volatile organic compounds (vocs) management guideline

7/26/2019 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Management Guideline

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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Management Guideline


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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Management Guideline

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iv v viii xii

1. 1

1.1

VOCs

1

1.2 11.3

VOCs 131.4

VOCs 151.4.1 VOCs 1.4.2

15

15

1.5 VOCs (Fugitive and Stationary Sources) 33

1.5.1 LDAR Program1.5.2 (VOCs)1.5.3

34

35

36

1.6 1.6.1 (Fugitives)1.6.2. 1.6.3 (Storage Tank)

1.6.4

1.6.5 (Flare)1.6.6

46

49

58

60

66

67

67

2. VOCs 722.1 VOCs2.2 VOCs (Fugitive SourcesControl)

2.2.1 Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) Program

74

75

75


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2.2.2 VOCs

2.3 (Evaporative Loss from Tanks)

80

87

2.3.1 (Fixed Roof Tanks)2.3.2 (External Floating Roof Tanks)2.3.3 (Internal Floating Roof Tanks)

2.3.4 (Domed External (or covered)

Floating Roof Tanks)

2.4 VOCs (Emission from loading/unloading activities)

2.4.1. VOCs 2.4.2 (Vapor Balance)2.4.3

2.5 VOCs (Wastewater treatment)

2.6 (Stationary Source Control)2.6.1 (Incineration)2.6.2 (Adsorption)2.6.3 (Absorption)2.6.4 (Biofiltration)

2.7 Technology VOCs2.7.1 2.7.2

2.7.3 (Oxidation)2.7.4 VOCs 2.7.5 (Scrubbing)2.7.6 2.7.7

87

88

96

96

98

98

99

99

100

100

100

104

107

108

109

109

109

110

110

111

111

113


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3. VOCs 3.1 Walkthrough Survey Techniqueor Quick Win

114

115

3.2 VOCs (Fugitives)3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 VOCs

3.2.4

118

118

119

121

122

3.3 (Combustion)3.3.1 3.3.2 (Thermal Incinerator)

123

123

123

3.4 (Adsorption) 1253.5 Vapor Recovery Unit (VRU) 1253.6 VOCs (Storage Tank) 127

3.7 VOCs

129

3.8 VOCs 3.8.1 3.8.2 VOCs

131

131

133

3.9 VOCs Plant Turnaround & Tank Inspection 135


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1-1

14

1-2 VOCs 341-3 391-4 411-5 (Gate Valves) 421-6 (Globe Valves) 431-7 43

(Lubricated Plug Valve)1-8 (Ball Valve) 431-9 441-10 44

(Weir-Type Diaphragm Valve) (Check Valve)1-11 501-12 55

(Vacuum Method)1-13 56

(Blow-Through)1-14 (Vertical Fixed Roof Tank) 601-15 (Horizontal Fixed Roof Tanks) 611-16 (External Floating Roof Tanks) 621-17 (Internal Floating Roof Tanks) 63

1-18 (Domed External Floating Roof tank) 631-19 TANK-4 652-1 VOCs 732-2 4 772-3 (Single Mechanical Seal) 812-4 2 (Double Mechanical Seal) 812-5 (Seal-less Pump) 822-6 (seal) (compressor ) 83


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2-7 Rupture-disk 842-8 852-9 seal 852-10 892-11 902-12 2 912-13 (Access hatches) 92

2-14 (Gauge-floats) 922-15 / (Gauge-hatch/sample ports) 932-16 (Rim vents) 932-17 (Deck drains) 942-18 (Deck legs) 942-19 (Unslotted guidepoles and wells) 952-20 95

(Slotted (perforated) guidepoles wells)2-21 (vacuum breaker) 962-22 (Ladder well) 972-23 VOCs Top Load 982-24 VOCs Bottom Load 982-25 (Vapor Balance) 992-26 VOCs 99

2-27 (after burner) 1012-28 1022-29 1032-30 103

(Pt/Al2O3)

2-31 Packed Column 1072-32 (Biofiltration) 1083-1 1143-2 VOCs 118


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3-33 VOCs 136

3-34 Drain VOCs Vessel Tank Car 1363-35 De-contamination Spray 137


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1-1

VOCs 2

1-2 (Clean Air Act) 51990

1-3 VOCs (Water Program) 111-4 VOCs 121-5 19 21

1-6 361-7 21 US.EPA 371-8 21 US.EPA 381-9 401-10 451-11 Benchmark VOCs 47

1-12 VOCs 481-13 VOCs SOCMI 511-14 VOCs 521-15 VOCs Screening Ranges 53

SOCMI1-16 VOCs Screening Ranges 53

1-17 VOCs Leak Rate/Screening Value Correlations 54 SOCMI1-18 VOCs Leak Rate/Screening Value Correlations 54

1-19 (correlation equation) 561-20 (correlation equation) VOCs 571-21 VOCs 591-22 S Factor 67


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1-23 VOCs 71 .. 2550 -2555

2-1 VOCs 74 VOCs VOCs

2-2 LDAR Program 78 SOCMI

2-3 LDAR Program 78

2-4 79

LDAR Program SOCMI

2-5 VOCs 80 SOCMI

2-6 Fugitive Sources 86

2-7 106BC-AC activated carbon

a6x10 mesh

2-8 1092-9 1092-10 1102-11 1112-12 111

2-13 1122-14 1132-15 1133-1 VOCs 115

3-2 VOCs 117


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1.

1.1 VOCs

(Volatile Oranic Compounds, VOCs) (Organic Carbon) ( , CaCO3) ( , CaC2) (Carbonmonoxide, CO) (Carbondioxide, CO2) (Vapor Pressure) () 0.1 20 760

1.2 VOCs

VOCs

(program) (media)

1) (Air Program)

VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs) () () (precurser)

VOCs VOCs VOCs (Halogen Group) VOCs


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1-1 VOCs

1 (Methane)2 (Ethane)3 (Methylene chloride dichloroethane, DCE)4 1,1,1- (1,1,1,-trichloroethane methyl chloroform)5 1,1,2--1,2,2- (1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane CFC-113)6 (Trichlorofluoromethane CFC-11)7 (Dichlorodifluoromethane CFC-12)

8 (Chlorodifluoromethane HCFC-22)9 (Trifluoromethane HFC-23)

10 1,2--1,1,2,2- (1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane CFC-114)11 (Chloropentafluoroethane CFC-115)12 1,1,1--2,2- (1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane, HCFC-123)13 1,1,1,2-( 1,1,1,2-tertrafluoroethane, HFC-134a)14 1,1- -1-(1,1- dichloro-1-fluoroethane, HCFC-141b)

15 1--1-, 1-chloro-1-difluoroethane, HCFC-142b)16 1--1,1,1,2-, (1-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, HCFC-124)17 , (Pentafluoroethane, HFC-125)18 1,1,2,2-, (1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, HFC-134)19 1,1,1- (1,1,1-trifluoroethane, HFC-143a)20 1,1- (1,1-difluoroethane, HFC-152a)21 , (Parachlorobenzotrifluoride, PCBTF)

22 (Cyclic, branched, linear methylated

siloxanes)23 (Acetone)24 (Perchloroethylene tetrachloroethylene)

253,3--1,1,1,2,2- (3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, HCFC-225ca)

261,3--1,1,2,2,3- (1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-

225cb)


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1-1 VOCs ()

27 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5- (1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane, HFC 43-10mee)28 (Difluoromethane, -HFC-32)29 (Ethylfluoride, HFC-161)30 1,1,1,3,3,3-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, -HFC-236fa)31 1,1,2,2,3- (1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane, -HFC-245ca)32 1,1,2,3,3- (1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane, HFC-245ea)33 1,1,1,2,3- (1,1,1,2,3- pentafluoropropane, -HFC-245eb)

34 1,1,1,3,3- (1,1,1,3,3,-pentafluoropropane,

-

HFC-245fa)

35 1,1,1,2,3,3- (1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, -HFC-236ea)36 1,1,1,3,3- 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane, HFC-365mfc)37 (Chlorofluoromethane, -HCF-31)38 1--1- (1-chloro-1-fluoroethane, -HCFC-151a)39 1-2--1,1,2- (1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane, -HCFC-123a)

401,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,4,4--4-- (1 ,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,4,4-nonafluoro-4-methoxy-butane , C4F9OCH3) HFE7100)

412- ()-1,1,1,2,3,3,3,- (2-(difluoromethoxymethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3,-heptafluoropropane, (CF

3)2CFCF

2OCH

3)

421--1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4- (1-ethoxy-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane,(CF

3)2CFCF

2OC

2H

5HFE7200)

432-() -1,1,1 ,2,3,3,3- (2-(ethoxydifluoromethyl)-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, (CF

3)2CFCF

2OC

2H

5)

44

(methyl acetate), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3--3-

- (heptafluoro-3-

methoxy-propane), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3--3-- (1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-3-methoxy-propane,n-C

3F

7OCH

3 HFE7000), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3--3--

(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, HFC227ea), (methyl formate,HCOOCH3), (1)1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5- -3 - -4 - - ( (1)1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-pentane HFE7300)

45 (Propylene carbonate)


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1-1 VOCs ()

46 (Dimethyl carbonate)

47

(i) (fluorinated alkanes)(ii) (fluorinated ethers)(iii) (fluorinated tertiaryamines)(iv)

:U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). 2009.

2) VOCs (Toxic Air Program)

(Hazardous air pollutants) (toxic air pollutants

or air toxics) (hazardous airpollutants, HAPs) 1990 (Clean Air Act, CAA) 189 (United Stated Environmental Protection Agency, US. EPA) 189 VOCs 1-2

1-2 (Clean Air Act)1990

CAS No. VOCs 1 75-07-0 VOC (Acetaldehyde)2 60-35-5 VOC (Acetamide)3 75-05-8 VOC

(Acetonitrile

)

4 98-86-2 VOC (Acetophenone)


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1-2 (Clean Air Act)1990()

CAS No. VOCs 5 53-96-3 VOC

2-

(2-Acetylaminofluorene

)

6 107-02-8 VOC (Acrolein)7 79-06-1 VOC (Acrylamide)8 79-10-7 VOC (Acrylic acid)9 107-13-1 VOC (Acrylonitrile)

10 107-05-1 VOC (Allyl chloride)11 92-67-1 VOC 4- (4-Aminobiphenyl)12 62-53-3 VOC (Aniline)13 90-04-0 VOC

-

(o-Anisidine

)

14 1332-21-4 (Asbestos)15 71-43-2 VOC (Benzene)16 92-87-5 VOC (Benzidine)17 98-07-7 VOC (Benzotrichloride)18 100-44-7 VOC (Benzyl chloride)19 92-52-4 VOC (Biphenyl)20 117-81-7 VOC (2-) (Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEHP)21 542-88-1 VOC () (Bis(chloromethyl) ether)22 75-25-2 VOC (Bromoform)23 106-99-0 VOC 1,3- (1,3-Butadiene)24 156-62-7 VOC (Calcium cyanamide)25 105-60-2 VOC (Caprolactam)26 133-06-2 VOC (Captan)27 63-25-2 VOC (Carbaryl)28 75-15-0 VOC (Carbon disulfide)29 56-23-5 VOC (Carbon tetrachloride)30 463-58-1 VOC (Carbonyl sulfide)31 120-80-9 VOC (Catechol)32 133-90-4 VOC (Chloramben)33 57-74-9 VOC (Chlordane)34 7782-50-5 VOC (Chlorine)35 79-11-8 VOC (Chloroacetic acid)36 532-27-4 VOC 2- (2-Chloroacetophenone)37 108-90-7 VOC (Chlorobenzene)38 510-15-6 VOC (Chlorobenzilate)


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CAS No. VOCs

39 67-66-3 VOC

(Chloroform)

40 107-30-2 VOC (Chloromethyl methyl ether)41 126-99-8 VOC (Chloroprene)42 1319-77-3 VOC / (Cresol/Cresylic acid)43 95-48-7 VOC - (o-Cresol)44 108-39-4 VOC - (m-Cresol)45 106-44-5 VOC - (p-Cresol)46 98-82-8 VOC (Cumene)

47 N/A VOC 2,4-D ( ) (2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid)

48 72-55-9 VOC DDE (1,1--2,2-(p-) ) (DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene)

49 334-88-3 VOC (Diazomethane)50 132-64-9 VOC (Dibenzofuran)51 96-12-8 VOC 1,2--3- (1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane)52 84-74-2 VOC (Dibutyl phthalate)53 106-46-7 VOC

1,4-

(1,4-Dichlorobenzene

)

54 91-94-1 VOC 3,3'- (3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine)55 111-44-4 VOC (2-)(Dichloroethyl ether

Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether56 542-75-6 VOC 1,3- (1,3-Dichloropropene)57 62-73-7 VOC (Dichlorvos)58 111-42-2 VOC (Diethanolamine)59 64-67-5 VOC (Diethyl sulfate)60 119-90-4 VOC 3,3'- (3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine)61 60-11-7 VOC 4- (4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene)62 121-69-7 VOC N,N- (N,N-Dimethylaniline)63 119-93-7 VOC 3,3'- (3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine)64 79-44-7 VOC (Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride)65 68-12-2 VOC N,N-(N,N-Dimethylformamide)66 57-14-7 VOC 1,1-(1,1-Dimethylhydrazine)67 131-11-3 VOC (Dimethyl phthalate)68 77-78-1 VOC (Dimethyl sulfate)69 N/A VOC 4,6--- (4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol)


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CAS No.VOCs

70 51-28-5 VOC 2,4- (2,4-Dinitrophenol)71 121-14-2 VOC 2,4- (2,4-Dinitrotoluene)72 123-91-1 VOC 1,4- 1,4-(1,4-Dioxane 1,4-Diethyleneoxide)73 122-66-7 VOC 1,2- (1,2-Diphenylhydrazine)74 106-89-8 VOC 1--2,3- (Epichlorohydrin 1-Chloro-2,3-

epoxypropane)

75 106-88-7 VOC 1,2- (1,2-Epoxybutane)76 140-88-5 VOC (Ethyl acrylate)77 100-41-4 VOC (Ethylbenzene)78 51-79-6 VOC (Ethyl carbamate Urethane)79 75-00-3 VOC (Ethyl chloride Chloroethane)80 106-93-4 VOC (Ethylene dibromide Dibromoethane)81 107-06-2 VOC 1,2- (Ethylene dichloride 1,2-

Dichloroethane)

82 107-21-1 VOC (Ethylene glycol)83 151-56-4 VOC (Ethyleneimine Aziridine)84 75-21-8 VOC (Ethylene oxide)85 96-45-7 VOC (Ethylene thiourea)86 75-34-3 VOC 1,1- (Ethylidene dichloride 1,1-

Dichloroethane)

87 50-00-0 VOC (Formaldehyde)88 76-44-8 VOC (Heptachlor)89 118-74-1 VOC (Hexachlorobenzene)90 87-68-3 VOC (Hexachlorobutadiene)91 N/A VOC 1,2,3,4,5,6-

(1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane)92 77-47-4 VOC (Hexachlorocyclopentadiene)93 67-72-1 VOC (Hexachloroethane)94 822-06-0 VOC (Hexamethylene diisocyanate)95 680-31-9 VOC (Hexamethylphosphoramide)96 110-54-3 VOC (Hexane)97 302-01-2 VOC (Hydrazine)


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CAS No. VOCs

98 7647-01-0 (Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen Chloride)99 7664-39-3 (Hydrogen fluoride Hydrofluoric

acid)

100 123-31-9 VOC (Hydroquinone)101 78-59-1 VOC (Isophorone)102 108-31-6 VOC (Maleic anhydride)103 67-56-1 VOC (Methanol)112 624-83-9 VOC (Methyl isocyanate)113 80-62-6 VOC (Methyl methacrylate)114 1634-04-4 VOC - (Methyl tert-butyl ether)115 101-14-4 VOC 4,4- 2- (4,4-Methylenebis 2-chloroaniline)116 75-09-2 VOC (Methylene chloride Dichloromethane)117 101-68-8 VOC 4,4- (4,4-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate,MDI)118 101-77-9 VOC 4,4- (4,4-Methylenedianiline)119 91-20-3 VOC (Naphthalene)120 98-95-3 VOC (Nitrobenzene)121 92-93-3 VOC 4- (4-Nitrobiphenyl)122 100-02-7 VOC 4- (4-Nitrophenol)123 79-46-9 VOC 2- (2-Nitropropane)124 684-93-5 VOC N--N- (N-Nitroso-N-methylurea)125 62-75-9 VOC N- (N-Nitrosodimethylamine)126 59-89-2 VOC N- (N-Nitrosomorpholine)127 56-38-2 VOC (Parathion)128 82-68-8 VOC (Pentachloronitrobenzene

Quintobenzene)

129 87-86-5 VOC (Pentachlorophenol)130 108-95-2 VOC (Phenol)131 106-50-3 VOC - (p-Phenylenediamine)132 75-44-5 VOC (Phosgene)133 7803-51-2 VOC (Phosphine)134 7723-14-0 (Phosphorus)135 85-44-9 VOC (Phthalic anhydride)136 1336-36-3 VOC (Polychlorinated biphenyls Aroclors)


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CAS No. VOCs

137 1120-71-4 VOC 1,3- (1,3-Propane sultone)138 57-57-8 VOC - (beta-Propiolactone)139 123-38-6 VOC (Propionaldehyde)140 114-26-1 VOC (Propoxur Baygon)141 78-87-5 VOC 1,2- (Propylene dichloride 1,2-

Dichloropropane)

142 75-56-9 VOC (Propylene oxide)143 75-55-8 VOC 1,2- 2- (1,2-Propylenimine 2-Methylaziridine)144 91-22-5 VOC (Quinoline)145 106-51-4 VOC - (Quinone p-Benzoquinone)146 100-42-5 VOC (Styrene)147 96-09-3 VOC (Styrene oxide)148 1746-01-6 VOC 2,3,7,8--- (2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin)149 79-34-5 VOC 1,1,2,2- (1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane)150 127-18-4 VOC (Tetrachloroethylene

Perchloroethylene)

151 7550-45-0 (Titanium tetrachloride)152 108-88-3 VOC (Toluene)153 95-80-7 VOC -2,4- (Toluene-2,4-diamine)154 584-84-9 VOC 2,4- (2,4-Toluene diisocyanate)155 95-53-4 VOC - (o-Toluidine)156 8001-35-2 VOC (Toxaphene chlorinated camphene)157 120-82-1 VOC 1,2,4- (1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene)158 79-00-5 VOC 1,1,2- (1,1,2-Trichloroethane)159 79-01-6 VOC (Trichloroethylene)160 95-95-4 VOC 2,4,5- (2,4,5-Trichlorophenol)161 88-06-2 VOC 2,4,6- (2,4,6-Trichlorophenol)162 121-44-8 VOC (Triethylamine)163 1582-09-8 VOC (Trifluralin)164 540-84-1 VOC 2,2,4- (2,2,4-Trimethylpentane)165 108-05-4 VOC (Vinyl acetate)166 593-60-2 VOC (Vinyl bromide)167 75-01-4 VOC (Vinyl chloride)


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CAS No. VOCs

168 75-35-4 VOC 1,1- (Vinylidene chloride 1,1-Dichloroethylene)

169 1330-20-7 VOC (Xylenes)170 95-47-6 VOC - (o-Xylene)171 108-38-3 VOC - (m-Xylene)172 106-42-3 VOC - (p-Xylene)173 N/A (Antimony Compounds)174 N/A (Arsenic Compounds arsine)175 N/A (Beryllium Compounds)176 N/A (Cadmium Compounds)177 N/A (Chromium Compounds)178 N/A (Cobalt Compounds)179 N/A (Coke Oven Emissions)180 N/A VOC (Cyanide Compounds)

181 N/A VOC (Glycol Ethers)

182 N/A (Lead Compounds)183 N/A (Manganese Compounds)184 N/A (Mercury Compounds)185 N/A (Fine Mineral Fibers)

186 N/A (Nickel Compounds)187 N/A VOC (Polycyclic Organic Matter)

188 N/A (Radionuclides radon)

189 N/A Selenium Compounds

: David R. Patrick, 1994.

VOCs (AirProgram) 70 HAPs 189 VOCs VOCs 150

3) VOCs (Water Program) (VOCs)

VOCs


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VOCs 1-3

1-3 VOCs (Water Program)

(Alachlor) (Atrazine) (Benzene)(Bromodichloromethane)

(Bromoform) (Carbofuran)

(CarbonTetrachloride)

(Chlorobenzene) (Chloroform)

Chloropicrin () 2,4 (2,4-D) (Dibromochloromethane,THM)

Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)

- (o-Dichlorobenzene)

- (p-Dichlorobenzene)

1,2- (1,2-Dichloroethane)

1,1- (1,1-Dichloroethylene)

-1,2- (cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene)

-1,2- (trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene)

1,2- (1,2-Dichloropropane)

-1,3- (cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene)

(Dinoseb) Endrin () Ethylbenzene()(EthyleneDibromide, EDB)

(Haloacetonitriles, HAN):

(Haloketones, HK):1,1--2-

(bromochloroacetonitrile),

(1,1-dichloro-2-propanone)1,1--2-

(dibromoacetonitrile),

(1,1,1-trichloro-2-propanone)

(dichloroacetonitrile),(trichloroacetonitrile)

(Heptachlor) (HeptachlorEpoxide)

(Hexachlorobutadiene)

(Hexachlorocyclopentadiene)

(Lindane) (Methoxychlor)


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1-3 VOCs (Water Program)()

(Pentachlorophenol)

(Simazine) (Styrene)

1,1,2,2- (1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane)

(Tetrachloroethylene)

(Tribromoacetic acid)

(Toluene) 2,4,5-TP (silvex) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene1,1,1- (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)

1,1,2- (1,1,2-Trichloroethane)

(Trichloroethylene)

(Trihalomethanes) () (Xylenes,total): David R. Patrick, 1994.

4) VOCs (Indoor Air Quality, IQA)

1-4

1-4 VOCs

(Acetic Acid) (Ethyl Acetate) (Nitroethane)

(Acetone) (Ethyl Alcohol) (Nitromethane) (Acetylene) (Ethyl Chloride) (Pentylamine)

(Amyl Alcohol) (Ethyl Cyanide) (Pentylene)

(Benzene) (Ethyl Formate) (Propane)

(Butane) (EthylPropionate)

(Propionaldehyde)

(Butyl Alcohol) (Ethylene) (Propyl Alcohol)

(Butyl Formate) (Ethylene Oxide) (i-Propyl Chloride)

(Butylamine) (Formaldehyde) (Propyl Cyanide)

(Butylene) (Formic Acid) (Propyl Formate)

(Carbon

Tetrachloride)

(Heptane) (Propylamine)


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1-4 VOCs ()

(Chloro Benzene) (Iso-Butane) (Propylene)

(ChloroCyclo Hexane)

(Hexyl Alcohol) (Tertiary ButylAlcohol)

(Chloroform) (MethylPropyl Ketone)

(Tetrachloroethylene)

(Cyclohexane) (MethyleneChloride)

(Toluene)

1- (1-Dichloroethane)

(Methane) 1,1,2- (1,1,2-Trichloroethane)

1,2- (1,2-Dichlorethane)

(MethylAlcohol)

(Trichlorethylene)

(Diethyl Ketone) (Methyl Chloride) (Triethylamine)

(Diethylamine) (MethylChloroform)

(Xylene)

(Ethane) (Methyl Cyanide)

(IsopropylAcetate)

(Methyl EthylKetone)

: David R. Patrick, 1994.

1.3 VOCs

(P oint So urce)

(Area Source) (Mobile Source)

(US. EP A) 20 02 (VOCs) 10 1-1 VOCs


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1-1: US. EPA, 2002.

US. EPA VOCs 1. 2. 3. ()4. VOCs 40,000 5. VOCs 40,000 6. ()8. 9. (1)10. 11. 12. 13. Graphic arts systems14. 15. 16. ()17. 18.

19.


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(Cohort Study)

VOCs

(DoseResponse) (Dose) () 3 () (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Levels, NOAELs) 2

(Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Levels, LOAELs)

3 (Acute Effects) LC50 ( 1 )

VOCs (Uncertainty Factors, UFs)

- - - NOAELs LOAELs - -

3,000


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1) VOCs VOCs

TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average) (Guideline) (American Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienist, ACGIH) 8 1 40

TLV-STEL (Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit) ACGIH 15 4 1

TLV-C (Threshold Limit Value - Ceiling Exposure Limit) ACGIH

PEL(NIOSH) (Permissible Exposure Limit) () (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ,NIOSH) 10 1 40

PEL(OSHA) (Permissible Exposure Limit) () (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA) 8 1 40

IDLH Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (the US National Institute for Occupational Safetyand Health, NIOSH)


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()

ERPGs (Emergency Response Planning Guidelines) (American Industrial Hygiene Association,AIHA) 3 ERPG-1 1 ERPG-2 1 (Reversible) () American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)

ERPG-3 1

2) VOCs. (Noncarcinogenic Effects)

VOCs (Reference Dose, RfD) (Path) (Reference Concentration, RfC) RfC

RfC = (70 )

NOAEL(HEX) = ( )

UF =

MF = UF


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. (Carcinogenic Effects)

(Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information) (US.EPA) http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_Tables/index.htm

1) (US. EPA) A (Human Carcinogen)B (Probable Human Carcinogen)B1 (Indicates Limited Human Evidence)B2 (Indicates Sufficient Evidence in Animals and Inadequate or No Evidence in Humans)C (Possible Human Carcinogen)D (Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity)E (Evidence of Noncarcinogenicity forHumans)

2) (OSHA)

A1 (Confirmed Human Carcinogen)A2 (Suspected Human Carcinogen)A3 (Animal Carcinogen)A4 (Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen)A5 (Not Suspected as a Human Carcinogen)


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3) ..2535 1

2

3

4

(Dose) () VOCs (Carcinogenic Target Risk, TR) Air Unit Risk

1g/m

3

(70 )

1-5 VOCs 19 Carcinogenic Target Risk (TR) benzene TR = 3.1E-01 g/m3

benzene 0.31 g/m3 70 () 1x10-6 1 Noncancer Hazard Index (HI) (Vinyl Chloride) HI = 1.0E+02 g/m3 100 g/m3 24 70 () HI HI


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1-5 19

(Toxicity and Chemical-specific Information)Carcinogenic Target

Risk (TR) = 1E-06

Noncancer Hazard Index

(HI) = 1

Analyte

CAS No.

IUR

RfCi

VOC mutagenInhalation Inhalation

( g/m3)-1 (mg/m

3) g/m

3 g/m

3

Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 2.2E-06 I 9.0E-03 I V 1.1E+00 9.4E+00

Acetonitrile 75-05-8 6.0E-02 I V 6.3E+01

Benzene 71-43-2 7.8E-06 I 3.0E-02 I V 3.1E-01 3.1E+01

Benzyl Chloride 100-44-7 4.9E-05 C 1.0E-03 P V 5.0E-02 1.0E+00

Bromomethane 74-83-9 5.0E-03 I V 5.2E+00

Butadiene, 1,3- 106-99-0 3.0E-05 I 2.0E-03 I V 8.1E-02 2.1E+00

Carbon Tetrachloride 56-23-5 1.5E-05 I 1.9E-01 A V 1.6E-01 2.0E+02

Chloroform 67-66-3 2.3E-05 I 9.8E-02 A V 1.1E-01 1.0E+02

Dibromomethane (Methylene Bromide) 74-95-3 4.0E-03 X V 4.2E+00

Dichlorobenzene, 1,4- 106-46-7 1.1E-05 C 8.0E-01 I V 2.2E-01 8.3E+02

Dichloroethane, 1,2- 107-06-2 2.6E-05 I 2.4E+00 A V 9.4E-02 2.5E+03

Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride) 75-09-2 4.7E-07 I 1.0E+00 A V 5.2E+00 1.1E+03

Dichloropropane, 1,2- 78-87-5 1.0E-05 C 4.0E-03 I V 2.4E-01 4.2E+00

Dioxane, 1,4- 123-91-1 7.7E-06 C 3.6E+00 A 3.2E-01 3.8E+03

2-Propenal/Acrolein 107-02-8 2.0E-05 I V 2.1E-02

Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2- 630-20-6 7.4E-06 I V 3.3E-01

Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 5.9E-06 C 2.7E-01 A V 4.1E-01 2.8E+02

Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 2.0E-06 C V 1.2E+00

Vinyl Chloride 75-01-4 4.4E-06 I 1.0E-01 I V M 1.6E-01 1.0E+02


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VOCs 1. (Benzene)

CAS No. 71-43-2

:: -20oC

- :C6H

6

- : -11.1 C

-

:60 mm Hg

15.0 C

76 mm Hg

20.0C

- :0.879 20.0 C- :90.1 C 760 mm Hg- :78.11

- :1-5 mg/mL 17.8 C US.EPA: A

(Dizziness) (excitation) (pallor) (flushing) (weakness) (headache) (breathlessness) (chestconstriction) (nausea)(vomiting) (coma) (death)IDLH:500 ppm

TLV:10 ppm

ERPGs

ERPG-1 ERPG-2 ERPG-3

50 ppm 150 ppm 1000 ppm

ERPG-1RfC: 3 x 10

-2mg/m

3

Air Unit Risk: 2.2 x 10-67.8 x 10-6 1 g/m3 1x10-4 (1 10,000) 1x10-5(1 100,000) 1x10-6(1 1,000,000) 13.0-45.0 g/m3 3-4.5 g/m3 0.13-0.45 g/m3


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( () 30 2520)

10 ppm ( 32 mg/m3

)

1 ( 30(.. 2550) 1 14 .. 2550)

1.7 g/m3 24 ( 24 18 2551)

7.6 g/m3

2. 1,3- (1,3-Butadiene)CAS No. 106-99-0

:: (frostbite) (inhibiter)

- :C4H6- : -76.1 C

-:1840mm Hg 21.1 C 760mm Hg

-4.5C

- :0.62120.0 C- :-4.4 C 760 mm Hg- :54.09- :

US.EPA: B2


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(anesthetic) frostbite'' IDLH:2000ppm

TLVs: 1000 ppm

ERPGs


10 ppm 200 ppm 5000 ppm ERPG-1RfC: 0.9 ppb(2x 10-3mg/m3)

Air Unit Risk: 3 10-5

1 g/m3

(0.08 per ppm) 1x10-4 (1 10,000) 1x10-5(1 100,000) 1x10-6(1 1,000,000) 3g/m3. 0.3g/m3 0.03g/m3

( () 30 2520)

1 (30(.. 2550) 1 14 .. 2550)

0.33 g/m3 24 ( 24 18 2551)

5.3 g/m3

3. (Chloroform Trichloromethane)CAS No. 67-66-3

::


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- :CHCl3- :

-:100 mm Hg 10.4 C

- :1.483220.0 C- :61.7 C 760 mm Hg- :119.39- : 1 mg/mL 18.9 C

US.EPA: B2

0.5-5 g/kg 68 44 IDLH:500 ppm

TLVs: 10 ppm

ERPGs


50 ppm 5000 ppmRfC:

Air Unit Risk: 2.3x 10-5 1 g/m3 1x10-4 (1 10,000) 1x10-5(1 100,000) 1x10-6(1 1,000,000)

4g/m3

0.4g/m

3

0.04g/m

3

( () 30 2520)

50 ppm ( 240g/m3) 1 ( 30(.. 2550) 1 14

.. 2550)


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0.43 g/m3 24 ( 24 18 2551)

57 g/m3

4. 1, 2- (1,2-Dichloroethane Ethylene Dichloride (EDC))CAS No. 107-06-2

: : 1, 2-

- :C2H4Cl2- : 13.3 C

- :60 mm Hg 20.0 C 100 mm Hg 29.4 C- :1.253 20.0 C- :83.5 C 760 mm Hg- :98.96

- :5-10 mg/mL 18.9 C US.EPA: B2

IDLH:50 ppm

TLVs: 50 ppm

ERPGs


50 ppm 200ppm 300ppm ERPG-1RfC:

Air Unit Risk: 2.6 x 10-5 1 g/m3


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1x10-4 (1 10,000) 1x10-5(1 100,000) 1x10-6(1 1,000,000) 4.0 g/m3 0.4g/m3 0.04g/m3

( () 30 2520)

50 ppm ( 200 mg/m3) 1 (30(.. 2550))

0.4 g/m3 24 (

24 18 2551)48.0 g/m3

5. (Dichloromethane Methylene chloride)CAS No. 75-09-2

::

- :CH2Cl2- : - :440mm Hg 25.0 C- :1.32220.0 C- :39.8 C 760 mm Hg- :84.93

-:10-50mg/mL 21.1 C

US.EPA: C

IDLH:2300ppmTLVs:500 ppm

ERPGs


300 ppm 750 ppm 4000 ppm


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RfC: 0.6mg/m3Air Unit Risk: 1x 10-8 1 g/m3

(mutagenic mode) (


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TLVs: 75 ppm

ERPGs RfC: 2x 10-2mg/m3

Air Unit Risk: 4.0x 10-6

1, 2- 1 g/m3 1x10-4 (1 10,000) 1x10-5(1 100,000) 1x10-6(1 1,000,000) 20g/m3 2g/m3 0.2g/m3 1 ( 30

(.. 2550) 1 14 .. 2550)4g/m3

24 ( 24 18 2551)

82 g/m3

7. (Tetrachloroethylene)CAS No. 127-18-4::

- :C2Cl4

-:

- :14mm Hg 20.0 C 15.8mm Hg 22.2 C- :1.6320.0 C- :121.1 C 760 mm Hg- :165.83- : 1 mg/mL 17.2 C

US.EPA: B


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IDLH:150ppm

TLVs:100 ppm

ERPGs


100ppm 200ppm 1000ppm ERPG-1RfC: 4x 10-2mg/m3

Air Unit Risk: 1.8x 10-3

1 g/m

3

1x10-4 (1 10,000) 1x10-5(1 100,000) 1x10-6(1 1,000,000) 400g/m3. 40g/m3 4g/m3( () 30 2520)

100 ppm ( 680 mg/m3) 1 ( 30(.. 2550) 1 14 .. 2550)

200 g/m3 24 ( 24 18 2551)

400 g/m3

8. (Trichloroethylene)CAS No. 79-01-6

: :

-:C2HCl3


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- : 93.3C- :60 mm Hg 20C 77mm Hg 25 C- :1.4620C

-:87.2C 760 mm Hg

- :131.4- : 1 mg/mL 21.1C

US.EPA: A

IDLH:1000ppmTLVs:100 ppm

ERPGs


100ppm 500ppm 5000 ppm ERPG-1.RfC: 0.002mg/m3(0.0004 ppm)

Air Unit Risk: (mutagenic mode) 1x10-4 (1 10,000) 1x10-5(1 100,000) 1x10-6(1 1,000,000) 20 g/m3. 2 g/m3 0.2 g/m3

( () 30 2520)

100 ppm ( 540 mg/m3) 1 ( 30(.. 2550) 1 14 .. 2550)

23 g/m3


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24 ( 24 18 2551)

130 g/m3

9. (Vinyl Chloride)CAS No. 75-01-4::

- :C2H3Cl- : -78.9 C

- :3877.5 mm Hg

- :0.969 -13 C

-:-13.9 C 760 mm Hg

- :62.5

- :

US.EPA: A

IDLH:TLVs: 5 ppm

ERPGs


500ppm 5000ppm 20000ppm

RfC: 0.1mg/m3


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Air Unit Risk: 4.4x 10-6 1 g/m3

1x10-4

(1 10,000) 1x10-

5

(1 100,000) 1x10-

6

(1 1,000,000) 23g/m3 2.3g/m3 0.23g/m3 ( () 30 2520)

1 ppm ( 2.8 mg/m3) 1 ( 30

(.. 2550) 1 14 .. 2550)10g/m3

5.3 24 ( 24 18 2551)

20g/m3

1.5 VOCs (Fugitive and Stationery Sources) VOCs 6

1) (Fugitives Sources)2) (Tank Farm)3)

(Transportation & Marketing)4) (Combustion)5) (Flares)6) (Wastewater Treatment Plant)

VOCs VOCs 75 VOCs VOCs VOCs () 3 1000 ( 0.3 %) VOCs 3 85% 1-2


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1-2 VOCs :Taback et al., 1997.

VOCs VOCs () (pumps) (compressors) (valves)(open-ended lines) (safety relief valves)

(inspection) (maintenance) (Connecticut) 15 4 2

1.5.1 LDAR Program (VOCs)

Leak Detection and Repair Program


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LDAR Program VOCs (portable) Non-dispersive Infrared (NDIR) PID

EPA Method 21

1.5.2 (VOCs) US.EPA

(VOCs)

(VOCs) Leak Detection and Repair Program (LDARProgram) (volatile organic compounds:VOCs) .. 2555

16 2 (.. 2535) .. 2535 29 33 41 42

(Volatile Organic Compounds: VOCs)

(.. 2535) .. 2535 36 (Organic Carbon) 0.1 20 760 (Pumps) (Compressors) (Agitators Mixers) (Valves) (Open-Ended Valves Lines) (Connectors Flanges) (Pressure Relief Devices)(Sampling Connections)


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5 (37.5 )

1-6

1 2 1 2

1-6

(ppmv)

-

---

-

- (/)-

1 500 10,000 10,000 10,000

2 500 500 5,000 10,000

1

15 (Pressure Relief Devices) 24

1.5.3 VOCs

21 US.EPA (EPA Reference Method 21-Determination of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks (40 CFR 60, Appendix A))


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37

1) - VOCs (

Response Factor (RF))

(CatalyticOxidation) (Flame Ionization) (Infrared absorption) (Photoionization)

- VOCs (leak)

- VOCs 5%

- VOCs

0.53 /- - (Response factor)

10

- Response factor =

-

(Response time) 30 - (Calibration precision) 10 %

21 US.EPA 1-7

1-721 US.EPA

(InstrumentResponse Factorb)

< 10

1

(Instrument Response Time

C)

30 1

(Calibration precisiond)

10 %

1 3

()


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1-8 21 US.EPA

Bacharach Instrument

Co., Santa Clara,

California

L (Combustiblegases)

Catalytic

combustion

0-100 % LEL(LowerExplosive Limit)

TLV Sniffer Catalyticcombustion

0-1,000 0-10,000 ppm

Foxboro

S.Norwalk, Connecticut

OVA-128 FID/GCb 0-1,000 ppmOVA-108 FID/GC 0-10,000ppmMiran IBX NDIRc TVA-1000

Photoionization and

FID/GC

0.5-2,000ppm(photoionization)

1-50,000ppm(FID/GC)

Health Consultants Detecto-

PAK

III

FID/GC 0-10,000ppm

HNU Systems, Inc

Newton Upper Falls,Massachusetts

HW-101

UV

Photoionization 0-20.0-200

0-2,000ppm

Mine Safety Appliances

Co., Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania

40 CatalyticCombustion

0-10%0-100%LEL

Survey and Analysis,

INC., Northboro,

Massachusetts

On Mark

Model 5

ThermalConductivity

0-5% 0-100% LEL

Rae Systems

Sunnyvale, California

MiniRAE

PGM-75K

UV

Photoionization 0-1,999ppm

aLEL =Lower Explosive Limit

bFID/GC = Flame Ionization Detection /Gas Chromatography

c

NDIR = Nondispersive Infrared Analysis


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1-3

2)

1-9

3) VOCs 3

1. -- - (15 ) -

Hw-101 Portable Organic Compound Detection

Instrument(Hnu System, Inc.)

OVA-108Portable Organic Compound

Detection Instrument (Foxboro)


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1-9

2. (Closed-vent System) (CombustionDevices) 2 (Dual Mechanical Seals with Pressure Indicators) (Vapour Recovery System)- - -

(Leak Detection and Repair survey log)

.

.....

..

(TagNumber)

(DateLeak

Located)

(DateMaintenance

Performed)

(Component recheckAfter maintenance)

Gas

Liquid (Date)

(Analyzer reading)

(ppmv)

Light Heavy


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3) (No Detectable Emission) - (No Detectable Emission)- (No Detectable Emission)

- (VOCs Background) VOCs

4) (Calibrate)

VOCs ( 5 10 )

( ) 2 Response time 1-4

1-4

1. (Valve) (Seal)

(Packing Gland take upFlange Seat)

2. (Flange Connections)

(Welded Flange) (Flange-Gasket)


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(Threaded Connector)

3. (Pumps Compressors)

(Seal Interface) 1

4. (Pressure Relief Devices) (Sealing Seat) VOCs

5. (Process Drains)

(Cover Drain)

6. (Open-ended Lines or Valves)

7. (Seal System Degassing Vents andAccumulator Vents)

8. (Access Door Seals)

1-5 1-10

1-5(Gate Valves)

Screen HerePacking Nut

Packing Gland

Disk or Packing

Packing

Rising Stem Type

Stem

Packing Gland

Packing

Screen Here

Packing Out

Disk or Packing

Nonrising Stem Type


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1-6(Globe Valves)

1-7

(Lubricated Plug Valve)

1-8

(Ball Valve)

Screen Here

Packing NutStem

Packing Gland Screen Here

Packing

BodySeat

Manual Globe Valve

Screen HereStem

Packing

DiskBody

Globe Type Control Valve

Screen Here

Plug

Lubricated Plug Valve


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1-9

1-10(Weir-Type Diaphragm Valve)

(Check Valve)

Screen Here

Disk

Butterfly Valve

Stem

Screen HereDiaphragm

Weir-Type Diaphragm Valve

Weir

Screen Here

Screen Here

Swing Check

Lift Check

Check Valves


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1. 2.

3. 4. (ID number)5. ( )6. / ( )7. (Gas) (Light Liquid)(Heavy Liquid)8.

9. (Screening Value ppmv)10. VOCs (Background concentration) ppmv11.

1-10 . ...

/

(Screening

Value (ppmv))

VOCs

Background (ppmv)


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1.6

0 VOCs

VOCs VOCs

1) VOCs VOCs

2)

3)

4).

VOCs

5) VOCs

6)VOCs

VOCs VOCs VOCs VOCs

7)(Bench Mark Best Practice) VOCs VOCs (C-1) HDPE Liquid Phase SlurryProcess Benchmark 0.77 .VOCs/ HDPE VOCs 0.02 .VOCs/ (VOCs) 0.08 .VOCs/ VOCs Benchmark VOCs VOCs

Benchmark VOCs Benchmark VOCs Benchmark VOCs VOCs

VOCs Benchmark


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47

VOCs VOCs VOCs VOCs Benchmark

1-11 Benchmark VOCs

VOCs VOCs

(Polypropylene, liquid phase process)

2.051) ./

(Polypropylene,gas phase process)

0.411) ./

LDPE 0.411) ./

LDPE (low pressure process) 0.091) ./

HDPE (liquid phase slurry process)

0.771) ./

HDPE (liquid phase solution process)

2.081) ./

HDPE (gas phase process) 0.091) ./

(continuous process) 0.051) ./

PETL (Poly(ethylene terephalate), dimethyl terephthalate process)

1.921) ./

PETL

(Poly(ethlyene terephthalate), terephthalic acid process )

5.721) ./

0.022) ./

0.083) ./

1.24) ./

1) CFR 40: P 60, Subpart DDD (CFR, 1990)

2)

(USEPA. 1990)

3) CFR 40: P 60, Subpart NNN (CFR, 1990)

4)

CFR 40: P 60, Subpart XX (CFR, 1990)


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(Source Inventory)

1) (Mass Balance Approach)

2) VOCs (Emission Factors Approach) 2

. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: AP42 VOCs Total VOCs 1-11

1-12 VOCs

VOC Emissions

kg/m2

kg/yr kg/hr

0.064 2,875 1.44 65% (High Solids Coating)

0.019 835 0.42

0.012 520 0.26

0.064 49,815 24.90

65% (High Solids Coating)

0.019 14,445 7.22

0.012 8,970 4.48

0.064 255,450 127.74 65% (High Solids Coating)

0.019 74,080 37.04

0.012 46,000 23.00


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download http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html. SPECIATE Version 3.2 software

VOCs

VOCs (HAPs) VOCs download http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/index.html(US.EPA, 2012)

. (Source Sampling Approach)

(Source Sampling Approach) (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.EPA)VOCs Method 18 VOCs Method 25 download www.epa.gov/ttn/amtic(US.EPA, 2012)

VOCs VOCs 6 1) (Fugitives)

2) (Combustion)3) (Tanks)4) (Transportation & Marketing)5) (Flare)6) (Wastewater Treatment Plant)

VOCs

1.6.1 (Fugitives)

Protocol for Equipment LeakEmissionEstimates US.EPA(US.EPA, 1996)

VOCs 4

1) Average Emission Factor Approach(, ,), "Service (Gas) (Light Liquid) (Heavy Liquid)

VOCs
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtichttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtichttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/amtichttp://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html


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/(Gas/vapor)

(Light liquid) VOCs

1 VOCs (VaporPressure) 0.3 20 VOCs 20

(Heavy liquid) VOCs 1

1)

2) ( ) (Open End) manhole 1

1-11


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3) . (Vacuum)

(Internal Pressure) 5

.

(Pressure Release Valve) (Closed System) (Closedvent system) (Flare) (Absorber) (Closedloop system)

. . 2 double mechanical sealed dual mechanical seal

VOCs 2 Synthetic

Organic Compounds Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI)

(Oil&GasIndustry)

VOCs 2

1-13 1-14

1-13 VOCs SOCMI

(Equipment type) (Service)Emission factor

a

(././) (Valves) / (Gas/Vapor)

(Light Liquid) (Heavy Liquid)

0.00597

0.00403

0.00023

(Pump Sealsb) (Light Liquid) (Heavy Liquid)

0.0199

0.00862

(Compressor Seals) / (Gas/Vapor) 0.228 (Pressure relief valves) / (Gas/Vapor) 0.104 (Connectors) 0.0183


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53

1-15 VOCs Screening Ranges SOCMI

(Equipment type) (Service)Emission factor

10,000 ppmv

(././)a

< 10,000 ppmv

(././)a

(Valves) / (Gas/Vapor) (Light Liquid)

(Heavy Liquid)

0.0782

0.0892

0.00023

0.000131

0.000165

0.00023


0.243

0.216

0.00187

0.00210

(Compressor Seals)

/ (Gas/Vapor) 1.608 0.0894

(Pressure relief valves)

/ (Gas/Vapor) 1.691 0.0447

(Connectors) 0.113 0.0000810 (Open-ended lines) 0.01195 0.00150a

VOCs b

(Light Liquid) (Agitator Seals)

1-16 VOCs Screening Ranges

(Equipment type) (Service)

Emission factor

10,000 ppmv

(././)a< 10,000 ppmv

(././)a

(Valves) / (Gas/Vapor) (LightLiquid)

(Heavy Liquid)

0.2626

0.0852

0.00023

0.0006

0.0017

0.00023


0.437

0.3885

0.0120

0.0135

(CompressorSeals)

/ (Gas/Vapor) 1.608 0.0894

(Pressurerelief valves)

/ (Gas/Vapor) 1.691 0.0447

(Connectors) 0.0375 0.00006(Open-ended lines)

0.01195 0.00150


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3). ( Source Screening )(Leak Rate/Screening Value Correlations)

VOCs ppmV ( C-1)

ppmV VOCs VOCs 21(EPA Reference Method 21-Determination of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks (40 CFR 60, AppendixA)) 1-17 1-18

1-17 VOCs Leak Rate/Screening Value Correlations SOCMI

(Equipment type) Correlation a / (Gas valves) Leak rate (./.) = 1.87E-06 x (SV) 0.873 (Light liquid valves) Leak rate (./.) = 6.41E-06 x (SV) 0.797 (Light liquid pumps)b Leak rate (./.) = 1.90E-05 x (SV) 0.824 (Connectors) Leak rate (./.) = 3.05E-06 x (SV) 0.885aSV = (Screening Value)ppmV

b

1-18 VOCs Leak Rate/Screening Value Correlations

(Equipment type/service) Correlation b (Valves/all) Leak rate (./.) = 2.29E-06 x (SV)0.746 (Pump seals/all) Leak rate (./.) = 5.03E-05 x (SV)0.610

c

Leak rate (./.) = 1.36E-05 x (SV)0.589

(Connectors/all) Leak rate (./.) = 1.53E-06 x (SV)0.735 (Flanges/all) Leak rate (./.) = 4.61E-06 x (SV)0.703 (Open-ended lines/all) Leak rate (./.) = 2.20E-06 x (SV)0.704abSV = ppmv

d (Loading Arms), (Pressure relief Valves), Stuffing Boxes,

(Vents)


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1-13 (Blow-Through)

1-19 (correlation equation)

b VOCCA-1 0 0.066

A-2 0 0.066

A-3 0 0.066

A-4 0 0.066

A-5 0 0.066

A-6 20 2.0

A-7 50 4.2

A-8 50 4.2

A-9 100 7.4

A-10 100 7.4

A-11 200 13

A-12 400 23

A-13 1,000 49

A-14 2,000 87

A-15 5,000 190

VOCs A (Stream A) 390B-1 0 0.033

Rota meter

Activated

Charcoal

Desiccant

PressureRegulator

Tape or AdjustableMetal Band

Tape or

Compressed Foil

Gas Source

Sample Port for Collecting

Data on

-Temperature

-Hydrocarbon Concentration-Oxygen Concentration

Valve Stem


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b VOCCB-2 0 0.033

B-3 0 0.033

B-4 10 0.55

B-5 30 1.4

B-6 250 79

B-7 500 14

B-8 2,000 44

B-9 5,000 93

B-10 8,000 140

B-11 25,000 350

B-12 (100%VOC)d 87

VOCs

A (Stream B) 740

VOCs 1,130a: EPA, November,1995, Table A-4b: (Light liquid pumps)

Correlation Equation; Leak Rate (./.) = 1.90 x 10-5x ()0.834

0 ; 7.49 x 10-6/.: Stream A = 8,760 ; Stream B = 4,380 Correlation Equation 1-20

1-20(correlation equation) VOCs

(Equipment Type)

0

(././)

VOCs(././)

Correlation Equation

(././)10,000 ppmv 100,000 ppmv

/ (GasValves)

6.6E-07 0.024 0.11 Leak Rate = 1.87E-06 x (SV)

(Light Liquid Valves)4.9E-07 0.036 0.15 Leak Rate = 6.41E-06 x (SV)

(LightLiquid Pump)

b

7.5E-06 0.14 0.62 Leak Rate = 1.90E-05 x (SV)

(Connectors) 6.1E-07 0.044 0.22 Leak Rate = 3.05E-06 x (SV)a ; EPA, November 1995, 2-9,2-11 2-13b


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1.6.2.

VOCsUS.EPA VOCs

VOCs Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: AP42(US.EPA, 2009) AIR CHIEF CD-ROM VOCs VOCs 1-21


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RICE= (Reciprocating Engines)IC Engines= : A = , B = , C = , D = , E= : US.EPA, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42Fifth Edition, Volume I: Stationary Point andArea Sources, 2005

AP-42 (US.EPA, 2009)

TOC VOC Rating

> 100x106Btu/hr

Fuel Oil No.6 1.04 lbs/1000 gal 0.76 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98

Fuel Oil No.5 1.04 lbs/1000 gal 0.76 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98Fuel Oil No.4 1.04 lbs/1000 gal 0.76 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98

11 lbs/106scf 5.5 lbs/106scf B,C 1.4-2 7/98Refinery Gas .

10-100x106Btu/hr

Fuel Oil No.6 1.28lbs/1000 gal 0.28 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98Fuel Oil No.5 1.28lbs/1000 gal 0.28 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98Fuel Oil No.4 0.252lbs/1000 gal 0.2 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98Distillate 0.252 lbs/1000 gal 0.2 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98

11 lbs/106scf 5.5 lbs/106scf B, C 1.4-2 7/98 0.6lbs/1000 gal 0.4 lbs/1000 gal E 1.5-1 10/96 0.5lbs/1000 gal 0.3 lbs/1000 gal E 1.5-1 10/96Refinery Gas

0.3-10x106Btu/hr

Fuel Oil No.6 1.605lbs/1000 gal 1.13 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98Fuel Oil No.5 0.556lbs/1000 gal 1.13 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98Fuel Oil No.4 0.556lbs/1000 gal 0.34 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98Distillate 0.252 lbs/1000 gal 0.34 lbs/1000 gal A 1.3-3 9/98

11 lbs/106

scf 5.5 lbs/10

6

scf B, C 1.4-2 7/98

0.6lbs/1000 gal 0.4 lbs/1000 gal E 1.5-1 10/96 0.5lbs/1000 gal 0.3 lbs/1000 gal E 1.5-1 10/96Refinery Gas

(Gas Turbines) 0.011 lbs/106Btu 0.0021 lbs/106Btu B,D 3.1-2a 4/00Distillate 0.004 lbs/10

6Btu 0.00041 lbs/10

6Btu C,E 3.1-2a 4/00

RICE, 2 stroke, lean burn 1.64 lbs/106Btu 0.12 lbs/106Btu A, C 3.2-1 7/00RICE, 4 stroke, lean burn 1.47 lbs/106Btu 0.118 lbs/106Btu A, C 3.2-2 7/00RICE, 2 stroke, rich burn 0.358 lbs/106Btu 0.0296 lbs/106Btu C 3.2-3 7/00IC Engines < 250 Hp 3.03lbs/10

6Btu--

D 3.3-1 10/96

IC Engines < 250 Hp 0.36lbs/106Btu -- D 3.3-1 10/96IC Engines < 250 Hp 0.09lbs/106Btu 0.082lbs/106Btu C, E 3.4-1 10/96

1-21 VOCs


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1.6.3(Storage Tank) 6 1) (Fixed Roof Tank) 2

(Vertical Fixed Roof Tank) (Horizontal Fixed Roof Tank) (Cone) (Dome) VOCs VOCs StandingLoss 2 1)

() 2) (Breather Valves) () () Breather Valves Standing Loss

(LoadingIn) () Load Working Loss 1-14 1-15 (Fixed Roof Tank)

1-14 (Vertical Fixed Roof Tank)

Outlet Nozzle

Inlet Nozzle

Liquid LevelIndicator

Spiral Stairway

Roof ManholePressure/Vacuum Vent

Fixed Roof

Float Gauge

Shell Manhole

Cylindrical Shell

Gauger s platform

Gauger-Hatch/Sample Well

Roof Column


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1-15 (Horizontal Fixed Roof Tanks)

40,000 6 (Standing Loss)

2) (External Floating Roof Tanks) 2 Pontoon double-deck (Standing Loss)

Rim Loss (Rim Loss Standing Loss ) RimSeal


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1-16 (External Floating Roof Tanks)

3) (Internal Floating Roof Tanks) (Cone)

Standing Loss Rim Loss RimLoss

2 (Fixed Roof Support Column)

2 (Self Support) Rim Seal Standing Loss Working Loss 1-17


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1-17 (Internal Floating Roof Tanks)

3) (Domed External Floating Roof Tanks) 1-18

1-18 (Domed External Floating Roof tank)


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5) (Variable Vapor Space Tanks)

2 (Lifter Roof Lank)

Telescoping Roof Telescoping Roof

2 (Flexible Diaphragm Tank) ( ) Gasholder Unit (Integral Unit)

6) (Pressure Tanks)

() 2

VOCs ( ) TANK-4

TANK-4 U.S. EPA (Office of

Air Quality Planning and Standards, OAQPS) TANK-4VOCs (Hazardous Air Pollutants, HAPs) 7 EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (AP-42) (US.EPA,2006)

download


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1.6.4 VOCs

5.2 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Liquids EPA's Compilation of Air PollutantEmission Factors (AP-42) (US.EPA, 2006)

: LL= , /1000(lb/103gal)

S = (Saturation FactorS Factor) P = , () (psia)M = ,-(lb/lb-mole)

T = , R (F+460)eff = , % VOCs

() 5.2 AP-42 (US.EPA, 2006) 21 S Factor TopLoad S Factor

S-factor 1-22 20

( = 0 eff)


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1-22 S Factor

S Factor

Bottom Load

0.5

Bottom Load 0.6 Bottom Load (Vapor Balance)

1.0

Top Load

1.45

Top Load 1.45 Top Load

(Vapor Balance)

1.0

Top Load (Ships) 0.2 Top Load (Barges) 0.5

: Barge Ship

: US.EPA, 2006.

1.6.5 (Flare)VOCs ( VOCs

) VOCs VOCs 13.5 Industrial Flares EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors(AP-42) (US.EPA, 2006) 13.5-1 13.5-2 VOCs 0.14 (0.14 lb/106 Btu) VOCs VOCs 45% VOCs VOCs

VOCs VOCs VOCs

1.6.6

VOCs VOCs


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VOCs Emission Rate VOCs VOCs (

= 0) VOCs = 0

,C = VOCs , ppmt = ,s

kv= (Volatilization Constant, s-1

, L = ()

k0

1= D

l

C= VOCs (C) (O)

m = 0.51

R = (deal gas constant)T = H = Henry( VOCs )k

g

w=

Dg

C= VOCs (C) (O)

n =

kv 2 n m k

v


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2 kv H, D

g

C, Dl

C H

H VOCs VOCs

kv C VOCs

C VOCs VOCs

WATER9 US.EPA Air Emission Models for Wasteand Wastewater(US.EPA, 1994) WATER9 ( VOCs ) 200

WATER9 (drains)(sumps) (weirs) (open drains)(j traps) (manholecovers) (trenches) (buried conduits (sewers) (junction boxes) (pump stations) (clarifiers) (tricklingfilters) (aeratedimpoundments) (cooling towers) (activated sludge units)(storage tanks)

WATER9 Version 2 download http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/water/index.html VOCs

.. 2550 2 . (PTT Chemicals) I-1 I

-4 (


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1-23 VOCs .. 2550-2555

VOCs

1. 0.52-5.5 2.27 ./ 182. 0.02-0.5 0.314 / 43. 0.078-1.165 0.571 /

12

4.

0.026-0.067 0.04 /

3

5.

0.011-0.0242 0.018 /

2

6. 1.404-1.928 1.666 /

2

VOCs VOCs

VOCs VOCs


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2. VOCs

VOCs VOCs

VOCs

VOCs

VOCs VOCs VOCs ( )

4 () ( ) 1 VOCs ( ) VOCs

VOCs VOCs 2-1 VOCs


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2-1 VOCs

XYZ

XYZ XXX . . . .

21000

1. ..............................................................

2...............................................................

3.

..............................................................

4...............................................................

6.

..............................................................

7.

..............................................................

8.

..............................................................

9.

..............................................................

5 2555

3 2555

(..........................................)


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2.1 VOCs VOCs

VOCs VOCs

40 60 DDD (CFR 40 P 60 Subpart DDD) VOCs (Standards of Performance for VolatileOrganic Compound (VOC) Emissions from the Polymer Manufacturing Industry) VOCs

2-1

2-1 VOCs VOCs VOCs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

, ./

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0.15. 0.14 0.19

1.57 2.05

: CFR 40 P 60 Subpart DDD,1990.

.

(Raw Materials Preparation Section)


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5,000 ppm US.EPA Method 21 VOCs (Emission)2 (Leak Detection)(Repair)

1) (Leak Detection)

1 ( IndividualComponentSurvey) US.EPA Method 21 1.51

2(Area Survey) US.EPA Method 21 1 1 ppm

1

3 (Fixed-point Monitors) US.EPA Method 21 1ppm

4 Smart LDAR

VOCs 1

1 4 2 3 VOCs

2) (Repair Technique) 4 1 3 2-2


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2-2 4

: US.EPA, Preferred and Alternative Method for Estimating Fugitive Emissions from EquipmentLeaks, 1996.

(Fugitive Sources) LDAR Program 4 (Quarterly) 2-2 2-3 Synthetic Organic Compounds Manufacturing Industry(SOCMI) 10,000 ppm 80% 3 60 % 78%

3 59 %


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2-2 LDAR Program SOCMI

(%)

10,000 ppmv

3 10,000 ppmv

87 67 84 61 69 45 a a

a 33 a 44

a


2-3 LDAR Program

(%)

10,000 ppmv

3 10,000 ppmv

88 70 76 61 68 45 a 33

a a

a 44a



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2-4 2-5 LDARProgram SOCMI VOCs

1 VOCs 24 % 73 %

2-5 LDAR Program LDAR Program VOCs VOCs 100%

2-4 LDAR Program SOCMI

0.73 0.59 0.61

/3 a

0.65 0.46 -

3 0.64 0.44 0.33 2 0.50 0.22 (0.076) 0.24 (0.19) (0.80)a 3 ; 1 ( US EPA, 1986,p4-7)



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2-5 VOCs SOCMI

(New Source Performance Standards)

Source

, %

, %

3 33 61

3 64 73

3 44 59

3 44 Rupture disk. Soft seats(O-rings)

100

, , . 100 , , 100 3 33 / 100 - - 100

:

US.EPA, Preferred and Alternative Method for Estimating Fugitive Emissions from Equipment

Leaks, 1996, P4.2-10

2.2.2 VOCs

1) (Control Device)

- (Pumps). 1 (Single Mechanical Seal) seal1

(rotating-seal ring) (shaft) VOCs


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2-3 (Single Mechanical Seal)

:US.EPA., Controlling VOC Emissions from Leaking Process Equipment: Student Guidebook,1982.

. 2 (Dual Mechanical Seal) 2

- 2 back to back (seal) 2 (single seal) (seal)

- 2 tandem dual mechanical seal

(single seal) 2 (seal)

2-4 2 (Double Mechanical Seal)

:US.EPA., Controlling VOC Emissions from Leaking Process Equipment: Student Guidebook, 1982.


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2-5 (Seal-less Pump)US.EPA., Controlling VOC Emissions from Leaking Process Equipment: Student Guidebook, 1982.

. (Seal-less Pump) 2-5 VOCs

- (Compressor) 2 . (Mechanical Contact Seals) 3 (centrifugal) (reciprocating) (rotary) (seal) (shaft) (bearing) (Labyrinth compressor seal) (mechanical contact) ( liquidfilm) (restrictive ring seal)2-6

. (Closed-vent Systems) (Control Devices) VOCs (Flare)


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2) VOCs ( Pressure Relief Devices) (Rupture Disks)

(disk) (disk)

2-7 Rupture-disk :US.EPA., Controlling VOC Emissions from Leaking Process Equipment: Student Guidebook, 1982.

3) (Open-endedLines) (Open-endedValves) (Plugs) (Caps) (Blinds)

4) (Sampling Connections) (closed loop sampling system) (2-8)


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2-8:US.EPA., Controlling VOC Emissions from Leaking Process Equipment: Student Guidebook,1982.

2-9 seal

:David R. Patrick, 1994.


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5) (Valves) (packing gland) (O-ring seal) ( )

Seal (diaphragm pump)

VOCs 2-6

2-6 Fugitive Sources

(%) (Sealless design) 100 a

(Closed-vent system) 90 b 2 (Dual mechanical seal)

100

(Sealless design) 100 a

(Closed-vent system) 90b

2 (Dual mechanical seal)

100

(Closed-vent system) c

(Rupture disk) 100 (Weld together) 100 (Blind) (cap) (plug)

2

100

(Closed-loopsampling)

100

a VOCs b (Closed-vent system) VOCsC (Closed-vent system)

VOCs

:

US.EPA, Preferred and Alternative Method for Estimating Fugitive Emissions from Equipment

Leaks, 1996.


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2.3 (Evaporative Loss from Tanks) VOCs 2

VOCs

4 1) 2) 3) 4)

2.3.1 (Fixed Roof Tanks)

1) Standing Loss VOCs VOCs VOCs

2) Working Loss

= Standing Loss + Working Loss

50%

Fixed Roof Tank- - - Breather valve VOCs


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- (Vapor balancing) - (vapor recovery)

(vapor/liquid absorption) (vaporcompression) (vapor cooling) (vapor/solid adsorption) (Thermal oxidation system) - 6699 %- 9098 %- 90 -98 %

96-99 %

2.3.2 (External Floating Roof Tanks) (External Floating Roof Tanks)

Standing Loss Standing Loss ( 50% )

2 (Rim Seal Loss) 15% (Deck Fitting Loss Deck Seam Loss) 10% (Fixed Roof Tank) (External Floating Roof Tank) VOCs 25%

( ExternalFloating Roof Tank) ( Floating Roof)

(seal

)

- (Mechanical shoe seal) (light-gauge metallic band)

- (Vapor-mounted primary seals) Vapor-mounted 3 (mechanical (metallic) shoe) (resilient filled (nonmetallic))(flexible wiperseals)2-10


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2-10 :U.S. EPA., 1995.

- (Liquid-mounted) (mechanical shoe primary seals) 2-11

()

()

()


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2-11 : U.S. EPA., 1995.

2 (Secondary rim seals) 2 (Secondary rim seals)

1 (Primary seal fabric) (floating deck rim) VOCs 1 2 2-12

()

()


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2-12 2

:U.S. EPA.,1995.

VOCs

2

1

2 (shoe)

1

2 1

2 1 (shoe)


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(platform) 2-15

2-15/ (Gauge-hatch/sample ports )

:U.S. EPA., 1995.

4) ( Rim vents) 2-16

2-16 (Rim vents):U.S. EPA., 1995.

5) ( Deck drains) 2

VOCs 2-17


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1) (Columns and wells)

(unslotted guide pole wells)

(1 50

2) (Ladders and wells)

2-22

2-22(Ladder well):U.S. EPA., 1995.

.

3) (Stub drains) (Stub drains)

1 VOCs (weld)


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2.5 VOCs (Wastewater treatment) (VOCs)

VOCs VOCs

stationary source

2.6 (Stationary Source Control)(Stationary

Point Sources) (Add-on Control Devices) 2

(Recovery) /(Destroy)

(ControlTechnologies for Low Concentration Organic Vapor Gas Streams)

4

1)

2) 3) 4)

2.6.1(Incineration)

VOCs VOCs

2 1) Thermal Incinerator 2) Catalytic Incinerator Thermal Incinerator


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2-28

11.5

3 15 6 12

(Flashback) 2.0 3.0 0.20 2.0

2)(Catalytic Incineration) (Thermal

Oxidation) (2-29) 1.5 -12.5


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2.6.2 (Adsorption)

(Activated Carbon) (Adsorbent) 2 (Regenerable) Fixed Bed System (Nonregenerable)Carbon Canisters

adsorbate adsorbent

adsorbate adsorbateadsorbent (regenerate) adsorbate adsorbent adsorbate adsorbate activated carbon, silica gel, activated alumina(alumina oxide) zeolites (molecular sieves)

activated carbon activated carbon activated activate

(

)

4x6

4x10 mesh 5 30 lb/ft3 3x106 8x106 ft2/lb 2 5 1

2


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2.6.3 (Absorption)

( ) ( )

2-31 Packed Column


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2.7 Technology VOCsVOCs

2.7.1

(Direct Combustion Process) VOCs

VOCs 550800 (Oxidize) (Decompose) VOCs VOCs

2-8

1) VOCs 2) VOCs 3) VOCs

1) 2) VOCs 3) (NO

x)

(SOx)

2.7.2 (Catalytic) 350-650

(Catalyst bed)

2-9

1) 2) VOCs 3) 4)

1) VOCs 2) 3) (SO

3)


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2.7.3 (Oxidation) (Catalytic Oxidation Process) VOCs

VOCs 250 350

(Catalyst Bed) VOCs (Catalytic Oxidation) (Catalyst) VOCs

2-10

1) (Catalyst) (Oxidation) VOCs 2) VOCs 3)

4)

1) VOCs 2) (Catalyst) 3) (SO3)

2.7.4 VOCs

30 VOCs (VOC) (HAPs)

VOCs


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2-11

1) 2) 3)

4)

1) 2) 3) VOCs

2.7.5 (Scrubbing) (Chemical Scrubbing Process) VOCs

VOCs (Trimethylamine)

(Hydrogen Sulfide) (MethylMercaptan) (Alkaline Solution)

(Activated CarbonAdsorption) (Chemical Scrubbing) (Methyl Sulfide)

2-12

1) VOCs 2) 3) (Mist) (Fume) (Dust)

1) VOCs 2) 3)


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3. VOCs

VOCs

VOCs VOCs (Benchmark) VOCs VOCs 75% VOCs VOCs

2 6 2 VOCs VOCs 3-1 Vent (Closed Loop)

Drain Sump Tank

3-1: ()( . ())


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3.1 (Walkthrough Survey Technique Quick Win)

() 1 ""

3.13.2

3-1 VOCs

1./

1.1 (Sampling/Drain Valve)

-- valve

---

1.2 /

--

- cap -

1.3

--/

- sumppit -


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3-1 VOCs ()

2.

2.1

- /

- /

2.2 /

- - - vent

- -

-

3.

3.1 waste water sump /waste

oil sump/CPI oil separator

-

- /

3.2 -

--

4. //

4.1 /

- - -

- - -


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3 -2 VOCs ( )

VOCs VOCs

1. Pressure relief

valve

1.1 Pressure relief valve

/- Seal - valve

- /

2. Vent 2.1 vent vent

-

-

3. 3.1 Dryer -

-

- -

4.

4.1

- - /

-


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3-2 VOCs :

3.2 VOCs (Fugitives) 2

VOCs 3.2.1

VOCs VOCs 100

VOCs 20-25%

3-3


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3-5:

3-6:

3-6 VOCs VOCs 2 (Sight glass)


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3.2.4 (body)

seamless pump seamless type valves 3 -9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 Rupture disk (Pressure Relief Valve)

3-9 3-10: . () :

3-11 3-12double mechanical seal: . () :


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3.13Rupture Disk : . ()

3.3 (Combustion) VOCs

VOCs

3.3.1

(ground level flare) (enclosed flare) ground level flare 3-143.3.2 (Thermal Incinerator)

VOCs 3 -15 VOCs ( ) 750 oC VOCs


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3.4 (Adsorption) VOCs 2

(regeneration system) 2 VOCs VOCs Carbon Canister VOCs 3-17 VOCs

3.17 Charcoal Adsorber

: ()

3.5Vapor Recovery Unit(VRU) Vapor Recovery Unit VOCs

VOCs Vapor Recovery Unit (adsorption) 2 (condensation) (absorption) VOCs VOCs VOCs 3-18 Vapor Recovery Unit

(adsorption) 2


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3-18 VRU 2

: ()

3-19 Vapor Recovery Unit (absorption) Scrubber Cracked bottom, toluene C8+

3-20 Vapor Recovery Unit (Condensation) Dome Roof mixed C4 vapor recovery

Low Pressure Flare Vapor Recovery Vapor Recovery 4-6oC

3-19 VRU (absorption):


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3-30:

3.8.2 VOCs

VOCs VOC

3.8.2.1 Charcoal Adsorber Wet Scrubber 3-31 2 Expanded Granular Sludge

Bed (EGSB) Activated Sludge (AS) Charcoal Adsorber Wet Scrubber


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3.8.2.2 Biotrickling Filter Tank Biotrickling Filter Tank

VOCs Humidifier Bio filter Fix film Media VOCs 3-33

3-33 Biotrickling Filter Tank: . ()

3.9 VOCs Plant Turnaround & Tank Inspection

VOCs

VOCs VOCs 3-34VOCs


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1. American Petroleum Institute. Evaporative Loss form External Floating Roof Tanks. Third

Edition, Bulletin No. 2517, Washington, DC, 1989.

2. American Petroleum Institute. Evaporative Loss form Fixed Roof Tanks . Second Edition, Bulletin

No. 2518, Washington, D.C., October 1991.

3. American Petroleum Institute. Evaporation Loss form Internal Floating Roof Tanks.Third Edition,

Bulletin No. 2519, Washington, DC, 1982.

4. America Petroleum Institute. Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions from Oil and Gas Production

Operations. API Publication No. 4589. 1993.

5.

American Petroleum Institute. Manual Of Petroleum Measurement Standards: Chapter 19:

Evaporative Loss Measurement, Section 2, Evaporative Loss From Floating Roof Tanks .

Preliminary Draft, Washington, DC, December 1994.

6. California Air Resources Board. Technical Guidance Document to the Criteria and Guidelines

Regulation for AB-2588. August 1989.

7. Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA). Improving Air Quality: Guidance for Estimating

Fugitive Emissions. Second Edition. Washington, D.C. 1989.

8.

David R. Patric. Toxic Air Pollution Handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994.9. EPA. Equipment Leaks Enabling Document. Final Report. Internal Instruction Manual for ESD

Regulation Development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation,

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Reasearch Triangle Park, North Carolina. July

1992.

10. EPA. Fugitive Emission Sources of Organic Compounds Additional Information on Emissions,

Emission Reductions, and Costs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality,

Planning, and Standards, 450/3-82-010. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. April 1982.

11. EPA. Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 453/R-95-017.

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. November, 1995.

12. Epperson, D.L. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Petroleum Industry Equipment Leaks:

Revised Correlations, Default Zero Emission Factors, and Pegged Emission Factors Based on

the 1993 Data from Refineries, Marketing Terminals, and Oil and Gas Production Operations.

Technical memorandum to D. Markwordt, Radian Corporation. January 27, 1995.


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13.

Ferry, R.L. Estimating Storage Tank Emissions--Changes Are Coming. TGB Partnership, 1994.

EPA. Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Refining: Volume 3, Appendix B.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 600/2-80-075c. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

April 1980.

14.

Laverman, R.J. Emission Reduction Options For Floating Roof Tanks, Chicago Bridge and Iron

Technical Services Company. Presented at the Second International Symposium on

Aboveground Storage Tanks, Houston, TX, January 1992.

15.

Taback, et al.Analysis of Refinery Screening Data. American Petroleum Institute (US.API), API

Publication 310, 1997.

16. Title 40: Protection of Environment Part 60-Standards of Performance for New Stationary

Sources Subpart DDDStandards of Performance for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Emissions from the Polymer Manufacturing Industry Source: 55 FR 51035, Dec. 11, 1990,

unless otherwise noted.

17. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 40: Part 51.100(s), As of 3/31/2009.

18.

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60, Appendix A. July 1, 1987. Reference

Method 21, Determination of Volatile Organic Compound Leaks. Office of the Federal Register.

Washington, D.C.

19. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. VOC Emissions From Volatile Organic Liquid Storage

Tanks-Background Information For Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-81-003a. Research

Triangle Park, NC, July 1984.

20.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Air Emission Models for Waste and Wastewater, EPA-

453/R-94-080A, U.S. EPA Contract No. 68D10118. November 1994.

21.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Benzene Emissions From Benzene Storage Tanks-

Background Information For Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-80-034a. Research Triangle Park,

NC, December 1980.

22. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume

1: Stationary Point and Area Sources,AP-42, Fifth Edition, Office Of Air Quality Planning And

Standards Office of Air And Radiation Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 January 1995.
http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=1972699f2b2ab0429fd57443ef05128a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A6.0.1.1.1;idno=40;cc=ecfrhttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=1972699f2b2ab0429fd57443ef05128a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A6.0.1.1.1;idno=40;cc=ecfrhttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=1972699f2b2ab0429fd57443ef05128a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A6.0.1.1.1;idno=40;cc=ecfrhttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=1972699f2b2ab0429fd57443ef05128a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A6.0.1.1.1;idno=40;cc=ecfrhttp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr;sid=1972699f2b2ab0429fd57443ef05128a;rgn=div5;view=text;node=40%3A6.0.1.1.1;idno=40;cc=ecfr


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23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Handbook Control Technologies for Hazardous Air

Pollutants, EPN625/6-91/014, Center for Environmental Research Information, Office of Research

and Development, Cincinnati, OH 45268, June 1991.

24.

US.EPA. Preferred and Alternative Method for Estimating Fugitive Emissions from Equipment

Leaks, 1996.

25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Protocol for Equipment LeakEmission Estimates, 1995,

EPA-453/R-95-017, Emission Standards Division, Office of Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, November 1996.

26.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, SI: 417 Controlling VOC Emissions from

Leaking Process Equipment: Student Guidebook, EPA 450/2-82-015, Air Pollution Training

Institute, Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, August 1982

27. US.EPA. Survey of Control Technologies for Low Concentration Organic Vapor Gas Streams ,

EPA-456/R-95-003, May 1995, p88.


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(Volatile Organic Compounds) (carcinogen) (non-carcinogen)

(.. )

() (Acetaldehyde) () (Acrolein) . () (Acrylonitrile) () (Benzene) .

() (Benzyl Chloride) () , - (1, 3 - Butadiene) . () (Bromomethane) () (Carbon Tetrachloride)

() (Chloroform)


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() , - (1, 2 - Dibromoethane)

() , - (1, 4 - Dichlorobenzene) ,

() ,- (1, 2 - Dichloroethane)

() (Dichloromethane) () , - (1, 2 - Dichloropropane)

() , - (1, 4 - Dioxane) () (Tetrachloroethylene)

() , , , - (1, 1, 2, 2 - Tetrachloroethane)

() (Trichloroethylene) () (Vinyl Chloride)

..


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.

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) Occupational Safety andHealth Administration (OSHA)

() PEL ()

() ( )PEL .( /)

() PEL PEL safety factor

safety factor () PEL

PEL safety factor safety factor (sensitive population) (sensitive)

= PEL / (.xx)

(.. )

PEL chloroform,1,2 - dichloroethane, 1,2 - dichloropropane trichloroethylenesafety factor


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- -

vinyl chloride

.

. .

.

() US EPA Compendium Method TO-14A Determination of VolatileOrganic Compounds (VOCs) in ambient air using specially prepared canisters with subsequent

analysis by Gas Chromatography (GC)

() US EPA Compendium Method TO-15 Determination of VolatileOrganic Compounds (VOCs) in air collected in specially prepared canisters and analyzed by

Gas Chromatography/Mass/Spectrometry (GC/MS)

() US EPA Compendium Method TO-11A Determination of Formaldehydein ambient air using adsorbent cartridge followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

(HPLC) (Active sampling method)

()


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..

(.. ) ..

. .

(.. ) ..

(Organic Carbon) .

(Pumps) (Compressors) (Agitators Mixers) (Valves) (Open-Ended Lines) (Connectors Flanges) (Pressure Relief Devices) (Sampling Connections)


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(. )

(ppmv)

(ppmv)- - - -

- - (/)

-

, , , , ,

()

.

()

() (Connectors Flanges)

(Nominal Internal Diameter) () (Pumps) (Compressors)

(Agitators) (Seal) (Dual mechanical seal) (Barrier fluid) (Process Stream) (Sensor)


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() () ()

()

()

..


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volatile organic compounds (vocs) management guideline

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