volcanic ash and aircraft engines - home | airlines uk
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Volcanic Ash and Aircraft Engines
BATA Volcanic Ash Workshop – 15 October 2013
Rory Clarkson
Engine Environmental Protection
Rolls-Royce
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Introduction
• The exam question:
• What was known in 2010:
- Damage mechanisms
- Quantitative understanding
• Rolls-Royce activities 2010-2013
• Current position
2
Progress across the industry since 2010 – has it been enough?
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What We Know – Engine Damage Mechanisms 3
Limited
centrifuging
by fan
Ash
cloud
• Rapid impact effects Molten ash sticks in
turbine annulus,
choking engine
Compressor erosion –
loss of efficiency and
surge margin
Ash starts to melt in and
around combustor
(clogging in combustor
and flame extinction) Electrical and
electronic system
contamination
Fuel system
blockage
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Limited
centrifuging
by fan
Ash
cloud
What We Know – Engine Damage Mechanisms 4
Lubrication system
contamination Sulphidation of Ni
alloys in turbine
Turbine cooling systems
block, reducing
component life
Compressor erosion –
gradual loss of
efficiency
• Longer term ‘cost of ownership’ damage
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Engine Susceptibility
• 2010 quantitative understanding – RR engine ‘Safe-to-Fly’
chart
5
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013 6
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
E15 and all that
Many informal discussions with Met Office/Bristol Univ/BGS/NILU
Grimsvotn, PCC, Nabro & all that
Part 1 Part 2
TTCP Fairbanks
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
A-NPA 2011-6
NPA 2011-17
A-NPA 2012-21
CS-25 Am’nt 13
IAGOS
IUGG ESA/
EUMETSAT IMechE IWVA
UK VAAG
CAA/Met Off/RR mtgs
DfT VAORG
IVATF/IAVWOPSG
Sundry mtgs
External Engagement
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013
• MoD support 2012 – Global VA Risk Assessment
7
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013
• MoD support 2012 – Operability Model Uncertainty
8
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013
• MoD support 2012 – Proposed Research Programme
9
- Partial reduction in modelling uncertainty - £1.5M - £2M - Substantial reduction in modelling uncertainty - >£15M
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013 10
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
E15 and all that
Many informal discussions with Met Office/Bristol Univ/BGS/NILU
Grimsvotn, PCC, Nabro & all that
Part 1 Part 2
TTCP Fairbanks
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
A-NPA 2011-6
NPA 2011-17
A-NPA 2012-21
CS-25 Am’nt 13
IAGOS
IUGG ESA/
EUMETSAT IMechE IWVA
UK VAAG
CAA/Met Off/RR mtgs
DfT VAORG
IVATF/IAVWOPSG
Sundry mtgs
External Engagement
BA009/KLM867 reassessment
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013
• Engine ‘Safe-to-Fly’ Chart
11
- 2012 Revision
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013 12
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
E15 and all that
Many informal discussions with Met Office/Bristol Univ/BGS/NILU
Grimsvotn, PCC, Nabro & all that
Part 1 Part 2
TTCP Fairbanks
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
A-NPA 2011-6
NPA 2011-17
A-NPA 2012-21
CS-25 Am’nt 13
IAGOS
IUGG ESA/
EUMETSAT IMechE IWVA
UK VAAG
CAA/Met Off/RR mtgs
DfT VAORG
IVATF/IAVWOPSG
Sundry mtgs
External Engagement
BA009/KLM867 reassessment
VIPR-III
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013
• Vehicle Integrated Propulsion Research – VIPR
- NASA/USAF Engine Health Monitoring (EHM) technology
development
- Volcanic ash (VIPR-III) is a good way to deteriorate an engine
13
VIPR-III Participants
P&W F117
GE Ash Delivery System
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013
• FAA – Exposure to low concentration visible ash; safety or
economic damage concern?
• What type of ash to use; fresh ash or 7,000 year old ash?
• What ash concentrations to run test to?
14
VIPR-III Key Questions:
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013
• VIPR-III Test points?
15
2 20 0.2 200 2000
1 100 10 1 000 0.1 0.01 0.001 10 000 0.0001
Visible ash
threshold
10 000
1 000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
hrs
seconds
minutes
hours
infinite/ years
weeks
days
months
Economic
Damage?
Unsafe
Operation? Unsafe
Operation
Normal field
operation in
dusty/sandy
environments
2010 DLR
flights
2010 Dornier
+ BA flights
BA9
KLM867
VIPR-III ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Ash concentration (mg/m3)
Du
rati
on
of
En
gin
e E
xp
os
ure
Discernible ash
threshold (approx)
Predicted conc. used to get
flights going in 2010
MoD Requested & Funded
Duration of Exposure v Ash Concentration
Chart – A Cartoon
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Rolls-Royce Activities 2010-2013 16
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
E15 and all that
Many informal discussions with Met Office/Bristol Univ/BGS/NILU
Grimsvotn, PCC, Nabro & all that
Part 1 Part 2
TTCP Fairbanks
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
A-NPA 2011-6
NPA 2011-17
A-NPA 2012-21
CS-25 Am’nt 13
IAGOS
IUGG ESA/
EUMETSAT IMechE IWVA
UK VAAG
CAA/Met Off/RR mtgs
DfT VAORG
IVATF/IAVWOPSG
Sundry mtgs
External Engagement
BA009/KLM867 reassessment
VIPR-III
GE delivery system test
Engine test & strip
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Current Position & Conclusions
• Since 2010 work has continued on improving the engine
manufacturers’ understanding of the volcanic ash problem:
- Better understanding of what we know and don’t know
- Better understanding of what it would take to improve our
knowledge – should it be required
• There are various international initiatives running to address
some of the gaps in our knowledge
- Modelling and measurement of ash clouds – e.g. VADAS,
ESA/EUMETSAT, …
- Engine effects – e.g. VIPR-III
• EASA regulations have evolved slightly
• We are in a better place than we were in April 2010
17
and finally…