vocabulary & general concepts of brain organization
TRANSCRIPT
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Vocabulary & General Concepts
of Brain Organization
Jeanette J. Norden, Ph.D.
Professor Emerita
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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Course Outline
• Lecture 1: Vocabulary & General Concepts of Brain
Organization
• Lecture 2: Cellular & Molecular Organization of the Brain
• Lecture 3: Brain Areas involved in Different Types of Memory
• Lecture 4: What Modern Neuroscience Reveals about what
Memory is and isn’t
• Lecture 5: Disorders that affect Memory
• Lecture 6: How to keep your Memory – and Brain – Healthy and
Happy!
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CNS: Brain & spinal cord
PNS: Any nervous elements
outside of the brain & spinal cord
Both the CNS and
PNS are made up of
individual cells called
“neurons”; the brain
alone has 100 billion
neurons or nerve
cells
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• A number of directional terms are used to refer to the nervous
system:
– ROSTRAL: towards the “head” end
– CAUDAL: towards the “tail” end
– DORSAL: back or upper surface
– VENTRAL: belly or under surface
– MEDIAL: towards the midline
– LATERAL: towards the side
C R R C
D
V
D
V
Lateral view Medial view
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• The brain or “encephalon” is subdivided into 5 divisions (beginning
rostrally or “towards” the head end): telencephalon, diencephalon,
mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon
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• Nuclei or areas are groups of neurons forming structures
with specific functions
– For example, each of the different colors on our brain
model represents an individual nucleus or area – each
with its own internal structure and function
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• Each of the 5 brain subdivisions contains specific nuclei or areas
which have important functions
– Telencephalon: consists of two cerebral hemispheres; the
outer covering of the hemispheres is called the “cortex”
(“rind” or “bark”); the cortex is responsible for voluntary
action or thought and for subjective experience
– Diencephalon: includes the thalamus (or “anteroom” – the
structure that “decides” what will be transmitted up to the
cortex) and the hypothalamus (the structure that maintains
homeostasis in the body)
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• Mesencephalon (or midbrain): contains many small nuclei that
are important in reflexes, such as reflex turning of the eyes
towards the source of an object or sound
• Metencephalon: pons (“bridge” – a structure that connects the
cerebellum [“little cerebrum”] with the rest of the brain and the
cerebellum (involved in learned skilled motor movement)
• Myelencephalon: medulla – area of the brain that controls vital
functions
The midbrain, pons and medulla are also called the “brainstem”
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Looking across different groups of
animals, the brainstem is remarkably
similar in structure and function;
it is the telencephalon that
undergoes the greatest change
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CORTEX
• The CORTEX represents the outer covering of the cerebral
hemispheres; it consists of layers of nerve cells (from 3 to 6 layers)
and varies in thickness from ~1-4 mm
• The CORTEX is divided into 5 “lobes” (4 are named after the cranial
bones which overlie them)
– FRONTAL LOBE
– PARIETAL LOBE
– OCCIPITAL LOBE
– TEMPORAL LOBE
– “LIMBIC LOBE” – Medially located structures involved in learning, memory
and emotion
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CORTEX
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Limbic Lobe
Learning, Memory & Emotion
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Brodmann’s System for dividing the Cortex
into Functional Areas
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The Brain is also Organized into “Systems”
• As time allows, we will look at various lobes of the
cortex and discuss how the different lobes play a
role in various brain functions, including the ability
to make a voluntary movement, the ability to identify
an object by sight, and the ability to speak &
understand language (we will save the specific
discussion of areas involved in memory until later in
our course)
• As we discuss various functions, we will also
mention how a patient might present if they were to
have damage to the area – regardless of whether the
damage is caused by a stroke or by a tumor or an
other brain disorder
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Face
Leg
Motor System
(Frontal lobe)
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SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
(Parietal Lobe)
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Visual System
(Occipital Lobe)
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HEARING & LANGUAGE
(Temporal Lobe)