Introduction to Parts of SpeechNOUNS | PRONOUNS | ADJECTIVES | VERBS | ADVERBS | PREPOSITIONS | CONJUNCTIONS | INTERJECTIONSNounsA noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. Such words as girl, school, car, and popularity are examples of nouns.Some Types of NounsSome common types of nouns include common nouns, proper nouns, abstract nouns, concrete nouns, collective nouns, and compound nouns.Common Nouns and Proper NounsA common noun names any one of a group of persons, places, things or ideas. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Generally, common nouns are not capitalized; proper nouns are.Common NounsProper Nouns

mountainnovelistmuseumshipmovieOudongNhok ThaemTuol SlengTitanicThe Amazing Spiderman

Compound NounsA compound noun consists of two or more words that together name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. The parts of a compound noun may be written as one word, as separate words, or as a hyphenated word. (Look it up in an up-to-date dictionary if you are not sure how to write a compound noun.)One WordSeparated WordsHyphenated Word

basketballnewspapercivil rightsArts and Crafts Clubno-hittersister-in-law

Concrete Nouns and Abstract NounsA concrete noun names a person, a place, or a thing that can be perceived by one or more of the senses. An abstract noun names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic.Concrete NounsAbstract Nouns

dogsunsetthundersilkMekong RiverlibertybeautykindnesssuccessMarxism

Collective NounsA collective noun names a group of people, animals, or things.Collective Nouns

audiencebatchbouquetbunchclustercrowdflockgagglejurylitterorchestrapridesetstaffswarm

Some Functions of NounsNouns can be used in many ways. Here are some of their functions. Subjects of VerbOne of the grammatical functions that nouns perform is the subject. A subject is a word, phrase, or clause that performs the action of or acts upon the verb. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as subjects:

The baby cried. Dogs and cats make excellent pets.

Subject ComplementsA subject complement is a word, phrase, or clause that follows a linking verb and describes the subject of a clause. For example, the following italicized nouns/ noun phrases function as subject complements:

My grandfather is a farmer. Our favorite pets are dogs with short hair.Direct ObjectsA direct object is a word, phrase, or clause that follows a transitive verb and answers the question who? or what? receives the action of the verb. For example, the following italicized nouns/noun phrases function as direct objects:

The children ate all the cookies. My professor recommended an extremely fascinating book.

Object ComplementsObject complements are defined as nouns, pronouns, noun phrases, adjectives, and adjective phrases that directly follow and modify the direct object. For example, the following italicized nouns/noun phrases function as object complements:

We considered our puppy our baby. America recently re-elected Barack Obama president.

Indirect ObjectsAn indirect object is word, phrase, or clause that indicates to or for whom or what the action of an transitive verb is performed. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as indirect objects:

The husband bought his wife flowers. The child drew his mother a picture.

Prepositional ComplementsA prepositional complement is a word, phrase, or clause that directly follows a preposition and completes the meaning of the prepositional phrase. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as prepositional complements:

The students studied during their spring break. Because of the lengthy delay, we missed our flight.

PRACTICE 11. Underline all nouns in the following sentences. Treat all capitalized names containing more than one word as single nouns.EXAMPLE1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in the state of New York in 1815.1. As a young woman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton studied mathematics and the classics both at home and at Troy Female Seminary, from which she graduated in 1832.2. Beginning at an early age, she recognized the injustices suffered by women, especially in education and politics.3. In 1840, she married Henry Stanton, a prominent abolitionist.4. At an antislavery convention in London, England, Mrs. Stanton was outraged at the treatment of the female delegates.5. She later helped to organize the first meeting to address the rights of women.

2. Identify the functions of the italicized nouns in the following sentences.EXAMPLE1. The woman has always hated mice and rats.1. Direct object

1. The woman whom you are looking for is a lawyer.2. Jennifer will have extensively studied English vocabulary.3. Marry lent her friend some money.4. He promoted his son the CEO of the company. 5. The husband bought flowers for his wife.PronounsA pronoun is a word/phrase that replaces a noun/noun phrase that was already mentioned previously or is already understood.Some Types of PronounsSome common types of pronouns include subject pronouns, object pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, reciprocal pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Reflexive PronounsSubject pronouns are used when the person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause. I went to the movie with my friend. She has three dogs.Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence or clause. I just bought a new bike. I love it very much. I need a person to work with me.Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. This seat is mine. Please move! His book is thick. Hers are all thin.Reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itselfmeaning the one who performs an action and one receives the action are the same person. They are also used to emphasize the nouns. Look at some of the examples. He bought himself a gift for his birthday. The students themselves need to know whats important for them.Subject PronounsObject PronounsPossessive PronounsReflexive Pronouns

1st Person Singular1st Person Plural2nd Person Singular2nd Person Plural3rd Person Singular3rd Person PluralIweyouyouhe she ittheymeusyouyouhim her itthemmineoursyouyouhis hers itstheirsmyselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimself herself itself themselves

Demonstrative PronounsDemonstrative pronouns, which include this, that, these and those, often distinguish their targets by pointing or some other indication of position. Ill take these. Those are my friends.Reciprocal PronounsReciprocal pronouns, which include each other and one another, refer to a reciprocal relationship. In traditional English, each other was used for a reciprocal relationship which involves two people, while one other for the one involving more than two people. However, in modern English, the two have been used interchangeably. Jack and Jane love each other. Students are not allowed to communicate with one another during the test period.Relative PronounsRelative pronouns including who, whom, whose, what, which and that refer back to people or things previously mentioned. They are used in relative clauses. The students who are found cheating during the exam will receive a 20% mark deduction. This is my friend whose father is a successful businessman.Interrogative PronounsInterrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. In reference to a person, one may use who (subject), whom (object) or whose (possessive). In colloquial speech, whom is generally replaced by who. Other interrogative pronouns include what and which. Who sent this flowers? What did you do? Whose is this book?Indefinite PronounsIndefinite pronouns refer to a person, place, thing, or idea that may or may not be specifically named. Everything will be alright. All you need is a break.Indefinite Pronouns

allanotheranyanybodyanyoneanythingbotheacheithereverybodyeveryoneeverythingfewmanymoremostmuchneithernobodynoneno one nothingoneotherseveralsomesomebodysomeonesomethingsuch

PRACTICE 2Underline all pronouns in the following sentences. Tell the type of each pronoun you underline.EXAMPLE1. Let me tell you about one of the camping trips that I took last summer. obj. obj. ind. rel. subj.1. All of the other members of my family like to go camping, but few of them enjoy the outdoors more than I do.2. Last summer several of my cousins and I stayed at a rustic camp in the Rocky Mountains, which are not far from our hometown.3. At camp we learned how to build a campfire and how to keep it going ourselves.4. A group of us even went beyond thatwe learned to cook meals safely over the open fire.5. One of our counselors showed those who were interested how to cook themselves simple meals.6. Each of his recipes was delicious and easy to follow, and everyone ate everything in sight.7. All of us enjoy anything cooked over a campfire.AdjectivesAn adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun. To modify means to describe or to make the meaning of a word more specific. An adjective is a modifier that tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Adjectives can come before a noun it modifies. They are called attributive adjectives. Adjectives can also come after linking verbs and be called predicative adjectives. She is clever. I bought a few books.Some Types of AdjectivesThe following chart summarizes some common types of adjectives in English.Types of AdjectivesFunctionsExamples

DemonstrativeIncluding this, that, those, and these, these adjectives are used to point out nouns.This girl comes from Spain.

DistributiveIncluding each, every, other, another, either, neither, etc., these adjectives are used to cache a noun.Every student is required to wear uniforms.

QuantitativeThey are such adjectives as some, any, no, little, few, one, third, etc.; they are used to tell the quantity of a noun.Many people believe in ghosts.

InterrogativeIncluding which, what and whose, these adjectives are used to ask about a noun in questions.Which author is your favorite?

PossessiveThey are used to point out the noun that belongs to someone and there are seven Possessive Adjectives. They are My, Your, Our, Their, His, Her and Its.Her sister is elected president of the Students Association.

Qualitative (of quality)They tell the quality of a noun. Such quality include size, age, length, origin, material, shape, color, purpose, etc.Its such a nice weather.

PRACTICE 31. For the following sentences, identify each adjective and the word it modifies.EXAMPLE1. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, bicycling became a popular sport in the United States.1. latterpart; nineteenthcentury; popularsport

1. By the 1890s, an extraordinary craze for bicycling had swept the nation.2. Though bicycles had been available for years, the early versions made for an awkward ride.3. In 1885, however, a more sensible model was introduced, one that resembled the modern cycle.4. Energetic people everywhere took to this kind of bicycle.5. Bicycling soon became a national sport.6. Cyclists joined special clubs that took vigorous tours through the countryside.7. A typical ride might cover twenty miles, with a welcome stop along the way for refreshment.8. Races were so popular with enthusiastic spectators, who often outnumbered those at ballgames.9. The fans enjoyed watching these tests of endurance, which sometimes lasted six days.

2. Identify each numbered, underlined word in the following paragraph as a NOUN, a PRONOUN, or an ADJECTIVE.EXAMPLEThe Spanish built the first ranchos, or ranches, that were in the [1] United States.1. noun

VerbsA verb expresses an action or a state of being. I am reading Veronica Roths Divergent. Your perfume smells good.Some Types of VerbsVerbs are classified differently. Here are some classifications of verbs.Main Verbs and Helping VerbsA verb phrase consists of one main verb and one or more helping verbs (also called auxiliary verbs.) A modal is an auxiliary verb that is used to express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the main verb. We should have been listening instead of talking. [Should, have, and been are helping verbs. Listening is the main verb.]Commonly Used Helping Verbs

Forms of Beamarebebeenbeingiswaswere

Form of Havehadhashavehaving

Forms of Dodiddodoes

Modalscancouldmaymightmustoughtshallshouldwillwould

Action Verbs (Dynamic Verbs) and Non-Action Verbs (Stative Verbs)A stative verb or non-action verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb or action verb which describes an action. Keiko wanted an iPad. [wanted is a stative verb.] She finally bought one. [bought is a dynamic verb.]Some Stative Verbs

likeknowbelongloverealizethinkfithatesupposecontainwantfeelmeanconsistneedunderstandseemwishpreferbelievedependagreerememberimaginemattermindrecognizeseeownconcernappearlooksoundtastesmelldislikehearastonishdenydisagreepleasebeimpresssatisfypromisesurprisedoubthave

When used differently, some verbs can either be dynamic or stative. Look at some of the examples. She looks beautiful. [looks is stative verb.] Marry is looking at a girl. [is looking is dynamic verb.] This food smells great. [smells is stative verb.] John is smelling the food. [is smelling is a dynamic verb.]Linking VerbsA linking verb connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. Such a word or word group is called a subject complement. Kelp is the scientific name for seaweed. [The subject complement name identifies the subject Kelp.] Kelp tastes good in salads. [The subject complement good describes the subject Kelp.]Transitive Verbs and Intransitive VerbsA transitive verb has a direct objecta word that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. She trusts her friend. [The object friend receives the action of the verb trusts.] J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter. [The object Harry Potter receives the action of the verb wrote.]An intransitive verb does not have an object. The audience applauded. The train stops here.When used differently, some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Study these two examples. Im studying. [intransitive verb] Im studying English at IFL this semester. [transitive verb]PRACTICE 4Underline the verbs and verb phrases in the following sentences. Be sure to include all the helping verbs.EXAMPLE1. The marching band would be performing during half time.

1. Because of the cold weather, the members of the band worried about their half-time performance.2. Marcia and the other saxophone players were clapping their hands vigorously so that their fingers wouldnt become even more numb in the raw, icy air.3. They imagined what would happen if their fingers froze to the keys of their instruments.4. Instead of music, harsh noise would blare out and probably startle the spectators.5. The other band members would likely skip a beat, and chaos would soon spread across the field.6. Out of step, the flute players might well stumble into the clarinet player, collide with the trombone players, or even trip over the drummers.7. When half time was called, Marcia and her friends rolled their eyes and laughed about the dreadful scene they had just pictured.8. Could such a disaster possibly happen?9. As the band marched onto the field, lard, white snowflakes swirled in the air and settled on the brand-new uniforms and shiny instruments.10. Some people were leaving the stands when the principal announced over the loudspeaker: Ladies and gentlemen, the band will now play Jungle Bells.

AdverbsAn adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb and a sentence. An adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent (how much, how long, or how often). Sokun Nisa sings beautifully. The tickets to the 2014 FIFA World Cup are overly expensive. The car can go very fast. Luckily, I brought some instant noodle with me.Some Types of AdverbsThe following chart summarizes some common types of adverbs in English.Types of AdverbsFunctionsExamples

MannerThese adverbs tell us in which manner an action occurs.Visal ran slowly.

PlaceThese adverbs tell where an action occurs.I went downstairs to eat dinner.

TimeThese adverbs tell when an action occurs.The guest came yesterday.

FrequencyThese adverbs tell how many times an action occurs.He goes to school daily.

SentenceThese adverbs modify the whole sentence rather than particular word/words in the sentence.Certainly, youre going to be great.

DegreeThese adverbs tell the degree of an adjective or an adverb.The road is quite dangerous.

InterrogativeIncluding when? where? why? and how?, these adverbs are used in questions to ask about an action.Where do you live?

RelativeIncluding when, where and why, these adverbs are used in relative clauses and they modify an action of the clause.Last year when they was a flood, tens of peoples lives were lost.

PRACTICE 5Identify the adverb or adverbs in each of the following sentences. After each adverb, give the word it modifies and the part of speech of that word.EXAMPLE1. My sister Juanna and I had often talked about getting a houseplant for our room.1. oftenhad talked (verb)

1. A couple of months ago, Juana and I finally decided to buy a houseplant for the kitchen.2. The large ones we saw were too expensive for us.3. Suddenly, Juana had a brainstorm.4. Lets buy some seeds and grow them indoors.5. At the seed store, the owner, Mrs. Miller, greeted us cheerfully.6. We explained that we wanted to grow a large plant but that our room never gets bright sunlight and that in the winter it can be especially chilly and dark.7. These are seeds of the bo tree, an unusually hardy member of the fig family native to India, said Mrs. Miller.8. There, this tree is sacred to Buddhists because it is said that the Buddha received enlightenment under a bo tree.9. When we got back to our house, we planted the seeds.10. In a short time, they sprouted, and we now have an unusual house plant that is suited to our environment.

PrepositionsA preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun, called the object of the preposition, to another word. A preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object form a prepositional phrase. A preposition that consists of two or more words is called a compound preposition. I rode past the village. I rode near the village. I rode around the village. I rode in front of the village.Commonly Used Prepositions

aboardaboutaboveacrossafteragainst

alongamidamongaroundasat

beforebehindbelowbeneathbesidebesides

betweenbeyondbut (meaning except)byconcerningdownduringexceptforfromininside

intolikenearofoffon

ontooutoutsideoverpastsince

such asthroughthroughoutto towardunder

underneathuntilupuponwithwithinwithout

Commonly Used Compound Prepositions

according tobecause ofby means ofin addition toin front ofin spite ofinstead ofon account ofprior to

PRACTICE 6For each of the following words, write two sentences. In the first sentence, use the word as a preposition and underline the prepositional phrase. In the second sentence, use the word as an adverb and circle the word or words the adverb modifies.EXAMPLE1. in1. We are going in the house now.We are going in now.

1. around2. by3. up4. outside5. aboard

ConjunctionsA conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. I started college when I was 16. Sokha and I love to dance. Neither Panha nor Thida knows how to fix the tap.Types of ConjunctionsThere are four types of conjunctions, namely coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and adverbial conjunctions.Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions, also known as FANBOYS, are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. They are used to join words, phrases, or clauses with equal emphasis.Coordinating ConjunctionsFunctionsExamples

andadditional relationshipDara and Kunthea went shopping and watched the movie.

but, yetopposite, contracting, concessive relationshipI went downstairs to eat dinner.

forcausal relationship I need to go now, for there is someone waiting for me at the car.

soresult or effect There is someone waiting for me at the car, so I need to go now.

or, norchoice, option, alternativeYoud better study now, or youll fail the exam.Youll never see me again, nor will you hear from me.

Subordinating ConjunctionsSubordinating Conjunctions come at the beginning of a dependent clause and establishes the subordinating relationship of the dependent clause to the rest of the sentence. Without such relationship, the dependent clause cannot make complete sense by its own. Elizabeth brushes her teeth before she goes to bed every night. Now that the country is peaceful, people are free to travel without fears.Common Subordinating Conjunctions

afteralthoughasas ifas long asas thoughbecause beforeeven ifeven thoughifif onlyin order thatnow that oncerather thansinceso thatthanthatthough tillunlessuntilwhenwheneverwherewhereas whereverwhile

Correlative ConjunctionsA correlative conjunction is a conjunction that pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence. They help indicate the relationship between elements they connect in a sentence. Kids enjoy both wet and dry sports. Not only do students enjoy summer vacation, but they also enjoy Christmas break.Correlative Conjunctions

not only...but alsoboth...andeither...orneither...norwhether...or

Adverbial ConjunctionsAdverbial conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that connect two independent clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, comparison, or other relationships. I want to go to Japan next summer. However, I still dont have enough money. The snow storm hit the city this morning; consequently, all schools were shut down.Some Adverbial Conjunctions

accordinglyadditionallyagainalmostanywayas a resultbesidescertainlycomparativelyconsequentlycontrarilyconverselyelsewhereequallyeventuallyfinallyfurtherfurthermorehencehenceforthhoweverin additionin comparisonin contrastin factincidentallyindeedinsteadjust aslikewisemeanwhilemoreovernamelyneverthelessnextnonethelessnotablynowotherwiserathersimilarlystillsubsequentlythat isthenthereafterthereforethusundoubtedlyuniquelyon the other hand

PRACTICE 7Complete the following sentences with appropriate conjunctions.1. I need to work hard __________________ I can pass the exam.2. __________________ he was the best candidate, he didn't win the elections.3. __________________ you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.4. They said that the movie was fantastic, __________________ I watched it.5. __________________ he was very ill, he didn't take any medicine.6. I don't know __________________ I can buy a pair of jeans.7. She went to the shops __________________ couldn't find anything that could fit her needs.8. Everybody likes him because he is nice __________________ helpful.9. __________________ he was angry with her, he didn't utter a word.10. Keep quiet __________________ go out.InterjectionsAn interjection expresses emotion. An interjection has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence. Some examples of interjections include ah, ouch, ugh, wow, oops, hey, oh, etc. An interjection is generally set off from the rest of the sentence by an exclamation point or by a comma or commas. Exclamation points indicate strong emotion. Commas indicate mild emotion. Whew! What a day Ive had! Well, Im just not sure.PRACTICE 8Using the interjections from the list provided, complete the following sentences. Be sure to use the words as interjections and not as adjectives or adverbs.Bridging Course | VOCABULARYDepartment of English

Semester 2, 2014

Page |1Page |14excellentwellwhoaouchwowoopswhewheycoolyow

1. ___________ I stubbed my toe!2. ___________ I forgot to buy bananas.3. ___________ our teacher didnt give a pop quiz today.4. ___________ tomorrow is a holiday!5. ___________ I cant decide; both puppies are adorable.6. ___________ I didnt know you ran cross-country.7. ___________ she won the race!8. ___________ what time are you going home?9. ___________ my name was drawn in the raffle!10. ___________ our runner was passed inches away from the finish line!

NotesRemember that the way a word is used in a sentence determines what part of speech the word is. Rich heard the light patter of raindrops. [adjective] The flash of light hurt her eyes. [noun] Use care when you light the fire. [verb]PRACTICE 9Determine the part of speech of the italicized word in each of the following sentences.EXAMPLE1. Marisa holds the school record for the 100-meter dash.1. noun1. They decided that the hedge needed a trim.2. Their hedges always look trim and neat.3. We usually trim the tree with homemade ornaments.4. Mom always shears a couple of inches off the top of the tree.5. Later, she uses shears to cut straggling branches.6. I wasnt thirsty, but I did down one glass of water before finishing my workout.7. Dale ran down the stairs and hugged his sister.8. If heights bother you, dont look down, the guide warned.9. I asked for Tuesday off, but my boss gave me Monday off instead.10. All but two of the students voted in the class elections.APPLICATION EXERCISES 1. Fill in the gaps: From the following list, use each word only once to complete the sentences below. Remember that in the case of nouns and verbs you may need to change the form of the word:

arbitrary (adj)assign (v)context (n)criterion (n)data (n)denote (v)devise (v)formulate (v)ignore (v)impact (n)similar (adj)summary (n)usage (n)vertical (adj)

1. Although not exactly identical, the two books are so _____________________ to each other that one author must have copied much of his book from the other.2. The Prime Minister set up a committee of financial experts to help him discuss and _____________________ new policies.3. It is often possible to guess the meaning of a word from the other words around itthat is to say, the _____________________.4. In 1990, the British researcher Tim Berners-Lee _____________________ the first browser, and so paved the way for the development of the World Wide Web.5. In newspapers, the layout of the columns is _____________________, while the rows run across the page horizontally.6. The rise in the number of deaths of AIDS has had a very significant _____________________ on peoples sexual behavior.7. The _____________________ of drugs has increased significantly in spite of more severe penalties such as longer prison sentences.8. Students should not try to write down everything they hear in a lecture, but just make a _____________________ of the most important points.9. We use the term class to _____________________ groups of people who share the same social and economic backgrounds.10. In one case, a murderer may go to prison for life, while another may be set free: It all seems completely _____________________.11. The new journalist was _____________________ to researching the election promises of the main political parties.12. Before we can judge a governments success, we have to decide the _____________________, such as unemployment, defense or taxation.13. One student failed because he completely _____________________ the instructions on the paper, although they appeared at the top of every page.14. Market researchers use _____________________ such as peoples spending patterns as well as information about age and occupation to decide on the most effective marketing strategies.

2. Finish the sentence: Choose the best ending for each of the sentence extracts below from the list underneath:1. I like your essay, but I want you to illustrate2. What will the result be if in the future we assume3. Students may be asked to compare many alternative4. The Channel Tunnel between France and England was contracted5. Everyone wants to be happy, but we probably all define6. Many universities now have language centers to facilitate7. Numbers and results are not particularly useful in themselves; we need to interpret8. In spite of warning about cancer, many Westerners equate9. Advertisers use a variety of techniques10. At first, the police viewed the crimes as random11. It may be the case that no solution is possible, given the magnitude12. Although computers are becoming increasingly complex13. The investigation was stopped because the witnesses could not identify

a. theories, from which they have to select the most convincing.b. happiness in many different ways.c. that nearly everyone has access to a motor car?d. the programs they use are becoming much easier to operate.e. a sun tan with health and youthfulness.f. the man they had seen commit the robbery.g. language learning for international students.h. at a cost of over $8 billion.i. of this problem.j. them to understand what they actually mean.k. events, but realized later that there was a pattern linking them.l. to persuade consumers to buy products and services.m. your points by providing some supporting examples.

3. Make a collocation: Complete the sentences with appropriate pairs of words from the two boxes.new analyze leading ultimate validmarital establish new initial reversetense constant minimum put forwardstatus responsibility role concept the hypothesisresults dimension reason temperature a link atmosphere results the verdict requirement

1. If you submit work late, you will lose marks and may even be given a fail grade, unless you have a __________ __________ such as illness.

2. One travel company is now advertising a completely __________ __________ in tourism: flights into outer space by rocket.

3. At the bottom of the ocean, the water remains at a __________ __________ irrespective of changing weather conditions at the surface.

4. The growth of China will add a __________ __________ to the economic and political situation in the Far East.

5. Students are expected not just to describe what they have done but also to __________ __________ when they write a research report.

6. Investigators have been able to __________ __________ between childhood illnesses and industrial pollution.

7. Following the demonstrations by thousands of students, there was a very __________ __________ in the capital, with many choosing to leave the city and head for the countryside.

8. Unfortunately, although the __________ __________ were very promising, the project failed in the long run because of a lack of interest.

9. Engineers have played a __________ __________ in improving our health by giving us clean water supplies, perhaps more so than doctors.

10. The Managing Director may run the company, but __________ __________ rests with the Board of Directors.

11. On the form, please give your name, nationality, address and indicate your __________ __________.

12. When some scientists originally __________ __________ known as global warming, the idea was not taken seriously, and yet today it is accepted by nearly everyone.

13. In some instances, a Court of Appeal may __________ __________ reached at the first trial and released somebody who has been wrongly held in prison.

14. Most universities require international students to have an IELTS score of at least 6 as a __________ __________ for English language competence.ReferencesA. J. Thomson, A. V. Martinet. (1990). A Practical English Grammar. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.FANBOYS. (1998, October 09). Retrieved from Sacremento State: http://www.csus.edu/owl/index/sent/fanboys.htmGrammar Exercise - Conjunctions. (2013). Retrieved from My English Pages: http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-conjunctions.phpPotter, D. (2007). Check Vocabulary for Academic English. London: A&C Black Publishers Ltd.Warriner, J. E. (2002). Holt Handbook Fourth Course . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.