Voyages, Trade, and Voyages, Trade, and Migrations in the Postclassical Migrations in the Postclassical

WorldWorld

Islamic EmpiresIslamic Empires

►Connected Asian, African, and Connected Asian, African, and European trade routesEuropean trade routes

►Middle East was central trade hubMiddle East was central trade hub► Influenced nomadic pastoralists of Influenced nomadic pastoralists of

Central Asia, North Africa, and Sub-Central Asia, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa

►Borrowed heavily from Islamic culture Borrowed heavily from Islamic culture in North Africa and the Middle Eastin North Africa and the Middle East

► Ivory, slaves, and goldIvory, slaves, and gold

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire

►Constantinople was a trade hub linking Constantinople was a trade hub linking Europe to AsiaEurope to Asia

► Imported silk from ChinaImported silk from China►Linked Rus (Russia) to the Linked Rus (Russia) to the

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea

ChinaChina

►Overseas tradeOverseas trade►Exported manufactured goodsExported manufactured goods►Large number of trade contacts and Large number of trade contacts and

marketsmarkets►Transmitted culture to other parts of Transmitted culture to other parts of

East and Southeast AsiaEast and Southeast Asia

MongolsMongols►Connected Connected

civilizations in civilizations in Europe and AsiaEurope and Asia

►Spread Black Spread Black Death (bubonic Death (bubonic plague) to Europeplague) to Europe

Bantu Bantu MigrationsMigrations

► Agricultural Agricultural societysociety

► Nigeria/Nigeria/Cameroon c. Cameroon c. 3,000 B.C. 3,000 B.C.

► spread East and spread East and SouthSouth

► Absorbed, killed, Absorbed, killed, or drove away or drove away hunting and hunting and foraging people, foraging people, or killed by or killed by contact with contact with animal-borne animal-borne diseasesdiseases

Linguistic Map of AfricaLinguistic Map of Africa

►HistoriographHistoriography of Bantu y of Bantu migrations:migrations:

►Why did they Why did they migrate?migrate?

► Cold war Cold war explanation= explanation= warwar

► Post-CW= Post-CW= climate climate change!!!change!!!

Linguistic Map of Southeast Linguistic Map of Southeast AsiaAsia

Austronesian MigrationsAustronesian Migrations

► AgriculturalAgricultural►Originated in Originated in

southern Chinasouthern China► Spread to Spread to

Philippines, Philippines, Indonesia, and Indonesia, and MadagascarMadagascar

Austronesian MigrationsAustronesian Migrations

Trade RoutesTrade Routes►On what major trade route is Roanoke On what major trade route is Roanoke

located?located?►What other major trade routes have What other major trade routes have

existed within the United States?existed within the United States?►How has this changed over time?How has this changed over time?

Silk RoadsSilk Roads► Link pastoral and agricultural peoples, inner and outer Link pastoral and agricultural peoples, inner and outer

AsiaAsia► ““relay trade”relay trade”► Camel caravansCamel caravans► Classical period: links Rome, Han, PersiaClassical period: links Rome, Han, Persia► 77thth and 8 and 8thth centuries: links Byzantine, Abbasid, and centuries: links Byzantine, Abbasid, and

Tang/SongTang/Song► 1313thth and 14 and 14thth: Mongol Empire links Asia and Europe: Mongol Empire links Asia and Europe

Silk RoadsSilk Roads► SilkSilk

Luxury good (elite)Luxury good (elite) Chinese monopoly on Chinese monopoly on

production until 600sproduction until 600s

►DiseaseDisease Smallpox and measlesSmallpox and measles Bubonic plague hits Bubonic plague hits

Byzantium 534 to 750Byzantium 534 to 750 Reaches Europe from China Reaches Europe from China

during Mongol control of during Mongol control of Silk RoadsSilk Roads

Indian Ocean TradeIndian Ocean Trade

►Lower transportation costs= transport Lower transportation costs= transport more goodsmore goods

►Major changes 500-1500 CE:Major changes 500-1500 CE: 1. Reemergence of China1. Reemergence of China 2. Rise of Islam (trade-friendly)2. Rise of Islam (trade-friendly)

Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia► Heavily influenced Heavily influenced

by India (Hinduism by India (Hinduism and Buddhism) and and Buddhism) and ChinaChina

►Malay sailors opened Malay sailors opened all-sea route from all-sea route from India to ChinaIndia to China

►Malay kingdom of Malay kingdom of SrivijayaSrivijaya Gold, spices (cloves, Gold, spices (cloves,

nutmeg), taxes on nutmeg), taxes on shipsships

► Buddhist Buddhist monasteriesmonasteries BorobudurBorobudur AngkorAngkor

Borobudur: 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple (Java, Indonesia)

Angkor Wat (Hindu Buddhist temple in Cambodia)

East Africa: Swahili cultureEast Africa: Swahili culture► Bantu migrations:Bantu migrations:

fishing & farming fishing & farming villagesvillages

Traded gold, ivory, Traded gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, quartz, leopard skins, slavesslaves

► Swahili city-statesSwahili city-states 1000-1500 CE1000-1500 CE cosmopolitancosmopolitan Arab, Indian, and Arab, Indian, and

Persian visitorsPersian visitors Navigational knowledgeNavigational knowledge

East Africa: Swahili cultureEast Africa: Swahili culture►Social StratificationSocial Stratification

Class distinctions Class distinctions between merchant between merchant elite and commonerselite and commoners

Islam as unifying forceIslam as unifying force►SyncretismSyncretism

Swahili language: Swahili language: African language African language written in Arabicwritten in Arabic

►Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe powerful inland statepowerful inland state supplier of gold to supplier of gold to

Indian Ocean trade Indian Ocean trade networknetwork

Trans-Sahara tradeTrans-Sahara trade► North AfricaNorth Africa

Began in Sudan with Niger Began in Sudan with Niger Valley civilizationValley civilization

camel c. 300camel c. 300 gold* from West Africagold* from West Africa ivory, kola nuts, and ivory, kola nuts, and

slavesslaves Traded salt, horses, cloth, Traded salt, horses, cloth,

dates, manufactureddates, manufactured► 1300s: Mali monopolizes 1300s: Mali monopolizes

gold and salt tradegold and salt trade

Trans-Sahara TradeTrans-Sahara Trade►Ghana, Mali, and Ghana, Mali, and

SonghaiSonghai powerful trading powerful trading

kingdomskingdoms Wealth from Wealth from

trade and trade and slaveryslavery

►West AfricaWest Africa CosmopolitanCosmopolitan UrbanUrban IslamicIslamic

Famous VoyagersFamous Voyagers

►Who are some famous voyagers from Who are some famous voyagers from history?history?

►What sort of person goes on a voyage?What sort of person goes on a voyage?►Have you ever been on a voyage?Have you ever been on a voyage?►What did you see, do, and learn?What did you see, do, and learn?►Do you enjoy experiencing other Do you enjoy experiencing other

cultures? Why?cultures? Why?

XuanzangXuanzang►77thth century Buddhist monk century Buddhist monk►Purpose was to find true Purpose was to find true

Buddhist scriptures in Buddhist scriptures in IndiaIndia

►Traveled on Silk Road, Traveled on Silk Road, 629- 645629- 645

►converted pirates who converted pirates who tried to rob himtried to rob him

► Importance: help Importance: help understand Buddhism and understand Buddhism and cultures along Silk Roadcultures along Silk Road

Marco PoloMarco Polo► Born in Venice to wealthy Born in Venice to wealthy

trading familytrading family► Traveled with father and Traveled with father and

uncle to Chinauncle to China► employed by Kublai Khan employed by Kublai Khan

(Mongol ruler) for 17 (Mongol ruler) for 17 yearsyears

► European interest in the European interest in the East; East;

Ibn BtuttaIbn Btutta

► Arab scholarArab scholar► Born in MoroccoBorn in Morocco► Visited Spain, Anatolia, West Visited Spain, Anatolia, West

and East Africa, Arabia, Iraq, and East Africa, Arabia, Iraq, Persia, Central and Southeast Persia, Central and Southeast Asia, India, ChinaAsia, India, China

► Critical of Islam on the frontierCritical of Islam on the frontier► Importance: illustrate vast Importance: illustrate vast

expanse of Islamic civilization, expanse of Islamic civilization, never an “outsider”never an “outsider”

Zheng HeZheng He

►1405-14331405-1433►Led Chinese sailing expeditions Led Chinese sailing expeditions

throughout Indian Ocean basin and throughout Indian Ocean basin and Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia

►Large ships with trade goods and soldiersLarge ships with trade goods and soldiers►Chinese government halted voyagesChinese government halted voyages

Uninterested in foreign tradeUninterested in foreign trade Costly wars against MongolsCostly wars against Mongols Expensive building project in BeijingExpensive building project in Beijing