voltaire: candide (volume d). voltaire deism pantheism corruption of the social order ancien regime...
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Voltaire: Candide (Volume D)
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Voltaire
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• Deism
• Pantheism
• corruption of the social order
• ancien regime
• democracy
• fair trial, freedom of religion, no slavery
Voltaire’s Background
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1. Optimism: The universe is the best possible one God made, as a perfect God leads to a perfect universe.
2. Sufficient reason: All things exist, all events occur, and all truth/ knowledge is obtained for a specific reason (often known only to God).
3. Preestablished harmony: Cause—effect argument: one thing’s purpose corresponds to other things’ purposes.
4. Plenitude: Infinite possibilities arise in the best of all possible worlds; because human existence is finite, we are ill-equipped to understand nature’s occurrences in the long term.
5. Subservience to a corrupt leader is preferred to revolution.
Rejection of Leibniz
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Diegesis
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Utopian Writing
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Voyage Tale
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• anti-Semitism• Utopia• natural disasters• war• foreign lands (particularly the Americas)
Satire and Incongruity
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Gardens
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What are the dangers of optimism or, conversely, of skepticism? How do you see these two theories operating in Candide?
Discussion Questions
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Is utopia desirable, or do humans need conflict and challenge in order to find purpose and fulfillment in their lives? Where do you see evidence of this in Candide?
Discussion Questions
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The Norton Anthology
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