargis: The Killer from the sea.

Ye Ye Nyein. 2009. “Strategies for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction at Department of Meteorology and Hydrology in Myanmar”, Power Point Presentation.

http://nidm.gov.in/DosandDonts_Cyclone.asp

http://www.imdmumbai.gov.in/cycdisasters.htm

http://www.niwa.co.nz/news-and-publications/news/all/2000/2000-11-27-1

http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/genmet/tropicalcyclone/areas_of_formation.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/10136/cyclones/cycltq.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclones#Most_intense_storms_on_record

þþvufpGJpmtkyfjyKpk&mwGifyg0ifaqG;aEG;tMuHjyKcJYonfhtzGJYtpnf;rsm;

Action Aid Arche Nova Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Care Myanmar Department of Educational Planning and Training

(ynma&;pDrHudef;ESifhavhusifha&;OD;pD;Xme) Department of Meteorology and Hydrology

(rdk;av0oESifhZvaA'nTefMum;rIOD;pD;Xme) Fire Services Department (rD;owfOD;pD;Xme) French Red Cross Information and Public Relation Department

(jyefMum;a&;ESifhjynfolYqufqHa&;OD;pD;Xme) Maltesa International Metta Foundation Myanmar Engineering Society (jrefrmEdkifiHtif*sifeD,motif;) Myanmar Geosciences Society (jrefrmEdkifiHblrdodyHÜtoif;) Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) Myanmar Red Cross Society Pact Myanmar Relief and Resettlement Department

(u,fq,fa&;ESifhjyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;OD;pD;Xme) Save the Children Tdh-Italy United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organisation (UNESCO) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian

Affairs (UNOCHA) United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) World Vision