vocabchapter 10
DESCRIPTION
VOCABCHAPTER 10. CONCEPT. A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. Prototype. A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category. i.e. Birds- feathers. Algorithm. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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VOCAB CHAPTER 10
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CONCEPT
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.
i.e. Birds- feathers
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Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
CONTRASTS with heuristics.
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Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.
Usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms
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Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions.
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Confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
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Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
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Mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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Representative Heuristic
Judging the likelihood in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
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Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their
availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind,
we presume such events are common.
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Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.
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Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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Belief bias
The tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning; sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
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Belief perseverance
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
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Language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
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Phoneme
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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Morpheme
In a language, he smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
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Grammar
In a language, system of rules that enable us to communicate with and
understand others.
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Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from
morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language;
also, the study of meaning.
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Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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Babbling stages
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the house-hold language.
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One word Stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
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Two word stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech
development during which a child speaks mostly two-
word statements.
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Telegraphic speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- “ go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.