volcanic landforms processes and hazards. volcanic landforms 1.intrusive igneous forms 2.extrusive...
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Volcanic Landforms
Processes and Hazards
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Volcanic Landforms
1. Intrusive Igneous Forms
2. Extrusive – Basalt Landforms
3. Extrusive – Composite volcanoes
4. Extrusive – Rhyolite landforms
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1. Intrusive Igneous FormsMagma solidified at great depth (so mineral
sizes are large)
Plutons (individual magma chambers)
Batholiths (merged magma chambers)
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Pluton seen because of glacial erosion, Chile
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Brandberg, Western NamibiaIntrusive igneous rocks are often more
resistant to erosion, so they are topographic highs
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Plutons (individual magma chambers)
Batholiths (merged magma chambers)
Laccolith (bubble up strata)
Dikes – vertical magma cutting through
Sill – horizontal magma inserted between
Large
Small
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Dike, Spanish Peaks, Colorado
more resistant than surrounding sediment,
so stand out
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Dike, Picture Gorge
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Shiprock (Tse bi Dahi, Rock With Wings), New Mexico is the classic example of a volcanic neck (base of composite volcano, so deep that is intrusive rock)
Over time, the less resistant rock (i.e., pyroclasts and less consolidated lava flows) comprising the flank of the volcano is eroded away leaving the resistant neck exposed in relief.
Volcanic Neck.
Dike
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Classroom Resource
Tse bi Dahi
Rock With Wings
Shiprock
Volcanic
Neck
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Viscosity Organization
Extrusive – Basalt Landforms
Extrusive – Composite volcanoes
Extrusive – Rhyolite landforms
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More Viscous = More Explosive
Classroom Resource
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2. Extrusive – Basalt Landforms
• Basalt Flow
• Flood Basalts
• Cinder Cone
• Shield Volcano
Shield & Cinder Cone – from basalt eruptions
Later: Composite volcano
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Basalt flows will travel great distances and slope angles will reflect low viscosity.
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Classroom ResourcesRecent Hawaii Eruptions (NPS)
A year of pahoehoe Spatter Cone
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Low viscosity releases trapped gases easily, so not explosive.
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Classroom Resources
Etna Tourist Office
No Lives Lost
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Different Textures, Same Basalt Rock
Pahoehoe a’a
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Lava Tubes – so fluid that inside keeps moving & creates caves
Classroom Resource
Lava tube breakout
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Lava Tube, Hawaii near Flagstaff, AZ
Mt St. Helens, OR
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Buries old topography
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Cinder Cones
SP Crater, AZ
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Cinder drops out (like hour glass)
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Cinder Cone Developing
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Largest drop out first
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Largest Clasts: Volcanic Bombs
Classroom Resource
Cinder Cone Bombs
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Crater: depression at top formed by force of eruption
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Owens Valley, Calif
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Very common in Arizona:especially S.F. Volcanic Field
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Sunset Crater, AZ
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Shield Volcanoes
Isabela Island,Galapagos
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Hawaii built from Shield Volcanoes
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Weight of new lava has depressed the crust around Hawai’i
Moat
~ 5000 m
Below
Sea
Level
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Mauna Loa: note gentle profile from fluid basalt flows
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Mauna Kea
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Often have Summit Caldera – from collapse as lava flows away
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3. Extrusive – Composite Volcanoes
Mt Ararat, Armenia
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Sit above Subduction ZonesFuji Egmont
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Extraordinarily Dangerous
from Nova
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from Nova
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from Nova
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Future Disaster: Popocatepetl, next to Mexico City & Puebla
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Composite Volcano
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Online Animations
Volcanic Hazards
http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/collections/volcano.html
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Classroom ResourcesNuee Ardente (also called glowing
avalanche, pyroclastic flow)
Set to music (www.mvo.ms)
Soufriere, Montserrat
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Nuee Ardente (Glowing Avalanche or pyroclastic flow)
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Pompeii, Italy
Mt. Vesuvius
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Volcanic Ash
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Debris Avalanche
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Mt St. Helens Before Eruption
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Classroom ResourceLahaar, Mt St. Helens Fly Over
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Mt Mazama (could be Rainier)
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Caldera – from collapse after lava has “evacuated” from magma chamber
Crater Lake
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Mt Hood (my bet to go next)
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Mount Pinatubo
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Classroom Resources
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Arizona has San
Francisco Peaks & Mt Baldy
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Classroom Resource
San Francisco Peaks (made by Simpkin, ASU)
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4. Extrusive – Rhyolite LandformsSmall Eruptions: Rhyolite Domes, Mt Elden
Rhyolite so
viscous
has trouble
flowing, so
piles up in
dome
shape
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Many Rhyolite Domes near Mono Lake, Calif
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Mammoth Lakes, still active evidence: carbon dioxide
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Classroom ResourcesAfter major eruption of composite volcano,
will often start to rebuild with rhyolite domes
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Arizona has many rhyolite caldera super eruptions (17-27 myr ago)
Superstition Mtns
Chiricahua Mtns
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Toba – almost did us in
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Imagery seen in this presentation is courtesy of Ron Dorn and other ASU colleagues, students and colleagues in other academic departments, individual illustrations in scholarly journals such as Science and Nature, scholarly societies such as the Association of American Geographers, city, state governments, other countries government websites and U.S. government agencies such as NASA, USGS, NRCS, Library of Congress, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USAID and NOAA.c