vol. 13, no. 7 a publication of the geological ...vol. 13, no. 7 a publication of the geological...

VOL. 13, NO. 7 A PUBLICATION OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA JULY 2003

Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate?Nir J. Shaviv and Ján Veizer, p. 4

GSA 2004 Election, p. 11

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SCIENCE ARTICLE

4 Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate?NIR J. SHAVIV AND JÁN VEIZER

11 GSA Election: 2004 Officer and Councilor Nominees

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Cover: Our Milky Way galaxy is smaller andhas better organized arms, but is not unlikethe spiral galaxy NGC 1232. This image ofNGC 1232 was obtained on September 21,1998, by the European Southern Observatory(available at http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-1998/pr-14-98.html). See“Celestial driver of Phanerozoic climate?” byNir Shaviv and Ján Veizer, p. 4–10. (SpiralGalaxy NGC 1232-VLTUT1 + FOTS1; ESOPR Photo 37d/98 [23 September 1998]; © European Southern Observatory; used withpermission.)

VOLUME 13, NUMBER 7JULY 2003

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4 JULY 2003, GSA TODAY

ABSTRACTAtmospheric levels of CO2 are com-

monly assumed to be a main driver ofglobal climate. Independent empirical evi-dence suggests that the galactic cosmicray flux (CRF) is linked to climate variabil-ity. Both drivers are presently discussed in the context of daily to millennial varia-tions, although they should also operateover geological time scales. Here we ana-lyze the reconstructed seawater paleotem-perature record for the Phanerozoic (past545 m.y.), and compare it with the vari-able CRF reaching Earth and with the reconstructed partial pressure of atmo-spheric CO2 (pCO2). We find that at least66% of the variance in the paleotempera-ture trend could be attributed to CRF vari-ations likely due to solar system passagesthrough the spiral arms of the galaxy.Assuming that the entire residual variancein temperature is due solely to the CO2

greenhouse effect, we propose a tentativeupper limit to the long-term “equilibrium”warming effect of CO2, one which is po-tentially lower than that based on generalcirculation models.

CLIMATE ON GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALES

The record of climate variations duringthe Phanerozoic (past 545 m.y.), based ontemporal and spatial patterns of climate-sensitive sedimentary indicators, showsintervals of tens of millions of years dura-tion characterized by predominantlycolder or predominantly warmerepisodes, called icehouses and green-houses (Frakes et al., 1992), respectively(Fig. 1). Superimposed on these arehigher-order climate oscillations, such asthe waning and waxing of ice sheets dur-ing the past 1 m.y. The recurring ice-house/greenhouse intervals were postu-lated to be a consequence of a plethoraof causative factors, from celestial to plan-

etary, including geographic distribution ofcontinents, oceanic circulation patterns,atmospheric composition, or any combi-nation of these. Lately, the consensusopinion favors atmospheric CO2 as a prin-cipal climate driver for most time scales,from billions of years (CO2 supergreen-

house, snowball Earth [Kasting andAckerman, 1986; Hoffman et al., 1998]), todecadal and annual (IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change [IPCC], 2001).Past climate variations should thereforecorrelate positively with coeval atmo-spheric pCO2 levels.

For the Phanerozoic, estimates of atmo-spheric pCO2 levels (Fig. 1) are based on model consideration and proxy data.Presently, three such estimates exist: theGEOCARB III model (Berner andKothavala, 2001) and its precursors, andthe reconstructions of Berner and Streif(2001) and Rothman (2002). These recon-structions rely, to a greater or lesser degree, on the same isotope databases ofVeizer et al. (1999). However, they pro-duce internally inconsistent outcomes and the curves do not show any clearcorrelation with the paleoclimate record.

Celestial driver ofPhanerozoic climate?Nir J. Shaviv, Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,91904, Israel

Ján Veizer, Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr Universität, 44780Bochum, Germany, and Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, University of Ottawa,Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada

Ordovician Silu Devon Carbonifer Perm Trias Jurassic Cretaceous Palaeog Ne

3/65/10

10/2010/50 30

60

90

500 400 300 200 100 0Age (Myr)

OGD (arbitrary scale)PIRD (scale on the right) P

alae

olat

itude

(°)

0

0.5

1.0

log 1

0[pC

O2(

t)/p

CO

2(0)

]1.5GEOCARB III

Berner & StreifRothman

–4

–2

0

2

Det

rend

ed c

alci

te

δ18 O

(0/ 0

0 P

DB

)

Figure 1. Phanerozoic climatic indicators and reconstructed pCO2 levels. The bottom set ofcurves are the detrended running means of δ18O values of calcitic shells over the Phanerozoic(Veizer et al., 2000). 3/6, 5/10, 10/20 and 10/50 indicate running means at various temporalresolutions (e.g., 3/6 means step 3 m.y., window 6 m.y. averaging). The paleolatitudinaldistribution of ice rafted debris (PIRD) is on the right-hand vertical axis. The available, Paleozoic,frequency histograms of other glacial deposits (OGD)—such as tillites and glacial marine strata—are dimensionless. The blue bars at the top represent cool climate modes (icehouses) and thewhite bars are the warm modes (greenhouses), as established from sedimentological criteria(Frakes and Francis, 1998; Frakes et al., 1992). The lighter blue shading for the Jurassic-Cretaceous icehouse reflects the fact that true polar ice caps have not been documented for thistime interval. The upper set of curves describes the reconstructed histories of the past pCO2

variations (GEOCARB III) by Berner and Kothavala (2001), Berner and Streif (2001) and Rothman(2002). The pCO2(0) is the present-day atmospheric CO2 concentration. All data are smoothedusing a running average of 50 m.y. with 10 m.y. bins. The hatched regions depict theuncertainties quoted in the Rothman and the GEOCARB reconstructions.

GSA TODAY, JULY 2003 5

The poor correlation of the modeledpCO2 with the observed Phanerozoic cli-mate trends (Frakes et al., 1992; Veizer etal., 2000; Boucot and Gray, 2001) suggesteither that the pCO2 models may be inneed of improvement, or, if one of themis validated, that the CO2 is not likely tobe the principal climate driver. In thatcase, what could be an alternative drivingforce of climate on geological time scales?

Decompositions of the δ18O and paleo-climate trends1 (Veizer et al., 2000) displaya dominant cyclic component of ~135 ± 9m.y. For δ18O, this is regardless of thetemporal resolution (on m.y. time scales)adopted for deconvolution of the signal.There are no terrestrial phenomenaknown that recur with this frequency,particularly taking into account the regularnear-sinusoidal fashion (Fig. 1; Wallmann,2001) of the δ18O data. This regular pat-tern implies that we may be looking at areflection of celestial phenomena in theclimate history of Earth.

CELESTIAL CLIMATE DRIVERGrowing evidence, such as the correla-

tions between paleoclimate records andsolar and cosmic ray activity indicators(e.g., 10Be, 14C), suggests that extraterres-trial phenomena are responsible for atleast some climatic variability on timescales ranging from days to millennia(Friis-Christensen and Lassen, 1991;Tinsley and Deen, 1991; Soon et al., 1996;Svensmark, 1998; Beer et al., 2000;Egorova et al., 2000; Soon et al., 2000;Björck et al., 2001; Bond et al., 2001;Hodell et al., 2001; Kromer et al., 2001;Labitzke and Weber, 2001; Neff et al.,2001; Todd and Kniveton, 2001; Pang andYau, 2002; Solanki, 2002). These correla-tions mostly surpass those, if any, for thecoeval climate and CO2. Empirical obser-vations indicate that the climate link couldbe via solar wind modulation of thegalactic cosmic ray flux (CRF) (Tinsleyand Deen, 1991; Svensmark, 1998; Marshand Svensmark, 2000; Todd andKniveton, 2001; Shaviv, 2002a, 2002b) because an increase in solar activity re-

sults not only in enhanced thermal energyflux, but also in more intense solar windthat attenuates the CRF reaching Earth.The CRF, in turn, correlates convincinglywith the low-altitude cloud cover on timescales from days (Forbush phenomenon)to decades (sun spot cycle). The postu-lated causation sequence is therefore:brighter sun ⇒ enhanced thermal flux +solar wind ⇒ muted CRF ⇒ less low-level clouds ⇒ less albedo ⇒ warmer climate. Diminished solar activity resultsin an opposite effect. The apparent de-parture from this pattern in the 1990s(Solanki, 2002) may prove to be a satellitecalibration problem (Marsh andSvensmark, 2003). The CRF–cloud-cover–climate link is also physically feasible because the CRF governs the atmosphericionization rate (Ney, 1959; Svensmark,1998), and because recent theoretical andexperimental studies (Dickenson, 1975;Harrison and Aplin, 2001; Eichkorn et al.,2002; Yu, 2002; Tinsley and Yu, 2003) re-late the CRF to the formation of chargedaerosols, which could serve as cloud con-densation nuclei (CCN), as demonstratedindependently by ground-based and air-borne experiments (Harrison and Aplin,2001; Eichkorn et al., 2002).

Despite all these empirical observationsand correlations, the solar-CRF-climatelink is still missing a robust physical for-mulation. It is for this reason that such alink is often understated (IPCC, 2001), butthis may change when the advocated ex-perimental tests (Kirkby, 2001) are carriedout. The only solar-climate mechanismthat presently has a robust understanding,is change in the integrated solar luminos-ity, but the centennial increase in solarconstant (~2–4 W m–2: Pang and Yau,2002; Solanki, 2002) appears to have beeninsufficient to account for the observed~0.6 °C temperature increase (IPCC,2001). An amplifier, such as the cloud/CRF link, is therefore required to accountfor the discrepancy. Note, however, that asimilar, albeit not as large, amplifier is im-plicit also in the CO2 alternative, becausethe centennial temperature rise in thesemodels is due mostly to the potential, and

to some extent theoretical, positive watervapor feedback (Pierrehumbert, 2002)coupled with “parameterized” clouds, notto the CO2 itself.

In view of the above empirical obser-vations, could it be that the celestial forc-ing is the primary climate driver on mosttime scales, including the geologicalones? The large stadial-interstadial tem-perature variations of the latest 420,000yr, which in the ice cores correlate with~80 ppm variations in atmospheric CO2

(Petit et al., 1999), appear to argueagainst such an alternative. One shouldnote, however, that it is not clear whetherthe CO2 is the driver or is being drivenby climate change, particularly since theCO2 appears to lag by centuries behindthe temperature changes (Petit et al.,1999; Fischer et al., 1999; Mudelsee, 2001;Monnin et al., 2001; Caillon et al., 2003;Clarke, 2003), thus potentially acting asan amplifier but not as a driver. Can thegeological record shed more light on thisconundrum?

Unlike the past century, where solaractivity, atmospheric CO2, and globaltemperatures were predominantly in-creasing, and unlike the ice cores withtheir unresolved cause and effect rela-tionship of CO2 and climate, the situationover the Phanerozoic is different, with allthree variables exhibiting a non-monotonicbehavior. This may enable decomposi-tion of the global temperature changesinto contributions from CO2, CRF, and aresidual. It may also help to settle thecausative sequence because celestial phenomena cannot be drivenby terrestrial forcing. Moreover, the in-herent time scales required for the globalclimate system to reach equilibrium canbe as large as several millennia, owing tothe slow heat exchange between theoceans and the atmosphere, and to theslow ice sheet adjustment time. Thus, byestimating the effects of CO2 over geo-logical time scales, we may obtain thelong-term “equilibrium” response of theglobal climate system.

Recently, Fields and Ellis (1999) and

—————1The oxygen isotope record is based on ~4500 measurements of shells (brachiopods, belemnites, foraminifera) composed of low-Mg calcite, the carbonatephase most resistant to post-depositional overprint of the signal. The data show a secular 18O depletion trend with age, with superimposed higher order oscil-lations and it is these that are in phase with reconstructions of the Phanerozoic climate. The major features of these oscillations represent a robust signal inand of themselves, which would be reproduced even if only a fraction of the samples, those near the upper envelope of the secular trend, were taken intoconsideration. It is this detrended oscillating pattern, with correction scaled for ice volume effect, that yields the Phanerozoic ∆T [°C] variations for contempo-raneous low-latitude shallow sea water in Figure 2.

Shaviv (2002a, 2002b) proposed that the CRF reaching the planethas not only an extrinsic variability due to its attenuation by so-lar wind, but also an intrinsic one arising from a variable inter-stellar environment. For example, a nearby supernova couldbathe the solar system with a higher CRF for many millennia,leave a detectable 60Fe imprint in ocean-floor deposits, and per-haps even give rise to a “cosmic ray winter” (Fields and Ellis,1999) due to increased cloudiness and planetary albedo. Shaviv(2002a, 2002b) proposed that a particularly large CRF variabilityshould arise from passages of the solar system through the MilkyWay’s spiral arms that harbor most of the star formation activity.Such passages recur at ~143 ± 10 m.y. intervals, similar to the135 ± 9 m.y. recurrence of the paleoclimate data (Veizer et al.,2000). Unlike the extrinsic solar-induced CRF modulations,which change the ionization rate at the bottom of the tropo-sphere by typically <10%, the galactic flux variations are muchlarger and are expected to be about an order of magnitude moreeffective. It is these intrinsic CRF variations that may be responsi-ble for the long-term climate changes over the past 1 Ga.Specifically, the “icehouses” and the oxygen isotope cold inter-vals (Fig. 1) appear to coincide with times of high CRF (Fig.2), as deconvolved from galactic diffusion models and exposure ages in iron meteorites (Shaviv, 2002a, 2002b). Theshorter-term annual to multi-millennial climatic effects, superim-posed on this long-term baseline, would then reflect the extrinsic modulations of the CRF due to variable solar activity.Changes in orbital parameters and in solar and terrestrial magnetic fields may also potentially modulate this superimposedCRF-solar impact.

CORRELATION OF THE CRF AND PALEOTEMPERATUREDATA

In order to estimate the intrinsic CRF reaching Earth, we useda diffusion model that takes into account the geometry and

dynamics of the spiral arms, and considers that cosmic rays aregenerated preferentially in these arms. We chose three sets ofdiffusion model parameters (Fig. 2)2, which span the entirerange of CRF histories that are consistent with observational con-straints, the latter limiting the period of CRF oscillations to P0 =143 ± 10 m.y. (Shaviv, 2002a, 2002b). Because the statisticalrecord of exposure ages for iron meteorites has Poisson noise,the CRF histories we used are not directly extracted from it butthey are the smoothed output of the galactic diffusion modelsconstrained to fit the meteoritic record (see Shaviv 2002b for fur-ther caveats).

We model the temperature anomaly using the generalizedform of:

∆Tmodel = A + B × t + C × ƒ(pCO2(t)) + D × g (Φ(t,P0)) (1)

where A, B, C, D, P0 are normalization parameters used to fit theobserved ∆Ti.

The constant A normalizes for the average ∆T while the termB × t describes a linear temporal trend in ∆T. A term of this formis expected due to the increasing solar luminosity during thePhanerozoic, but may also arise from a possible secular variationin the CRF reaching the solar system; for example, from a chang-ing star formation rate. A contribution to this term may also arisefrom systematic errors in the detrending procedure of the δ18Odata. The third term considers the possibility that CO2 variationsaffect ∆T , but at this stage we assume that the term is zero anddefer its discussion to subsequent text. The fourth term arises

t [Myr]

Phanerozoic Temperature

Cosmic Ray Flux

Geological Reconstruction Residual

Fit (Cosmic Rays + linear)

∆T [°

C]

Φ(t

)/Φ

(0)

Figure 2. The cosmic ray flux (Φ) and tropicaltemperature anomaly (∆T) variations over thePhanerozoic. The upper curves describe thereconstructed CRF using iron meteorite exposure agedata (Shaviv, 2002b). The blue line depicts thenominal CRF, while the yellow shading delineatesthe allowed error range. The two dashed curves areadditional CRF reconstructions that fit within theacceptable range (together with the blue line, thesethree curves denote the three CRF reconstructionsused in the model simulations). The red curvedescribes the nominal CRF reconstruction after itsperiod was fine tuned to best fit the low-latitudetemperature anomaly (i.e., it is the “blue”reconstruction, after the exact CRF periodicity wasfine tuned, within the CRF reconstruction error). Thebottom black curve depicts the 10/50 m.y. (see Fig.1) smoothed temperature anomaly (∆T) from Veizeret al. (2000). The red line is the predicted ∆Tmodel forthe red curve above, taking into account also thesecular long-term linear contribution (term B × t inequation 1). The green line is the residual. The largestresidual is at 250 m.y. B.P., where only a fewmeasurements of δ18O exist due to the dearth offossils subsequent to the largest extinction event inEarth history. The top blue bars are as in Figure 1.

—————2The observational constraints (for P0 = 143 ± 10 m.y.) include the cosmic ray10Be age, and limits on CRF variations derived from iron meteorites. Thethree models that we utilize (Fig. 2) have a constant cosmic ray diffusion coefficient of D1,2,3 = 0.1, 0.3, 1 × 1028 cm2/sec, and a galactic scale height ofl1,2,3 = 0.5, 0.8, and 1.5 kpc, respectively.



from the variable CRF Φ, where g(Φ) describes the functional dependence be-tween ∆T and Φ, and D is the actual normalization.3

All data (temperature, CRF, and the CO2

discussed later) are binned into 10 m.y.intervals and averaged using a 50 m.y.window running average. This is becausethe temporal resolution of the isotopedatabases and the derivative pCO2 mod-

els are in the 106 yr range, while that ofthe CRF is in the 107 yr range. AlthoughShaviv (2002a, 2002b) discussed the secu-lar variations in CRF for the entire plane-tary history, the complementary δ18Orecord is available only for thePhanerozoic. We therefore truncate ourcomparison at 520 m.y. B.P. (560 m.y. forthe Berner and Streif reconstruction). This gives us Nmeas = 53 (57) correlated∆Ti and their corresponding predicted∆Tmodel(ti). Utilizing the three limitingmodels of CRF variations (Fig. 2), we

tested our models by minimizing theresidual variance between the model∆Tmodel(ti) and the observed ∆Ti. We findthat models that include solely the termsA and B result in a large σmin

2 of 95(°C)2.However, once the term D, the CRF nor-malization, is included, the σmin

2 reducesto 32–36(°C)2, in accord with the remark-able inverse correlation of CRF with thepaleotemperature (Fig. 2). The CRF alonecan explain ~66% of the total variance inthe temperature data. Can we further con-strain the uncertainties in these models?

The only error on which we have agood handle is the statistical variance aris-ing from the experimental δ18O data ofVeizer et al. (1999). From the internal vari-ance of the δ18O data within the bins, wecan calculate σmin

2 expected from thissource of error.4 This would be the mini-mum residual statistically attainable if wehad perfect knowledge of all sources ofclimatic factors, exact CRF history, and no

other error. This minimum variance,σ18

min2, is found to be about 12(°C)2 for

models including the CRF. Thus, once weintroduce CRF as a driver and remove theintrinsic δ18O measurement variance, wecan explain 75% of the paleotemperaturevariability.

In addition to the δ18O measurementerrors, additional errors may arise, for ex-ample, from translation of the δ18O datainto ∆Ts that required assumptions on theice sheet volumes (Veizer et al., 2000),from an inaccurate CRF (e.g., inaccurateknowledge of spiral arm width, ampli-tude, and exact phase), or from additionalfactors that may affect the climate (e.g.,CO2, continental geography, oceanic cir-culation). The magnitude of such a “com-pound error” and its statistics can be esti-mated by the bootstrap method.5 Usingthis method, we can rule out a fluke cor-relation between the CRF and tempera-ture at the 99.5% level. That is, we can

—————

3 g(Φ) is defined such that g(Φ) = 0, 1 for Φ(t) = 0,Φ(today) respectively.Φ(t,P0) itself is one of the three CRF histories used (Fig. 2). Since theoreticalestimates give a power 1/2 relation between ionization rate and CCN density(Dickenson, 1975; Yu, 2002), we use the functional form of g(x) = x1/2–1. Wealso considered other powers, but found the results to change onlymarginally.

—————

4 σmin2 ≡ ∑i (∆Ti – ∆Tmodel(ti))2.

—————

5If we had a perfect model and knowledge of the errors, then the χ2 of thefit should, on average, be the number of actual degrees of freedom. Wetherefore add errors quadratically to increase the error in the data until themodified χ2 per degree of freedom is 1. If we further assume that the un-known measurement and model errors have a Gaussian distribution, we canestimate the errors in the fit parameters. To check the assumption ofGaussianity, we look at the distribution of the residual differences betweenthe model and the best fit (model 6 in Table 1), and find that it is consistentwith being Gaussian. (We expect 16.5 points larger than 1 “modified” σ, andfind 15, expect 6.9 above 1.7 modified σ and find 4, and expect 2.4 above2σ and find 3).


rule out with a high confidence levelmodels that do not include the effects of avariable CRF. This conclusion rests on thereasonable assumption that at least one ofthe two “celestial” data sets with the ap-parent ~150 m.y. periodicity, the galacticspiral arm analyses or the iron meteoritesexposure ages, is valid. While the abovecorrelations are unlikely to be statisticalflukes, we do emphasize that the datasets come with some caveats (see Shaviv,2002b). For example, although the vari-able meteoritic CRF signal is statisticallysignificant, it could still be generated in1.2% of random realizations. In anotherexample, it appears that actually two spi-ral arm pattern speeds emerge from vari-ous astronomical analyses. While thenumber that fits the geological and mete-oritic data is supported by a strong theo-retical argument (Shaviv, 2002b), themeaning of the second number is not yetresolved. Both numbers may be real,however, their meaning hinges on astro-physical considerations that are beyondthe scope of this paper.6

Armed with the above statistics, we canthen place quantitative limits on the CRF-climate connection. We tested 11 models(see Table 1), varying each variable, tofind the range of values that gives reason-able fits at the 68% confidence level. Thenormalization parameter D for all thesemodels varied between 3 and 12 °C.Almost all the error in D arises becausewe have no good limit on the amplitudeof the variation of the CRF itself, exceptfor the lower limit of 2.5 for its maxi-mum/minimum ratio (Shaviv, 2002b). Wealso find an average spiral arm passageperiod of P0 = 137 ± 4 m.y., or 137 ± 7m.y. if we consider the “jitter” from theepicyclic motion of the solar system (i.e.,the noncircular motion around the MilkyWay). This is consistent with the mete-oritic data showing a periodicity of 143 ±

10 m.y. and the paleoclimate and paleo-temperature data with a recurrence at~135 ± 9 m.y. To further check for consis-tency, we artificially add a lag to the pre-dicted CRF. We find that the best lag is –3 ± 18 m.y. This implies that the resultsare consistent with our CRF diffusionmodel and astronomical data on the spiralarm location. They are only marginallyconsistent with other possible galacticmodels, which predict (Shaviv, 2002b)that the actual spiral arm crossing tookplace ~30 m.y. before the midpoint of thehigh CRF-climate episode. If we includean independent analysis of the lag in thecorrelation between the spiral arm pas-sages and apexes of icehouses (Shaviv,2002b), we can exclude these alternativemodels at the 98% confidence level.

THE MODEL IMPACT OF CO2

Realizing that the pCO2 reconstructionsare internally inconsistent, the conserva-tive point of view is to assume at the out-set that the entire residual variance that isnot explained by the measurement erroris due to pCO2 variations. From themodel fit, we find that the temperaturevariance7 σT(CO2)

2 attributable to such a“pCO2” is at most (0.62°C)2. To furtherquantify the effect of “pCO2,” we need toknow its variance. Considering that weare not aware of any mechanisms thatwould stabilize the Phanerozoic pCO2

at today’s values, particularly in view ofthe large sources and sinks, we assumethat these variations span the entire rangeof the existing pCO2 models (Fig. 1). With variations of this magnitude, thedoubling of CO2 can account for about

(σT(CO2)2/σln(pCO2)

2)1/2ln(2) ~ 0.5°C. A higher impact could be possible only ifit is assumed that the Phanerozoic pCO2

oscillations were limited to values close tothe present-day levels.

It is entirely possible that none of thereconstructed Phanerozoic pCO2 curves(Fig. 1) is a true representation of reality.Nonetheless, we also tested eight scenar-ios that assume that one of the recon-structed Phanerozoic pCO2 trends (Fig. 1)is validated. To do this, we reintroducedthe third term into equation 1 and consid-ered the impact on temperature by acombined CRF and CO2 forcing.8 We findthat, depending on the model, the intro-duction of CO2 as a driver reduces the

σmin2 [≥32.1(°C)2] by only 0.5–1.5(°C)2,

compared to 0.2–5(°C)2 for models thatdo not include CRF as a driver. That is,there is no statistically significant correla-tion between pCO2 and reconstructedtemperature, and we cannot therefore es-timate the actual driving impact of CO2.We can, however, estimate the upperbounds of model uncertainty in terms oftemperature that, potentially, could be at-tributable to CO2 forcing. This we can doby looking at the errors on the parameterC. Such formal 90% confidence limits are0.91, 0.92, and 1.14 °C for the Berner andStreif, GEOCARB III, and Rothman recon-structions, respectively. At the 99% confi-dence limit they are 1.67, 1.46, and 1.93 °C(Table 2). In summary, we find that withnone of the CO2 reconstructions can thedoubling effect of CO2 on low-latitude seatemperatures be larger than ~1.9 °C, withthe expected value being closer to 0.5 °C.These results differ somewhat from thepredictions of the general circulationmodels (GCMs) (IPCC, 2001), which typi-cally imply a CO2 doubling effect of~1.5–5.5 °C global warming, but they areconsistent with alternative lower estimatesof 0.6–1.6 °C (Lindzen, 1997).

As a qualifier, one should note thatglobal temperature changes should ex-ceed the tropical ones because the largest

—————6Although the astronomical data points to two possible spiral arm patternspeeds, a theoretical argument based on the observed outer extent of thegalactic spiral arm and the spiral arm density wave theory can be made(Shaviv, 2002b). This theory, which nicely explains the spiral arm behaviorin non-flocculent spiral galaxies (e.g., Binney and Tremaine, 1987), can beused to show that the observed four-armed spiral structure extending toabout twice our galacto-centric radius is only consistent with a narrow rangeof values, including the spiral arm pattern speed which fits the meteoriticand geological data. The same argumentation can be used to show that thefour-armed structure cannot extend significantly inward from our galactic ra-dius. Since spiral arms are apparent also within our radius, they should beeither two-armed, have a different spiral arm pattern speed, or both. Thiscould naturally explain the “bimodality” in the astronomical measurements

of the pattern speed. It is yet to be explained why the second number is notseen in either the meteoritic or geological data.—————7 σT (CO2)

2 = (σmin2 – σ18min

2)/Nmeas = (0.62 °C)2.—————8 In order to calculate the impact of combined CRF and CO2 forcing we used

the functional form ƒ = 1.236 [ln(c + 0.0005c2) – ln(c0 + 0.0005c02)] to which

the radiative driving is expected to be proportional (Hansen et al., 1998).The cs are the reconstructed CO2 histories in ppm, with c0 = 280 ppm. Thenormalization is such that the value of C is the temperature increase associ-ated with a doubled pCO2. We also considered ƒ= ln(c/c0) and ƒ = c – c0.The former option yields similar limits on C, while the latter results in morestringent limits.


temperature variations are in the high-lati-tude regions for which we do not haveany isotope record. A review of GCMs(IPCC, 2001) shows that the globally aver-aged warming from CO2 is expected tobe typically 1.5 times larger than that ofthe tropical temperatures, and our modeluncertainty limits should therefore bemodified accordingly. Note also that thebootstrapping “compound error” in-cludes, among others, any error associ-ated with the ice volume correction.Taking an unrealistic ultimate scenariothat assumes no ice volume correction atall, the amplitude of temperature oscilla-tions in Figure 2 could be almost dou-bled. While these and similar considera-tions may help in expanding somewhatthe above calculated temperature limitspotentially attributable to CO2, they willnot alter the relative importance of the celestial-CO2 forcings. The model impactof CRF will increase in tandem with thatof CO2 for any change in the amplitude of∆T. As a final qualification, we emphasizethat our conclusion about the dominanceof the CRF over climate variability is validonly on multimillion year time scales. Atshorter time scales, other climatic factorsmay play an important role, but note thatmany authors (see previous references)suggest a decisive role for the celestialdriver also on multi-millennial to less thanannual time scales.

POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONSOur approach, based on entirely inde-

pendent studies from astrophysics andgeosciences, yields a surprisingly consis-tent picture of climate evolution on geo-logical time scales. At a minimum, the re-sults demonstrate that the approach ispotentially viable, as is the propositionthat celestial phenomena may be impor-tant for understanding the vagaries of theplanetary climate. Pending further confir-

mation, one interpretation of the aboveresult could be that the global climatepossesses a stabilizing negative feedback.A likely candidate for such a feedback iscloud cover (Lindzen, 1997; Ou, 2001). Ifso, it would imply that the water cycle isthe thermostat of climate dynamics, actingboth as a positive (water vapor) and neg-ative (clouds) feedback, with the carboncycle “piggybacking” on, and being modi-fied by, the water cycle (Nemani et al.,2002; Lovett, 2002; Lee and Veizer, 2003).It is our hope that this study may con-tribute to our understanding of the com-plexities of climate dynamics and ulti-mately to quantification of its response topotential anthropogenic impact.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis research was supported by the

F.I.R.S.T. (Bikura) program of the IsraelScience Foundation (grant no. 4048/03),the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,the Natural Sciences and EngineeringCouncil of Canada, and the CanadianInstitute for Advanced Research.

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Shaviv, N.J., 2002b, The spiral structure of the Milky Way,cosmic rays, and ice age epochs on Earth: New Astronomy, v. 8, p. 39–77.

Solanki, S.K., 2002, Solar variability and climate change: isthere a link?: Astronomy & Geophysics, v. 43, p. 5.9–5.13.

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Manuscript submitted February 24, 2003;accepted April 24, 2003. ▲

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2004 OFFICER AND COUNCILORNOMINEES

PresidentRob Van der Voo

University of Michigan

Vice PresidentWilliam A. Thomas

University of Kentucky

TreasurerJohn E. Costa

U.S. Geological Survey, Portland, Oregon

Councilor (2004–2006) Position 1Carolyn G. Olson

N.R.C.S., U.S. Dept. of AgricultureJim Knox

University of Wisconsin

Councilor (2004–2006) Position 2Darrel S. Cowan

University of WashingtonLaura Serpa

University of New Orleans

Councilor (2004–2006) Position 3A. Wesley Ward Jr.

U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, ArizoniaJean M. Bahr

University of Wisconsin

Councilor (2004–2006) Position 4Leslie D. McFadden

University of New MexicoBruce F. Molnia

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia



Causes and Consequencesof Globally Warm Climatesin the Early Paleogene,edited by Scott L. Wing,Philip D. Gingerich, BirgerSchmitz, and Ellen Thomas

SPE369, 588 p. plus index,ISBN 0-8137-2369-8$95.00, member price $76.00

This volume aims toillustrate the current stateof knowledge of the globallywarm early Paleogene andto forge links amongresearch conducted in

different regions from different perspectives. Its 36 papers areorganized into four sections that cover a variety of aspects of thePaleogene warm climate problem: “Climate Mechanisms andModels,” “Marine Biotas, Environments, and Climate Change,”“Continental Biotas, Environments, and Climate Change,” and“Integrated Stratigraphic Framework.” The volume is notable inthat it is broad geographically, disciplinarily, taxonomically, andtemporally, with an equally impressive variety of approaches. Theconference from which this volume emerged (“Climate and Biotaof the Early Paleogene” held in Powell, Wyoming, in July 2001)was the most recent in a series of conferences devoted to thePaleogene, all of which have had the goal of encouraging theintegration of research across the usual lines of terrestrial versusmarine, geochemical versus paleontological, and modelingversus observational.

Paleoenvironments andPaleohydrology of theMojave and Southern GreatBasin Deserts, edited byYehouda Enzel, Stephen G.Wells, and NicholasLancaster

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Penrose MedalPeter R. Vail

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University of California,Berkeley

GSA Distinguished Service AwardSharon Mosher

University of Texas, Austin

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Brazil

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Technology

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“Areas more likely to containnatural occurrences of

asbestos in western El DoradoCounty, California,” by RonaldK. Churchill, Chris T. Higgins,and Bob Hill, published by the

California Department ofConservation, 2000

Rip Rapp ArchaeologicalGeology AwardRolfe D. Mandel

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Division)Ellis Krinitzsky

Engineer Research &Development Center,

Mississippi

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Lisa Tauxe Scripps Institute, University of

California, San Diego

History of Geology AwardEllis Yochelson

U.S. Geological Survey and Smithsonian Institution,

retired

O.E. Meinzer Award(Hydrogeology Division)

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Menlo Park

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Division)To be announced.

Kirk Bryan Award (Quaternary Geology andGeomorphology Division)

Michael Waters Texas A&M University

Vance HaynesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson

Lawrence L. Sloss Award(Sedimentary Geology

Division)Robert J. Weimer

Professor Emeritus, Colorado School of Mines

Structural Geology andTectonics Division Career

Contribution AwardGregory A. Davis

University of SouthernCalifornia

Distinguished Career Award(International Division)John Adam Reinemund

(deceased)International Union of

Geological Sciences


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1. Applications of EnvironmentalIsotopes for Tracing AnthropogenicContaminants in Groundwatersand Surface Waters [501]

Sat., Nov. 1, 8 a.m.–5 p.m. WashingtonState Convention and Trade Center.Cosponsored by GSA HydrogeologyDivision.

This course will focus on practical ap-plications of environmental isotopes fortracing contaminants in hydrological

systems. The systematics of isotope frac-tionation and the distributions of se-lected isotopes in natural systems will bediscussed briefly. However, the main fo-cus of the class will be on examples ofhow isotope techniques can be used todetermine sources and sinks of nitrate,metals and semi-metals, or organics insurface waters and groundwaters.Faculty: Carol Kendall, Water ResourcesDivision, U.S. Geological Survey, MenloPark, CA; Ph.D., University of Maryland;Tom Bullen, Water Resources Division,U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA;Ph.D., University of California, SantaCruz. Limit: 40. Fee: $550; includescourse manual and lunch. CEU: 0.8.

2. DEMs: The TopographicDimension for VisualizingGeology, Geomorphology, andActive Tectonics [502]

Sat., Nov. 1, 8 a.m.–5 p.m. University ofWashington. Cosponsored by GSAGeoscience Education Division; GSAStructural Geology and Tectonics Division.

This course familiarizes participantswith detailed digital topography for edu-cation and research. Topics include DEMproperties, evaluating topography, DEMtools, and comparison of coextensivedata sets. The course highlights (1) de-tailed lidar topography for mapping faultscarps, marine terraces, landslides, andgeomorphology; and (2) draping maps,satellite imagery, and aerial photographyover DEMs to visualize the results in 3D.Faculty: Peter L. Guth, U.S. NavalAcademy, Annapolis, MD; Ph.D.,Massachusetts Institute of Technology;Ralph Haugerud, U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Seattle, WA; Ph.D., University of Washington; Stephen J. Reynolds,Arizona State University; Ph.D.,University of Arizona; Paul Morin,University of Minnesota, NationalCenter for Earth-surface Dynamics.Limit: 30. Fee: $650; includes coursemanual, CD, and lunch. CEU: 0.8.

3. Managing Environmental Projects[503]

Sat., Nov. 1, 8 a.m.–5 p.m. WashingtonState Convention and Trade Center.Cosponsored by GSA EngineeringGeology Division.

This course will present an overviewof all aspects of environmental projectmanagement. We will cover applicablefederal and state environmental lawsand regulations and discuss how theyare applied to ensure regulatory compli-ance and protection of human healthand the environment. The science ofproject management, including applica-tions of chemistry, biology, toxicology,geology, and hydrology, will be pre-sented. We will also discuss in detail pol-lution prevention, emergency prepared-ness, health and safety issues, regulatorypermitting, risk assessments, samplingand monitoring protocols, remediationoptions, professional liability and ethics,and project management skills. An op-tional exam will be offered following thecourse for those interested in RegisteredEnvironmental Management (REM) cer-tification through the National Registryof Environmental Professionals (NREP).Contact the instructor for more informa-tion about the NREP test and certifica-tion. Faculty: Raymond C. Kimbrough,P.E. LaMoreaux & Associates, Inc.,Tuscaloosa, Alabama; B.A., University ofAlabama. Limit: 30. Fee: $500; includescourse manual and lunch. CEU: 0.8.

4. New Satellite Data and Processing[504]

Sat., Nov. 1, 8 a.m.–5 p.m. WashingtonState Convention and Trade Center.Cosponsored by GSA Quaternary Geologyand Geomorphology Division.

This short course is an introduction tonew satellite data sets and interactivecomputer processing techniques usefulto the field geologist for mapping andanalyses. The course will describe thecharacteristics of new visible–near IR,thermal IR, radar, and digital topo-graphic data sets. Processing techniqueswill focus on interactive image process-ing using desktop workstations and in-expensive software. Faculty: Tom G.Farr, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA;Ph.D., University of Washington; JohnC. Dohrenwend, Southwest SatelliteImaging, Teasdale, UT; Ph.D., StanfordUniversity. Limit: 50. Fee: $525; includescourse manual and lunch. CEU: 0.8.


Geoscience Horizons:

Seattle 2003November 2–5, 2003

Short Courses Offered at GSA Annual Meeting


South-Central SectionMarch 15–16, 2004

Texas A&M University, College Station, TexasAbstract deadline: December 16, 2003

Information: Christopher Mathewson, Texas A&M University, Department ofGeology & Geophysics, 3115 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3115,

(979) 845-2488, [email protected]

Northeastern–Southeastern Sections Joint MeetingMarch 25–27, 2004

Hilton McLean Tyson’s Corner, Washington, D.C.Abstract deadline: December 16, 2003

Information: George Stephens, George Washington University, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2029 G St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20052-0001,

(202) 994-6189, [email protected]; Rick Diecchio, George Mason University,Department of Environmental Science & Policy, MS 572, 4400 University Dr.,

Fairfax, VA 22030-4444, (703) 993-1208, [email protected]

North-Central SectionApril 1–2, 2004

Millennium Hotel, St. Louis, MissouriAbstract deadline: January 6, 2004

Information: Joachim O. Dorsch, Saint Louis University, Department of Earth & Atmospheric Science, 3507 Laclede Ave., St. Louis, MO 63103-2010,

(314) 977-3124, [email protected]

Rocky Mountain–Cordilleran Sections Joint MeetingMay 3–5, 2004

Center on the Grove, Boise, IdahoAbstract deadline: January 27, 2004

Information: C.J. Northrup, Boise State University, Department of Geosciences,1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725, (208) 426-1009, [email protected]

Call for Geological Papers:2004 GSA Section Meetings

2004 GSA Abstracts with Programs

Printed volumes include abstracts for all scientific papers presented ateach meeting, plus session programs. Purchase your copies at each 2004GSA Section Meeting, or order through GSA Publication Sales, 1-888-443-4472, www.geosociety.org. Prices vary by issue.

Neogene-QuaternaryContinental MarginVolcanism

Metepec (eastern slopes of Popocatépetl volcano), State ofPuebla, Mexico

Conveners:Gerardo J. Aguirre-Díaz, Centro de Geociencias, CampusUNAM-Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230 México;[email protected]; 52-5623-4116, ext 107;fax 52-5623-4105

José Luis Macías, Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, Coyoacán04510, México D.F.; [email protected];52-5622-4124, ext. 19; fax 52-5550-2486

Claus Siebe, Instituto de Geofísica, UNAM, Coyoacán 04510,México D.F.; [email protected]; 52-5622-4124,ext. 17; fax 52-5550-2486

This Penrose Conference will evaluate the present state ofknowledge of the source and evolution of magmas that form ina continental-margin volcanic setting. Discussion will includepetrology and origin of subduction-related magmas, the com-plexities of volcanic styles that promote explosive eruptions, sec-tor collapse of volcanoes and domes, volcaniclastic sedimenta-tion, and related volcanic hazards. We’ll compare different casescenarios of continental-margin volcanic belts in the Americas,such as the Andes, the Central America Volcanic Arc, theMexican Volcanic Belt, the Cascades, and the Aleutians. In order

to achieve these objectives, we will gather scientists interested inthese topics who have enough knowledge and experience tomake important contributions during this event. We’ll also carryout a 2-day field trip to Popocatépetl active volcano.

The conference is cosponsored by the InternationalAssociation of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior(IAVCEI). Immediately after this conference, an IAVCEI work-shop titled “Neogene-Quaternary continental margin volcanism:The Mexican Volcanic Belt” will be held in the form of a fieldtrip to other locations in the Mexican Volcanic Belt, where dis-cussion of calderas, cinder cone fields, debris avalanche de-posits, stratovolcanoes, etc. will continue.

The Penrose Conference includes the following topics:

1. Origin and petrology of continental margin volcanism:examples from the Americas.

2. Petrology of the Mexican Volcanic Belt: a summary of 25years of continuous research.

3. Chemical composition and physical role of gases associatedto continental margin volcanism.

4. Lava domes and block-and-ash flow eruptions.

5. Explosive silicic volcanism and sedimentation processes.

6. Sector collapse, debris avalanches, and lahars.

7. Volcanic risk and hazard mitigation in continental marginvolcanic settings.

Field Trip to PopocatépetlThe first day will be dedicated to visiting the base of

Popocatépetl volcano summit cone (www.cenapred.unam.mx/UIVR.html) near Paso de Cortés and Tlamacaz mountaineeringlodge. Popocatépetl’s modern cone consists of andesitic anddacitic lava flows intercalated with pyroclastic deposits. Its craterhas an elliptical shape with a major axis of 800 m and a minoraxis of 600 m. The major axis is oriented ENE-WSW. The highestcrater rim and the summit (5452 m) are located in the WSW, andthe lowest crater rim (5250 m) is in the ENE. Popocatépetl’s pre-sent summit cone is built on the remnants of at least three previ-ously existing edifices.

During the second day we will observe the effects of repeatedlaharic flooding in the basin of Puebla at the eastern slopes ofIztaccihuatl volcano. During the climactic phases of Popo’s past,Plinian eruptions the wind at high altitudes was mostly blowingtoward the NE. For this reason large quantities of pyroclastic ma-terial were deposited on the NE slope of Popocatépetl as well as

January 12–16, 2004

Popocatépetl volcano from the laharic plains near Jantetelco.Photo by C. Siebe.

Popocatépetl from Cholula. In the foreground: Prehispanicpyramid with colonial church on top. Photo by C. Siebe.



Job Seekers: Let employersknow what you have to offer!You can now post your profile on theGSA Web site and receive internationalexposure. Employers looking for candi-dates that match your qualifications canview your information, and can contactyou directly to express interest. You mayregister at any time throughout the year,and can add to or revise your profile aslong as your registration is current. A one-year listing for GSA Members and Associ-ates in good standing is $35; for non-members the cost is $65 (and includes$30 toward membership). To register, goto www.geosociety.org/profdev/ems_app.htm. Let GSA help you find the right job!

Employers: Find the perfectmatch for your position.

You can save time and resources in yoursearch for qualified employees through-out the year by using GSA’s database of job-seeking geoscientists. Completethe Employer’s Request for GeoscienceApplicants form on the GSA Web site at www.geosociety.org/profdev/ems_emp.htm. Specify educational andprofessional experience requirements aswell as the area or areas of expertise yourapplicant should have. You will be able to access and print the online profiles ofmatching candidates, complete with

information on areas of specialty, type ofemployment desired, degrees held, yearsof professional experience, publications,and current employment status. The costof access to applicants in one or two geo-science fields is $175. Each additionalfield selected is $50. Access to the entireapplicant database is available for $300.It is solely the employer’s decision to con-tact applicants who interest them; we donot notify applicants of matches. Employ-ers using the matching service areinvited, at no additional cost, to havetheir position announcement posted forthree months on the GSA Web site.

Employment Interview Service at

the Annual MeetingIf at all possible, take advantage of GSA’sEmployment Interview Service, which isconducted each fall in conjunction withthe Society’s Annual Meeting. The onsiteservice traditionally brings more than150 applicants together with 40 or soemployers for face-to-face interviews.Mark your calendar now for the onsiteinterview service at the GSA AnnualMeeting, in Seattle, Washington. Inter-views will be conducted Monday,November 3 through Wednesday,November 5; interview scheduling willstart on a first come, first served basis atnoon on Sunday, November 2, and will

continue through Wednesday.

APPLICANTS: The earlier you registerwith the service, the more time employ-ers will have to find your profile online.Indicate on your profile that you wouldlike to interview in Seattle. Employersalso will have onsite access to your infor-mation and profile. Even if you decide totake part at the last minute, you can regis-ter with the service onsite and scheduleinterviews.

EMPLOYERS: When you rent interviewspace at GSA’s Annual Meeting, our staffwill schedule interviews for you. Plus,you’ll have access to the entire applicantdatabase and profiles, a message center,ongoing posting of job openings, on-siteapplicant registration and profile updat-ing, and photocopying services. Space isrented in half-day increments. Or youcan forego the interview booth, but useall the other services with the MessageCenter Only option. We offer flexibilityand service—it’s your choice!

More information and forms are postedin the Employment Opportunities section of www.geosociety.org. Or,contact Nancy Williams, Director ofMembership, Geological Society ofAmerica, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO80301-9140, (303) 357-1017, [email protected].

GSA Employment Service is now online!

on the E slope of Iztaccihuatl. After theeruption this material was quickly re-moved in the form of rain-lahars whichextensively flooded the Puebla basin anddestroyed several important settlementssuch as Cholula, Xochitecatl, and Cacaxtla.We will visit the important archaeologicalsites of Xochitecatl and Cacaxtla, both ofwhich were abandoned in the 9th centuryas a result of the devastation of the regionby lahars derived from Iztaccihuatl.

The conference is limited to 150 partici-pants. We encourage interested graduatestudents to apply since some partial subsi-dies will be available. The registration feeof $480 US will cover lodging, meals, fieldtrip, and all other conference costs, exceptpersonal incidentals. Participants will beresponsible for transportation from theirplace of residence to the Mexico CityInternational Airport, where we will meet.

At the airport, bus transportation for theparticipants to the conference place willbe available and is included in the cost.Further information on travel will be pro-vided in the letter of invitation but is alsoavailable at http://www.turismopuebla.com.mx/.

All participants will be encouraged topresent posters on their current researchrelated to the topics of the meeting andsignificant time will be devoted to viewand discuss these.

Cultural ActivitiesMetepec, and the nearby cities of

Atlixco (www.atlixco.gob.mx), Cholula,and the city of Puebla offer a variety ofcultural attractions. Cholula is the site ofthe largest (by volume) pyramid inMexico (www.tourbymexico.com/puebla/cholula/cholula.htm, www.logicnet.com.mx/~zac450/cholul_e.html). Enjoy a spec-

tacular view of the city of Puebla and sev-eral stratovolcanoes from the colonialchurch constructed atop the pyramid bySpanish conquerors, or visit the manycolonial churches and museums in thearea. Guided tours to these sites can bearranged prior to or after the meeting.Application deadline:September 1, 2003.Abstract deadline:September 15, 2003.Registration payment due:November 1, 2003.For detailed information and the ap-plication form, visit www.geosociety.org (go to “Penrose Conferences” in“Meetings & Excursions”), or e-mail theconveners. Information can also befound at http://tepetl.igeofcu.unam.mx/penrose/index.html.


The following members wereelected by Council action at itsMay 2003 meeting for the pe-riod of October 2002 throughFebruary 2003.

Michelle AbrahamNicos G. AdamidesMatthew D. AffolterRamil Surhay AhmadDavid K. AlexanderDawn A. AlexanderConrad K. AllenJohn A. AllenMargaret A. AllenSandra AllenArafat A. AlShuaibiArmando AltamiraRobert AmermanRobert AndersHeather E. AndersonMark T. AndersonScott R. AndersonBenjamin J. AndreGraham D. AndrewsMichael J. AppelBillie Jo ArnoldTracy ArsenaultWasinee AswasereelertG. David AtkinsWilliam H. AveryDov AvigadJames D. AyersJennifer T. BackNoelia BaezMark BaileySophie E. BakerMark BakkerAmy M. BalanoffHeather A. BallantyneZsuzsanna BaloghDeborah C. BanksDavid B. BarnettAmanda D. Barnhart-

SlaughterMiriam Barquero-MolinaJeff A. Bartlett

Kate E. BartonRyan H. BaskinWesley J. BauckeChristian H. BaxterBrian R. BeckHarry J. BeckerDavid W. BeilmanJames M. BekeJack BellanKevin C. BeltNathan M. BentleyJoan M. BernhardCharles W. BettonDaniel D. BettsGabe S. BeverCarrie A. BeveridgeJames A. BianchinMarron J. BingleLauren L. BisseyCherylee M. BlackRobin S. BlackJoan B. BlaineyMehgan O. BlairJames L. BlankenshipKaren O. BlountJames G. BockheimRobert BodnarMatt BoggsJoshua R. BollingJamie M. BonisteelPhilip S. BorkowKip BossongMatthew R. BourkeBenjamin BoyerDouglas M. BoyerJohn BoylanElizabeth K. BrabsonPatrick K. BrandKatherine A. BrandtJohn R. Branom Jr.Terrance P. BrennanBart BrethertonDaniel S. BrounsteinDana C. BrownJ.J. BrownRusty C. BrownDan E. Bulger

Nimeesha BulsaraLee Anne BurroughRichard A. BuschJonathan C. BusheyAmanda M.M. BustinLaurie ButtonBenjamin N. BymersAna M. CadenaMichael J. CalawayIan CameronJoshua S. CampbellJennifer J. CardranHeather A. CarlosMichael E. CaronDeron T. CarterJudd A. CaseOctavian CatuneanuGrady H. CaulkRobinson CecilNurgul Celik BalciArtemi CerdaYeung Suk ChaGareth R. ChalmersJoseph F. ChandlerCatherine E. ChanningSumantra ChatterjeeHanlin ChenAdidi ChennaJenny Cosima CherryhomesChukwuemeka ChinakaSung-Ja ChoiWan-Joo ChoiWei ChuUeechan ChwaeMatthew E. ClaphamEugene E. ClarkRenee M. ClaryDavid ColeGertrude E. ColeDuff CollinsCandice ConstantineJennie CookBrian E. CoreyJesse A. CorrowMargo CortesErica B. CortezSandor R.F. CosciaCarol J. CotterillRachel D. CouchMarco A. Coutino JoseClaire M. CoyneJames G. CrockBob CroneBruce M. CroweMark D. CruiseAlejandro CuevasMatthew L. CupperJohn B. Czarnecki

Elad DafnyArthur R. Dahl Jr.William L. DamJan DashHeather M. DavidsonMichelle M. DavidsonDrew K. DavisScott E. DavisValerie C. DavisDara C. DawsonNarendra N. DeMichael T. DeAngelisSara M. DecherdKevin O. DeGroskyBob DennisLisa DepoeAram N. DerewetzkyDeepu DethanAlexander DeutschFionnuala DevineTerrence J. DewaneDalphania S. DickersonKathleen E. DonnellyJeff A. DoraleJohn N. DoughertyMarianne S. V. DouglasJon C. DowellCharlene L. DrakeSara E. DrauckerBrian DreyerThomas DriesnerAgnes DuboisHarvey R. DucheneMark A. DudleyElise J. DufourJon A. DukeMichael J. DunlapSedelia R. DurandArthur S. DykeC. Mark EakinKristin A. EbertRobert P. EganhouseJonathan B. EllingsonGeorge W. Ellsworth Jr.Davide ElmoElizabeth K. EricksonMelinda L. EricksonFrancisco Escandon-ValleFrank EvansHelen F. EvansStephen G. EvansJerry P. FairleyMohammad D. FakhariDonald W. FallonJessica FallonJuraj FarkasRick FarrarMatt C. Farris

New GSA Members


Tracy L. FengerEric W. FergusonAutumn R. FernaldBrent C. FerryMary Anne FilliponeSteve T. FinchKayse FisherAlan L. FlintDan FollmerMatthew J. ForrestEverett H. FortnerColleen J. FowleEmily K. FramptonPastora FranceschiAshley Hunt FrancisJason M. FrancisRobert Daniel FrancisShaun K. FrapeChad FreedJames FreiheitMarcy Jo FrenchRichard P. FrieseNicholas J. FrommGary S FuisJose L. GagoEric GaidosChristopher N. GaleJosip R. GaletovicTara GansePaul J. GarrettMatthew P. GatewoodStephen R. GearheartSanghamitra GhoshDavid M. GilbertLea A. GilbertsonShana C. GilletteBrett H. GilleyChristopher S. GilliamChristine M. GirtainJohn A. GlennonOguz GogusJessica C. GoinAndrew R. Gomolak Jr.Shane A. GoodnightDaniel P. GormanLaurie Beth GortonLarry P. GoughJessica J. GouldJesse C. GradySuzanne C. GrandyRobert G. GranthamFabienne M. Grellet-TinnerGerald Grellet-TinnerWarren C. GriceCheryl A. GriffithCarol B. GriggsWesley GroomeBenjamin D. Grosser

Daniel C. GrossmanWang GuoDavid M. HaagDavid A. HaddoxDouglas C. HallErika HallTracy Lynn HallJulie HallidayMichael HalpinWillis E. HamesLyle D. HansenLisa L. HarrellLee HarrisonMegan L. HartTrudy S. HasanLeslie E. HasbargenLaurie B. HauptmannAndrea D. HawkesMichael R. HayesJeremy M. HaynesGuangyu HeShundong HePaul J. HeadlandScott HemingwaySamuel S. HendersonAustin J.W. HendyDavid K. HeuerMatthew J. HeumannScott E. HiersDonald HintzColette B. HirstiusErik N. HoffmannApril HohJill A. HollidayKurt HomnickJames A. HonertKazuaki HoriJacob A. HornerFrances D. HostettlerGeraldean Q. HouriganJames P. HowardKen R. HubbertCarol S. HuberPeter P. HudecJoel HudleySam HudsonGlendon B. HunsingerDavid H. HuntleyFrancois HuotTakehito IkejiriChang Bock ImSteven J. IngsToru IshikawaTatsuya IshiyamaMohammed R. IslamErkan IstanbulluogluDavid D. JacksonJoseph R. Jacobs

Kevin L. JamesLorna G. Jaramillo-NievesTim M. JellettRobert G. JenkinsHugh C. JenkynsJunfeng JiLixin JinDanielle JohnsonElizabeth G. JohnsonReuben JohnsonDavid T. JohnstonScott M. JohnstonShelley JohnstonCatherine L. JonesDavid A. JonesHelen JonesMary E. KairouzAlejandro KakariekaKristal KallenbergJagath J. KaluarachchiKinuyo KanamaruGentaro KawakamiKendall S. KeaneMonty KeelGareth KeevilValerie L. KeinathBrian KendallMaura KennellyAndrew B. KenstJessica Lee KernsJohn H. KesslerBlake KetchumShakira A. KhanKyi KhinWilliam S. KinmanDavid A. KinnerStefan M. KirbyChris M. KnappJason L. KneedyTyler R. KnudsenKarinne KnutsenJohannes KochPeter E. KondratRobert E. Kopp IIIVesna KundicJason D. KuykendallAndrew Kylander-ClarkSamuel L. LaceyW. Bruce LafrenzMarkus M. LagmansonPatrick LajeunesseMario L. LancaGary P. LandisMichael LaraNicolaj K. LarsenRachel M. LauerChristopher D. LaughreySarah B. Lavallee

Jennifer L. LawKimberly N. LeStanley LeakeErica A. LeeHyunwoo LeeJason E. LeePaul Zi-Fang LeeStephen W. LehnerJean-Michel LemieuxYvon LemieuxLucinda J. LeonardCarole LeonelloTimothy E. LesleYongxiang LiRobert L. LiddleMichael A. LindenRonald M. LindenJohan LissenbergSandra E. LitschertHui-Hai LiuZhen LiuK. Eric LivoNyssa LoeppkeTina D. LomnickyAna C. LondonoLeigh Ann M. LongAndrea M. LovelandPaul C. LowBryan LumanJudith LundquistMary LuskRichard LynnLina MaKatrina E. MabinJohn MaclachlanNatalie J. MacLeanMichael P. MaleyMatthew S. MalinowskiJerry L. MallamsMichelle MaloneAlex K. MandaMarina ManeaVlad Constantin ManeaChandrika ManepallyJohn J. ManesJennifer M. ManganMichael R. MansfieldDominic D. ManzerAgnes MarkowskiRosenelsy MarreroKevin L. MartinYvonne E. MartinSharon R. Masek LopezKevin B. MassJames P. MataragioSarah M. MatneyKeiko MatsuokaAndrew D. Matthew


Guillaume MattonJoe B. MatulevichMichael R. MaudlinDavid J. MauelCalista A. MayerLynette M. MayoMark S. McCaffreyKevin T. McCarthyAndrew J. McClellanLindsay R. McClellandJ. Donald McClenaganOlivia K. McCormickEric McCulleyJohn C. McDonaldScott F. McDonaldSusanne McDowellDarlene J. McEwanDonald G. McGahanRonald N. McGinnis Jr.Christian J. McGrathWilliam Skip McIntoshMarcella R. McIntyreJonathan P. McKennaJohn McLeodMeaghan McLoughlinSuellen MelzerBradlee J. MertzLisa M. MertzLisa G. MessingerJason D. MeyerXiaodong MiaoMatthew C. MiddletonMatthew C. MihlbachlerMoses MilazzoArnold I. MillerChristopher T. MillsBolortsetseg MinjinScott C. MitchellArijit MitraKatty MobasherKathleen S. MoburgCarolyn A. MoellerCastulo S. MolinaMike C. MoncurAngela M. MooreEmily A. MooreJason R. MooreW. Richard MooreBriana E. MordickFrancisco Moreira RiveraElena Moreno-BarberoCaroline-Emmanuelle

MorissetKazuyoshi MoriyaChristopher MorrisNeil E. MossSarah E. MuellerBimal Mukhopadhyay

Sean R. MulcahyRebecca C. MurpheyWilliam J. MurphyBryan E. MusgraveJohn MyersRonald P. MyersTiffany M. NaeherLeslie L. NagelNicole M. NastanskiLilian L. NavarroSamuel A. NdurPriscilla P. NelsonRoene E. NeuHeather NeufeldMichael G. NewbreyWalter E. NewcombAlicia J. NewtonTin-Wai NgDavid E. NickersonMicah J. NicoloShelley L. NiesenThomas E. NoceNazli M. NomanbhoyElizabeth NorbyColin P. NorthRyan T. NovakStephanie E. NovakAristeo NunezAndrew O’BannonGregory S. OkinCyril E. OkochaMatthew P. OlneyMira S. OlsonWilliam A. OlssonJohn M. O’NeillSandi A. OrtonoOluwayomi A. OyedeleColin R. OzannePatrick C. PalmerKarla PanchukPetra PancoskovaBrandee P. PangJelena H. PantelDominic PapineauHaewon ParkJungjae ParkStephanie E. ParkJeffrey ParkerMichael ParkerJud PartinJill M. PatrickJustin PearceKim PearceJanez PecarDaniel PeplowDonald J. PerciousElena PerezKatie E. Perham

Timothy E. PerkinsFrank PerryKirk A. PetersonShannon E. PetrisorMendy E. PhillipsKimberly M. PiepmeierEric M. PierceSuzanne A. PierceG. Stephen PittsWilfred E. PodolakGeorge J. PodsobinskiPeter P. PoltDonald R. PoolBrian J. PopeJohn PorterKen M. PowellWilliam J. PresnalRobert P.W. PriceElizabeth D. PrimusAndrea L. PrinceChad J. PritchardJay PulliamJames QuickRhonda L. QuinnThomas L. QuinnRobyn R. RaftisGus RaggambiMichael S. RaimondeVernon R. RainesDustin K. RaineyBraden H. RamboLeslie C. RandolphGreg RavizzaChristopher M. RawnsleyTerry D. RayHeather A. RaymondJohn J. Rebar Jr.Arthur ReedConstance S. RehfussMitch ReiberJohn B. Reid Jr.Michael ReillyChris J. RenyErin A. RetelleEnrique Reyes-TovarKim RichardsCarol A. RichlinKerri RiggsMindy E. RigneyDave RiskShannon RistauJo Ann RobertsonRebecca J. RobnettXavier Roca-ArgemiErika RodriguezRick RoederAustin J. RoelofsFrederick S. Rogers

Robert D RogersMichael J. RoheLuis Martin G. RomeroHeidi M. RomineYufang RongNova RoosmawatiCarlos G. RoselliDaniel J. RossBenjamin Jay RostronGregory L. RowlandChristine A. RoycePaul A. RubinMarco A. RubioChris RuehlTyler W. RuksCarol Cox RussellJennifer A.R. SabeanJamil A. SaderSatawat SaentonEverett C. SalasJuan Carlos Salinas PrietoAbani R. SamalPaul T. SanbornRenee SandvigJonathan M. ScaggsNicole SchemanHannah H. SchererMartin SchoellPhilip J. SchoenebergerTammie J. SchraderMark E. SchwabLothar M. SchwarzkopfTobias SchwennickeElyse M. ScileppiCynthia Dean ScismAndrew C. ScottJennifer J. ScottTimothy W. ScottNicole W. ScrogginsJennifer L. SeabaughYeong Bae SeongJohn R. ShackletonPatrick ShambergerDanielle ShapoRoger D. SharpeDavid B. ShaverTR ShawTimothy SheehanJi-yeon ShinKyle W. ShipleyOrfan Shouakar-StashTimothy B. SickbertDonald J. SidmanJanelle J. SikorskiValerie P. SlaterAmy L. SmithBruce D. SmithEvan J. Smith

Nathan D. SmithShane B. SmithKathy SokolicErin R. SommersDarla K. SondrolScott M. SoricelliRichard G. SouleChristina E. SpeckerJody SpenceMarc R. SpencerRodney S. SpencerNathan D. StansellJames E. StarrsPhilip StaufferDoublet StefanAnastasia SteffenBrenton A. StensonJames W. SterlingJoel StevensNicole M. StoltzHeather L. StottmanJamie R. SullivanKaurie C. SylvanderEwa I. SzynkarukAkinori TakeuchiCarolyn TaylorKatie M. TaylorLinda L. TaylorEvgueni N. TcherepanovJennifer TeerlinkKevin TelmerTheodore TeslerJ. Ryan ThipgenMark F. ThompsonClaes ThuresonNeil E. TibertKate E. TierneySean TimpaChristopher R. TincherHsin-Hsiu TingJeffrey TingleBrian C. TitoneWilliam R. ToddSimon A. TrautmanFabio TrincardiGeorge W. TuckwellEkaterina V. TumakovaGareth T. TurnerJennifer TurnerChioma U. UdezeShannon K. UllmannBimal UpretiPheadra UptonElizabeth P. ValaasFrances B. Van CleveGerald K. Van KootenAnn L. Vander SchrierTjalle T. Vandergraaf

Peter J. VarneyJacob A. VasquezLynette I. VayoAaron A. VelascoClaudia VelezJesse C. VermaireMindy Sue VogelKevin VranesYutaka WadaBrian D. WadeKimberly A. WaiteJames W. WaldropBecca A. WalkerJoanna C. WalkerPatrick WalshDylan J. WardJames WardOliver N. WarinSandra McCarthy WarnerKelli J. WarrenElizabeth WatsonStephanie S. WattsAmy C. WebbCathleen J. WebbGeoffrey G. WebbCatherine WebsterGraham P. WeedonTristin P. WellmanBradley A. WerlingBritt WestergardAmy WhitchurchNeil E. WhitmerBryan C. WilburKeith N. WilkinsonNarissa K. WilleverChristopher J. WilliamsJulie WillisAmanda D. WilsonGregory P. WilsonSharon A. WilsonCharles D. WinkerRussell T. WinnEwan D.S. WolffChristopher J. WoltemadeNgai Yuen WongDeborah WoodcockMiriam WoodsChristy A. WoodwardRichard E. WoodwardMarie P. WorleyKhryste M. WrightShawn P. WrightJennifer M. WulforstThomas C. WylieAncheng XiaoHuifang XuJie XuShulin Xu

Yukio YanagisawaLi YangShufeng YangDennis H. YankeeChris YarbroughEn-Chao YehKristina D. YelinekMark YingerYeong-Ju YooDino L. Zack

Alexandre ZagorevskiKhandaker M. ZahidMustapha ZaterGrant D. ZazulaKathryn G. ZeilerCory D. ZellersLin ZhaoRuixuan ZhaoFrancesca ZuccoJoseph T. Zume


New GSA Associates and Affiliates

The following people joinedGSA as Affiliates during theperiod of October 2002through February 2003.

Russell J. BakJoshua A. CalkinsAndrew J. GraffJohn K. HawleyMatt P. JedynakSusan PassmoreDavid L. SemenoffWilliam L. Spence

The following people joinedGSA as Student Associatesduring the period of October2002 through February 2003.

Jeremy R. AbbeyMichelle AbrianiDavid L. AbtTarik (Ricky) Abu-HusseinKathryn M. AdankPaul A. AgleAdekumle S. AladesuluPaul B. AlbersJoel G. AllenPatrick M. AllenJonathan D. Alvarez

Terri A. AmbornAlvin D. AndersonDaniel J. AndersonJoseph M. AndrewsSarah AskeySteven AspdenAlexis K. AultTin Maung AyeBrian BagleyAmanda S. BahlsHeather B. BaileyWade BaileyKarina BailonTammy E. BakerRussell N. BallietMitchell E. BarklageBronson J. BartonCarly E. BastowHeather L. BaughJennifer L. BaxterLorraine M. BeaneStephanie BearEmily BellingerAntony BertheloteRachel BetrusAngela BiceSusan D. BillowJeffery R. BirdNathan A. BishopMichael J. BlackstoneJeremy M. BlansettKathleen S. BleachHeather A. BleickDavid R. BloodKevin R. Bogdan

Student Associates

Affiliates


Cherina N. BookerMiriam N. BorosundEleanor S. BoyceIra A. BradfordReed BrandvikBillie Anne BrauchEthan L. BrownTiffany BrownSean P. BryanEdward R. BrzostekDevin P. BuickDebbie A. BushR. Michele ButtramCraig D. ByerNelson M. ByrdDaniel I. ByrneJamie M. CachineDaniel D. CadolCaterina M. CaiazzaJulie A. CalkinsCharlotte L. CampagnaAdam MP CanfieldStephanie V. CapelloErin CarrollZachary S. CaseyEmily N. CaskeyChristelle C. CastetJanis Y. CastoJay ChapmanRandall Chapman

Phuong K. ChauSarah H. CheesmanElizabeth J.S. ChesserLaurel B. ChildressMichael A. ChoateAna J. CichowskiHoward Biff CoatesCatherine CoffeyKrista L. CollierJoanna G. ColvinHeather P. CookElizabeth CopelandCatherine E. CorriveauChristopher CoughenourLisa M. CowleyWilliam H. CraddockBrian J. CraigJohn C. CrawfordScott A. CrombieAngela CrossAdam Z. CsankR. Brent CunninghamGerard P. CzarneckiThomas A. DaigleBarbara A. DalgishDavid R. DanielsThomas H. Darby IINigel DaviesDavid A. DavisonJacob E. Day

David de GiveJoost Maarten de MoorDavid A. DechantBenjamin D. DejongLaura M. DeMottStephanie DePoalaBrian E. DesGagnesAaron J. DeVriesSean DickieAngela DiefenbachTheresa M. DiehlJudith B. DippyBrian DolanEric T. DonaldsonEvan DoneganVanessa A. DonnellyJason E. DukeJosh C. DunnMichelle DuPreeOrland R. DurbenLeonard J. EakinHeather EasterlyErin N. EastwoodVictoria M. EgertonAmy E. EisinBlake D. EldridgeTracy L. EllisTheresa N. EngelKyle J. EnglishMarty Erwin

Robert C. EslickNessa R. EullKelly A. FamolareMary E. FawJonathan J. FelisMatthew F. FeyChristopher M. FisherBryan J. FlynnKathryn S. FlynnBryan ForbesSarah A. FordJeffrey L. FoxEvan Q. FriedmanErin S. GarberJason D. GarwoodRichard M. GaschnigChristina L. GebhardtDJ Bryant GerardLauren Y. GilbertRachel GilhoolyMichelle Y. GloeJohn M. GlowaAntonio GodinezJeffrey C. GoedenEvan B. GoldsteinJennifer J. GoodallChristopher GoodmasterBrian P. GoodwinMark A. GormanRamey E. Goss


Alison GraettingerKristopher J. GrahamJena GreenDavid GreeneAngela M. GrimmAndrew J. GunkelmanPatricia J. HallJohn W. HanklaMatthew G. HanksWesley E. HardenElizabeth A. HartungTyson HasselquistSunny B. HealeyEthan M. HeathcoatDavid HeeszelBjorn A. HelgesonEric HellstromAlissa A. HenzaAnnemarie H. HerbstHector O. HernandezKristin HillTina R. HillDeborah C. HiltonRoss F. HippleElizabeth HiserPhilip J. HoffkenJonathan M. HoffmanAshley Kay HoganHeather Noel HollyAllison S. HolmesLee H. HornbackOrville HrabeAmanda M. HughesDanielle L. HughesKalyca N. HunterAdam K. HuttenlockerBrian IngallWilliam D. IsenbergKatia A. IssaDavid JaneskoCynthia JarvieClyde D. JensenJanice M. JettNisikak E. JohnBradley G. JohnsonSammy R. JohnsonDaniel JonesKim JonesMartin A. JonesRuben Jorajuria-LaraAmy B. JordanThomas J. JoyceSarah E. JudsonJeremy M. KassoufPhillip KastJohn E. KatrasDavid M. KatznerRandy W. Keith

Gene H. “Trey” KendrickEthan Earl KernsFookgiin KhawCortney H. KitchenChristopher A. KlugJohn T. KochDaniel KoncurKamren KoompinPaul D. Koster IIVerra KosturiRie KotaJustin M. KovalskiMichael KrasilovskyDavid J. KratzmannAmber M. LahnersMollie LairdPaul LandisChristopher L. LashMichael J. LauderShawna M. LeatherdaleChristopher L. LeibliAlice J. LetcherKatie LetheJoseph P. LevittPatrick W. LimberJoel D. LloydAlex B. LongMeredith G. LongAndy C. LorenzJennifer N. LovinggoodTracy J. LundChris LyleNicole LyndeDavin LyonsMarie A. MaherHeather R. MaischAmy K. MaloyShaun A. MarcottRyan G. MarshallJacob A. MarsonCharles A. MartinMaria E. MartinRory MartinSarah E. MartinBarbara L. MatthewsKelsey McArthurJoshua D. McBurnettMeredith L. McCoolFrancis M. McCubbin Jr.Lindsay N. McCulloughDorien K. McGeeBrian D. McInerneyAndrea M. McIntireJohn McKayCatherine E. McManusChelsea C. McRavenChristopher B. MelbyMichael T. Meredith

Christine J. MeyerLeianna MichalkaJoseph C. MillerLaurie J. MillerWilliam R. MoakBenjamin L. MoanAmber MooreNancey K. MorganBenjamin D. MortonNissa MortonJustin A. MoselScott R. MuggletonElizabeth M. MunnWesley L. NapierChris M. NaspinskyEric NelsonJoseph J. NelsonTimothy R. NelsonYee-Wah Eva NgSara L. NicholsJason R. NorganKortni H. NorgartGabriela R. Noriega-CarlosJean F. NorrisAmy E. NortonAmy L. NowakowsksiVanessa A. O’ConnorMatthew O’DonnellNathan OfficerAthena M. OwenJulie R. OwenRobert A. PagliucoMarian A. ParkerTess PasseyChristopher F. PaulDarlee L. PaulMichael PayneAaron PearlmanDiana T. Pedley

Samuel R. PetersonRae E. PhillipsMaurisa PiekaraAngela T. PitaloRebeka L. PoierAnjani T. PolitLina PolviCaroline J. PonziniKaren E. PooleCarrie A. PorterJason A. PowellRobert J. PrinceJill M. PursleyNathan RauscherJerry T. ReecePeter-Jim S. ReynoldsChristopher J. RheaGwyn Rhys-EvansThomas K. RichardsChristopher E. RillingJulie C. RimbaultAugustine M. RipaKevin D. RobinsonTiffaney L. RobinsonLauren T. RogersJoshua J. RohretTara RolfeMatthew RoodJennifer A. RoseJeb RosenebergerChristopher J. RovendroAndrea Rowland-SmithTim R. RuffMark I. RussellTracy E. RyanScott I. SalamoffEmilie L. SammonsJustin SamuelCaisa L. Sanburg

Tara L. SandsThomas B. SanfordAaron M. SatkowskiMatthew R. SaylerTama L. SchererJill C. SchlauserRebecca L. SchmeisserDiana L. SchnarrenbergerJessica M. SchoonhovenEric J. SchroederRick D. SchroederCarolyn SchuttJoanne M. ScottRyan B. ScribnerRobert W. SeloverMeriam D. SenoussiAllyson ShaidnagleJessica A. SheltonKenneth L. SherrillJerome P. ShinnCatherine R. ShirvellJacqueline R. ShumwayJessica D. SittlohAdam D. SkarkeIsiah C. SmithRachel C. SmithRebekah R. SmithRichard D. SmithJess Soler

Karina A. SolisMike J. SoltNicholas K. SommerAndrew C. SorensenJennifer I. SpenceErik A. SperlingDerek A. SpoonerMarianne SpotornoKathleen StaffierPatty A. StahlmanJohn B. StanleyKenneth A. SteinMelissa A. StephensonChristopher W. StevensRobert J. StewartSpencer J. StewartNikole M. StifflerRy E. StoneQuentin N. StosselSpencer R. StrandGraeme StrokerMichele StroudRobert A. StrunkRichard A. SuggsNathan R. SuurmeyerEdward M. Sweeney Jr.Brandy J. TaylorDylan F. TaylorStacey Taylor

Ryan TenBrinkJamarcus TerrellJohn T. Thacker IIIWeston ThelenTravis W. ThomasonAbigail J. ThompsonJill ThompsonKirsten ThompsonLauren P. TiceChristy TillJulie M. TimbersRobyn TompkinsPetia T. TontchevaKristie C. TordaiJohn L. TurcotteMelissa D. TurnerRobert TussoJustin S. TweetLauren B. UlmRay UnderwoodKent O. UsherJennifer M. VandagriffNicholas J. VanderfestStephen L. VaughnGarrett S. ViceMark E. VishnefskeNicholas P. VreelandDaniel G. WaderAmanda J. Waite

Ross WaldripAnnie WalkerVictoria D. WalkerBeth A. WalterBrian WalterHolly F. WeissMichael J. WelinWilliam B. WellsNick WeltyAmber L. WestadJames A. WetenkampMark A. WienersMark V. WildmannApril E. WilliamsDavid S. WilliamsWinfield WilsonEmily R. WinerChristopher T. WoodHerbert J. WoodAndrew L. WoodhullKelly M. WootenAlishia A. WurglerMark S. YoderPaula C. YorkAndrew N. YuhasJason G. YuvanKenneth G. ZaleskiAnna E. ZieglerAaron Zimmerman



Education & Outreach UpdateMany exciting things are happening in GSA’s Education

& Outreach Department (E&O) this year:

The GSA Teacher Advocate Program, a new programthat will begin in July, will focus on geoscience teachingresources and activities. The program’s goal is to promotethe geosciences to school students and families throughactive and enthusiastic teacher advocates. This will beaccomplished by:

■ Providing up-to-date curriculum–linked geoscienceteaching resources to schoolteachers across the U.S. and beyond. The curriculum will be developed byprofessionals who have had recent classroom teachingexperience.

■ Providing field activities for teachers so they canexperience the importance, relevance, and wonder of geoscience first-hand.

The resources produced for teachers will cover platetectonics, climate change, paleontology, volcanology, land-forms, earthquakes, and rock and mineral identification.These resources will help teachers make geoscience excitingfor their students through the use of activities, images, andmodels. Based on a similar Australian program, the GSATeacher Advocate Program has the potential for enormousimpact within the U.S.

Teachers will also have the opportunity to experience thewonders of the earth through field activities at some of themost extraordinary geologic locations on Earth. How muchbetter will their teaching be after they have experiencedfirst-hand the mighty work of a glacier or the sight, smell,and sound of a volcanic eruption? Promoting teacherenthusiasm for the geosciences is the whole key to thisprogram.

GeoCorps America continues to make a difference foryoung geoscientists by involving them in projects in our

national parks and forests, where they also have theopportunity to interact with park visitors. We’ve received 350applications for this year’s 36 summer positions; the successof this program has been enhanced by the high-qualityapplicants who are chosen to participate. Both Shell OilCompany and the American Geological Institute haverecently made contributions to the future of young scientistsby donating to GeoCorps.

Support for E&OSupport for these two programs is vital. If you would like

to donate to GeoCorps America or the GSA TeacherAdvocate Program, please check the coupon below andreturn it to the GSA Foundation. You can also donate onlineat www.geosociety.org/gsaf.

GSA Foundation Update Donna L. Russell, Director of Operations

Enclosed is my contribution in the amount of $____________.

Please credit my contribution for the:

GeoCorps America GSA Teacher Advocate Program

Greatest need Other: _________________ Fund

I have named GSA Foundation in my will.

PLEASE PRINT

Name ___________________________________________________________________

Address _________________________________________________________________

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GSA Foundation

Most memorable early geologic experienceAs a child during World War II, I tasted water bailed

from an oil well, found it salty, and thought there had to bean ocean down there. I’ve been looking for ancient oceansever since.

—Don Woodrow

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Conveners: Hermann Lebit, Department of Geology, Georgia StateUniversity, 340 Kell Hall, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA; CatalinaLüneburg, Department of Geoscience, State University of WestGeorgia, Carrollton, Georgia 30118, USA; Peter Hudleston,Department of Geology and Geophysics, University ofMinnesota, 310 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota55455, USA; and John Ramsay, Cratoule-Issirac, F-30760 St.Julien de Peyrolas, France

The conference was held August 18–24 at Monte Verita, a con-ference center of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology(ETH) situated on a steep hillside overlooking the town ofAscona and Lago Maggiore in the canton of Ticino. This venuewas ideally suited for field excursions into the central Penninicnappes and the plate collision zone of the Ivrea-Verbana region.It also allowed participants excellent views of the southern SwissAlps during the meeting. The 77 participants were a diversegroup in age and experience as well as geography: 35 from theUnited States, eight from Switzerland, eight from Germany, sixfrom Britain, four from Australia, three from Spain, two eachfrom Canada, India, and France, and one each from Bulgaria,Cameroon, Finland, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, and Portugal.Sixteen of the participants were graduate students and five werepostdoctoral researchers.

The conference theme was the geometry and mechanics ofthree-dimensional deformation and crustal tectonics, with in-sights and contributions coming from applications of the manynew techniques and scientific developments that have occurredover the past decade. Various approaches were taken, includingfield analysis, laboratory experimentation, physical modeling,and computer modeling during several days of presentationsand discussion at the Monte Verita Centre interspersed withthree days of field excursions in regions particularly relevant tothe topic of the conference. The days in Monte Verita were orga-nized around a series of keynote presentations followed by ex-tensive open discussion. The discussion periods were especiallyproductive, allowing everyone a chance to express opinions, ask

questions, and challenge one another. The discussion time stim-ulated wide-ranging, free, and sometimes heated exchangesamong audience members and with the speakers. Many partici-pants brought excellent posters; these also were the focus ofmuch informative discussion.

Principal TopicsStrain and what we can do with it. Keynote speakers: JohnRamsay, Sudipta Sengupta, Declan DePaor, John Watkinson,Renee Heilbronner, Ernest Rutter, Bernd Leiss, and Basil Tikoff.The first presentations focused on modeling superposed foldsystems, with special reference to the complex three-dimen-sional geometry and strain states that can arise. This led to ageneral analysis of stress and strain and the complex mechanicsof the folding of inclined layers in three dimensions. Methods ofexamining cumulative and evolutionary fabrics, both in naturaland experimentally deformed rocks—especially those producedusing experimental torsion techniques—were shown to havegreat geological implications. The final presentation involveddiscussion of how mantle geometry, deduced from an analysisof seismic shear wave splitting, might be related to the structuresin the lower crust.Models and kinematic indicators: What they really tell us.Keynote speakers: Peter Hudleston, Arthur Snoke, Jordi Carreras,John Dewey, Cees Passchier, Carol Simpson, Rick Law, and JohnWheeler. Most of these presentations concentrated on the devel-opment of shear zones and shear sense indicators found in andaround shear zones. Many shear zones show complex non-plane strains, and speakers showed how these may arise andhow strain compatibility may be maintained. Specific applica-tions varied widely from small-scale to regional tectonic features,and a wealth of excellent field data was presented. The regionalimplications of transpression and transtension were shown to beimportant in many tectonic zones. Presentations of the results ofrecent physical and numerical modeling experiments were ofparticular relevance to field investigations. The last speakersshowed how the information these provide might be used tounderstand the significance of large-scale regional features in theAlps and Himalayas.Reconstructing regional deformation histories by model-ing or by outcrop analysis. Keynote speakers: Richard Lisle,Alison Ord, Djordje Grujic, Jean-Pierre Burg, James Jackson,Ray Fletcher, and Martin Burkhard. The day began with a novelreinvestigation of the methods that can be used to describe thethree-dimensional geometry of many types of folds, both single-and multiple-phase. Pressure solution was the subject of somestimulating new computer modeling done by Australian re-searchers. Larger-scale general tectonic modeling and specificmodeling of Himalayan and Alpine tectonic features showedhow approaches based on a geometric analysis of final-state ge-ometry can be used to develop plausible developmental mod-els for such features. The recent use of satellite positioning tech-niques in currently active tectonic zones in Greece and westernNorth America showed how an analysis of recent deformationscan greatly assist an understanding of large finite displacementsand strains. It was clear that field geologists can benefit fromthe insights of those using modeling methods, but that model-ing must still be based on accurate and judiciously collectedfield data.

Three-Dimensional Flow, Fabric Development,and Strain in Deformed Rocks and theSignificance for Mountain Building Processes:NEW APPROACHES

August 18–24, 2002


Field TripsIn a special evening lecture, Stefan

Schmid provided an excellent introduc-tion to the three days of excursions, summarizing the regional geology ofSwitzerland and current thinking on thearchitecture and tectonics of the Alps. Ahighlight of his talk was a very new inter-pretation of seismic data obtained by theTransalp project, which transects the east-ern Alps close to the Brenner Pass. Incontrast to a similar project in the westernAlps that identified a southward-dippinglithospheric slap, the transect in the east-ern Alps seems to indicate two oppositelydipping slaps. The south-dipping onemay be the continuation of that seen in

the western Alps, whereas the north-dip-ping one may correspond with theDinaride system.The Laghetti shear zones of MaggiaNappe of the Central Alps. Conferenceparticipants saw, crawled over, and pho-tographed classic examples of shearzones developed during the Alpine defor-mation of pre-Alpine basement graniticand dioritic rocks. The complex geometryof and interconnections of shear zonesare apparent in these examples.Structures in the main nappe flatzone and steeply dipping “root zone”of the Penninic region. Well-exposedcomplex folding of crystalline basementand Mesozoic marbles was studied in the

walls of the Verzasca hydroelectric dam.Later, the group investigated the spectacu-lar basement outcrops at Lavertezzo in ValVerzasca, where the gneissic bandingshows geometrical forms characteristic ofsuperposed folds. These folds are cut bylate Alpine aplite and pegmatite dykes.Ductile mylonitic structures in theAlpine root zone and in the Ivrea-Verbano zone. Complex folding of peg-matite veins in the Monte Rosa root zonenorth of Arcegno shows that deformationwas proceeding as Alpine pegmatiteswere being intruded into the basementgneisses. A complex history of ductile de-formation, mylonite formation, and semi-brittle and brittle shear zones can be

Conference participants. Numbers followingnames refer to position in photo (by row fromfront to back, left to right); participants notpresent in the photo are identified with anasterisk: Jeff Amato (10), Chuck Bailey (39),Michael Bestmann (21), Shamik Bose (16),Mark Brandon (18), Margaret Brewer (*), Jean-Pierre Burg (67), Martin Burkhard (29), LuigiBurlini (*), Noel Canto-Toimil (36), JordiCarreras (20), Dyanna Czeck (45), Jean Crespi(12), Hagen Deckert (52), Declan DePaor(44), Allen Dennis (57), John Dewey (*),Dorthee Dietrich (5), David Durney (33),Mike Edwards (53), Carol Evenchick (*), PaulEvans (30), Raymond Fletcher (15), KlausGessner (*), Art Goldstein (69), Albert Griera(38), Djodje Grujic (46), Tekla Harms (13),Robert Hatcher (62), Reneé Heilbronner (3),Christoph Hilgers (61), Christopher Holms(26), Eric Horsman (*), David Hood (9), PeterHudleston (55), Zeshan Ismat (24), JamesJackson (59), Richard Jones (68), PaulKarabinos (43), Richard Ketcham (40), SergioLlana-Funez (51), Richard Law (70), Hermann

Lebit (8), Bernd Leiss (65), Richard Lisle (63),Catalina Lüneburg (7) and Adrian (7a), NeilMancktelow (27), Micheal Maxelon (37),Gautam Mitra (25), Alison Ord (58), FernadoOrnelas (49), Cees Passchier (*), Terry Pavlis(17), Jeffrey Rahl (22), John Ramsay (4), ErnestRutter (1), Stefan Schmalholz (50), StefanSchmid (31), Sudipta Sengupta (14), CarolSimpson (34), Arthur Snoke (54), Gary Solar(42), Aaron Stallard (60), Aviva Susman (48),

Jean Pierre Tschouankoue (6), Michael Terry(56), Basil Tikoff (32), Jens Walter (66), JohnWatkinson (2), Matthias Weger (28), RamiWeinberger (47), John Wheeler (35), RobertWintch (41), Christine Witkowski (11), StevenWojtal (23), Adolph Yonkee (64), and IvanZagorchev (19).


deciphered in the Ivrea-Verbana zone inroad sections just west of Monte Verita.

A field guide to these superb outcrops,written by Stefan Schmid, Hermann Lebit,Catalina Lüneburg, John Ramsay,Dorothee Dietrich, and Djordje Grujic, is available. Contact Hermann Lebit,[email protected], for details.

Pre-Conference TripPrior to the conference, 25 participants

undertook a nine-day excursion transect-ing the Swiss Alps from the external partsto the orogenic core. The trip started with the Glarus thrust, the classic basalthrust of the Helvetic nappes in EasternSwitzerland. The architecture of theHelvetic nappes and the subalpineMolasse was studied around LakeLucerne. Moving toward the southwestand more internal zones, attention wasthen focused on basement-cover relationsand reactivation of pre-Alpine structuresin the Aiguilles Rouges Massif of WesternSwitzerland. In the overlying Morcles foldnappe, the group examined structuresand strain features that indicate changesin transport direction during nappe em-placement. Moving to the internal zones,multiple phases of Alpine deformationand associated structures and fabrics werestudied in the Pennine units of the CentralAlps. Excellent exposures of tectonic andsedimentary structures were examinedalong a section through amphibolite-

facies Mesozoic metasediments at NufenenPass. Fold interference patterns and com-plex superposed strains are well exposedin the metamorphic cover rocks of theLepontine nappes. Outcrops of stronglydeformed conglomerates in the Lebendunnappe exposed in the Cristallina area pro-vided a wonderful opportunity for dis-cussing the significance of stretching lin-eations as kinematic indicators.

The three-dimensional geometry andkinematics of late alpine tectonics werestudied at the Simplon normal fault,which is a spectacular example of howpre-existing structures from the contrac-tional phase of deformation became modified during late orogenic extension.Pre-existing structures are overprinted byprogressively intense brittle deformationin the hangingwall and ductile deforma-tion in the footwall as the shear zone isapproached from either side.

The pre-conference field trip benefitedgreatly from the support and participationof local experts, and we wish to thankDavid Durney, Martin Burkhard, NeilMancktelow, Eva Klaper, and DjordjeGrujic for sharing their expertise with thegroup. John Ramsay, Dorothee Dietrich,Flavio Amselmetti, and other colleaguescontributed to the field guide, which wascompiled by Hermann Lebit and CatalinaLüneburg.

At the close of the conference, partici-pants expressed strong interest in con-

tributing papers to a special publicationbased on the theme of the conference.With the approval of GSA, the conven-ers have made arrangements for papersstemming from the conference to be pub-lished in a special issue of the Journal ofStructural Geology.

AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to GSA and the GSA

Foundation for sponsoring the meeting asa Penrose Conference. We thank CentroStefano Franscini at ETH Zürich for pro-fessional conference coordination(through the persons of Karin Mellini andClaudia Lafranchi) and we are grateful toETH for covering fees for the lecture halland the other facilities at Monte Verita.The Geologisches Institut of ETH, Zürich,generously allowed us to use their facili-ties for making preparations for the con-ference and the pre-conference field trip.In all this, Jean Pierre Burg played a keyrole. The Swiss National Fund is acknowl-edged for its financial support (SNF 21-68415.02), and the National ScienceFoundation is acknowledged for a grantto support the attendance of graduate students and young career scientists (EAR0223797). Finally, we thank the partici-pants for their individual contributionsand enthusiastic involvement in all ele-ments of the conference. ▲


Announcements2003September 1–4 Sixth International Symposium and Exhibition on Environmental Contamination in Central

and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (Prague 2003), Prague, CzechRepublic. Information: John Moerlins, Institute for International Cooperative EnvironmentalResearch, Florida State University, 226 Herb Morgan Building, 2035 East Paul Dirac Drive,Tallahassee, FL 32310-3700, (850) 644-7211, fax 850-574-6704, [email protected], www.prague2002.fsu.edu.

September 24–25 Discover Mongolia 2003: International Mining Conference, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Information:Sado D. Turbat, (976) 11-328461, fax 976-11-313287, [email protected], www.mram.mn.

December 8–10 From Mallik to the Future—An International Symposium on results from the Mallik 2002 GasHydrate Production Research Well, Mackenzie Delta Canada, Chiba (Tokyo area), Japan.Information: Scott Dallimore, Program Chair, GSC-Pacific, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BCV8L 4B2, Canada, (250) 363-6423, [email protected], www.gashydrate.com. (Open meeting;presentations limited to Mallik participants.)

About PeopleEllen Bergfeld was named executive vice president to lead

three scientific, educational societies headquartered in Madison,Wisconsin: the American Society of Agronomy, the Crop ScienceSociety of America, and the Soil Science Society of America, a GSAAllied Society.

GSA Fellow Gordon P. Eaton received a special honor at IowaState University on April 11, 2003. Eaton, who was president ofIowa State from 1986 to 1990, celebrated the official naming of anew, 86,000 square foot student residence: Gordon P. Eaton Hall.Eaton, a GSA member since 1954, retired as director of the U.S.Geological Survey in 1997, and is a GSA Foundation Trustee.

GSA member Geoffrey O. Seltzer, associate professor of geologyin the College of Arts and Sciences, was recently honored for beingnamed Alumni Associate Professor at Syracuse University. SyracuseVice Chancellor and Provost Deborah A. Freund announced theprestigious honor at a campus ceremony March 25.

Tyler Prize Seeks NominationsThe Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement is

seeking nominations for its 2004 laureate. The TylerPrize awards $200,000 (joint winners share the cashprize) for exceptional work in one of the following ar-eas: (1) protection, maintenance, improvement, or en-hanced understanding of ecology and environment; (2)discovery of new sources of energy, or the further devel-opment, improvement, or enhanced understanding ofthose sources; or (3) medical discoveries or achieve-ments that significantly benefit the environmental aspectsof human health worldwide. Nominations should besent by e-mail to [email protected] and must include: thenominator’s name, mailing address, present occupationtitle and institution title, the nominee’s vita or resume, aone-page statement of the nominee’s accomplishments,three or more letters of reference (mailed directly toTyler Prize office, c/o Linda E. Duguay, ExecutiveDirector of the Tyler Prize, University of SouthernCalifornia, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Suite 209, LosAngeles, California, 90089-0373), and the names and ad-dresses of three to five additional references. For furtherinformation, e-mail [email protected]. Nomination dead-line: September 15, 2003.

GSA Welcomes AMQUAas an Associated Society

At the May GSA Council meeting, the AmericanQuaternary Association (AMQUA) was accepted as aGSA Associated Society. AMQUA’s Web site is www.4.nau.edu/amqua, its president is Dan Muhs of the U.S.Geological Survey in Denver, and its secretary is BonnieStyles of the Illinois State Museum.

Student Research Grants in Mathematical Geology

The Student Grants Program of the International Association forMathematical Geology (IAMG) supports graduate student research inbroad areas of mathematical geology for the purposes of advancing thedevelopment and application of quantitative methods in the geo-sciences. Recipients of the awards, which typically amount to US$2,000,must be enrolled in a formal university program in which they are pur-suing a graduate degree. Complete application information and require-ments are posted at www.iamg.org. Written proposals for 2003 fundingshould be sent to Donna Dennison, Student Grants Committee, IAMGOffice, 4 Cataraqui St., Suite 310, Kingston, ON K7K 1Z7, Canada.Submission deadline is July 31, 2003.

Meetings C

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Visit www.geosociety.org/calendar/ for a complete list of upcoming geoscience meetings.


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Positions Open

SENIOR MANAGING SCIENTIST/PRINCIPALExponent is a leading independent consulting firm provid-ing solutions to complex engineering and scientific prob-lems. We are currently seeking a Senior Managing Scien-tist/Principal for our Environmental practice. This specificrequisition is posted with the intent of locating the posi-tion in our Boulder, Colorado office. Other locations maybe arranged based on qualifications and requirements ofthe applicant.

The individual in this position will have 15+ years ofexperience in issues related to the environmental sci-ences (e.g., soil science, hydrogeology, geochemistry, orenvironmental engineering), have developed lasting clientrelationships, be a recognized expert is his/her own field,be able to generate enough work to support other full-time staff, and be good at managing a group of highlymotivated staff. Testifying experience in trials and beforegovernment panels is a plus. The ideal candidate will becommitted to continuing to expand his/her own expertisethrough peer-reviewed publications and to developing thecareers of less senior scientists.

This position requires a Masters or Doctoral degree ingeology, soil science, hydrogeology, geochemistry, envi-ronmental engineering, or related discipline. Additionalrequirements include established client base and market-ing record.

Exponent offers an excellent benefits package, includ-ing a 401(k) Retirement Program, with a 7% companycontribution. For confidential consideration, please con-tact: Human Resources, Req. #1348KB, by fax 650 3283049; or by email: [email protected] See our web site forthis and other openings at www.exponent.com.

STRATIGRAPHY/SEDIMENTOLOGYCALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY

AT BAKERSFIELD (CSUB)The Department of Physics and Geology at CaliforniaState University at Bakersfield (CSUB) announces a oneyear sabbatical replacement position in stratigraphy/sedi-mentology to be filled as at the lecturer level. A Ph.D. inthe geological sciences is preferred but PhD candidateswill also be considered. Experience with the stratigraphyof the San Joaquin Valley is also preferred but notrequired. The successful candidate would demonstrate astrong commitment to sharing in department responsibili-ties toward the education of K–12 teachers-in-training aswell as majors courses. The successful candidate will alsobe expected to teach a graduate-level course in his/herarea of expertise.

The geology program at CSUB has both undergradu-ate and masters degree programs. The department is

equipped with aqueous chemistry and hydrology labs, anautomated XRD, an ICP-MS, an SEM-EDX, a researchpetrography lab, a sedigraph and field geophysics equip-ment. The California Well Sample Repository houses thelargest public collection of oil and water well cores andcuttings in California. The Geotechnology Training Centerincludes six SGI Octane workstations, 12 PCs, and sur-face and subsurface mapping software.

California State University at Bakersfield is a regionalcomprehensive university, which prides itself in a liberalarts approach to undergraduate education and small,high-quality graduate programs. It has an enrollment ofapproximately 8,000 students and resides in a rapidlygrowing community of over 400,000 people in the south-ern San Joaquin Valley of central California. The campusis conveniently located near popular beach, mountain,and desert attractions and is a two-hour drive from LosAngeles.

The starting date is September 1, 2003. Review ofapplications will begin July 15, 2003. Candidates shouldsubmit a letter of application, a current curriculum vitae,and names of at least three references to: Chair of theGeology Search Committee, Department of Physics andGeology, California State University, 9001 StockdaleHighway, Bakersfield, CA 93311-1099 USA.

Web site: http://www.cs.csubak.edu/Geology/.CSU, Bakersfield is an AA/EOE. Applications from

women, ethnic minorities, veterans, and individuals withdisabilities are welcome.

Ads (or cancellations) must reach the GSA Advertisingoffice one month prior. Contact Advertising Department,(303) 357-1053, 1-800-472-1988, ext. 1053, fax 303-357-1073, [email protected]. Please includeaddress, phone number, and e-mail address with allcorrespondence.

Per line eachPer Line for addt’l month

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Situations Wanted . . . . . . . . . .$2.25 $1.90Positions Open . . . . . . . . . . . .$7.00 $6.00Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$7.00 $6.00Services & Supplies . . . . . . . . .$7.00 $6.00Opportunities for Students

first 25 lines . . . . . . . . . . . . .$0.00 $2.85additional lines . . . . . . . . . .$1.85 $2.85

Web Only Ads . . . . . . . . . . . . .$7.00 $6.00live link: add $25

Agencies and organizations may submit purchaseorder or payment with copy. Individuals must sendprepayment with copy. To estimate cost, count 54characters per line, including all punctuation and blankspaces. Actual cost may differ if you use capitals, cen-tered copy, or special characters.

GSA Bulletin seeks a co-editor beginning July 1,2004, for a four-year term. A phased transition willbegin in the spring of 2004.

GSA will provide a part-time assistant, pay thecosts of maintaining an editorial office, and reimbursejournal-related travel expenses. Discretionary funds alsoare available.

Details on editor duties and desired qualificationsare posted at www.geosociety.org. Go to “PublicationsServices,” then to “Science Editors.” If you are interestedin this opportunity to help guide GSA Bulletin, one ofthe premier geoscience journals, submit a résumé and aletter describing relevant qualifications, experience, andobjectives. If you are nominating someone, include aletter of nomination and the nominee’s written permis-sion and résumé. Send nominations and applications toJon Olsen, Director of Publications, GSA, P.O. Box 9140,Boulder, CO 80301. Deadline: December 31, 2003.

Call for Applicationsand Nominations forGSA Bulletin Editor


GEOSCIENCE DIRECTORY

Books—Used & RareRecent, Rare, and Out-of-Print Books. We purchasesingle books and complete collections. MS Book andMineral Company, P.O. Box 6774, Lake Charles, LA70606-6774, [email protected]; http://home.earthlink.net/~msbooks.

Journals, Books, and Off-Prints in Geosciences.PaleoPublications specializes in paleontology, mineralogy,geology and related earth sciences. Search through1000’s of items at www.paleopubs.com. Nathan E.Carpenter, PaleoPublications, [email protected].

Contract LabsWater-Rock-Life Labs—a comprehensive analyticalcontract facility providing metal analyses on a variety of environmental matrices (e.g., EPA 200.8, EPA 6020) byDRC-ICP-MS. Laser ablation ICP-MS also available.Contact Dr. Robyn Hannigan, 870-972-3086, [email protected]; http://www.cas.astate.edu/geochemistry.

ImagingSouthwest Satellite Imaging. Affordable custom imageprocessing, optimized for geologic mapping and analyses.866-230-8941, [email protected].

MapsTravel Maps—The world’s largest online map catalog.Featuring city maps, topographic maps and digital maps worldwide. Call (336) 227-8300 or visit www.omnimap.com.

Science Teaching AidsEducational products from GSA—Contact us foreducator and teacher resources! 800-472-1988, www.geosociety.org/educate/.

Technical ServicesEditing and writing service specializing in earthsciences, geology, and environment. Fully web-based at www.geowriting.com.

Travel, Tours, Field CampsVolcano Tours. Get an adrenaline rush with VolcanoTours! 800-923-7422, www.volcanotours.com.

GSA’s GeoVentures. Contact Edna Collis, 800-472-1988,x1034, [email protected]; www.geosociety.org/geoVentures/.

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$125 for three months$250 for six months$500 for twelve months

$25 to activate a link to your Web address per month

Monthly GeoMart listing includes free Web postingwww.geosociety.org

CONTACTGSAAdvertising Coordinator

Ann [email protected]

800-472-1988 x1053

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vol. 13, no. 7 a publication of the geological ...vol. 13, no. 7 a publication of the geological...

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