Slide 1

Chapter 11Europe and Russia:Shaped by History

SECTION 1:ANCIENT GREECE TO THE MIDDLE AGES2

VOCABULARYThe time between the ancient and modern times, about 500-1500 A.D.

A kind of government in which citizens govern themselves

A city with its own government that was both a city and an independent state

A system in which land was owned by lords, but held by vassals in return for their loyaltyMiddle Ages

Democracy

City-State

Feudalism

The Greek HeritageAncient Greeks were some of worlds 1st philosophers, historians and writersInvented new ideas on how people should live & how the world worked

Greek city-stateshad several different kinds of govtmany were democraciesAthens was most famousCitizens had right to vote on lawsElected or chosen at random for positionsDemocracy was a new ideaNot the same democracy as todayFreeborn males whose fathers held Athenian citizenship were citizensAnybody else could not voteThe Growth of Democracy

The Golden Age of Athens

The Spread of Greek Ideas479-431 BChighest point of democracycalled the Golden AgeArts, books & ideas flourishedDeveloped ways of thinking around today

Alexander the GreatHelped spread Greek ideas334 BCset out to conquer the world10 yrs later he had conquered an area the size of the USCalled his empireEstablished Greek cities, language & ideas

Alexanders EmpireThe Glory of Ancient RomeRoman Empire was huge50,000 miles of hard-surfaced roadsamazing transportation networkMany roads are still in use todayBuilt aqueducts that are still in use today

Augustus took control in 27 BCBegan Pax Romana meaning Roman Peacelasted for 2oo yearsMost powerful state in MediterraneanPax RomanaRoman Law

The Spread of ChristianitySystem of written lawsDidnt rely on laws being passed orallyDecisions based on these lawsLaws became complexGroups in place to keep them organizedLegal system in Europe today reflects Roman lawProtected all citizens

Small amount of religious freedom allowedCould practice religion as long as law obeyedJewish ppl begin to resist Roman ruleRomans crushed their attempt at revolt 30 ADJesus of Nazareth traveled & preached in regionfollowers believed God was acting through himRomans put Jesus to death & his followers spreadhis beliefsChristianity became so strong that Constantine (emperor) became a Christianofficial religion of Rome nowThe Decline of RomeBecame difficult to govern Roman Empire (was too large)German invaders broke through lines of defenseEmpire needed more soldiers to fightGovt raised taxes to pay for them so economy declinedEmpire split in halfEastern remained strong 450 ADinvaders attacked Rome & western collapsed

Europe in the Middle AgesCollapse led to uncertaintyLegal system no longer protected citizensEurope entered a time of chaos & warEventually a new structure arose to provide orderBased on new politics & Roman Catholic Church

Developed to bring orderKing held highest positionjob was to provide security but needed soldiersNobles provided soldiers & knightsLand was given in exchange for loyalty (vassals)Peasants farmed the land & worked (manorialism)Called serfsbound to the land & couldnt leave

FeudalismFeudalism Pyramid

The Byzantine Empire

Christianity

Europe Begins to ChangeEastern Roman EmpireDivided into feudal kingdomsSurvived until 1400sFollowed a form of Christianity known as the Orthodox Christian Church

Faith gave people a sense of security during Middle AgesLife centered around churchWealthy donated monies to construct beautiful churchesStained glass windows taught religious stories to peasants who were unable to read

Trade increased in EuropeTowns offered places for merchants to sell & buyTowns grew into cities1400slife became city centered

Section 2Renaissance & the Age of RevolutionVocabularyA period of European history that included the rebirth of interest in learning the arts

Ruler of a kingdom or empire, such as a king or queen

A far-reaching change

A territory ruled by another nationRenaissance

Monarch

Revolution

ColonyGlory of the RenaissanceReached its peak in 1500sInspired Columbus

Thinkers re-examined the ideas of ancient Greece & RomeLearned about the poetry, plays, ideas & the artsMajor focus was art

Wanted to improve the world & bring order to lifeEmphasized importance of human nature & abilities of humans to change the worldEx. Life-like statues carved (Michelangelos work)

Looking to the Past

Humanism: A New ViewAn Important Renaissance Artist

Printing Spreads the RenaissanceMichelangelopainter, poet, architect & sculptorVery realistic & detailedGave art a new importancenow a way to understand mans emotions & feelings

1450printing press was invented in Germanybooks used to be made by copying them by handnow books could be made quicklyNow books could be spread throughout the worldSpread of printing had 2 effects1.) increased literacy rate2.) allowed ideas of Renaissance to spreadBefore printing pressfew thousand booksAfter printing press9 million books in Europe

Old Printing PressMore Trade, Stronger RulersTraders begin to travel more often1400sPortuguese explorers traveled to Africaprofitable trade1492Columbus landed in the Americas while searching for a shortcut to the Indian OceanPortugal grew rich from spicesSpain grew rich from gold & silver1600sFrance, England & Netherlands got in on trade The Effects of Trade

English MonarchsEuropeans raced to America in search of wealthGold, silver, fur, tobacco, etcTraders & merchants formed new social classKnown as the middle classTrade caused the feudalism system to declineLords grew weaker & kings grew stronger

1600s to 1700sAbsolute monarchs came into powerexercised complete control over their subjectsFrances King Louis XIVSaid, I am the stateMade people pay heavy taxesMonarchs made countries stronger & unifiedShould govt have a lot of power?22

King Louis XIVRevolutions in GovernmentThe English Revolution

The American and French RevolutionsPeople begin to believe kings should not have all the powerEx. King Charles 1 refused to share power with ParliamentParliament went to war w/ Kinghe was defeated& tried in court, sentenced to deathNo English ruler could claim absolute power again

Idea that people should have a say in govt spread to N. Am.1776colonists rebelled against British monarchybelieved the laws were unfair1789revolution occurred in Franceused extreme violence to overthrow monarchycreated chaosinspired new radical theories about politics & economyRevolutions in ScienceScientists begin to observe nature carefully & record only what they observedbased theories on facts instead of faith

Copernicussuggested that the sun was the center of the universeturned out to be rightNeeded new procedures to explain worlddeveloped scientific methodonly accept an idea once it has been tested multipletimesThe Scientific Method25Copernicus and His Theory

Other Scientific DevelopmentsChemistry & medical fields flourished1600schemistry didnt even existbelieved any metal could be turned into goldRobert Boyleideas about temperature & behavior of gasesEffort to learn about the human body & medicineWilliam Harveydiscovered how blood circulatesinside the bodyAntoine van Leeuwenhookdeveloped techniques for the microscopestudied insects & bacteriaBelieved universe was a machineSet rules that worked in a regular way

Isaac Newton1 of greatest scientistsInvented calculusused this to explain how the moon & planets moveLaw of Gravity

Section 3Industrial Revolution & NationalismVocabularyThe life changing period in the 1800s when products began to be made by machines in factories

A cloth product

The pursuit of economic & political control over foreign territories

Pride in ones country

An agreement between countries to protect & defend one anotherIndustrial Revolution

Textile

Imperialism

Nationalism

AllianceWHAT IS SHE THINKING?

The Industrial RevolutionCompletely changed the way of life in Europe

1st machines created to speed up weaving of textileshoused in large factoriesMachines worked much faster then people could (efficiency)goods made quicker and cheaperImprovements in:machinerytransportationcommunicationagriculture (more food grown by fewer people)

Changes in Production

1900factories produced many of the goods made in W. EuropeChanged life in many waysinventions used in everyday lifetransportation meant people could travel quicker more oftencommunicate instantly with one anotherCities grew rapidlyled to unclean and unsanitary conditionsEx. Diseases spread rapidlyFactory work was difficultwages were lowconditions were not safeEarly 1900slaws passed to improve conditionsIndustry led to more democratic nations in EuropeChanges in SocietyChanges in GovernmentEuropean governments became more aggressiveImperialism practicedColonies provided a lot of the raw materials neededLed to European markets abroadWanted to spread power and influence over peopleLate 1800sThe Age of ImperialismAfrica was being colonized by EuropeAs well as Southeast Asia & Pacific IslandsStruggles among powers would lead to struggles later

A Century of War and Nationalism1900sRise of nationalism in EuropeCan bring a nation togetherCan also cause nations to fight one another

Nations became afraid that one another would try & invade its territoryTo protect themselves they built huge armies and naviesAlso formed military alliancesTension ran high1914beginning of World War IWorld War IArchduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed by a SerbAustria-Hungary declared war on SerbiaSystem of alliances caused other nations to enter conflictEurope was divided into 2 major alliancesGermany, Austria-Hungary & Turkey (Central Powers)Serbia, Great Britain, France & Russia (Allied Powers)United States joined in 19171918Central Powers surrenderedGermany & Austria-Hungary were forced to accept harshpunishments in the Treaty of VersaillesEnd of war9 million soldiers & 13 million civilians had diedIntroduction of Trench Warfare

World War IIGermany suffered economic hardship due to Treaty of VersaillesGerman people felt they had been unfairly punishedAdolf Hitler (head of Nazi Party) took advantage of German discontentpromised to make Germany great again1933dictator of GermanyBuilt up armed forcesUsing threats & soldiers he took control of land thatbordered Germany1939Germany invaded PolandCaused Britain & France to declare war on GermanyAxis Powers (Germany, Japan & Italy) wanted to increase wealth and power using conquestcapture most of Europe, China and South Pacific

World War II contAllied Powers (Great Britain, France & China)opposed Axis Powers1941Japan attacked American forces at Pearl HarborCaused US to join Allied forcesSoviet Union also joined Allies after Germany attackedMay 8, 1945Germany surrendered after a long struggle

The HolocaustNazis committed some of the worst horrors in WWIItried to eliminate entire groups of peopleNazis sent Jews & other minorities to concentration campsPrisoners were worked to death, tortured or killed6 million Jewish people were killed in these camps

Victory in the PacificDespite Germanys surrender, Japan fought on Harry S. Truman (president of US) ordered use ofatomic bombbelieved it would end war quicklyOne bomb could destroy an entire citybomb was dropped on Nagasaki & Hiroshima100,000 + people were killedMore than 50 nations took part in WWII55 million people died

Two Paths Emerge in EuropeSoviet Union & US emerged as superpowersBoth used their ideas to influence the worldEurope was in ruins & needed to rebuildW. Europe allied with USEconomies restored, cities rebuiltEaster Europe took a different pathEconomies failed to recover & govts suspended freedomWestern and Eastern Europe remained divided until 1990s

Section 4Imperial Russiato the Soviet UnionVocabularyThe adoption of Western European culture

A Russian emperor

Ideas that relate to or cause the overthrow of a government, or other great change

A political system in which the central government owns farms, factories, and officesWesternization

Tsar

Revolutionary

CommunismBuilding a Vast EmpireSlavs were some of the first to settle Russia1200sMongols came in and swept the Russian Empire

Prince of Moscow made agreements with the Mongols1330she became strongest ruler in the regionEnd of 1400sMoscow was free from Mongol ruleMoscow became a huge country

1540sIvan the Terrible became leader of Moscowhe was cruel to those he conquered & his own peopleWhen Ivan died Russia entered the Time of Troubles20 years of civil wars & invasions by Poles1613Michael Romanov became tsarOrder was restored to RussiaRomanovs expanded Russia in 1600s (ruled 300 yrs)The Rise of Moscow

The Rise of the TsarsPeter the Great

InvasionCame to power in 1683Brought Western European ideas to Russiahired foreign professors, scientists & advisorsEstablished new schools, reorganized govt & armyBelieved Russia needed good seaports to conquer the worldConquered land on the Baltic & Black SeasMoved capitol to St. PetersburgRussia was becoming an empire

Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Russia in 1812Napoleon did not take into account Russias harshwinters, only 10,000 of the 100,000 French soldiersreached Moscow

The Fall of the TsarsLives of Russians had not improvedTwo main groups in Russia: 1.) small # of landowners 2.) poor serfs

1855Alexander II became tsarFreed the serfs, gave them their own landAlso gave towns more control over themselvesAlexander III reversed his fathers reform

Freeing the Serfs

Rumblings of Revolution1894Nicholas II became tsar (would be last Russian tsar)Beaten in war by Japan in 1904unrest grew among workers & peasants19051000s of workers marched to tsars Winter Palacewanted to directly appeal for reformtroops stopped them & fired into the crowdMass killing known as Bloody SundayTsar Nicholas II forced to establish the Duma (congress)people elected its membersIn theory, the Duma shared power with the tsarIn reality, Duma had little powerThe Rise of the Soviet UnionThe Russian Revolution1914Russia entered WWI against Germanymillions of Russian soldiers killed or woundedAt home there was severe fuel & food shortagesMarch 1917Russians began riotingtroops sent to calm the riots down, instead they joinedthe riotersTsar Nicholas forced to give up his throneTsar and family held hostage by Lenins forcesa weak govt took overMarch 1918Vladimir Lenin signed agreement w/ Germany & withdrew from WWIalso gave up Baltic republicsLenin wanted a Communist govteach person was supposed to work & share equallyLenin promised everyone would be equal (was not the case)

Building a Communist StatePeace was still not in RussiaLenins followers vs. groups who opposed them (civil war)Russia Civil Warlasted 3 years, killed millions1922Lenin created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSRcalled the Soviet UnionIncluded most of the Russian EmpireBegan to turn country into a communist oneKilled those who opposed them1924Lenin died &Josef Stalin became leaderGovt controlled all aspects of citizens lives

Stalins Dictatorship

World War IIStalin was a dictatorhad absolute powerDid not care about the Russian peopleIncreased factory workers would mean they needed more foodrequired peasants to turn their farms to the govtPeasants opposed so he sent them to prison camps in Siberia

Agreement signed w/ Germany in 1939stated that 2 countries would not go to war w/ one anotherDespite agreement, Germany invaded USSR 2 years laterSoviet cities were destroyed, millions diedSoviets fought bravely and pushed Germans out2 years later Soviet troops had captured Berlin in Germany (capitol)

The Cold War 1.) Situation in Eastern EuropeSoviet troops freed Eastern Europe during the war butthe troops did not leaveForced countries to become communistTrade & contact w/ West was cut off (Iron Curtain)2.) Soviets tried to expand their power beyond E. EuropeEncouraged rebels in other countriesUS was determined to stop themPowerful nuclear weapons built to stop one anotherCauses of the Cold WarCollapse of an EmpireSoviet Unions economy grew weak during Cold WarMoney was invested in industry & weaponsBasic goods & survival needs were not producedEarly 1980sfaith in the Soviet govt was goneMikhail Gorbachevcame to power in 1985allowed more personal freedomreduced govt control of economyEastern European countries abandoned communismSoviet Republics demanded independence1991Soviet Union broke apartThe Russian FederationFederation is a union of statesEach member agrees to give certain powers to a central govtMade efforts to build a free-market economySold state-owned factories to private individualsTried to become more democraticWas a difficult transition away from communismConflict among ethnic groupsMany challenges to starting a new way of lifestill some today

Section 5The European UnionVocabularyOfficial currency of the European Union

System in which goods, services, and capital move freely with no barriers

Government official who is in charge of a nations foreign affairsEuro

Single Market

Foreign MinisterHistory of the European Union1970s and 1980sNations wanted to join the European Economic Community (ECC)1973UK, Ireland & Denmark joined1981Greece joined1986Portugal & Spain joined

1992Maastricht Treaty signedEstablished the European Union (EU)Adopt a single currencyby 2001 12 countries hadadopted the euro

Expanding Membership

The EEC becomes the EUWhat Does the European Union Do?Goal of EEC was to bind people together to make future wars impossibleToday the EU works to achieve this goal by promoting cooperation & peace

Citizens of EU are all considered equalPeople move freely w/o needing visas or permitsPermanently move w/in EU without official permissionCommon policies in education, environment and lawStrives to protect European culture & heritagesponsors several cultural projectsCommon Social Policies

Common Economic Policies

Common Govt & Foreign Policies

Things the EU Does Not HandleTrade freely w/ one another w/o having to pay tariffsCooperate to create jobs for citizensContribute to the EUs central budget

Creates laws that govern nationsSigns treaties w/ non-EU nationsOversees policies that deal with crime & national securityCourt of Justiceensures policies are implementedfairlyMade up of 1 job from each EU nation

Nations work together but remain independentHandle their own healthcare, national defense, education & housing policiesStructure of the European Union3 main policy making institutions1.) European Parliament2.) Council of the European Union3.) European Commission

Passes the majority of EUs lawsMeets & debates in publicElected by all citizens of the EURepresentatives differ according to nations sizeAssembled in seats by political party not nationEuropean ParliamentCouncil of the European Union

European Commission

Future of the European UnionMade up of the foreign ministers from EU nationsRepresents the separate national interests of the member nations

Represents the interests of the whole EU communityRepresentatives sent to the commission from each nation

Great success, peace & prosperityContinues to expandnew members must accept existing lawsLong-term goal is to bring all democracies of Europe together