volumen xxi-departamento de estado

1.339-370/428-S/80023 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 19691976 VOLUME XXI CHILE, 19691973 DEPARTMENT OF STATE Washington

2. 339-370/428-S/80023 Foreign Relations of the United States, 19691976 Volume XXI Chile, 19691973 Editors James McElveen James Siekmeier General Editor Adam Howard United States Government Printing Office Washington 2014 3. 339-370/428-S/80023 DEPARTMENT OF STATE Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 4. 339-370/428-S/80023 Preface The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The Historian of the Department of State is charged with the responsibility for the preparation of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of the Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the General Editor of the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches, com- piles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg first promulgated official regulations codifying specific standards for the selection and editing of documents for the series on March 26, 1925. These regulations, with minor modifications, guided the series through 1991. Public Law 102138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, established a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series which was signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991. Sec- tion 198 of P.L. 102138 added a new Title IV to the Department of States Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 USC 4351, et seq.). The statute requires that the Foreign Relations series be a thorough, accurate, and reliable record of major United States foreign policy decisions and significant United States diplomatic activity. The volumes of the series should include all records needed to provide comprehensive documentation of major foreign policy decisions and actions of the United States Government. The statute also confirms the editing principles established by Secretary Kellogg: the Foreign Relations series is guided by the principles of historical objectivity and accuracy; records should not be altered or deletions made without indicating in the published text that a deletion has been made; the published record should omit no facts that were of major importance in reaching a decision; and nothing should be omitted for the purposes of concealing a defect in policy. The statute also requires that the Foreign Relations series be published not more than 30 years after the events recorded. The editors are convinced that this volume meets all regulatory, statutory, and schol- arly standards of selection and editing. Structure and Scope of the Foreign Relations Series This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela- tions series that documents the most important issues in the foreign policy of Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford. The subseries presents in multiple volumes a comprehensive documentary rec- III 5. 339-370/428-S/80023 IV Preface ord of major foreign policy decisions and actions of both administrations. This volume documents U.S. policy toward Chile from January 20, 1969 to September 24, 1973, when the Nixon administration an- nounced its extension of diplomatic recognition to the military junta under General Augusto Pinochet. Although intended to stand on its own, this volume should be read in conjunction with other volumes in the series, in particular the electronic supplement, Foreign Relations, 19691976, volume E16, Docu- ments on Chile, 19691973. In addition to the electronic supplement, the reader should consult Foreign Relations, 19691976, volume E10, Documents on American Republics, 19691972 and volume E11, Doc- uments on South America, 19731976, Part 2, for further documentation on the role Chile played in the Nixon administrations overall policy in Latin America. Focus of Research and Principles of Selection for Foreign Relations, 19691976, Volume XXI The primary focus of this volume is on the attitudes adopted and actions taken by the U.S. Government toward the installation of two successive Chilean presidents: the election and inauguration of Sal- vador Allende in September 1970 and the military coup detat of Gen- eral Augusto Pinochet in September 1973. This volume differs from most volumes in the Foreign Relations series, however, in two important ways. First, many of the documents herein have been thoroughly ex- amined, summarized, and declassified in several other public projects, in particular: the reports released in the mid-1970s by the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelli- gence Activities (the Church Committee); and the documents released in the late-1990s by the Chile Declassification Project (the Pinochet Proj- ect). The editors of this volume, while acknowledging what has been released before, have tried to meet the series standard of thorough- ness, accuracy, and reliability not only by adding to the historical record but also by presenting a complete documentary account, regard- less of previous declassification. Second, recognizing both the importance of the subject and the nature of the documentation, the editors also compiled an extensive electronic supplement (Foreign Rela- tions, 19691976, volume E16, Documents on Chile, 19691973), which, when released, will be available online at the Office of the Historian website. The supplement will include a selection of Presidential tape recordings, as transcribed by the editors, which adds context and detail to formal records on President Nixons posture toward President Al- lende; and several documents on human rights in the aftermath of the Pinochet coup, in particular, the disappearance and death of two U.S. citizens, Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi. In the latter instance, although Horman and Teruggi both died before September 24 (i.e. the 6. 339-370/428-S/80023 Preface V last day covered in this volume), the investigation into the circum- stances surrounding these two tragic casesand the resulting public controversycontinued long afterwards. Additional documentation, therefore, is scheduled for publication in the subsequent compilation on Chile in Foreign Relations, 19691976, volume E11, Documents on South America, 1973-1976, Part 2. Although organized into five chapters, this volume is perhaps best surveyed in terms of three periods in Allendes political career: before his election on September 4, 1970; between his election and inauguration on November 4, 1970; and after his inauguration until his overthrow and death on September 11, 1973. The first period also corre- sponds to the final two years of the administration of President Eduardo Frei, which, in terms of U.S. policy, continued largely along lines established during his first four years in office. Frei, for instance, received substantial political and economic support, including covert assistance during the 1964 election from the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. Since the deliberations on whether to provide similar assistance to any of the major candidates in the 1970 election were heavily influenced by the decision-making process six years earlier, as well as by political developments in the intervening years, readers should consult the compilation on Chile in Foreign Relations, 19641968, volume XXXI, South and Central America; Mexico. Allendes narrow victory in the 1970 election represented a decisive break in this contin- uity, a break that is clearly represented in the pace of documentation, as the Nixon administration sought to block Allendes confirmation and inauguration. The second period, covering these intervening two months, is the heart of the volume, documenting day-to-day decisions in a series of meetings, memoranda, and backchannel messages on Track I and Track II, attempting to block Allende, either by constitu- tional means or by military coup detat, respectively. The third period, which picks up the story after Allendes inauguration, demonstrates how the Nixon administration adopted and implemented its cool and correct policy to destabilize the Chilean Government while simultane- ously strengthening ties with the Chilean military. This policy was largely determined less through covert operations and more through the formal interagency process on economic affairs, including discour- aging favorable terms in international lending and foreign assistance to Chile, while encouraging a favorable settlement in the nationalization of copper and other Chilean industries, previously dominated by U.S. multinational corporations. The volume concludes with the events of September 1973: the coup detat under General Pinochet, Allendes sui- cide, and U.S. diplomatic recognition of the military junta. Editorial Methodology The documents are presented chronologically according to Wash- ington time. Memoranda of conversation are placed according to the 7. 339-370/428-S/80023 VI Preface time and date of the conversation, rather than the date the memorandum was drafted. Editorial treatment of the documents published in the Foreign Rela- tions series follows Office style guidelines, supplemented by guidance from the General Editor and the chief technical editor. The documents are reproduced as exactly as possible, including marginalia or other no- tations, which are described in the footnotes. Texts are transcribed and printed according to accepted conventions for the publication of historical documents within the limitations of modern typography. A heading has been supplied by the editors for each document included in the volume. Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation are retained as found in the original text, except that obvious typographical errors are silently corrected. Other mistakes and omissions in the documents are corrected by bracketed insertions: a correction is set in italic type; an addition in roman type. Words repeated in telegrams to avoid garbling or provide emphasis are silently corrected. Words or phrases under- lined in the source text are printed in italics. Abbreviations and contrac- tions are preserved as found in the original text, and a list of abbreviations is included in the front matter of each volume. In telegrams, the telegram number (including special designators such as Secto) is printed at the start of the text of the telegram. Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text that deals with an unrelated subject (in roman type) or that remains classified after declassification review (in italic type). The amount and, where possible, the nature of the material not declassified has been noted by indicating the number of lines or pages of text that were omitted. Entire documents withheld for declassification purposes have been accounted for and are listed with headings, source notes, and number of pages not declassified in their chronological place. All brackets that appear in the original text are so identified in footnotes. The first footnote to each document indicates the source of the document, original classification, distribution, and drafting information. This note also provides the background of important documents and policies and indicates whether the President or his major policy ad- visers read the document. Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinent material not printed in the volume, indicate the location of additional documentary sources, provide references to important related documents printed in other volumes, describe key events, and provide sum- maries of and citations to public statements that supplement and eluci- date the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs and other first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supplement or explicate the official record. 8. 339-370/428-S/80023 Preface VII The numbers in the index refer to document numbers rather than to page numbers. Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta- tion, established under the Foreign Relations statute, reviews records, advises, and makes recommendations concerning the Foreign Relations series. The Advisory Committee monitors the overall compilation and editorial process of the series and advises on all aspects of the preparation and declassification of the series. The Advisory Committee does not necessarily review the contents of individual volumes in the series, but it makes recommendations on issues that come to its attention and reviews volumes, as it deems necessary to fulfill its advisory and statutory obligations. Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Review Under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and Materials Pres- ervation Act (PRMPA) of 1974 (44 USC 2111 note), the National Ar- chives and Records Administration (NARA) has custody of the Nixon Presidential historical materials. The requirements of the PRMPA and implementing regulations govern access to the Nixon Presidential historical materials. The PRMPA and implementing public access regulations require NARA to review for additional restrictions in order to ensure the protection of the privacy rights of former Nixon White House officials, since these officials were not given the opportunity to separate their personal materials from public papers. Thus, the PRMPA and implementing public access regulations require NARA formally to notify the Nixon estate and former Nixon White House staff members that the agency is scheduling for public release Nixon White House historical materials. The Nixon estate and former White House staff members have 30 days to contest the release of Nixon historical materials in which they were a participant or are mentioned. Further, the PRMPA and implementing regulations require NARA to segregate and return to the creator of files private and personal materials. All Foreign Rela- tions volumes that include materials from NARAs Nixon Presidential Materials Staff are processed and released in accordance with the PRMPA. Nixon White House Tapes Access to the Nixon White House tape recordings is governed by the terms of the PRMPA and an access agreement with the Office of Presidential Libraries of the National Archives and Records Adminis- tration and the Nixon Estate. In February 1971, President Nixon initiated a voice activated taping system in the Oval Office of the White House and, subsequently, in the Presidents Office in the Executive 9. 339-370/428-S/80023 VIII Preface Office Building, Camp David, the Cabinet Room, and White House and Camp David telephones. The audiotapes include conversations of Pres- ident Nixon with his Assistant for National Security Affairs, Henry Kissinger, other White House aides, Secretary of State Rogers, other Cabinet officers, members of Congress, and key foreign officials. The clarity of the voices on the tape recordings is often very poor, but the editor has made every effort to verify the accuracy of the transcripts produced here. Readers are advised that the tape recording is the official document; the transcript represents an interpretation of that document. Through the use of digital audio and other advances in tech- nology, the Office of the Historian has been able to enhance the tape recordings and over time produce more accurate transcripts. The result is that some transcripts printed here may differ from transcripts of the same conversations printed in previous Foreign Relations volumes. The most accurate transcripts possible, however, cannot substitute for listening to the recordings. Readers are urged to consult the recordings themselves for a full appreciation of those aspects of the conversations that cannot be captured in a transcript, such as the speakers inflections and emphases that may convey nuances of meaning, as well as the larger context of the discussion. Declassification Review The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad- ministration, conducted the declassification review for the Department of State of the documents published in this volume. The review was conducted in accordance with the standards set forth in Executive Order 13526, as amended, on Classified National Security Information and applicable laws. The principle guiding declassification review is to release all information, subject only to the current requirements of national security as embodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailed concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus in the Department of State, other concerned agencies of the U.S. Govern- ment, and the appropriate foreign governments regarding specific documents of those governments. The declassification review of this volume, which began in 2000 and was completed in 2013 resulted in the decision to withhold 1 document in full, excisions of a paragraph or more in 55 documents, and minor excisions of less than a paragraph in 112 documents. The Office of the Historian is confident, on the basis of the research conducted in preparing this volume and as a result of the declassification review process described above, that the record presented in this volume presented here provides an accurate and comprehensive account of U.S. foreign policy on Chile. 10. 339-370/428-S/80023 Preface IX Acknowledgments The editors wish to acknowledge the assistance of officials at the Nixon Presidential Materials Project of the National Archives and Rec- ords Administration (Archives) in College Park, Maryland, and at the Ford Presidential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In addition, they are grateful to the Richard Nixon Estate for allowing access to the Nixon Presidential recordings and the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace for facilitating that access. Research in the Kissinger Papers, including transcripts of telephone conversations, could not have occurred without the kind permission of Henry A. Kissinger. The editors would also like to thank Peter Kornbluh, Senior Analyst and Director of the Chile Declassification Project at the National Security Archive, for his expertise and encouragement. James McElveen and James Siekmeier collected the documents, made the selections, and annotated them under the direct supervision of successive chiefs of the Asia and Americas Division, Edward C. Keefer and Erin R. Mahan, and under the general direction of two successive General Editors, David S. Patterson and Edward C. Keefer. Al- though both contributed to the research and annotation of the entire volume, McElveen was responsible for compiling the first three chapters, through Allendes inauguration in November 1970; and Siek- meier, for the last two chapters, through Allendes overthrow (and formal diplomatic recognition of the military junta under General Pino- chet). Susan Weetman, Carl Ashley, and Dean Weatherhead coordinated the declassification review. David Geyer assumed responsibility for resolving substantive issues of compilation and review during the final stages of production. Kristen Ahlberg, Keri Lewis, Mandy A. Chalou, and Rita Baker performed the copy and technical editing. Stephen P. Randolph, Ph.D.Bureau of Public Affairs The HistorianMay 2014 11. 339-370/428-S/80023 Contents Preface ................................................................... III Sources .................................................................. XIII Abbreviations and Terms ............................................ XXI Persons .................................................................. XXVII Note on U.S. Covert Actions ........................................ XXXVII Chile, 6973 A Noisy Democracy: The Decline of Eduardo Frei, JanuaryDecember 1969 ........................................ 1 A Spoiling Operation: The 1970 Chilean Presidential Election, January 1September 4, 1970 ...................... 63 Two Tracks: U.S. Intervention in the Confirmation of the Chilean President, September 5November 4, 1970 ...... 175 Cool and Correct: The U.S. Response to the Allende Administration, November 5, 1970December 31, 1972 ................................................................. 439 That Chilean Guy May Have Some Problems: The Downfall of Salvador Allende, JanuarySeptember 1973 840 Index ..................................................................... 947 XI 12. 339-370/428-S/80023 Sources Sources for the Foreign Relations Series The 1991 Foreign Relations statute requires that the published record in the Foreign Relations series include all records needed to provide comprehensive documentation on major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significant U.S. diplomatic activity. It further requires that government agencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government engaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperate with the Department of State Historian by providing full and complete access to records pertinent to foreign policy decisions and actions and by providing copies of selected records. Most of the sources consulted in the preparation of this volume have been declassified and are available for review at the National Archives and Records Administration. The editors of the Foreign Relations series have complete access to all the retired records and papers of the Department of State: the central files of the Department; the special decentralized files (lot files) of the Department at the bureau, office, and division levels; the files of the De- partments Executive Secretariat, which contain the records of international conferences and high-level official visits, correspondence with foreign leaders by the President and Secretary of State, and memoranda of conversations between the President and Secretary of State and foreign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. All the Depart- ments indexed central files through July 1973 have been permanently transferred to the National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, Maryland (Archives II). Many of the Departments decentralized office files covering the 19691976 period, which the Na- tional Archives deems worthy of permanent retention, have been transferred or are in the process of being transferred from the Departments custody to Archives II. The editors of the Foreign Relations series also have full access to the papers of Presidents Nixon and Ford as well as other White House foreign policy records. Presidential papers maintained and preserved at the Presidential libraries include some of the most significant foreign affairs-related documentation from the Department of State and other Federal agencies including the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Dr. Henry Kissinger has approved access to his papers at the Li- brary of Congress. These papers are a key source for the Nixon-Ford subseries of the Foreign Relations series. XIII 13. 339-370/428-S/80023 XIV Sources Research for this volume was completed through special access to restricted documents at the Nixon Presidential Materials Project, the Ford Presidential Library, the Library of Congress, and other agencies. While all the material printed in this volume has been declassified, some of it is extracted from still classified documents. In the time since the research for this volume was completed, the Nixon Presidential Materials have been transferred to the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, California. The Nixon Presidential Library staff is processing and declassifying many of the documents used in this volume, but they may not be available in their entirety at the time of publication. Sources for Foreign Relations, 19691976, Volume XXI In preparing this volume, the editors thoroughly mined the Presi- dential Papers and other White House records from the Nixon Presi- dential Materials Project at the National Archives. This research was conducted when the project was still housed at the facility in College Park (Archives II); both the project and the collection were subsequently moved in 2010 to its permanent home at the Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda. Whether in Maryland or California, these materials proved the most valuable source of documentation on the Nixon administrations conduct of relations with Chile. Some of the most important records for this volume were found in the National Security Council Files, in particular, the Country Files on Chile. These files document basic day-to-day decision making within the White House and National Security Council staff, including memoranda to Kissinger and Nixon, records of meetings, copies of telegrams, and backchannel messages. Two folders within the National Security Files are also worth mentioning here with similar, if more specialized, documentation: one, entitled Korry File, is part of the Country Files on Chile; and the other, entitled Chile Wrap and Post-Mortem, is part of the Country Files in the Kissinger Office Files. Ambassador Korry played a central role in U.S.-Chilean relationsparticularly during the pivotal events of Sep- tember and October 1970 (between Allendes election and subsequent inauguration as President)until Korrys replacement in October 1971. His lengthy backchannel messages are not only concentrated in the sources cited above but also scattered throughout other repositories. In the midst of other, more bureaucratic, documents, these Korrygrams, as they were called at the time, are as entertaining to read as they are essential for following developments in Chile on a daily basis. The formal policy-making process on Chile is documented in the National Security Files (H-Files) at the Nixon Library. These files contain minutes, memoranda, and related documentation on the deliberations of the National Security Council itself, the Senior Review Group, the Washington Special Actions Group, and other interagency com- 14. 339-370/428-S/80023 Sources XV mittees; also included are records relating to National Security Council Study and Decision Memoranda (NSSMs and NSDMs), as well as similar decision-making documents. The H-Files are most useful in documenting interagency discussions on Chile, either before Allendes election in September 1970 or after his inauguration in November 1970; there is little, if any, documentation in the H-Files, for instance, on Track II (Project FUBELT) to foment a military coup against Allende in October 1970. Rather than rely on formal decision papers, Nixon and Kissinger made many decisions on Chile outside normal bureaucratic channels, in particular, through a series of one-on-meetings and telephone conversations. The editors, therefore, consulted two other cru- cial sources: the Kissinger Telephone Conversation Transcripts; and the Nixon White House Tape Recordings. The Kissinger transcripts provide a rare glimpse into the role played by the Presidents Assistant for National Security Affairs in regard to Chile, in particular, before Al- lendes inauguration but also at the time of his overthrow in September 1973. Installed in February 1971 and removed in July 1973, the White House taping system was unfortunately not in operation during either period. The Nixon tapes, nonetheless, include a number of important deliberations on Chile, notably on Nixons policy to adopt a cool and correct posture in relations with Allende; transcripts of these conversations, as transcribed by the editors, are printed in the electronic supplement, Foreign Relations, 19691976, volume E16, Documents on Chile, 19691973. Given the level of U.S. involvement in Chilean political affairs during the Nixon administration, intelligence records were essential in compiling this volume. The editors had access to the records at the Na- tional Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Depart- ment of State, and the Department of Defense. The Nixon Intelligence Files at the National Security Council constitute the most authoritative record of the meetings of the 303 Committee and its successor, the 40 Committee, which were responsible for decisions on covert operations. The files of the Central Intelligence Agency, particularly the National Intelligence Council Registry of NIEs and SNIEs (Job 79R01012A), were essential for intelligence reports and assessments on which the Nixon administration based its policy decisions. Although many of its most important records on covert operations were also found in other repositories, several collections (or Jobs) were invaluable at the Central In- telligence Agency, including the files of Director of Central Intelligence Helms (Job 80B01285A), 1970 Chile Task Force files (Job 80000012A), the Executive Registry Subject Files on Chile (Job 80B01086A), and the 1973 Western Hemisphere Division files (Job 8000197A). The Bureau of Intelligence and Research in the Department of State was also an ac- tive participant on intelligence matters, whether in assessing developments in Chile or in developing options for U.S. policymakers. The 15. 339-370/428-S/80023 XVI Sources historical files of the Bureaus Office of Intelligence Coordination (INR/IL) and the files of James Gardner, who served first as Deputy Di- rector for Coordination and then as Chief of the Operations Policy Staff, were particularly useful in this regard, notably the memoranda of re- gular ARA/CIA meetings on intelligence. U.S. involvement in Chile was the subject of several congressional investigations in the 1970s, most notably two chaired by Senator Frank Church (D-Idaho), the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, which investigated U.S. covert operations in Chile, and the Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, which investigated allegations against the involvement of the International Telegraph and Telephone Company (ITT) in Chile; and the House Select Committee on Intelligence, chaired by Con- gressman Otis Pike (D-New York). Materials related to these investigations, including copies of the original documents collected, were found in at least two archival sources. The most valuable of these was a retired Department of State office or lot file, 81D121, held for reference purposes in the Foreign Affairs Information Management Center (as it was called at the time) until its transferal to the National Archives in 2004 as part of Record Group 59 (RG 59). Since the investigations largely took place during the Ford administration, the records held at the Ford Pres- idential Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, are also useful, in particular, the Intelligence Subject File in the collection of Philip Buchen, who served as Counsel to the President. As important as covert operations in Chile may have been, however, the United States still conducted most of its Chilean policy through normal channels of diplomacy, in particular, through the De- partment of State. This role is well reflected in the Departments records, including the central and retired lot files (both RG 59) accessioned and maintained at the National Archives. A number of records in the central files subject numeric system were useful, including those filed under POL 7 CHILE (visits and meetings concerning Chile), POL 12 CHILE (political parties in Chile), POL 14 CHILE (elections in Chile), POL 15 CHILE (Chilean government), POL CHILE-US (relations between Chile and the United States), and POL 1 CHILE-US (general policy and background on relations between Chile and the United States); INCO COPPER CHILE (copper in Chile), and INCO 152 CHILE (nationalization/expropriation in Chile). Starting in January 1973, the Department of State switched its central files to an electronic system; the telegrams for 1973 are available on-line in the Access to Ar- chival Databases on the National Archives website. Some additional documentation was also found in the retired post files (RG 84) for San- tiago, in particular, the Embassys classified Allende file for 19681973 (Lot 78F112). 16. 339-370/428-S/80023 Sources XVII The Kissinger Papers at the Library of Congress largely replicate documentation found in other collections. Since this volume was compiled, copies of the most important original sourcethe Kissinger Tele- phone Conversation Transcripts (see above)were initially deposited at the Nixon Presidential Materials Project; they were then relocated to the Nixon Presidential Library in 2010. Although the citations in this volume refer to the Kissinger Papers, copies of the transcripts as organized in the original collection are available to the public at the Nixon Presidential Library. The following list identifies the particular files and collections used in the preparation of the volume. The declassification and transfer to the National Archives of the Department of State records is in process, and many of these records are already available for public review at the National Archives. Unpublished Sources Department of State Central Files. See Record Group 59 under National Archives and Records Administration below Lot Files. See Record Group 59 under National Archives and Records Administration below Lot 71D18 PoliticalCountry Team Minutes Lot 74D416, Executive Secretariat, Briefing Books, 19581976 Lot 80D212, S/S Files, NSSM 97 Lot 83D305, S/S Files, NSDM 93 Bureau of Intelligence and Research, INR/L Historical Files Chile Chronology 1970 Chile JanuaryAugust 1970 Chile, 40 Committee Action after September 1970 Chile, JulyDecember 1972 Chile 19731975 Virtual Reading Room, Document Collections, CIA Chile Declassification Project National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland Record Group 59, General Records of the Department of State Central Files 19671969, INCO COPPER CHILE 19671969 POL 15 CHILE 19671969 POL 239 CHILE 19701973, POL CHILE-US 19701973, POL 2 CHILE 19701973, POL 12 CHILE 17. 339-370/428-S/80023 XVIII Sources 19701973, POL 14 CHILE 19701973, POL 15 CHILE 19701973, POL 151 CHILE 19701973, INCO COPPER CHILE 19701973, INCO 152 CHILE 19701973, DEF 9 US 19701973, DEF 9 CHILE 19701973, DEF 15 CHILE 19701973, E 5 LA 19701973, E 14 LAPC Central Foreign Policy File, 19731976 Part of the online Access to Archival Databases; Electronic Telegrams, P-Reel Index, P-Reel microfilm Lot Files Lot 71D227, Executive Secretariat, Conference Files, 19661972 Lot 81D121, ChileITTCIA 19631977 Documents Requested by the Department of Justice, 19701977 Chile/CIA #1 Chile/CIA #2 Chile ITT (Testimony) Chile Papers-Church Committee-August 12, 1975 Chile-CIA 1970 Lot 94D565, INR/IL, James Gardner Chronological File Record Group 84, Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the United States Santiago, 19681973, Classified Allende Files Santiago Embassy Files, 19681973, POL Santiago Embassy Files, 19711975, Subject Files Santiago Embassy Files, Allende Government JulyAugust 1972 Record Group 218, Records of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Records of Thomas H. Moorer Admin (AC) CMS [Chairmans Memos] Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland (now at the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Yorba Linda, California) National Security Council (NSC) Files Backchannel Messages: Europe, Mideast, Latin America Country Files, Latin America Nixon Intelligence Files Henry A. Kissinger Office Files Country Files 303/40 Committee Files, Subject Files, Chile 18. 339-370/428-S/80023 Sources XIX Senior Review Group Files Subject Files, Chile National Security Council, Institutional Files (H-Files) Meeting Files Senior Review Group Meetings Washington Special Action Group Meetings National Security Council Meetings Minutes Of Meetings NSC Meeting Minutes Senior Review Group Policy Papers NSDM 93 Study Memorandums National Security Study Memorandums Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Philip Buchen Collection Intelligence Subject File Central Intelligence Agency Director of Central Intelligence Files Job 80B01285A Deputy Director for Plans Chronological File Job 780717BA Deputy Director for Operations Registry Files Job 7901440A Job 8000012A Job 8000197A Executive Registry Subject Files Job 80B01086A Job 80M01066A National Intelligence Council Job 79R01012A Library of Congress Papers of Henry A. Kissinger Geopolitical File, 196478 Chile Miscellany, 19681976 Record of Schedule Telephone Records, 19691976 Telephone Conversations, Chronological File National Security Council Nixon Intelligence Files 19. 339-370/428-S/80023 XX Sources Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland OSD Files: FRC 33076067 Secret Records of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and the Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense Published Sources Davis, Nathaniel. The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende. London: I.B. Tauris, 1999. Kissinger, Henry. The White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979. The New York Times United States. Congress. Senate. Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. An Interim Report of the Select Committee to Studv Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975. . Covert Action in Chile, 19631973, Staff Report of the Select Committee to Study Gov- ernmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975. . International Telephone and Telegraph Company and Chile, 19701971, Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, by the Subcommittee on Multinational Corpo- ration. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973. . Department of State. Bulletin, 19691973. . National Archives and Records Administration. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard Nixon, 19691973, Washington: Government Printing Office, 19691973. The Washington Post 20. 339-370/428-S/80023 Abbreviations and Terms AA/PRR, Office of Private Resources (AID) ACQ, acquired AD, Accion Democratica (Democatic Action Party), Venezuela ADDO, Assistant Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency ADDP, Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency AEC, Atomic Energy Commission AFLCIO, American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations AFTAC, Air Force Technical Applications Command AID, Agency for International Development AIFLD, American Institute for Free Labor Development AMA, American Medical Association AP, Associated Press APRA, Alianza Popular Revolucionario Americana (Popular Revolutionary Alliance), Peru ARA, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State ARA/BC, Office of Bolivia-Chile Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State ARMA, Army Attache Backchannel, a method of communication outside normal bureaucratic procedure; the White House, for instance, used backchannel messages to bypass the Department of State C130, high-wing, 4-turboprop-engine aircraft used for rapid transportation of troops and/or equipment CAP, Compana Acero Pacifica (Pacific Steel Company), Chilean National Steel Company CAS, controlled American source CASP, Country Analysis and Strategy Plan CCC, Commodity Credit Corporation CS, Clandestine Services CECLA, Comision Especial de Coordinacion Latinoamericana (Special Latin American Coor- dinating Commission) CEN, National Executive Committee of the Partido Radical (Radical Party) CESEC, Centro de Estudios Socio-Economicos, polling agency CG, Commanding General CG, Consul General CIA, Central Intelligence Agency CIAP, Comite Inter-Americano de la Alianza para Progreso (Inter-American Committee of the Alliance for Progress) to the Inter-American Economic and Social Council CIEP, Corporacion Instituto de Educacion Popular (Institute for Popular Education); also Council for International Economic Policy CINC, Commander-in-Chief CINCSO, CINCSOUTH, Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Southern Command (U.S. Navy) CLA, Council for Latin America CNO, Chief of Naval Operations CODELCO, Corporacion del Cobre (Copper Corporation of Chile) COMUSNAVSO, Commander, U.S. Navy, Southern Command COPEC, Compana de Petroleos de Chile (Chilean Petroleum Company) XXI 21. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXII Abbreviations and Terms COPEI, Comite Organizado por Elecciones Independientes (Social Christian Party), Venezuela CORFO, Corporacion de Fomento (National Development Bank) COS, Chief of Station CUT, Central Unitaria Trabajadores de Chile (Confederation of Trade Unions) D, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs DAO, Defense Attache Office DATT, Defense Attache DCI, Director of Central Intelligence DCM, Deputy Chief of Mission DDCI, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence DDO, Deputy Director for Operations, Central Intelligence Agency DDP, Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency DefAtt, Defense Attache DI, Departamento de Investigaciones (Department of Investigations), Chile; also Directorate for Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency DIA, Defense Intelligence Agency Dissem, Dissemination DO, Directorate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency DOI, Date of Information DOD, Department of Defense DP, Directorate of Plans, Central Intelligence Agency E, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of State E&E, Emergency and Evacuation Embtel, Embassy telegram E/ORF, Office of International Resources and Food Policy, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of State ETA, estimated time of arrival ETD, estimated time of departure Exdis, Exclusive Distribution EXIM, Export-Import Bank F5, twin engine, supersonic light tactical fighter with one or two crew members FAA, Federal Aviation Administration; Foreign Assistance Act FACh, Fuerza Aerea de Chile (Chilean Air Force) FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigation FMS, Foreign Military Sales FonMin, ForMin, Foreign Minister FRAP, Frente de Accion Popular (Popular Action Front) FRC, Federal Records Center FSO, Fund for Special Operations (Inter-American Development Bank) FY, Fiscal Year G10, Group of Ten (Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States) GA, General Assembly of the United Nations GM, General Motors GOC, Government of Chile golpe, coup Gosplan, State Committee for Planning of the Soviet Union HAK, Henry A. Kissinger HQS, Headquarters 22. 339-370/428-S/80023 Abbreviations and Terms XXIII IADB, Inter-American Defense Board IBRD, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) IDB, Inter-American Development Bank IFI, International Financial Institutions IMF, International Monetary Fund INR, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State INR/DDC, Deputy Director of Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, De- partment of State INR/IL, Office of Intelligence Liaison, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State IPC, International Petroleum Company ISA, Office of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense ITT, International Telephone and Telegraph JCS, Joint Chiefs of Staff K, Kissinger LA, Latin America LAN, Linea Aerea Nacional (National Airline of Chile) L/ARA, Office of the Legal Adviser for Inter-American Affairs, Department of State LATAM, Latin America Limdis, limited distribution MAAG, Military Assistance Advisory Group MAP, Military Assistance Program MAPEX, Military assistance program excess MAPU, Movimiento de Accion Popular Unitario (United Popular Action Movement) MFA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs MilAid, Military Aid MilGroup, MilGrp, Military Group MIMEX, Major item material excess MinAgric, Minister of Agriculture MinDefense, Minister of Defense MinEcon, Minister of Economy MinInt, Minister of Interior MinJust, Minister of Justice MIR, Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Left Movement) MRII, Movimiento Radical Izquierda Independiente (Independent Radical Movement of the Left) NAC, National Advisory Council on International Monetary and Financial Policies NARA, National Archives and Records Administration NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO, non-commissioned officer NIE, National Intelligence Estimate Nodis, No Distribution Non-com, non-commissioned officer NSA, National Security Agency NSC, National Security Council NSDM, National Security Decision Memorandum NSF, National Science Foundation 23. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXIV Abbreviations and Terms NSSM, National Security Study Memorandum NYT, The New York Times OAS, Organization of American States OBE, overtaken by events OMB, Office of Management and Budget ONE, Office of National Estimates, Central Intelligence Agency OPIC, Overseas Private Investment Corporation para, paragraph PCCh, Partido Comunista de Chile (Chilean Communist Party) PDC, Partido Democrata Cristiano (Christian Democatic Party) PDR, Partido Democrata Radical (Radical Democatic Party) PIR, Partido Izquierda Radical (Radical Party of the Left) PL, Public Law P&L, Patria y Libertad (Fatherland and Liberty), Chilean right-wing political-military organization PN, Partido Nacional (National Party) POL, political affairs and relations in the Department of State Central Files PR, Partido Radical (Radical Party) PS, Partido Socialista (Socialist Party) PSD, Partido Socialista Democrata (Socialist Democrat Party) RCA, Radio Corporation of America reftel, reference telegram RG, Record Group RTAC, Regional Technical Assistance Center septel, separate telegram SFRC, Senate Foreign Relations Committee SIDUCAM, Sindicato Independiente de Union de Carnionistas (Private Truck Owners Confederation) SIMEX, Secondary material excess sitrep, Situation Report SLC, Special Letter of Credit SNIE, Special National Intelligence Estimate SOUTHCOM, United States Army, Southern Command SRG, Senior Review Group Todep, indicator for telegrams to the Deputy Secretary of State UN, United Nations UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP, United Nations Development Program UNGA, United Nations General Assembly UNITAS, annual U.S.-South American naval exercise UP, Unidad Popular (Chilean coalition of Communists, socialists, and leftists) USAF, United States Air Force USCINCSO, United States Commander-in-Chief, Southern Command USG, United States Government USIA, United States Information Agency USIS, United States Information Service USN, United States Navy USP, Union Socialista Popular (Popular Socialist Union) 24. 339-370/428-S/80023 Abbreviations and Terms XXV USSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VOA, Voice of America WH, Western Hemisphere WHD, Western Hemisphere Division, Directorate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency WSAG, Washington Special Actions Group Z, Zulu (Greenwich Mean) Time 25. 339-370/428-S/80023 Persons Alessandri Palma, Arturo, Chilean President from 1920 until 1924 and again from 1932 until 1938; father of Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez Alessandri Valdez, Gustavo, Deputy, Third District in Santiago Alessandri Rodriguez, Jorge, Chilean President from 1958 until 1964; Partido Nacional Presidential candidate in 1970 Allende Gossens, Salvador, leader of the Unidad Popular in Chile; Chilean President from 1970 until deposed in a coup on September 11, 1973 Almeyda Medina, Clodomiro, Chilean Foreign Minister from 1970 until May 3, 1973; De- fense Minister from May 3 to August 9, 1973; Foreign Minister from August 9 to Sep- tember 11, 1973 Altamirano Orrego, Carlos, Chilean Secretary General of the Socialist Party until 1973 Ambrose, Miles J., Commissioner of Customs from 1971 until 1972 Arzac, Daniel N., Jr. Political Counselor, U.S. Embassy in Santiago from September 1971 Aylwin Azocar, Patricio, Chilean Senator, Partido Democrata Cristiano (Christian Dem- ocatic Party) until 1973; President of the Senate from January 1971 until May 1972 Baltra Cortes, Alberto, Senator, Radical Party, and later Unidad Popular, until 1973 Benedick, Richard E., Director, Office of Development Finance, International Finance and Development, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of State, from 1972 until 1973 Bennett, Donald V., Lieutenant General, USA; Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency from September 1969 until August, 1972 Bennett, Jack F., Deputy Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Monetary Affairs Bennett, John C., Lieutenant General, USA; Deputy Assistant to the President, White House Chief of Staffs Office, 1973 Bergsten, C. Fred, member, National Security Council Operations Staff (International Economic Affairs), from January 1969 until June 1971 Betancourt, Romulo, member of Accion Democritica (Democatic Action Party, Vene- zuela); Venezuelan President from 1958 until March 11, 1964; Venezuelan politician from 1972 until 1973 Blee, David H., Central Intelligence Agency Boeninger, Edgardo, Rector, University of Chile, from 1970 until 1973 Bowdler, William G., U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador from November 1968 until Oc- tober 1971; Ambassador to Guatemala from October 1971 until June 1973 Bradfield, Michael, Assistant General Counsel, Department of the Treasury until 1973 Brims, John S., Operations Center, Executive Secretariat, Office of the Secretary, Depart- ment of State from 1971 until 1973 Broe, William V., Western Hemisphere Office Director, Central Intelligence Agency until 1973 Bulnes Sanfuentes, Francisco, Senator, Chilean National Party, from 1961 until 1968 Bush, George H.W., member, U.S. House of Representatives (R-Texas) until January 1971; U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from February 1971 until January 1973; thereafter, Chairman, Republican National Committee Butterfield, Alexander P., Deputy Assistant to the President from January 1969 until 1973 XXVII 26. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXVIII Persons Cademartori, Jose, Chilean Minster of Finance from July 5 until September 11, 1973 Caldera Rodriguez, Rafael, Venezuelan President from 1969 until 1974 Canales Marquez, Alfredo, General, Chilean Director of Military Instruction from 1970 until 1972 Carey Tagle, Guillermo, Vice President of Anaconda Copper in Chile; also, General Viauxs connection with the Christian Democrats Carillo Flores, Antonio, Mexican Minister of Foreign Affairs until 1970 Carmona Peralta, Juan de Dios, Chilean Minister of National Defense of the Government until 1970 Carvajal Prado, Patricio, Admiral, Chief, Chilean National Defense Staff until 1973 Casse, Marshall L., III, Office of International Finance and Development, Bureau of Eco- nomic and Business Affairs, Department of State, 1973 Castillo Velasco, Jaime, Vice President, Partido Democrata Cristiano, from 1969 until 1973 Castro, Fidel, Cuban Prime Minister Cesar Ruiz Danayu, Raul Fernando (Cesar), General, Commander-in-Chief of the Chil- ean Air Force from 1969 until 1973 Chapin, Dwight, Special Assistant to the President from 1969 until 1971 Chapin, Frank M., member and senior CIA Officer, National Security Council Staff, from 1969 until 1971 Chapin, Frederic L., Director, Office of Bolivia-Chile Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from 1970 until 1971; Deputy Assistant Director of Management, Department of State, 1971; member, National Security Council Staff Cheyre Toutin, Emilio, General, Chief of Investigations of the Chilean Army from 1970 until 1971; Ambassador to Portugal from 1971 until 1973 Chonchol Chait, Jacques, Director, Instituto de Desarrollo Agropecuario (Agrarian De- velopment Institute) until 1973 Church, Frank, Senator (D-Idaho); member, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, until 1973; Chairman, Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, 1973; Chairman, U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelli- gence Activities (Church Committee), 1975 Claro Salas, Fernando (Pepe), Chilean Copper Corporation Cline, Ray S., Director, Office of Intelligence and Research, Department of State Coerr, Wymberley deR., Director, Office of Research and Analysis for American Re- publics, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from 1969 until 1971; Deputy Director for Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, from 1971 until 1972; Special Adviser, Office of Environmental Affairs, Bureau of Interna- tional Scientific and Technological Affairs, from 1972 until 1973 Colby, William E., Executive Director-Comptroller, Central Intelligence Agency, from January 1972 until September 1973; thereafter Director of Central Intelligence Connally, John B., Secretary of the Treasury from February 1971 until May 16, 1972 Cooper, Charles, member, National Security Council Staff Corrigan, Robert F., Consul General, U.S. Embassy in Rio de Janeiro from 1968 until 1972; U.S. Ambassador to Rwanda from 1972 until 1973; Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Office of International Security Affairs, from 1973 Corvalan Lepe, Luis, Secretary General of the Communist Party of Chile from 1969 until 1973 Crimmins, John H., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from April 1969 until March 1970; Acting Assistant Secretary from March to June 11, 1973; thereafter, U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Cushman, Robert E., Jr., Lieutenant General, USMC; Deputy Director of Central Intelli- gence from May 7, 1969, until December 31, 1971; thereafter Commandant of the Ma- rine Corps Cyr, Krest, Vice President of Chilean Operations, Anaconda Copper, until 1973 27. 339-370/428-S/80023 Persons XXIX Davis, Jeanne W., Director, National Security Council Secretariat, from 1970 until 1971; thereafter National Security Council Staff Secretary Davis, Nathaniel, U.S. Ambassador to Chile from October 20, 1971 Del Canto, Hernan, Minister of the Secretary General of the Government of Chile, 1972; Acting Minister of the Secretary General of the Government of Chile, 1973 Daz Casanueva, Humberto, Chilean Ambassador to the United Nations from 1970 Duhalde Vazquez, Alfredo, Chilean Vice President from September 25, 1945, until June 27, 1946; Acting President from June 27, 1946, until August 3, 1946; Vice President from August 13, 1946, until October 17 Dungan, Ralph A., U.S. Ambassador to Chile until August 2, 1967 Duran Neumann, Julio, Senator, Partido Radical until 1969; thereafter Senator, Partido Democrata Radical Eagleburger, Lawrence S., Executive Assistant to the Assistant to the President for Na- tional Security Affairs, 1969; Political Adviser, Counselor for Political Affairs, U.S. Mission to NATO, from 1969 until 1971; Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1971 until 1973; Executive Assistant to the Secretary of State from 1973 Eaton, Samuel D., Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, Department of State from July 1966 until August 1967; thereafter member, Policy Planning and Coordination Staff, Department of State Echeverria Alvarez, Luis, Mexican President from 1970 Edwards Eastman, Agustn, Chairman of the Board of El Mercurio publishing firm until 1973 Edwards Valdes, Jorge, Chilean Minister in Charge of Relations with Cuba, 1970; Consul Minister to France from 1971 until 1973 Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., Executive Secretary for the Department of State from August 1969 Erlichman, John D., Counsel to the President from January to November 1969; thereafter Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs Emmons, Robert, Operations Center, Executive Secretariat, Office of the Secretary, De- partment of State, 1971 Feldman, Mark B., Assistant Legal Adviser for Inter-American Affairs, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of State, from 1969 until 1972; Acting Deputy Legal Ad- viser from 1973 Figueroa Serrano, Carlos, Chilean Minister of Economy until 1970 Fisher, John W., Country Director, Office of Andean and Pacific Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from 1970 until 1973 Flanigan, Peter M., Consultant to the President on Administration and Staffing from Jan- uary to April 1969; thereafter Assistant to the President; Executive Director of the Council for International Economic Policy Freeman, Mason B., Rear Admiral, USN; Vice Director and Director, Joint Staff of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1970 until 1972 Frei Montalva, Arturo, member, Chilean Chamber of Deputies until 1973; younger brother of President Eduardo Frei Montalva Frei Montalva, Eduardo, Chilean President until 1970 Fuentealba Moena, Renan, President, Partido Democrata Cristiano Fulbright, J. William, Senator (D-Arkansas); Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Gammon, Samuel R., Executive Assistant to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Management, from 1971 Gantz, David A., Staff Member of the Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from 1970 28. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXX Persons Gardner, James R., Director of Operations Policy Staff and Assistant Deputy for Coordi- nation, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from April 1970; Chief, Operations Policy Staff, Department of State, from 1973 Geneen, Harold S., Chief Operating Officer and Chairman of the Board, International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), until 1973 Girdler, Lewis, member, Office of Research and Analysis for American Republics, Bu- reau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from 1969 until 1970; member, Office of Bolivian and Chilean Affairs, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, from 1971 Gonzales, Henry B., member, U.S. House of Representatives (D-Texas) from 1969 Gonzalez, Raymond E., Political Officer, U.S. Embassy in Lima from June 1970 Guerraty Villalobos, Carlos, General, Chilean Air Force Commander-in Chief until 1970 Guevara, Ernesto (Che), Argentine revolutionary killed in Bolivia in 1967 Gumucio Vives, Rafael A., President, Partido Democrata Cristiano until 1969; President, Movimiento de Accion Popular Unitario (United Popular Action Movement) from 1969 Guthrie, D. Keith, National Security Council Staff Secretariat from 1970 until 1972 Hackett, James T., member, National Security Council Staff, from September 1971 Haig, Alexander M., Jr., Brigadier General, USA; Military Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from January 1969 until June 1970; thereafter Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Haldeman, H.R, Assistant to the President and White House Chief of Staff from 1969 until April 30, 1973 Haldeman, Robert, head of Kennecott Copper Corporations Chilean operations Hales Jamarne, Alejandro, Chilean Minister of Mines until 1970 Hartman, Richard J., Brigadier General, USAF; Deputy Director, Joint Continental De- fense Systems Integration Planning Staff, Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, from February 1970 Helms, Richard M., Director of Central Intelligence until January 23, 1973 Henderson, Douglas, member, Policy Planning Council, Department of State, from 1969 until 1970; Deputy U.S. Representative for Social and Economic Affairs, U.S. Mission to the Organization of American States, from 1970 Hennessy, John, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Development Finance from 1971 Herrera Lane, Felipe, President of the Inter-American Bank until 1971; member, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Commission for the Study of International Education, 1971; Professor of Political Economy, Uni- versity of Chile and Catholic University, from 1971 Hewitt, Ashley C., member, National Security Council Operations Staff for Latin Amer- ica, from 1971 Hickenlooper, Bourke B., Senator (R-Iowa) Hobbing, Enno, Staff Director, Council for Latin America, Inc., a private organization of U.S. businessmen in Latin America Holdridge, John, member, National Security Council Operations Staff, East Asia, from 1970 until 1972 Hormats, Robert, member, National Security Council Operations Staff (International Economic Affairs), from 1970 until 1972 Houdek, Robert G., Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Na- tional Security Council Staff, from January 1969 until July 1971 Hughes, Thomas L., Director of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, until Au- gust 1969 Huerta Celis, Vincente E., General, Commander-in-Chief of Carabineros (Chiles uni- formed police) from 1969 29. 339-370/428-S/80023 Persons XXXI Hunt, Cecil M., Deputy General Counsel of the Overseas Private Investment Corpora- tion from March 1971 Hurwitch, Robert A., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from September 1969 until August 1973 Ibanez Ojeda, Pedro, Senator, Partido Nacional, until 1973 Ingersoll, John, J., Director, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Department of Justice, to 1972; Tropical Products Division, Office of International Commodities, Bu- reau of Economic and Business Affairs, from 1972 Inostroza Cuevas, Alfonso, head, Central Bank of Chile, from 1970 until 1973 Irwin, John N., II, Under Secretary of State from September 1970 until July 1972; thereafter Deputy Secretary of State Jarpa Reyes, Sergio O., President, Partido Nacional from 1968; Senator from 1973 Jessup, Peter, Executive Secretary of the 303 Committee and its successor, the 40 Com- mittee, until 1972 Johnson, U. Alexis, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from February 1969 until February 2, 1973 Jorden, William J., Deputy Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State from January 1969 until March 1969; detailed to the National Archives, March, 1969; detailed to the General Services Administration, June 1970; Deputy Senior Staff Member, National Security Council Operations Staff, Latin America, from May 1972 Karamessines, Thomas H., Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency, until 1973 Kearns, Henry, President, Export-Import Bank, until 1973 Kendall, Donald M., President of Pepsi Cola Company Kendall, Maurice W., Brigadier General, USA; Director, Interamerican Region, Office of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense, from 1971 until 1973; Chief, U.S. Delegation, Joint Brazilian-U.S. Command, from 1973 Kennedy, Richard T., Colonel, USA; member, National Security Council Staff, from 1969 until 1970; Director of the Planning Group, National Security Council Staff, until 1973 Kirilenko, Andrei P., member, Soviet Politburo and Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until 1973 Kissinger, Henry A., Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from Jan- uary 1969; also Secretary of State from September 22, 1973 Knowles, Richard T., Lieutenant General, USA; Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Korry, Edward M., U.S. Ambassador to Chile until October 20, 1971; President, Associa- tion of American Publishers until 1973 Kubisch, John B., Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Mexico City from May 1969 until December 1971; Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Paris from De- cember 1971 until June 1973; Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs and U.S. Coordinator, Alliance for Progress, from June 11, 1973 Lagos Matus, Gustavo, Chilean Minister of Justice until 1970 Laird, Melvin, R., Secretary of Defense from January 22, 1969 Lanusse, Alejandro Agustin, General, Commander-in-Chief of the Argentine Army until 1971; Argentine President from March 1971 until March 1973 Latimer, Thomas, Office of the Assistant to the President, National Security Council Staff, from 1971 until 1972 30. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXXII Persons Leddy, Raymond G., Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Inter-American Affairs from 1969 until 1971; Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Inter-Ameri- can Affairs, Foreign Trade, Disclosure and Military Rights Affairs from 1971 Leigh Guzman, Gustavo, General, Commander of the Chilean Air Force from August 20, 1973; member of ruling Military Junta from September 11, 1973 Leighton Guzman, Bernardo, Chilean Deputy from Santiago Letelier del Solar, Orlando, Chilean Ambassador to the United States from 1970 until May 5, 1973; Chilean Foreign Minister from May 5 until August 9, 1973; Minister of Interior from August 9 until August 27, 1973; Minister of Defense from August 27 until September 11, 1973 Levingston, Roberto M., General; Argentine President from 1970 until 1971 Lincoln, George A., Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness from 1969 Linowitz, Sol, U.S. Representative to the Organization of American States until 1969 Lleras Restrepo, Carlos A., Colombian President until 1970 Lord, Winston, member, National Security Council Planning Staff and Group, from Jan- uary 1969 until 1970; also member, National Security Council Operations Staff (United Nations Affairs), from September 1969 until 1970; thereafter, Staff member of the Office of the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Lynn, Laurence, Assistant for Programs, National Security Council Staff, from 1969 until 1970; Director, Program Analysis Staff, from 1970 until 1971 Maira, Luis, Deputy, Partido Democrata Cristiano; member, Chilean delegation to bilat- eral talks with the United States from December 1972 until September 1973 Marambio, Tulio, General; Chilean Minister of Defense Mark, David E., Deputy Director for Regional Research, Bureau of Intelligence and Re- search, Department of State from 1969 Martin, Graham A., Ambassador to Italy from October 30, 1969, until February 10, 1973; Ambassador to South Vietnam from June 21, 1973 Massad Abud, Carlos, Vice President of the Chilean Central Bank until 1970 McAfee, William, Assistant Deputy Director for Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from 1969 until January 1, 1972; Deputy Director from January 1, 1972 McCone, John, Director of Central Intelligence from 1961 until 1965; Chair, Hendry Inter- national Company, from 1968; member, Board of Directors of International Tele- phone and Telegraph (ITT), from 1969 McGee, Gale W., Senator (R-Wyoming); Chairman, Latin American Subcommittee of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, from 1973 McGinnis, John J., Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to the Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 McNamara, Robert, President, Export-Import Bank (World Bank) Merino Castro, Jose T., Admiral, Chilean Director of Naval Services, 1969; Naval Squad- ron Commander from 1970; Intendant at Valparaiso Naval Base from 1972; member of ruling Military Junta from September 11, 1973 Meyer, Charles A., Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs and U.S. Coor- dinator, Alliance for Progress, from April 1969 until March 5, 1973; head, Inter Agency Ad Hoc Working Group on Chile Meyer, Cord, Jr., Assistant Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence Agency, from 1969 Michaelson, Charles D., President, Metals Mining Division, Kennecott Copper Corpora- tion, from 1969 Miller, Robert H., Deputy Executive Secretary of the Department of State from 1971 Milliken, Frank R., President, Kennecott Copper Corporation, from 1961 Mills, Bradford, President, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, from 1971 Miranda Ramirez, Hugo, Senator, Partido Radical, from 1969; President, Partido Radical 31. 339-370/428-S/80023 Persons XXXIII Mitchell, John N., Attorney General from January 1969 until February 1972 Montero, Raul, Admiral, Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Navy until August 9, 1973; Minister of Finance from August 9 until September 11, 1973 Moorer, Thomas H., Admiral, USN; Chief of Naval Operations until July 1970; thereafter Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Moreno, Rafael, Partido Democrata Cristiano candidate who defeated Socialist labor leader Hector Olivares in the 5th Senatorial District, January 1973 Congressional elections Nachmanoff, Arnold, member, National Security Council Operations Staff, Latin Amer- ica, from February 1969 until November 1970; Senior Staff Member for Latin Ameri- can Affairs from November 1970 Neruda, Pablo, Nobel Prize winning poet and Chilean Ambassador to France from 1970 Nguyen Van Thieu, President of the Republic of (South) Vietnam Nixon, Richard M., President of the United States from January 1969 Nolff, Max, Vice President, Chilean Government Copper Corporation, from 1970 Nutter, G. Warren, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs from March 4, 1969, until 1973 Ortiz Mena, Antonio, President, Inter-American Development Bank, from 1971 Ossa Pretot, Sergio, Chilean Minister of Defense until 1970 Ovando Canda, Alfredo, General, Bolivian President from 1969 until 1970 Pablo, Tomas, President, Chilean Senate Packard, David, Deputy Secretary of Defense from January 24, 1969, until December 13, 1971; thereafter Chief Executive Officer, and Chairman of the Board, Hewlett- Packard Company Parkinson, Jay, Chairman of the Board and Chief Financial Officer, Anaconda Copper, from 1969 Pedersen, Richard F., Counselor of the Department of State from January 1969 until July 1973 Perez Zujovic, Edmundo, Chilean Minister of Interior until 1970; assassinated June 8, 1971, by the Vanguardia Organizada Popular (VOP) Peterson, Peter G., Assistant to the President for International Economic Affairs and Ex- ecutive Director of the Council for International Economic Policy from 1971 until January 1972; Secretary of Commerce from January 1972 until January 1973 Petty, John R., Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs until February 1972 Phillips, David A., head of the task force on Chilean operations during Track II from 1970; Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, Directorate of Operations, Department of State, from June 1973 Philpott, Jamie M., Lieutenant General, USAF; Deputy Director of the Defense Intelli- gence Agency from 1969 Pickering, Thomas R., Deputy Director of the Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, De- partment of State, from September 1969 Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, General, Chilean Army; Chairman of the Chilean Military Junta from September 11, 1973; Chilean President from 1974 Place, John, Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director, Anaconda Copper, from 1969 Plaza Lasso, Galo, Secretary General of the Organization of American States until 1973 Porta Angulo, Fernando, Rear Admiral, Commander-in-Chief, Chilean Navy, from 1968 Porter, William, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from February 2, 1973 32. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXXIV Persons Prats Gonzales, Carlos, General, Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Land Forces until August 23, 1973; also Minister of the Interior from November 2, 1972, through Au- gust 9, 1973, and Minister of Defense from August 9 through August 23, 1973 Prebisch, Raul, Argentine economist; head of the United Nations Economic Commission on Latin America from 1969 Quigley, William E., Jr., Vice Chairman of the Board, Anaconda Copper, from 1969 Ratliff, Rob Roy, member, National Security Council Staff, and Executive Secretary of the 40 Committee from 1972 Richardson, Elliot L., Under Secretary of State from January 1969 until June 1970; Secre- tary of Health, Education, and Welfare from June 1970 until January 1973; Secretary of Defense from January until May 1973; Attorney General from May until October 1973 Richardson, John, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs from July 1969; also Acting Secretary of State for Public Affairs from September 1971 Ros Valdivia, Alejandro, Chilean Interior Minister, 1972 Rockefeller, Nelson A., Governor of New York Rodriguez Grez, Pablo, leader of Patria y Libertad until 1973 Rogers, William P., Secretary of State from January 22, 1969, until September 22, 1973 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, British professor in Chile from 1970; confidant of Chilean Presi- dent Frei Ruz, Cesar, General, Commander of the Chilean Air Force until August 9, 1973; Minister of Public Works and Transit from August 9 until September 13, 1973 Rush, Kenneth, U.S. Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from July 1969 until February 1972; Deputy Secretary of Defense from February 1972 until February 1973; Deputy Secretary of State from February 1973 until September 1973 Samuels, Nathaniel, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from April 1969 until May 1972 Santa Maria Santa Cruz, Domingo, Chilean Ambassador to the United States until 1970 Saunders, Harold H., member, National Security Council Operations Staff (Near East and South Asia), from January 1969 until 1971 Schneider, Rene, General, Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army; assassinated by Chilean officers on October 22, 1970 Scowcroft, Brent, General, USA; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1973 until 1974 Selden, Armistead I., Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs from 1970 until 1972; Consultant, Department of Defense, from 1973 Sepulveda Acuna, Adonis, Secretary General of the Socialist Party of Chile Sepulveda Galindo, Jose Maria, Chilean Director-General of Carabinero Corps until Au- gust 9, 1973; Minister of Lands and Settlement from August 9 until September 11, 1973 Shackley, Theodore G., Central Intelligence Agency Station Chief, U.S. Embassy in South Vietnam until February 1972; Chief, Western Hemisphere Division, Direc- torate of Operations, Central Intelligence Agency, from April 1972 until November 1973 Shakespeare, Frank, Jr., Director of the United States Information Agency from February 1969 Shlaudeman, Harry W., Deputy Chief of Mission in U.S. Embassy in Santiago from June 1969 until August 1973; Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Af- fairs from June 11, 1973 Shultz, George P., Director, Office of Management and Budget, from June 1970 until May 1972 33. 339-370/428-S/80023 Persons XXXV Silva Espejo, Rene, director, El Mercurio, until 1973 Silva, Patricio, Chilean Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs Simon, William, Deputy Secretary of the Treasury from December 1972 Szulc, Tad, U.S. journalist, New York Times Teitelboim, Volodia, Senator, Chilean Communist Party, until 1973 Toha Gonzales, Jose, Chilean Minister of Interior from 1970 until 1972; Minister of De- fense from 1972 until 1973 Tomic Romero, Radomiro, Presidential candidate of Partido Democrata Cristiano (PDC) in the 1970 election; leader of PDC from September 1970 Troncoso Castillo, Raul, Chilean Minister of State at the Moneda until 1970 Urrutia Soto, Javier, President, Chilean Development Corporation; economic adviser to Allende until 1973 Urbina Herrera, Orlando, General, Commander of the Chilean Second Army until 1972; Inspector General of the Army from 1973 Urzua Merino, Luis, Commander of the Chilean Marine Corps Vaky, Viron P. (Pete), Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs from January until May 1969; member, National Security Council Operations Staff (Latin America) from May 1969 until September 1972; thereafter U.S. Ambassador to Costa Rica Valdes Phillips, Pablo, Minister Counselor of the Chilean Embassy in the United States from 1970 until 1973 Valdes Subercaseaux, Gabriel, Chilean Foreign Minister until 1970 Valenzuela Godoy, Camilo, General, Santiago Garrison Commander, 1970 Velasco Alvarado, Juan, General; Peruvian President Viaux Marambio, Roberto, General, Commandant of the Chilean First Army Division from January 1969 until June 1972 Vilarin, Leon, President of the Truck Owners Federation of Chile until 1973 Volcker, Paul A., Under Secretary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs from January 1969 Vuskovic Bravo, Pedro, Chilean Minister of Economy from November 4, 1970, until June 12, 1972; Director of the Executive Economic Committee and Vice President of the State Development Corporation, from June 12, 1972, until September 11, 1973 Walsh, John P., Acting Executive Secretary of the Department of State from September until February 1969; Acting Special Assistant to the Secretary of State from February 1969 until October 1969 Walters, Vernon A., Lieutenant General, USA; Defense Attache, U.S. Embassy in Paris from 1969 until May 1972; Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from May 1972 Weinel, John P., Vice Admiral, USN; member of strategic planning staff of the Depart- ment of Defense from 1969 Weintraub, Sidney, Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Monetary Affairs, Bu- reau of Economic Affairs, Department of State, from October 1969 until May 1970; Deputy Assistant Secretary for International Finance and Development, Bureau of Economic Affairs, from May 1970 Welander, Robert O., Rear Admiral, USN; Director, Military Liaison Office, National Se- curity Council Staff, from July 1970 Westmoreland, William, General, USA; Army Chief of Staff until June 1972 Wimert, Paul, Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, USA; Army Attache at the U.S. Embassy in San- tiago until June 1971 34. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXXVI Persons Zaldivar Larrian, Andres, Chilean Minister of Finance until November 4, 1970; Partido Democrata Cristiano candidate in Senatorial race, April 1971 Ziegler, Ronald, White House Press Secretary from January 1969 Zorrillas Rojas, Americo, Chilean Minister of Finance from November 4, 1970, until June 12, 1972 Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr., Admiral, USN; Chief of Naval Operations from July 1970 until June 1974 35. 339-370/428-S/80023 Note on U.S. Covert Actions In compliance with the Foreign Relations of the United States statute that requires inclusion in the Foreign Relations series of comprehensive documentation on major foreign policy decisions and actions, the editors have identified key documents regarding major covert actions and intelligence activities. The following note will provide readers with some organizational context on how covert actions and special intelligence operations in support of U.S. foreign policy were planned and approved within the U.S. Government. It describes, on the basis of declassified documents, the changing and developing procedures during the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, and Ford Presidencies. Management of Covert Actions in the Truman Presidency The Truman administrations concern over Soviet psychological warfare prompted the new National Security Council to authorize, in NSC 4A of December 1947, the launching of peacetime covert action operations. NSC 4A made the Director of Central Intelligence responsible for psychological warfare, establishing at the same time the principle that covert action was an exclusively Executive Branch function. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) certainly was a natural choice but it was assigned this function at least in part because the Agency controlled unvouchered funds, by which operations could be funded with minimal risk of exposure in Washington.1 The CIAs early use of its new covert action mandate dissatisfied officials at the Departments of State and Defense. The Department of State, believing this role too important to be left to the CIA alone and concerned that the military might create a new rival covert action office in the Pentagon, pressed to reopen the issue of where responsibility for covert action activities should reside. Consequently, on June 18, 1948, a new NSC directive, NSC 10/2, superseded NSC 4A. NSC 10/2 directed the CIA to conduct covert rather than merely psychological operations, defining them as all activities which are conducted or sponsored by this Government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and executed that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if un- 1 NSC 4A, December 17, 1947, is printed in Foreign Relations, 19451950, Emer- gence of the Intelligence Establishment, Document 257. XXXVII 36. 339-370/428-S/80023 XXXVIII Note on U.S. Covert Actions covered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. The type of clandestine activities enumerated under the new directive included: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subver- sion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberations [sic] groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.2 The Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), newly established in the CIA on September 1, 1948, in accordance with NSC 10/2, assumed responsibility for organizing and managing covert actions. The OPC, which was to take its guidance from the Department of State in peacetime and from the military in wartime, initially had direct access to the State Department and to the military without having to proceed through the CIAs administrative hierarchy, provided the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was informed of all important projects and decisions.3 In 1950 this arrangement was modified to ensure that policy guidance came to the OPC through the DCI. During the Korean conflict the OPC grew quickly. Wartime com- mitments and other missions soon made covert action the most expen- sive and bureaucratically prominent of the CIAs activities. Concerned about this situation, DCI Walter Bedell Smith in early 1951 asked the NSC for enhanced policy guidance and a ruling on the proper scope and magnitude of CIA operations. The White House responded with two initiatives. In April 1951 President Truman created the Psycholog- ical Strategy Board (PSB) under the NSC to coordinate government-wide psychological warfare strategy. NSC 10/5, issued in October 1951, reaf- firmed the covert action mandate given in NSC 10/2 and expanded the CIAs authority over guerrilla warfare.4 The PSB was soon abolished by the incoming Eisenhower administration, but the expansion of the CIAs covert action writ in NSC 10/5 helped ensure that covert action would remain a major function of the Agency. As the Truman administration ended, the CIA was near the peak of its independence and authority in the field of covert action. Al- though the CIA continued to seek and receive advice on specific projects from the NSC, the PSB, and the departmental representatives origi- 2 NSC 10/2, June 18, 1948, is printed ibid., Document 292. 3 Memorandum of conversation by Frank G. Wisner, Implementation of NSC10/2, August 12, 1948, is printed ibid., Document 298. 4 NSC 10/5, Scope and Pace of Covert Operations, October 23, 1951, is printed in Foreign Relations, 19501955, The Intelligence Community, Document 90. 37. 339-370/428-S/80023 Note on U.S. Covert Actions XXXIX nally delegated to advise the OPC, no group or officer outside of the DCI and the President himself had authority to order, approve, manage, or curtail operations. NSC 5412 Special Group; 5412/2 Special Group; 303 Committee The Eisenhower administration began narrowing the CIAs lati- tude in 1954. In accordance with a series of National Security Council directives, the responsibility of the Director of Central Intelligence for the conduct of covert operations was further clarified. President Eisen- hower approved NSC 5412 on March 15, 1954, reaffirming the Central Intelligence Agencys responsibility for conducting covert actions ab- road. A definition of covert actions was set forth; the DCI was made responsible for coordinating with designated representatives of the Sec- retary of State and the Secretary of Defense to ensure that covert operations were planned and conducted in a manner consistent with U.S. foreign and military policies; and the Operations Coordinating Board was designated the normal channel for coordinating support for covert operations among State, Defense, and the CIA. Representatives of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the President were to be advised in advance of major covert action programs initiated by the CIA under this policy and were to give policy approval for such programs and secure coordination of support among the Depart- ments of State and Defense and the CIA.5 A year later, on March 12, 1955, NSC 5412/1 was issued, identical to NSC 5412 except for designating the Planning Coordination Group as the body responsible for coordinating covert operations. NSC 5412/2 of December 28, 1955, assigned to representatives (of the rank of assistant secretary) of the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the President responsibility for coordinating covert actions. By the end of the Eisenhower administration, this group, which became known as the NSC 5412/2 Special Group or simply Special Group, emerged as the executive body to review and approve covert action programs initiated by the CIA.6 The membership of the Special Group varied depending upon the situation faced. Meetings were infrequent until 1959 when weekly meetings began to be held. Neither the CIA nor the Special Group adopted fixed criteria for bringing projects before the group; initiative remained with the CIA, as members representing 5 William M. Leary, editor, The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents (The University of Alabama Press, 1984), p. 63; for text of NSC 5412, see Foreign Relations, 19501955, The Intelligence Community, Document 171. 6 Leary, The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents, pp. 63, 147148; Final Report of the Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate, Book I, Foreign and Military Intelligence (1976), pp. 5051. For texts of NSC 5412/1 and NSC 5412/2, see Foreign Relations, 19501955, The Intelli- gence Community, Documents 212 and 250. 38. 339-370/428-S/80023 XL Note on U.S. Covert Actions other agencies frequently were unable to judge the feasibility of particular projects.7 After the Bay of Pigs failure in April 1961, General Maxwell Taylor reviewed U.S. paramilitary capabilities at President Kennedys request and submitted a report in June that recommended strengthening high-level direction of covert operations. As a result of the Taylor Re- port, the Special Group, chaired by the Presidents Special Assistant for National Security Affairs McGeorge Bundy, and including Deputy Under Secretary of State U. Alexis Johnson, Deputy Secretary of De- fense Roswell Gilpatric, Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Lyman Lemnitzer, assumed greater responsibility for planning and reviewing covert operations. Until 1963 the DCI determined whether a CIA-originated project was submitted to the Special Group. In 1963 the Special Group devel- oped general but informal criteria, including risk, possibility of success, potential for exposure, political sensitivity, and cost (a threshold of $25,000 was adopted by the CIA), for determining whether covert action projects were submitted to the Special Group.8 From November 1961 to October 1962 a Special Group (Aug- mented), whose membership was the same as the Special Group plus Attorney General Robert Kennedy and General Taylor (as Chairman), exercised responsibility for Operation Mongoose, a major covert action program aimed at overthrowing the Castro regime in Cuba. When President Kennedy authorized the program in November, he designated Brigadier General Edward G. Lansdale, Assistant for Special Op- erations to the Secretary of Defense, to act as chief of operations, and Lansdale coordinated the Mongoose activities among the CIA and the Departments of State and Defense. The CIA units in Washington and Miami had primary responsibility for implementing Mongoose operations, which included military, sabotage, and political propaganda programs.9 President Kennedy also established a Special Group (Counter- Insurgency) on January 18, 1962, when he signed NSAM No. 124. The Spe- cial Group (CI), set up to coordinate counter-insurgency activities separate from the mechanism for implementing NSC 5412/2, was to confine itself to establishing broad policies aimed at preventing and resisting subversive insurgency and other forms of indirect aggression in friendly countries. In early 1966, in NSAM No. 341, President Johnson assigned responsibility for the direction and coordination of counter-insurgency activities overseas to 7 Leary, The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents, p. 63. 8 Ibid., p. 82. 9 See Foreign Relations, 19611963, volume X, Cuba, 19611962, Documents 270 and 278. 39. 339-370/428-S/80023 Note on U.S. Covert Actions XLI the Secretary of State, who established a Senior Interdepartmental Group to assist in discharging these responsibilities.10 NSAM No. 303, June 2, 1964, from Bundy to the Secretaries of State and Defense and the DCI, changed the name of Special Group 5412 to 303 Committee but did not alter its composition, functions, or responsibility. Bundy was the chairman of the 303 Committee.11 The Special Group and the 303 Committee approved 163 covert actions during the Kennedy administration and 142 during the Johnson administration through February 1967. The 1976 Final Report of the Church Committee, however, estimated that of the several thousand projects undertaken by the CIA since 1961, only 14 percent were con- sidered on a case-by-case basis by the 303 Committee and its prede- cessors (and successors). Those not reviewed by the 303 Committee were low-risk and low-cost operations. The Final Report also cited a February 1967 CIA memorandum that included a description of the mode of policy arbitration of decisions on covert actions within the 303 Committee system. The CIA presen

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