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Volcano Facts• There are 224 volcanoes located in the continental United States and Alaska. About half of them • are located in Alaska alone. • Indonesia has the most active volcanoes on Earth with 130.• The ash cloud from a volcanic eruption can produce lightning. Collisions between the rapidly moving • ash particles produce electric charges, which build up until they discharge to form a lightning bolt. • The most active volcano in the United States is Kilauea (pronounced kee­low­AY­ah) on the island • of Hawaii. Kilauea has been erupting nearly continuously since 1983. • Stromboli, an island of Italy, has been erupting almost continuously with relatively • small explosions and occasional bigger explosions and lava flows for the last 2,000 years. • The first volcanic eruption ever to be described in detail was that of Mount Vesuvius, which • erupted in 79 C.E. and buried the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. It was witnessed from a distance of 18 miles (29 kilometers) away. • Volcanologists estimate that fifteen to twenty volcanoes are erupting around the world at any • given moment. • The 1883 eruption of Krakatau in Indonesia created a tsunami (pronounced tsoo­NAH­mee; a series • of great ocean waves caused by a large displacement of water) greater than 115 feet (35 meters) • in height that drowned an estimated 36,000 people. The volcanic explosion was heard almost • 3,000 miles (4,827 kilometers) away. • The most common elements in materials erupted by volcanoes are silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron,• aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, titanium, phosphorous, carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur. • The fastest recorded speed of a lava flow was about 37 miles (60 kilometers) per hour at • Nyiragongo volcano in Zaire. • The temperature of basalt, the hottest type of lava, can reach almost 2,150°F (1,200°C). • Tambora eruption in Indonesia was the largest in the last 200 years. This killed 10,000 people.• The ash covered so much land that farmland was devasted; disease and famine killed 80,000 more• people. During this eruption, so much ash was thrown into the atmosphere that weather patterns• were affected worldwide. 1816 was known as the year without summer and it snowed in New• England in July.•

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January 29, 2015

Feb 17­9:17 AM

Chapter 9 ­ Volcanoes

Section 1 ­ Volcanic Eruptions

ObjectivesDistinguish between nonexplosive and explosive volcanic eruptions.Identity the features of a volcano.Explain how the composition of magma affects the type of volcanic

eruption that will occur.Describe four types of lava and four types of pyroclastic material.

Draw and label a volcano. Try to recall any familiar words about the structure of a volcano.

Volcanomountain that allows magma and volcanic gases to escape

magmamolten (melted rock) under the Earth’s surface

lavamolten (melted rock) on the Earth’s surface

Two types of eruptionsNonexplosive

most common volcanic eruptionpours from volcano and runs down sidegases easily escapebasaltic magma contains very little fluid and silica

Explosivegranitic magma very thick and contains a lot of silica

and water vaporgases are trapped in vents causing pressure to build upash (dust­sized particles) can be pushed intothe upper atmospherepumice

Although explosive volcanoes get the most attention, nonexplosive eruptions play a much more significant role in shaping our world.Much of the ocean floor is basaltic pillow lava, and nonexplosive volcanoes form many islands.

EruptionsWhen a volcano erupts two different types of material come out.

Lavaliquid magma

Pyroclastic materialmagma that is thrown from a volcano and hardens

4 Types of Pyroclastic materialFigure 6 page 254Volcanic Bombs Lapilli

Volcanic Ash Volcanic Blocks

Types of LavaAa Pahoehoe

Pillow lava Blocky lava

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/101­videos/volcanoes­101?source=relatedvideo

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Quiz

Describe the lava flow from a nonexplosive eruption.

Describe an explosive eruption.

List and describe the 4 types of lava.

What is a pyroclastic material?

List and describe the 4 types of pyroclastic material.

Answers

Describe the lava flow from a nonexplosive eruption.A calm stream of magma that flows out of a vent onto Earth's surface.

Describe an explosive eruption.Ash, hot debris, gases, and chunks of rock spew or shoot out from a volcano.

List and describe the 4 types of lava.Aa ­ forms a brittle crust with jagged edges. Pours out quickly.

Pahoehoe ­ flows slowly and its surface is glassy with rounded wrinkles.

Pillow Lava ­ forms when a volcano erupts under water. It has rounded chunks of lava that are in the shape of pillows.

Blocky Lava ­ oozes from a volcano and forms large piles of sharp­edged chunks. It is a cool stiff lava that does not travel far.

What is a pyroclastic material?forms when magma is blasted into the air and hardens

List and describe the 4 types of pyroclastic material.Volcanic Blocks

largest of the material, solid rock thrown into the air during an eruption

Volcanic Bombs large chunks of magma that cool and hardenin the air

Lapilli pebblelike pieces of magma that harden before they hit the

ground

Volcanic Ash forms when gases from magma expand quickly and thewalls that surrounded these gases turn into very tiny slivers

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Forms of VolcanoesShield

caused by quiet eruptionslava spreads out in layersHawaiian Islands

Cinder Coneexplosive eruptionslava cools and hardens to different sizes called tephrasteep sides

Composite (Stratovolcanoes)explosive eruptions and quietmay release just gas and ash to form a layer and then a layer of

lava Mount Saint Helens

What would be some signs that a volcano is about to erupt?Pressure and temperatureChange in the volcano's shape

Where do volcanoes form?Mostly on tectonic boundariesPacific plate ­ called Ring of Fire

Divergent BoundaryA set of deep cracks (rift zones) form and magma rises to fill these gaps.

Convergent BoundaryRocks melt as the crust moves below.

Hot SpotsVolcanic active places away from plate boundaries.Produce long chains of volcano

Classification of VolcanoesExtinct volcanoes

have not erupted in record history and probably will nevererupt

Dormant volcanoescurrently not erupting, may erupt again

Active volcanoescurrently erupting and show signs of erupting in the future

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Jan 26­2:10 PM

Volcano Project

This project will involve researching a variety of topics regarding volcanoes. The student will demonstrate his/her understanding by creating a 3­D model AND a display board of information.

Part 1. Directions1. Construct a 3­D volcano demonstrating the concept of the

structure of a volcano.2. Include all of the features listed in the checklist below.3. It will not need to explode as part of the demonstration.

1. Constructed a 3­D model of a volcano. Choose one of the 3 types.

2. Included required features (labeled)

crater

magma chamber

vent

volcanic neck

plutons

dike

sill

batholiths

laccoliths

3. Model

Colorful Meticulous Accurate

Part 2. Directions

1. Create a display board of information.

2. Include information regarding the topics provided.

1. Created a display board on volcano information.

2. Included required features

What is a volcano?

What are the forms or shapes of volcanoes?

Where do volcanoes occur?

What causes a volcano to have an eruption?

What are the types of eruptions?

What are the forms of material released from a volcano?

3. Visual/Model

Colorful Meticulous Accurate Organized

4. Reflection (Typed)

What did you like about your volcano?

What would you do differently?

What can we do to make this project better?

5. Bibliography

Must have at least three different sources

Documented in the correct form

Use easybib.com

Total Points (285) = _____