Volatile organic compounds in Arctic snow: Concentrations and im-plications for atmospheric processes

Gregor Kos,a Visahini Kanthasami,b Nafissa Adechina,b and Parisa A. Ariya∗a,b

Received Xth XXXXXXXXXX 20XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XXFirst published on the web Xth XXXXXXXXXX 200XDOI: 10.1039/b000000x

1–9 | 1

Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014

A Electronic Supplementary Information: Complementary Information and Numerical Data

The following figures and tables provide complementary information and numerical data used in the figures with uncertainties.

1. Snow and air sampling locations in Alert, Nunavut: Figure A.1.

2. Snow and air temperatures during the sampling period: Figure A.2.

3. Ancillary data: Appendix Table A.1

4. Compounds detected in snow and air samples in Alert, NU with LOQ: Table A.2

5. VOC Concentrations in Air for all Sampling Events in Alert, NU: Table A.3

6. VOC Concentrations in Snow for all Sampling Events in Alert, NU: Table A.4

7. VOC in snow data for Barrow, AK: Table A.5

8. Depth profile data for aromatic and oxygenated compounds in Alert, NU: Figure A.3

9. Additional back trajectory data for snow sampling events in Alert,NU: Figure A.4

Fig. A.1 Snow and air sampling locations in Alert, Nunavut (82° 29’ 58” N, 62° 20’ 5” W). Sampling site located over soil upwind of themilitary base (red circle) and airfield. Predominant wind direction was from the South-West. © Topographic map reproduced under licencefrom Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, with permission of Natural Resources Canada. Scale: 1:50,000.

2 | 1–9

Fig. A.2 Temperatures at the sampling site during sampling events from May 22 to June 2 (JD 142-153). Data were collected in a 1 m circlearound the snow sampling area; error bars represent 3s with n=5. Environment Canada (EC) data were measured at the EC meteorologicalstation at the time point closest to the sampling time.

(a) (b)

Fig. A.3 Depth profile data of snow pit samples for (a) May 26 and (b) June 2 for aromatic and oxygenated compounds. Black vertical barsrepresent snow layers sampled. Error bars were omitted for clarity; all relative standard deviations for duplicate measurements were < 15%.

1–9 | 3

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h)

Fig. A.4 Additional HYSPLIT back trajectory data for days and times of snow sampling.

4 | 1–9

Tabl

eA

.1A

ncill

ary

data

colle

cted

duri

ngsn

owan

dai

rsam

plin

g.E

nvir

onm

entC

anad

a(E

C)d

ata

wer

em

easu

red

atth

eA

lert

met

eoro

logi

cals

tatio

nan

dob

tain

edfr

omth

eE

CC

anad

aN

atio

nalC

limat

eD

ata

Arc

hive

fort

heho

urof

sam

plin

g.A

llot

her-

i.e.,

sam

plin

gsi

tesp

ecifi

cda

ta,w

ere

colle

cted

ina

1m

circ

lear

ound

the

snow

sam

plin

gar

ea.

Tim

esro

unde

dto

15m

info

rfiel

dm

easu

rem

ents

and

toth

ene

ares

thou

rfor

EC

data

.Win

ddi

rect

ion

roun

ded

to45

degr

ees

form

easu

red

data

.Sno

wte

rmin

olog

yfr

om?

.

Dat

e(2

006)

May

22M

ay23

May

25M

ay26

May

27M

ay29

May

30M

ay31

June

02Ju

ne04

Sam

plin

gtim

e(E

ST)

17:0

016

:15

14:0

012

:30

14:0

012

:00

13:0

013

:00

12:0

016

:00

EC

Rel

.hum

idity

(%)

8881

8987

8792

8998

9374

EC

colu

mn

ozon

e(d

.u.)

384.

139

0.9

395.

738

5.1

386.

138

0.8

396.

141

5.0

401.

236

3.5

EC

Win

dsp

eed

(km

/h)

94

157

013

97

419

EC

Stat

ion

Pres

sure

(kPa

)10

2.51

102.

0610

0.64

100.

7110

1.26

101.

5610

0.92

100.

0810

0.34

100.

33E

CW

ind

dire

ctio

n(d

eg)

340

360

120

90-

350

120

320

100

210

Win

ddi

rect

ion

(deg

)31

522

513

545

9013

518

018

022

522

5Sn

owde

pth

(cm

)10

348

.010

685

.019

.021

.027

.043

.061

.029

.0C

loud

cove

rfu

llfu

llpa

rtia

lpa

rtia

lth

inth

inth

inth

inth

inpa

rtia

lPr

ecip

itatio

nlig

htsn

owlig

htsn

owno

nesn

owno

nebl

owin

gsn

owno

neno

neno

neno

neSn

owfla

kepr

oper

ties

need

le-l

ike

brok

ensm

all

larg

ela

rge

roun

ded

roun

ded

roun

ded

clus

tere

dro

unde

dcl

uste

red

roun

ded

Snow

clus

ters

none

light

light

light

light

med

ium

med

ium

stro

ngst

rong

stro

ng

1–9 | 5

TableA

.2V

OC

determined

inA

lertusingG

C/FID

methodology

inalphabeticalorder.’R

et.time

snow/L

OQ

snow’–

retentiontim

e/limitofquantitation

ofcompound

insnow

sample;’R

et.time

air/LO

Qair’–

retentiontim

e/LO

Qofcom

poundin

airsample;L

OQ

calculatedas

10tim

esthe

standarddeviation

oftheblank.D

atain

thistable

refertothe

standardsolution.’N

D’–

notdetermined

Com

poundC

AS

No.

Ret.tim

esnow

Ret.tim

eair

LO

Qsnow

LO

Qair

(min)

(min)

(µg/L

)(ng/L

)

Acetone

[67-64-1]1.510

1.9100.085

0.0002A

cetophenone[98-86-2]

12.3911.76

0.0370.0003

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

[95-50-1]12.12

11.410.064

0.00191-C

hloro-2-bromopropane

[3017-95-6]7.363

8.0420.011

0.049B

romoform

[75-25-2]9.623

9.3420.12

0.022C

hlorobenzene[108-90-7]

8.8719.168

0.0670.015

Chloroform

[67-66-3]2.853

9.0570.053

0.0011D

ibromochlorom

ethane[124-48-1]

7.7127.716

0.130.011

Dibrom

omethane

[74-95-3]5.018

5.6710.17

0.026Trichloroethene

[79-01-6]4.946

5.3380.039

0.00531,3,5-Trim

ethylbenzene[108-67-8]

11.0610.51

0.0270.025

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

[95-63-6]11.41

10.200.039

0.031B

enzene[71-43-2]

3.8114.295

0.0160.0039

Ethylbenzene

[100-41-4]9.163

ND

0.0063N

DStyrene

[100-42-5]9.726

9.4060.038

0.0001Toluene

[108-88-3]7.026

7.1370.030

0.0007m

-/p-Xylene

[108-38-3]/9.822

9.0840.032

0.0010[106-42-3]

o-Xylene

[95-47-6]9.733

9.4730.028

0.0058

6 | 1–9

Tabl

eA

.3V

OC

conc

entr

atio

nsin

air±

3s(n

=2);

(ng/

L)f

oral

lsam

plin

gev

ents

;’<

LO

Q’–

belo

wlim

itof

quan

titat

ion;

’ND

’–no

tdet

erm

ined

.

Dat

eM

ay22

,200

6M

ay25

,200

6M

ay26

,200

6M

ay29

,200

6M

ay30

,200

6M

ay31

,200

6Ju

n02

,200

6A

ceto

ne0.

023±

0.00

60.

004±

0.00

20.

031±

0.01

20.

027±

0.01

20.

070±

0.01

80.

004±

0.00

10.

009±

0.00

2C

hlor

ofor

m0.

005±

0.00

10.

006±

0.00

20.

009±

0.00

20.

015±

0.00

60.

018±

0.00

90.

001±

0.00

10.

003±

0.00

1B

enze

ne0.

040±

0.00

60.

045±

0.01

50.

024±

0.00

30.

029±

0.00

60.

024±

0.00

30.

045±

0.01

20.

019±

0.00

6Tr

ichl

oroe

then

e0.

094±

0.02

40.

83±

0.21

0.37

±0.

121.

0±

0.3

0.23

±0.

060.

83±

0.18

0.52

0±

0.09

0D

ibro

mom

etha

ne0.

1302

±0.

0360

0.07

97±

0.02

400.

0860

±0.

0300

0.15

99±

0.00

600.

0314

±0.

0030

0.07

97±

0.01

800.

0893

±0.

0120

Tolu

ene

0.00

39±

0.00

060.

0024

±0.

0003

0.00

39±

0.00

090.

0052

±0.

0018

<L

OQ

0.00

24±

0.00

090.

0083

±0.

0006

1-C

hlor

o-2-

brom

o-pr

opan

e<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Q0.

0397

±0.

0060

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

Dib

rom

ochl

orom

etha

ne0.

0199

±0.

0060

0.07

35±

0.01

500.

0202

±0.

0060

0.13

94±

0.02

70<

LO

Q0.

0735

±0.

0090

0.05

27±

0.00

60C

hlor

oben

zene

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

0.01

77±

0.00

30<

LO

Q<

LO

QE

thyl

benz

ene

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

m-/

p-X

ylen

e<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Q0.

0081

±0.

0021

Bro

mof

orm

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

Styr

ene

<L

OQ

0.00

02±

0.00

01<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Q0.

0002

±0.

0002

0.00

04±

0.00

01o-

Xyl

ene

0.00

75±

0.00

150.

0083

±0.

0024

0.00

66±

0.00

270.

0144

±0.

0015

0.01

56±

0.00

210.

0083

±0.

0009

0.02

30±

0.00

901,

3,5-

Trim

ethy

lben

zene

0.03

47±

0.00

600.

0389

±0.

0030

0.03

66±

0.01

200.

0471

±0.

0060

0.04

21±

0.00

300.

0389

±0.

0060

0.02

91±

0.01

201,

2,4-

Trim

ethy

lben

zene

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

1,2-

Dic

hlor

oben

zene

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

0.00

17±

0.00

030.

0020

±0.

0006

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

Ace

toph

enon

e0.

0005

±0.

0001

0.00

04±

0.00

010.

0005

±0.

0001

0.00

10±

0.00

030.

0005

±0.

0001

0.00

40±

0.00

090.

0011

±0.

0003

1–9 | 7

TableA

.4V

OC

concentrationsin

snow±

3s(n=2);(µ

g/L)forallsam

plingevents;

<L

OQ

fornotdetected

Date

May

22,2006M

ay25,2006

May

26,2006M

ay29,2006

May

30,2006M

ay31,2006

Jun02,2006

Acetone

0.336±

0.0600.184

±0.060

0.580±

0.1200.388

±0.150

0.319±

0.0120.277

±0.120

0.126±

0.021C

hloroform3.97

±0.96

0.291±

0.1180.270

±0.042

<L

OQ

2.50±

0.581.57

±0.31

<L

OQ

Benzene

1.57±

0.423.76

±0.63

0.638±

0.2820.917

±0.243

<L

OQ

0.511±

0.0360.437

±0.087

Trichloroethene0.453

±0.068

0.393±

0.1200.924

±0.254

0.043±

0.003<

LO

Q0.635

±0.109

0.573±

0.148D

ibromom

ethane5.07

±1.67

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

<L

OQ

Toluene1.27

±0.27

0.271±

0.0630.591

±0.090

0.408±

0.060<

LO

Q1.00

±0.18

2.81±

0.361-C

hloro-2-bromo-propane

0.141±

0.033<

LO

Q0.081

±0.019

0.067±

0.009<

LO

Q0.031

±0.003

0.086±

0.018D

ibromochlorom

ethane1.43

±0.24

0.771±

0.0900.884

±0.210

0.514±

0.0300.143

±0.030

0.258±

0.0331.48

±0.27

Chlorobenzene

0.104±

0.015<

LO

Q1.08

±0.18

0.314±

0.090<

LO

Q0.153

±0.027

0.376±

0.009E

thylbenzene0.786

±0.132

0.008±

0.0010.172

±0.051

0.132±

0.036<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

Qm

-/p-Xylene

1.89±

0.42<

LO

Q0.448

±0.135

0.685±

0.147<

LO

Q<

LO

Q<

LO

QB

romoform

2.02±

0.840.357

±0.034

33.9±

4.70.623

±0.261

19.8±

3.315.4

±3.0

5.14±

1.11Styrene

39.0±

6.33.85

±0.45

3.46±

0.6010.6

±3.1

<L

OQ

11.6±

3.427.9

±3.4

o-Xylene

1.19±

0.090.162

±0.033

0.587±

0.1710.235

±0.093

0.303±

0.0660.219

±0.066

0.802±

0.0271,3,5-Trim

ethylbenzene0.537

±0.109

1.107±

0.2981.07

±0.26

1.16±

0.290.031

±0.009

0.263±

0.0580.577

±0.065

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

0.977±

0.2840.424

±0.150

0.627±

0.19230.588

±0.066

0.211±

0.1020.289

±0.068

0.524±

0.1691,2-D

ichlorobenzene20.1

±4.5

11.6±

3.57.18

±1.75

7.59±

3.0119.7

±3.7

18.4±

3.218.4

±4.2

Acetophenone

1.00±

0.250.365

±0.088

0.881±

0.2680.691

±0.034

0.149±

0.0370.100

±0.040

0.419±

0.117

8 | 1–9

Tabl

eA

.5C

once

ntra

tions±

3s(i

nµ

g/L

;3s:

3×

stan

dard

devi

atio

nfr

omdu

plic

ate

mea

sure

men

ts)o

ftol

uene

,m/p

-xyl

ene,

acet

ophe

none

and

brom

ofor

min

snow

and

fros

tflo

wer

sam

ples

inB

arro

w,A

Kin

2009

.All

conc

entr

atio

nsw

ere

dete

rmin

edin

surf

ace

snow

,exc

eptf

or20

Mar

(1),

whe

nfr

ostfl

ower

sw

ere

sam

pled

.ND

:Not

dete

cted

Ana

lyte

04M

ar(1

)04

Mar

(2)

05M

ar06

Mar

07M

ar08

Mar

09M

ar20

Mar

(1)

20M

ar(2

)To

luen

e0.

33±

0.07

0.28

±0.

010.

28±

0.04

0.34

±0.

170.

29±

0.03

0.28

±0.

180.

29±

0.09

0.02

2±

0.01

7N

Dm

-/p-

Xyl

ene

0.32

±0.

010.

30±

0.02

0.29

±0.

030.

30±

0.11

0.29

±0.

040.

30±

0.04

1.2±

0.1

ND

ND

Ace

toph

enon

e1.

2±

0.1

1.3±

0.02

1.2±

0.07

1.5±

0.1

1.5±

0.1

1.6±

0.3

0.29

±0.

02N

D0.

63±

0.16

Bro

mof

orm

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.19

±0.

042

ND

1–9 | 9