Vocabulary Vocabulary ReviewReview

Ch 8 – Cell Ch 8 – Cell ReproductionReproduction

Structures in a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus that are made up of DNA

and protein

Chromosome

Type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes

of eukaryotic cells, but not

prokaryotic cells

Histone

One of the two strands of a

chromosome that become visible

during meiosis or mitosis

Chromatid

The region of the chromosome that

holds the two sister chromatids together during

mitosis

Centromere

The material that makes up both mitotic

and interphase chromosomes; a

complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such

that translation and transcription can occur

Chromatin

One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex

of an individual

Sex Chromosome

Any chromosome that is not a sex

chromosome

Autosome

Chromosomes that have the same

sequence of genes, that have

the same structure, and that

pair during meiosisHomologous

Chromosome

A graphical display that shows an

individual’s chromosomes arranged in

homologus pairs and in order of

diminishing size Karyotype

A cell that contains two

haploid sets of chromosomes

Diploid

Describes a cell, nucleus, or

organism that has only one set of

unpaired chromosomes

Haploid

A form of asexual reproduction in

single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into

two cells of the same size

Binary Fission

A process of cell division that forms

two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

Mitosis

Reproduction that does not involve the

union of gametes and in which a single parent produces offspring that are

genetically identical to the parent

Asexual Reproduction

Process in cell division during which the

number of chromosomes

decreases to half the original by two divisions of the

nucleus, which results in production of sex

cellsMeiosis

A haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote

Gamete

Period between two mitotic or

meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies

its DNA, and synthesizes

proteinsInterphase

Division of the cytoplasm of a cell; follows the division of the

cell’s nucleus by mitosis or meiosis

Cytokinesis

First stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell

division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the

nuclear envelope

Prophase

One of the microtubules that extend across a

dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the

movement of chromosomes

Spindle fiber

One of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell’s

equator

Metaphase

Phase of mitosis and meiosis in

which the chromosomes

separate

Anaphase

Final stage of mitosis or meiosis,

during which a nuclear membrane forms around each

set of new chromosomes

Telophase

The precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and

divides a cell into two

Cell plate

The pairing of homologous

chromosomes during meiosis

Synapsis

The four chromatids in a pair of

homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis

during meiosisTetrad

The exchange of genetic material

between homologous

chromosomes during meiosis;

can result in genetic

recombinationCrossing-over

The regrouping of genes in an

offspring that results in a

genetic makeup that is different from that of the

parentsGenetic Recombination

The random distribution of the pairs of genes on

different chromosomes to

the gametes

Independent assortment

The process by which male

gametes form

Spermatogenesis

The production, growth, and

maturation of an egg, or ovum

Oogenesis

A short-lived product of the formation of gametes by

meiosis

Polar body

Reproduction in which gametes

from two parents unite

Sexual reproduction