Vocab list for Immunity due October 15th(Friday) 

Active immunity

Allergy

Anemia

Antibiotic

Antibody

Antigen

Asthma

Auto immune

B cell

Bacteriophage

CarcinogenDiseaseHelper T cellImmuneImmunityInfectionKiller T cellsMicroorganismPassive immunityPathogenTumorVaccine

VectorVirulentVirus

Microorganisms and Disease

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Nucleus

Membrane Bound Organelles (MBO)

DNA

Age

Example

Critter?

A) Comparing Types of Cells

NO

NO, only ribosomes

YES, circular w/ no ends & plasmids

Older, 3.5 BYO

Bacteria, ex E. coli

Prokaryote

YES

YES

YES, linear w/ ends packed into chromosomes

Younger, 1.5 BYO

Everything Else

Eukaryote

B) BacteriaTwo Main Types

Gram-Positive

stain purple~6 genera are pathogens

Streptococcus,Staphylococcus,Listeria,Clostridium,Bacillus

Gram-Negative

stain red

have extra lipopolysaccharide memebrane,

90-95% are harmful pathogens

Gram positive Athrax, w/WBC

Gram Negative bacteria

C) Viruses: Are they alive?

Bacteriophage Diagram

Means Poison/ Toxin in Latin

Over 5000 varieties described

Most abundant biologic entity

Are transmitted through vectors

Just like….

T-4 Bacteriophage under a microscope

Virus vs. Cell

Reproduce

Genetic Code

Grow and Develop

Use Energy

Response to the Environment

Change over time

Only with a host

DNA or RNA

NO

NO

NO

YES

Independently

DNA

YES( cells ^ in # and differentiate)

YES

YES

YES

Comparing Viruses and Cells

D) Diseases caused by Viruses & MicroorganismsStreptococcus

oooooooooooo (long chain of bacteria)

many species included in genera

causes Strep Throat•infection of the throat and tonsils•no cold like symptoms•sore throat, fever, white spots on bright red throat•Treated with Antibiotics which reduce spreading risk•can lead to meningitis-infection of the brain and spinal cord linings•Streptococcus pneumoniae- most common cause of meningitis•cause flu-like symptoms --> DEATH

Influenza•Caused by the Influenza RNA Viruses, Type A and B•Strains are constantly changing/ mutating

•Very high mutation rates because they lack DNA polymerase, which find mistakes by proofreading•Prevention by flu vaccine (Active Immunity)~200,000 people hospitalized 36,000 deaths per year•AT RISK: Old & Young, & Immuno-compromised

The swine flu outbreak was cause by a new strain of Type A flu Virus subtype H1N1, which has genes similar to a common swine version of the flu

The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic that killed lots of people (50 -100 million) worldwide was also caused by a vary similar strain of the H1N1 flu virus- thus the “ OH CRAP” response by the WHO in 2009

HIV HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-- Lead to AIDS ( Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome )

-Highest risk to African Americas-Mecklenburg County has highest NC rate

-Transferred through blood, semen and vaginal secretions that come into contact with broken skin and mucus membranes ( wet- thin tissue found in certain openings such as eyes, nose, rectum, vagina and penis)

- Virus finds and destroys T-cells- Death usually comes not from the disease

but instead by something else that takes advantage of weakened immune system

- Originated in African Chimps

Electron Microscope Picture of HIV Virus-seen as little white circle on white blood cell

HIV Infection Rates

Small Pox•Unique to humans•Versions of the disease are caused by Viruses •Variola major whose name means “pimple”•Characterized by a rash and raided fluid blisters•30-35% mortality, ~ 500 million deaths in the 20th Century•Completely Eradicated –December 1979- declared by the WHO (World Health Organization)

-Called Small Pox in reference to the Great Pox Syphilis: bacterial STD caused by Treponema

palladium

Janet Parker- DOD 9/11/78 was the last known person to die from smallpox- Contracted it from a medical school, thus all known stocks were destroyed except for the CDC’s

Smallpox localizes in smaller blood vessels, around the head and extremities rather then the torso like chickenpox

When chicken pox rears its ugly head again

Progression of a Small Pox Vaccine Scare

Vaccines•1796 – Edward Jenner

(English Doctor )

-Discovered immunity could be produced by treating patient with cowpox, a common ailment of milkmaids

-Treated a small boy( James Phipps) by inoculation with cow pox, then injected him with small pox virus no symptoms. Thus the first vaccine (Vacca-means cow)

-Treatment created a small blister that left a scar

-CDC maintains a stock in case of outbreak caused by bio-terrorism-20 diseases are preventable with vaccines

The Immune System

Specific Defense

Non-Specific Defense

Non-Specific Defenses

1st line of Defense –•SKIN (Layers of dead cells for protection)•Mucous lining, sweat, tears, and hair

2nd Line of Defense – Inflammatory Response•Blood vessels expand near site, causing swelling and local temperature increase•White blood cells move from vessels to infected tissue•Fever•Last ditch universal attempt at killing pathogen by destroying(denaturing proteins)

Specific Defenses

Immune ResponsesAntigen- Anything that triggers an immune

responseex: Virus, Bacteria, other pathogens

Humoral Immunity-the secretion of antibodies produced by B

lymphocytes- (B cells)-protection against antigens preset in body

fluids (saliva, blood, urine, mucous)

Cell Mediated Immunity-defense against abnormal cells and

pathogens in living tissue ( protection against ourselves)

-carried out by T lymphocytes ( T cells)

Types of Immune cells

Killer T cells- track down & destroy antigens

Helper T cells- produce memory T-cells

Memory T/B cells- remember specifically how to identify and defeat a particular antigen

Plasma Cells- create antibodies (immunoglobulins- used to identify and neutralize antigens

Suppressor T cells- used to shut down cell-mediated response

* Special Note- T-cells must be suppressed after organ transplants to help prevent rejection