vkj fhzp> vkj Ùapuhfk; · cs;slf;fk; 07 ed;wp etpyy;; 11 mwpf;ifr; ruf;fk; 18 kd;diu 26...

'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;"

kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO mwpf;if

2019-2020

bvï whs;sh i|yd jk ck;d ikaOdkh fhzp cupikf;fhd kf;fs; $l;lzp People’s Alliance for Right to Land


2019-2020

'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;"


2019-2020

cs;slf;fk;

07 ed;wp etpyy;;

11 mwpf;ifr; RUf;fk;

18 Kd;Diu

26 kf;fspd; fhzpg; gpur;ridfs;

1.1 Nehf;fk;1.2 nrad;Kiw1.3 topfhl;ly; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;

2.1 fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gly;2.2 tho;thjhu ,og;Gf;fSk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gk;2.3 Rw;Wr;#oy; rPuopT2.4 ,oe;j milahsq;fs2.5 fhzpfis clikahf;fy;> fhzp chpik kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlHghd ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

64 ghpe;Jiufs;

88 ,izg;G

7kf;fs; fhzp Midf;FO mwpf;if 2019-2020

ed;wp etpyy;;

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ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fisAk; 'kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO mzpapdH" kdjhug; ghuhl;LtNjhL

mtHfSf;fhd ed;wpiaAk; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.

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(LST); gzpf;FOtpdUf;Fk;;> nfsjkd; ghyr;re;jpuDf;Fk; - Ibah (IDEA) epWtdj;jpd;; gzpf;FOtpdUf;Fk;> kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G epfo;Tfis xOq;fikj;J midj;J

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• Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk; (NAFSO)

• kd;dhH r%fg; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; (MSEDO)

• kdpj vOr;rp epWtdk; (HEO)

• fhzp kw;Wk; tptrha kWrPuikg;gpw;fhd ,af;fk;; (MONLAR)

• mk;ghiw khtl;l fhzp chpikfSf;fhd nrayzp (ADALR)

• kiyaf kf;fspd; fhzp cupikf;fhd ,af;fk; (MPPLR)

• tl kj;jpa khfhz kf;fs; jpl;lkply; kd;wk;

• Cth khfhz kf;fs; jpl;lkply; kd;wk;

• kj;jpa khfhz kf;fs; jpl;lkply; kd;wk;

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8 'vkJ fhzp> vkJ ÙapuhFk;;"

kf;fs;; fhzp Mizf;FO mzpapdH

MizahsHfs;;

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kf;fspd; chpik njhlHghd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH>

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• ,Nuhkp ngNuuh> Muha;r;rpahsH> nfhOk;G>

• [d;rpyh kIPl;> ngz;fs; chpikf;fhd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> WAN, Ky;iyj;jPT>

• Nf.ep`hy; mfkl;> r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> kdpj vOr;rp epWtdk; (HEO)>

mk;ghiw>

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• rIPt rhkpf;fu> #oy; njhlHghd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> MONLAR, nfhOk;G>

• rush ,khDty;> ngz;fs; chpik njhlHghd r%f nraw;ghl;lhsH> mdHj;j

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ngz;fs; xd;wpak;> kl;lf;fsg;G.


Fwp;g;G vLj;jtHfs;

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• rhk; Nghs

• gP.vd;. mUde;jp ngNuhuh

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• khlrhkp tp[afhe;

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ciungaHg;ghsHfs;

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• md;udp N[Rjhrd;

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epfo;r;rp nraw;gLj;jy; MjuT

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mwpf;if jahhpj;jy;> njhFg;ghf;fk; kw;Wk; Vida cjtpfs;

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• yf;khyp N`kre;jpu

• bdhyp mNgNrfu

• mdpj;uh thhpah

• gpNde;j;hp ngNuuh

kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; xUq;fpizg;G mzp

• re;Jd; JLfy

• epy;rhd; nghd;Nrfh

• khp]h B rpy;th

• elh]h td;$t;(f)


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nra;jJ.

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topfhl;b tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;Dhpikaspf;f Ntz;bait Nghd;wtw;iw ghpe;Jiu

nra;fpd;wJ.


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milahsk; vd;gdthFk;.

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gpujhd gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;.


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vd;gjidAk; ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. mtHfsJ fhzpg; gpur;ridfisj; jPHf;fpd;w

nghwpKiwfs; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; r%fr; #oypdhy; cUtfpf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ fijfis

nrtpkLg;gNjhL mtHfsJ vjpHghHg;Gf;fisAk; milahsg;gLj;jp xg;Gf;nfhz;L

eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gpizg;Gf;fs; (1) FLk;g milahsk;> (2) rka kw;Wk;

r%fQ;rhH milahsq;fs;> (3) tho;thjhu milahsk;; (4) ntspNaw;wg;gl;ltHfspd;

milahsk; vd 4 tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

MdhYk; epyj;Jldhd kf;fspd; njhlHGfs; vg;nghOJk; jhq;fs; FbapUe;j

fhzpfspNyNa jhq;fs; thoNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifahf mHj;jg;gltpy;iy. kf;fs;

tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; gps;isfSf;fhd rpwe;j vjpHfhyj;ij mikj;jy;

gw;wpAk;> vjpHfhyj;jpw;nfd Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; mjDld;

Kd;$l;ba vr;rhpf;iffisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghwpKiwfspd;wp ,Ug;gjdhy;

,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWjiy Nehf;fp Kd;Ndw;wkiljy; Mfpad

gw;wpg; NgrpapUe;jdH.


ntspNaw;wq;fs;> fhzp chpik kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlHghd ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs;:

kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; mkHTfspy; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYKs;s gy

ngz;fSld; fye;JiuahbapUe;Njhk;. ngz;fs; fhzpg; Nghhl;lq;fspy; gq;fhspfshfTk;

gy;NtWgl;l fhzpg;Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jiytHfshfTk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sdH> Fwpg;ghf

,uhZtj;jplkpUe;J fhzpfis kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Ky;iyj;jPtpYs;s

Nfg;ghg;gpsT kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpypUe;J mf;fiug;gw;W Eiur;Nrhiy K];yPk; kf;fspd;

Rdhkp kPs;FbNaw;w tPl;Lj;jpl;lk; njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fs; tiu. jq;fsJ r%fj;jpd;

fhzp chpik njhlHghd gpur;ridfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhd tha;g;igAk; gyj;ijAk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rpy Ntisfspy; ngz;fs; murpaypYk; ,ize;Js;sdH.

fhzp ngz;fspd; milahsj;jpYk; r%f nghUshjhu ghJfhg;gpYk; neUf;fkhfj;

njhlHGgl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Mizf;FOTldhd fye;Jiuahly;fspd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.

gy;NtWgl;l mkHTfspy; MizahsHfs; ngz;fSld; jdpahff; fye;Jiuahbajhy;

mtHfs; gakpd;wp ruskhff; fye;Jiuahlf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fhzpfspypUe;J

ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ ghy;epiy rhHe;j mDgtkhf ,yq;ifapy; khj;jpuky;y Vida

ehLfspYk; tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfspYk; fy;tpapay; Mtzq;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

nghJ kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjkhdJ Mokhf tprhuiz

Mtzg;gLj;jy;> ghy;epiy-rhh; gFg;gha;T Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; G+uzkhd jfty;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfs;Sk; tpjj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; ngz;fspd; rhl;rpaq;fs;

mNefkhf ntspg;glhky; ,Uf;fpd;w nrhe;j mDgtq;fis ntspf;nfhz;Ltu cjtpaJ.

ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpur;ridfs; (1) ntspNaw;wg;gly;> ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk;

milahsq;fs; (2) jpUkzk; kw;Wk; rPjdk;> (3) fhzp kw;Wk; tPl;L Ntiyfs;; (4)

ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fz;zpak; rhHe;j fUj;JUthf;fk; Mfpatw;wpD}lhf

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq;ifapy; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYk; fhzpg; gpur;ridfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd;

fUj;;Jf;fSk; Nfhhpf;iffSk; ghpe;Jiufshf Kd;;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. vg;NghJNk

jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs;; nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfspdhYk; jPHkhdnkLg;gtHfspdhYk;

fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy vd vz;Zfpd;wtHfspdJk;> jq;fSila nrhe;jf;

fhzpg;gpur;rid fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfSk;. fhzpf;nfhs;iffis tFf;Fk;NghJ

vg;NghJNk fUj;Jf;fis toq;fKbahky; NghdtHfs; MfpNahhpd; Fuy;fs;

,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy ghpe;Jiufs; Kd;dH Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kf;fs;

fye;Jiuahly;fspd; cs;slf;fq;fshf ,Ug;gNjhL ed;F epWtg;gl;l juepiyfisAk;

cs;thq;fpajhd fye;Jiuahly;fspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jdpj;Jtkhd

tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;Nshk;.


ghpe;Jiuapd; RUf;fq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd:

1. fhzpia mZfp> ngw;Wf;nfhd;L ghtpg;gjw;fhd chpik

,g; ghpe;JiuahdJ kf;fs; vt;thW fhzpia mZfp> ghtpj;J jq;fSilajhf;fpf;

nfhs;tJ vd;gJld; fhzpapd;ik kw;Wk; tPbd;ikia ,yq;ifapy; eptHj;jp nra;jy;

Nghd;wtw;wpy; rl;l kw;Wk; epHthf hPjpahd nraw;ghLfs; Fwpj;j milahsg;gLj;jypd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Mjupj;J thjhLjyhFk;. rpy ghpe;Jiufshtd> kf;fSf;F tpUk;gpa

tho;thjhu eltbf;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; mtHfSf;Fk; fhzpf;Fkpilapyhd njhlHig

milahsg;gLj;jp kjpj;jy;> ehl;bd; rpy gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w guk;giu hPjpahd

eilKiwfs;> fhzpfspd; cilik guk;giu hPjpahf ,Ug;gNjhL rpy fhzpfspd; rka

fhyr;rhu gpd;dzpfs; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; mJ NkYk; kf;fs;

ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fis nghJthd fhzpfs;> jsq;fs;> kw;Wk; kf;fspd;

nrhj;Jf;fSf;fhd nghJthd tpsf;ff;fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ghy;epiy ghFghl;ilf;nfhz;l

mur fhzpr; rl;l%yj;ij jpUj;jpaikj;jy; Mfpatw;iw ,yf;Fitj;Js;sJ.

2. fhzp MSif

fhzpapd; MSif (fhzpfs; njhlHgpy; jPHkhdnkLj;jy;) nraw;ghlhdJ Gtpapay;

hPjpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F mUfhikapYs;s gue;Jgl;l epWtdq;fspd; %yk;

tpidj;jpwdhd nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FOTk;

mjw;fhd njspthd nraw;ghl;L topfhl;bfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Mfpad

cs;slq;fyhf ghpe;Jiu Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. fhzp epHthfk;

fhzp njhlHgpy; nraw;gLfpd;w mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfSf;nfd xU elj;ij tpjpKiwAk;

Fiwe;jgl;r jifikfisAk; nfhz;l myF ghpe;Jiuahf cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>

Vnddpy; mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfsplkpUe;J fhzp njhlHghd Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

njhlHgpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; fzprkhd msT GfhHfis Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdH.

mHj;jg+Htkhd tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;j kf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;> nghJ

tplaq;fSf;fhf fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Kd;$l;bNa mwpTWj;jy;fis

toq;Fjy; cjhuzkhf jw;NghJ eilKiwapy;yhj xU Kiwahf> mwptpj;jy; toq;Fk;

Neuj;jpy; fhzpiag; ngw ,Uf;fpd;w nghJ Nehf;fk; vd;dntd;gij Fwpg;gply; Mfpad

Vida Kf;fpa ghpe;JiufshFk;. mj;Jld; ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coiyj; jtpHg;gjw;Fk;

fhzp njhlHghd jfty;fis Kd;$l;bNa njhpag;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;bfisAk;

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

4. rr;ruTfis jPu;j;J itj;jy; kw;Wk; e~;l <L toq;Fjy;

jw;NghJ fhzg;gLfpd;w epaha];jy tof;F nghwpKiwfs;> jukhd rl;l cjtpfs;

kw;Wk; kj;jpa];j Nritfis mZFjy;> mgfhpf;fgl;l fhzpfs; njhlHgpy; RahjPdg;

nghwpKiwnahd;iw mikj;jy; Mfpad ,g; gFjpapd; ghpe;JiufshFk;.


5. ,lkhw;wk;

kf;fis fhzpfspypUe;J ,lkhw;Wk; nra;Ak; nraw;ghl;il ,Wjpahd jPHthf

itj;Jf;nfhz;L jpl;lj;jpd; eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;F Kd;dNu ,lkhw;wk; njhlHghd

kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L jPHkhdq;fs; vl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w ghpe;Jiuia ,g;gFjp

Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ghjpf;fgl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fSld; NghJkhd msT

fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sy;> NghJkhd

msT tpopg;GzHit Vw;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Njitg;ghL Fwpj;J jHf;f hPjpahf

tpghpf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; nghJthd NjitfSld; cs;sf rl;lthf;fj;Jld;

cyfshtpa juj;Jldhd ,lkhw;w eilKiwfisf; filg;gpbg;gNjhL Fiwe;jJ

Njrpa jd;dpr;irahd kPs; FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

6. ,uhZtkakhf;fiy ,y;yhkyhf;fYk; kdpjg; ghJfhg;Gk;

tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; ,uhZtkakhf;fiy muR cldbahf

epWj;jNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld; kf;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l fhzpfis kPs toq;fp>

mtHfSf;fhd ,og;gPLfisAk; toq;fp el;lj;ij <L nra;tw;fhd rkhe;jukhd

nghwpKiwnahd;Wk; cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL> ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w

tHj;jf eltbf;iffshd Rw;Wyh tpLjpfs;> gz;izfs;> Vida midj;J tHj;jfk;

rhHe;j eltbf;iffisAk; cldbahf epWj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,uhZtkakhjyhy;

gy;NtWgl;l ghjfkhd ghjpg;Gf;fis vjpHnfhz;l kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd;

ghpe;JiufshFk;.

7. fhzp kw;Wk; milahsk;

,g; gFjpahdJ kf;fSf;Fk; fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;FkpilapYs;s njhlHG

kw;Wk; mtHfspd; gpizg;G> cWg;Ghpik Fwpj;Jk; ghpe;Jiufis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.

njhy;nghUspay; rhd;Wfs; fhuzq;fshf Kd;itj;J my;yJ tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G

kw;Wk; tdg;gFjp Nghd;w fhuzq;fis Kd;itj;J kf;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;J

ntspNaw;wypypUe;J ghJfhj;jy; Fwpj;Jk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;> vy;iyfs;>

kw;Wk; ePHepiyfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd chpikg; Nghl;bapy; Ntw;W ,d> rkaq;fisr;

NrHe;j kf;fSld; fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; ciuahly;fs; %yk; mg;gFjpfspy; ,d

hPjpahd Kuz;ghLfs; vw;glhj tpjj;jpYk;> rhjpg; ghFghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fhzpfs;

toq;fg;glhjtHfSf;F fhzpfis toq;Fjy; Nghd;w ghpe;Jiufis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.

8. fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk;

,yq;ifapYs;s 80% Md tptrhaf; fhzpfs; rpwpa mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsHfshy;

ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt> fhzpf; nfhs;iffs; ,jid cWjpnra;J mtHfsJ

tho;thjhuj;ij epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;fjhf khw;wNtz;Lk;. ,t;thwhd tptrhak; kw;Wk;

kPd;gb njhlHghd nfhs;iffs; fhzpf; nfhs;ifis KOikahf;FtNjhL mjd;

eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;Fk; cjtNtz;Lk;. mj;Jld; nfhs;iffs; ngz;fis gpujhd

cw;gj;jpahsHfshf milahsg;gLj;JtNjhL mtHfSf;F fhzp kw;Wk; ePH tsq;fSld;

fhzg;gLk; tho;thjhu hPjpahd njhlHig milahsg;gLj;jp mtHfs; mjd; %yk;

jq;fsJ Njitfisg; G+Hj;jp nra;tij cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.


9. kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp

,yq;ifiar; NrHe;jtHfs; mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf jpl;lq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrj;jpy;

tho;fpd;w kf;fs; Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L ,j; jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; mD$yq;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; mbg;gil mD$yq;fis

,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; jdpahH epWtdq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs; kw;Wk; tHj;jf

epWtdq;fs; (jdpaH - kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;;l Kd;ndLg;Gf;fs;) nraw;glf;$lhJ.

mj;Jld; ,t; myfhdJ kjpg;gPLfs; kw;Wk; %Nyhghaj;je;jpuq;fs; Fwpj;J ftdQ;

nrYj;JtNjhL> kdpj #oy; Kfhikj;Jt je;jpNuhghak;.> kdpj chpik kjpg;gPL> RahjPd

Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G kjpg;gPL Nghd;wd mgptpUj;jpj; jp;l;lq;fSf;F cjtf;$batw;wpy;

rpythFk;.

10. ngUe;Njhl;lf;fhzpfs; : tuyhw;W hPjpahd FiwghLfSk; jukpof;Fk; njhopyhsH

eltbf;iffSk;

,g;gFjpahdJ kiyaf kf;fSf;fhd Fwpg;ghd ghpe;Jiufshd ngUe;Njhl;lj;jpy;

Ntiy Ghpfpd;wikf;nfd Fiwe;jJ 20 NgHr; fhzpahtJ toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; kw;Wk;

Ntiyahl;fSf;F jq;fsJ tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g fhzpia vjw;fhfg; ghtpf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;gJ njhlHgpy; vOj;J %ykhd jPHkhdnkLf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gly; Mfpatw;Wld;

ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w Kfhikj;Jtk; cl;gl;l midj;J kf;fspdJk; njhopyhsH

chpikfSk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

11. Rw;Wr; #oy; ghJfhg;G

mNefkhd fye;Jiuahly;fspy;; gq;Fgw;wpatHfs; jq;fsJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fk;

#oYf;Fkhd gpizg;Gf; Fwpj;J njspT ngw;wpUe;jNjhL xd;wpd; jhf;fk; kw;nwhd;iw

vt;thW ghjpf;Fk; vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; mwpe;jpUe;jdH. ,it Fwpg;ghf kdpj-ahid

Nkhjy;fs; kw;Wk; fhyepiyg; ghq;F Fwpj;j fye;Jiuahly;fspy; njhpate;jd. kf;fs;

jPHkhdnkLj;jy; nghwpKiwfspypUe;J me;epag;gLj;jg;glypd; fhuzkhf Vw;gLfpd;w

kj;jpa kw;Wk; cs;SH murpd; njhlHghly; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;Jk; mNefkhd ghpe;Jiufs;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fhzpf; nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;gl;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ

mtw;wpy; Fiwe;jgl;r #oy; juepiyfs; cUthf;fg;gly; njhlHgpYk; ghpe;Jiufs;

ftdQ; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.


1. Kd;Diu

fhzp chpikf;fhd kf;fspd; $l;likg;ghdJ (xz;wpizT) (PARL) tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPNo tho;fpd;w kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tPL> fhzp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; chpik

njhlHgpy; ghpe;Jiu nra;fpd;w rptpy; r%f mikg;Gf;fspd; xU tiyaikg;ghFk;.

ghpe;JiuapD}lhd fhzp njhlHghf nfhs;if hPjpahd khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L

tUtjw;Fk;> mit njhlHghf G+uzkhf mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk>; tphpthd kw;Wk;

Mokhd fye;Jiuahly;fs; mtrpankd PARL milahsg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. kf;fspd; fhzp

Mizf;FO fhzp Kfhikj;Jtk;> fhzpr; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jw;NghJ tof;fj;jpYs;s

fhzpf; nfhs;iffspd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; vjpH Nehf;Ffp;d;w gpur;ridfs; kw;Wk;

njhlHr;;rpahd tpisTfs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;

NkYk; ,f; fye;Jiuahlw; nraw;ghlhdJ> mur nfhs;if tFj;jypy; kf;fsJ

fUj;Jf;fs; njhlHr;rpahf cs;thf;fg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gjpy; mtjhdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

fhzp njhlHghd kf;fspd; Mizf;FO (PLC) mDgtk; tha;e;j 11 r%fr;

nraw;ghl;lhsHfs;> fy;tpj;Jiw rhHe;jtHfs;> Ma;thsHfs; kw;Wk; tof;fwpQ;rHfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.1 ,t; Mizf;FOthdJ> 2019 khu;r; njhlf;fk; Mf];l; khjk; tiuahd

fhyg;gFjpapy; fs tpIaq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L mk;ghiw> mDuhjGuk;> gJis> kl;lf;fsg;G>

nfhOk;G> fhyp> fk;g`h> `k;ghe;Njhl;il> `l;ld;> aho;g;ghzk;> fpspnehr;rp> kd;dhH>

nkhduhfiy> Ky;iyj;jPT> khj;jiw> nghyd;dWit> jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; tTdpah

Mfpa 18 khtl;lq;fspy; gpur;ridf;Fhpa gpuNjrq;fSf;F tpIaq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L

nghJkf;fs; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fgl;l kf;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;jJ. ,t;

Mizf;FOthdJ nkhj;jkhf 428 - ngz;fs;> 452 - Mz;fs;> 5 - VidNahH

mlq;fyhf 885 NgUld; NgrpapUe;jJ. PARL; tiyaikg;gpd; gq;fhsHfs; ,f;

fye;Jiuahly;fis xUq;fpizg;G nra;jpUe;jdH. ,g;gpuNjrq;fshdJ g+Nfhs hPjpapy;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; ,Ug;gNjhL gy;NtWgl;l ,dq;fs;> rkaq;fs;>

r%fq;fs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu gpd;Gyq;fisf; nfhz;ltHfs; cs;thq;fg;gLfpd;w

Nehf;fpNyNa njhpT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ePz;l fhy ePjpapd;ikapdhy; guk;giu hPjpahf

kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fis tpgupg;gjw;F mjpf fhye; NjitahdJ vd;gJ

ntspg;gilahdJk; vjpHghHf;fg;gl Ntz;baJkhFk;. mj;Jld; ghy;epiy rhHe;j

ePjpapd;ik kw;Wk; chpik kPwy;fs; njhlHgpy; Mokhf Muha;tjw;F NghJkhd msT

fhyk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

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kf;fspd; mHj;jG+Htkhd gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f fye;Jiuahly;fs;

1. See page 2 for full list of Commissioners


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1.1 Nehf;fk;

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kf;fs; njhlHr;rpahd Nghuhl;lq;fspdhy; fisg;gile;Jk; jq;fSila epiyFwpj;J

ek;gpf;ifapoe;Jk; fhzg;gl;lik mtHfshy; tpisjpwd; nfhz;l tpidj;jpwdhd

jPHTfis Kd;itf;fKbahkypUe;eJ. gq;Fgw;WeHfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l vjpHkiwahd

tplaq;fis NeHkakhdjhf kPs; tbtikg;G nra;J jPHTfs; njhlHgpy; kf;fSld;

fye;Jiuahb ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldH. gq;Fgw;WeHfs; ,k;Kiwf;F $Ljyhd MHtj;ijf;

fhz;gpj;J> ghpe;Jiufis tiue;J nfhs;tjw;fhd cs;sPLfis fhj;jpukhf toq;fpdH.

midj;J ,lq;fspYk; ghy;epiy rhHe;j jdpj;Jtkhd fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;s

Kbahky; NghdJ %d;whtJ tiuaiwahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ghy;epiy

rhH fye;Jiuahly;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fspYs;s

ghy;epiy rhHe;j mDgtq;fs; njhlHghd rpy tpguq;fs; ngwg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk;

Fwpg;ghf mit Nfl;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; khj;jpuk; ntspte;jNjhL mNefkhd Neuq;fspy;


gq;Fgw;WeHfshNyNa mit Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;glhj epiyfs; fhzg;gl;lJ. ghy;epiy

rhHe;j jfty;fis rhj;jpakhd ,lq;fspy; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L Mtzg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy;

kf;fs; J}z;lg;gl;L tpguq;fs; Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lNjhL mwpf;ifapy; ,t;tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J

Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;ridfs; jdpahfTk; ghy;epiy rhH fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; vd ,U topfspYk;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl;l newpKiwfs;

,g;nghwpKiwfspd; xU gFjpahf xt;nthU kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G mkHTfspYk;

gq;Fgw;WeHfSf;F nraw;ghL njhlHghd tpsf;fq;fs; njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lNjhL

kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w epWtdq;fs; njhlHgpYk;

njspTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Mizf;FOtpw;F kf;fs; vjpHnfhs;fpd;w fhzpg;

gpur;ridfSf;F Neubahd jPHitg; ngw;Wj;jUfpd;w mjpfhuk; ,y;iynad Fwpg;gpl;Lf;

$wg;gl;lJ. fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ Gifg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; jfty;fisj;

jpul;Ltjw;fhd mDkjp ngwg;gl;lJ. Nrfhpf;fgl;l midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; ufrpakhfg;

Ngzg;gLtNjhL> Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; ,t; mwpf;ifapidj; jahhpg;gjw;F khj;jpuNk

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gjidAk; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; ngah; Fwpg;gplg;glhky; cs;thq;fg;gLk;

vd;Wk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.


1.3 topfhl;ly; tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;

fhzpf; nfhs;if> fhzpg; ghtid> fhzp chpik> kf;fsp;d; fhzpiag; ghjpf;Fk;

mgptpUj;jpfs; my;yJ ,yq;ifapd; fhzpg; ghtid Mfpad fPo;tUk; topfhl;ly;

nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L epHtfpf;fg;gl;L jPHg;gspf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd gphpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• kf;fis khpahijAlDk; fz;zpaj;JlDk; elj;Jjy;

• fhzpAld; kf;fSf;Fs;s gpizg;ig Fwpg;ghf gpizg;gpd; ghy;epiy rhH

jd;ikiaAk; tpsq;fp kjpg;gspj;jy;.

• cs;@H kf;fSld; kjpg;gspj;J xd;wpizjy;

• cs;@H kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; Vw;glf;$ba fhyepiy kw;Wk; #oy; hPjpahd

FWfpa fhy> ePz;l fhy rhj;jpakhd ghjpg;Gf;fs; njhlHgpy; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L

jftywpe;j KbTfis vLj;jy;

• ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis jftywpe;j gq;Fgw;WjYld; $ba tpjj;jpy; jPHkhdnkLj;jy;

gq;Fngwr;nra;tNjhL ngz;fs; kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; FOf;fspd;

tpidj;jpwDld; $bajhd gq;Fgw;WjiyAk; cWjpnra;jy;.

• fhzp njhlHgpy; midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; vLf;fg;gLfpd;w KbTfs; epahakhdjhfTk;

rkj;JtkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

• midj;J eltbf;iffspYk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; ghFghlw;w epiyikiaAk;

Vw;gLj;jy;.

• fhzp xU tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Njrpa nrhj;J vd;gjid milahsg;gLj;JtNjhL

jw;NghJs;s ,yq;ifaH kw;Wk; vjpHfhyj;jpy; tutpUf;fpd;w ,yq;ifaH

midtUf;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij kjpj;jy;.

• kdpjg; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;jy;> nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba> ntspg;gilahd> kf;fs;

kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJ epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fs; Nritg; nghwpKiwfs;

,Uj;jiy cWjp nra;jy;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l tpOkpaq;fisNa kf;fs; jq;fs; mDgtq;fs; kw;Wk; vjpHghHg;Gf;fs;

gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ Kd;itj;jdH. kf;fs; nghJthf vjpHNehf;fpa

vjpHkiwahd jhf;fq;fspy; xw;Wikj;jd;ik fhzg;gl;lik gpuNahrdkhd fhuzpahff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy; kf;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpa NeHikahd tplaq;fspYk;

xw;Wikj; jd;ikfs; fhzg;gl;lijAk; mtjhdpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ> ,j; njspthdJ

xNu khjphpahd gpur;ridfs; gy;NtW tuyhw;W> r%f> Rw;Wr;#oy;> murpay; kw;Wk;

Vida #oy; mbg;gilapy; ifahsg;gLk;NghJ gy;NtWgl;l jPHTfs; vl;lg;gLk;

vd;w Ghpjiy Vw;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ. jPHTfshdJ cs;@H kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapd;

mbg;gilapYk; cs;@H #oYf;F Vw;wtpjj;jpYk; ngwg;gLk;. ,jd; fhuzkhfj;jhd;

kf;fs; vjpHnfhs;fpd;w gpur;ridfs; xNukhjphpahdjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kf;fs;

Kd;itf;fpd;w jPHTfs; kw;Wk; vjpHghHg;Gf;fs; NtWgl;ljhf ,Ug;gNjhL ,lj;jpw;F

,lk; khWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.


2. kf;fspd; fhzpg; gpur;ridfs;

2.1 fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gly;

fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ tho;thjhuk;> r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; r%f

,af;fq;fs;> Rw;Wr;#oy; rhHe;j ePjp kw;Wk; milahsk; Mfpad njhlHghd

gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU gpur;ridahFk;. mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd fhzpapypUe;J

ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ ,uhZtkakhjy; kw;Wk; epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l NtW}d;wpAs;s

,d mbg;gilapyhd ghFghl;Lld; njhlHGgl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpg;

nghwpKiw> mjpfhuj; Njhy;tpfs;> Fwpg;ghf kiyaf kf;fs; my;yJ kiyehl;L kf;fspd;

nghwpKiw rhHe;j Gwe;js;Siffs; Mfpad fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glypd; gpujhd

gq;fspf;Fk; fhuzpfshFk;.

2.1.1

'ehq;fs; ,g;NghJ fhl;by; Nriy xd;iw jpiuiag; Nghd;W

gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,f; fhzp vq;fsJ guk;giuf;

fhzpahFk;. flw;gilapdH jq;fsJ FLk;gj;jpidf; nfhz;Lte;J

FbakHj;jp ,q;F tho;fpd;wdH. mtHfisf; fhl;by; tPl;ilf;

fl;btpl;L vq;fis thq;Fk;gb $Wfpd;wdH> ,Ug;gpDk; vq;fsJ

Njitnay;yhk; vq;fsJ nrhe;jf; fhzp kPsspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNjahFk;"

- Ks;spf;Fsj;ijr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH

Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ifafg;gLj;jgl;l tlf;F fpof;fpYs;s fhzpfs; ,d;dKk;

,uhZtj;jpdhpdJk; nghyp]hhpdJk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ. mjd; fhuzkhf mNefkhd

,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; Kd;dH tho;e;Jte;j kf;fs; jq;fSila nrhe;jf; fhzpfSf;F

jpUk;gKbahj epiyik fhzg;gLfp;wJ. Ks;spf;Fsk;> Nfg;ghg;gpsT> aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk;

fpspnehr;rp gpuNjrj;jpYs;s ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhzpfs; jkpo;

kf;fSf;F chpj;jhdJ Mifahy; fhzpfs; kWf;fg;gLtJ ,dQ; rhHe;j ghFghl;Lld;

mNefk; njhlHGgl;lJ.

'mur mjpfhhpfs; ,uhZtj;jpdUf;F gae;J Ntiynra;fpd;wdH.

,uhZtj;jpdiu fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaWk;gb $whky; 0.5 Vf;fH

Mf;fpukpg;gpYs;s 8 FLk;gq;fSf;F jyh 20 NgHr; fhzp tPjk;

jUtjhf cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; ,d;dKk; me;j cWjp nkhopia

G+Hj;jp nra;tjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd epiyiaf;

fhzKbatpy;iy"

- Ky;iyj;jPT gs;spf;FbapUg;igr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.

'vk;ik vy;iyfspYs;s Mgj;Jf;fspypUe;J fhg;ghw;wNt

,uhZtj;jpdH NjitNa md;wp khwhf vq;fSila rpwpa

fpuhkq;fis vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fy;y"

- Nfg;ghg;gpsitr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;


ehl;b;d; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; vOe;jthhpahf jpBnud tdg; ghJfhg;G jpizf;fsj;jpdhy;

jdpahH fhzpfis tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; njhy;ypaYf;Fhpa tdf; fhzpfshf

vy;iy epHzak; nra;jy; kw;WnkhU gpur;ridahFk;. ,r; nraw;ghlhdJ ,d hPjpahf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w xU nraw;ghlhfg; ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; rpWghd;ikapdiu

ikag;gLj;jpajhd fhzp mgfhpg;G ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;

njhy;ypay; ghJfhg;G Nghd;wtw;iw Kd;dpiyg;gL;j;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w ,dk; rhHe;j

Kd;ndLg;Gf;fs; mNefkhf rpWghd;ikapdiu fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F

2.1.2

'murhq;fkhdJ vq;fSila tzf;fj;jyq;fs;> ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk;

tptrha epyq;fs; cs;slq;fyhd gpuNjrj;ij Njrpa G+q;fh vd

mwptpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ehq;fs; vq;fSila tptrha epyq;fSf;F

nry;Yk;NghJ nghyp]hH ifJ nra;fpd;wdH vdpDk; xU rp;q;fstH

nrd;W kuk; xd;wpid ntl;Lk;NghJ mtHfSf;F fhty;Jiw

ghJfhg;G toq;Ffpd;wJ"

- aho;g;ghzk; gyhyp gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.

'ehq;fs; 40 tUl fhykhf ,q;F tho;fpd;Nwhk; vdpDk; jkpoHfs;

jw;NghJ xt;nthUtUk; te;J fhzpfisf; Nfl;fpd;wdH. fpuhk

NritahsH kw;Wk; gpuNjr nrayhsHfs; rpq;fstHfshf ,Ue;jhy;

,g; gpur;ridfs; KbTf;FtUk;"

- Ky;iyj;jPtpYs;s ePz;l fhy FbapUg;ghsH.

gpuNjr epHthfj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik rpq;fstuhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ rpq;fstHfSf;F

rYiffSk;> gpuNjr epHthfj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik jkpouhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ jkpoHfSf;F

rYiffSk;> gpuNjr epHthfg; ngUk;ghd;ik K];yPk;fshf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ

K];yPk;fSf;F rYiffs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wik ,yq;ifapd; ,dthj r%f mikg;gpd;

%yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d hPjpahd gf;;fr;rhHGila kPs; FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk;

,lkhw;wf; nfhs;iffshdJ rpq;fstHfSf;Fk; jkpoHfSf;Fk;> rpq;fstHfSf;Fk;

K];yPk;fSf;Fkpilapy; Kuz;ghLfis Njhw;wptpg;gjhfNt ,Uf;fpd;wJ. (cjhuzkhf

fy;Xah jpl;lk;> kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;> jPfthgp kw;Wk; mk;ghiwapYs;s

Eiur;Nrhiy Rdhkp tPl;Lj;jpl;lk;). ,t;thwhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs;

nrad;Kiwfspy; fhzg;gl;l ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapd;ik fhuzkhf rpWghd;ikr;

r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;ifaw;w epyikia Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. mjpfhhpfspd; cs;sf

Nehf;fhdJ Gs;sptpguq;fis Kiwapd;wpf; ifahStjd; %yk; jq;fsJ thf;fspg;Gg;

gyj;ij Fiwg;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdH vd vz;Zfpd;wdH.

'vq;fsplk; fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fSk; gw;Wr;rPl;LfSk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;

ehq;fs; kPz;Lk; vkJ ,lq;fSf;Fj; jpUk;Gk;NghJ tdj; jpizf;fsj;-

jpdH fw;fisg; gjpj;jpUe;jdH. 3 tUlq;fshfpAk; ,d;dKk; fhzpf;Fs;

EioaKbahJs;sJ"

- kJud;ntspiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;


2.1.3 ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp khjphp

Gjpa jhuhs kag;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUshjhu %Nyhghaj;je;jpukhdJ gue;Jgl;l tpjj;jpy;

fpuhkg;Gwq;fspypUe;J kf;fis ntspNaw;Wjy; %yk; njhopw;Jiw eltbf;iffSf;F

mf; fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jKbAnkd;w mbg;gilaw;w ek;gpf;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,jd; tpisthf Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l njhopw;Jiwfspy; kw;Wk; tzpf nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffspy; fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l r%fq;fspypUe;J njhopyhsHfs;

ghhpa mstpy; cUthf;fg;glyhk; vd vjpHghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. nkhduhfiy> ̀ k;ghe;Njhl;il>

mEuhjGuk; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; murpdhy; Vuhskhd fhzpfs; gy;Njrpa tptrha

njhopw;Jiwfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;nfd toq;fg;gl;lNghJ> Vio tptrhapfspd; fhzpg;

gq;fhdJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Fiwtila Muk;gpj;jJ. fhzpfis fhzpfsw;wtHfSf;F

kPs toq;Ftjw;fhd fhzpf; fr;Nrhpfs; mhpjhfNt $bajhy; FLk;g cWg;gpdHfs;

kj;jpapy; Vw;fdNt toq;fg;gl;l fhzpfNs gq;fplg;gl;lJ.

mj;Jld;> efu ikaf; fhzpfs; kpfTk; Njlg;gLfpd;w re;ijg; nghUshf

khw;wkile;j epiyapy; efuj;jpy; tho;e;Jte;j Vio kf;fs; jq;fsJ epyq;fis

tpLj;J ntspefu vy;iyfSf;F my;yJ efu vy;iyapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l njhlHkhb

fl;blj;njhFjpfSf;F gyte;jkhf efHj;jg;gl;ldH. fhzp tpiy kw;Wk; thlif

mjpfhpg;ghdJ fhzpaw;wtHfSf;Fk; tPLfsw;wtHfSf;Fk; ghupa gpur;ridia

Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL mtHfs; efuq;fspypUe;J ntspNaWtjw;F ce;Jifahf mike;jJ.

(nfhOk;G kw;Wk; ePHnfhOk;G Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rk;gtf;fw;iffs;).

efuj;jpypUe;j Vio kf;fis jq;fsJ FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J njhlHkhb tPl;Lj;

njhFjpfSf;F efh;j;jpajhdJ ntWkNd mtHfsJ fhzp ,og;gpid khj;jpukd;wp

mtHfsJ tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G tiyaikg;igAk; ghjpj;Js;sJ

,t;thwhf ehL G+uhfTk; mgfhpf;fg;gl;l fhzpfs;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw rhHe;j fl;Lkhdj;jpw;Fk;

ghhpa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fnkd toq;fg;gl;lJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw rhHe;j

ntspNaw;wq;fshdJ Fwpg;ghf ky;tj;J Xah gpuNjrq;fspy; Mw;wpd; fPo;kl;lj;jpYs;s

fpuhkq;fspy; tho;e;Jte;j kf;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;L tsHe;J tUfpd;w Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;nfd fhzpfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fSf;F

cj;jpNahfG+Ht mwptpg;ghf nts;s mghak; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. gz;lhutis>

'rPdpj; njhopw;rhiyia mikg;gjw;fhf vq;fSila tPLfs;

jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;ld. vq;fSf;F NtW fhzpfNsh ,og;gPl;Lj;

njhifNah toq;fg;gltpy;iy. fhzpfSld; tho;e;j tptrhapfshftpUe;J

fhzpfsw;w tptrhaf; $yp Ntiyahl;fshf khwpAs;Nshk;."

-mk;ghiw tHzhj;Jtl;il gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.

toptFf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd tprhuizf;Fhpa tplaq;fs;> cjhuzkhf Ky;iyj;jPT

gpuNjrj;jpy; jq;fs; fhzpfis ,oe;j rpWghz;ik K];yPk;fs; Mizf;FOtpd;

ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;Lte;jdH. ,Nj khjphpahd GfhHfis tpy;gj;J kw;Wk;

jpUNfhzkiyapYs;s kf;fSk; Kd;itj;jdH


2.1.4 mjpfhuj;Jtj; Njhy;tpfs;

'murhq;fj;jpd; gy;NtWgl;l jpizf;fsq;fs; fhzp mgfhpg;G kw;Wk;

njhlHGgl;l tplaq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ" xU egH jdJ fhzpg;gpur;rid

njhlHghf xU jpizf;fsj;ij jPHitg;ngWfpd;w Nehf;fpy; mZFk;NghJ

mtHfs; Vida jpizf;fsq;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLk;NghJ> mtHfs;

ahUf;Fk; jkpo; nkhopapy; NgrKbahJ. fhzpg;gpur;ridfisf;

ifahStjw;F mdj;J jpizf;fsq;fSk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l xUtiu

epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk"

- fpspnehr;rpiar; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH;.

epHthf myFfspd; tpidj;jpwdpd;ik kw;Wk; myl;rpaj;jpd; fhuzkhf jq;fsJ

Fiwfis Gwf;fzpg;gNjhL nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; murpay; uPjpahfTk; gyk;

nghUe;;jpatHfSila Njitfis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;JtjhfTk; kf;fs; tprdk;

njhptpf;fpd;wdH. fhzp njhlHghf gy;NtWgl;l tplaq;fSld; njhlHGila

jpizf;fsq;fSf;fpilapy; xUq;fpizg;G ,y;iy vd kf;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;fpd;wdH.

,jd; tpisthf xU gpuNjr nrayfk; fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;Fk;NghJ

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2. Thanges, Paramsothy. “Caste and Camp People in Jaffna: Land Ownership and Landlessness.” Colombo Telegraph, 8 Dec. 2015, https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/caste-camp-people-in-jaffna-landowner-ship-landlessness/

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3. Human Rights Watch, “Why can’t we go home?” - Military occupation of land in Sri Lanka - pg. 37 - https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/srilanka1018_web2.pdf


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4. This multi-million Euro river basin project is designed to increase water storage capacity for irrigation and drinking purposes, to increase and improve irrigation and drainage schemes and, to provide the tools and capacity building to improve practices in water resources’ management and to promote climate smart agri-culture in the watershed. - https://www.hydropower-dams.com/news/design-and-supervision-contract-ten-dered-for-sri-lankan-river-basin-project/

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tq;fpapd; nfhs;iffs;5 fhuzkhfNt Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ,g; gpuNjrq;fspy; ngUFfpd;wJ

5. Society for Threatened People, Dark clouds over the Sunshine Paradise - Tourism and Human Rights in Sri Lanka, Pg. 55 - https://www.gfbv.ch/wp-content/uploads/pdf-e.pdf


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ntspNaw;wp mtHfSf;nfjpuhf tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;Js;sdH. Rz;bf;Fsk; gpuNjrj;jpy;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w Njrpag; G+q;fhtpdhy; mg;gpuNjrj;jpy; tptrhak; nra;Jte;j

kf;fSf;F jw;NghJ mg;gpuNjrj;jpw;F nry;yKbahj epyik Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fSf;F 2 Vf;fH fhzp toq;fg;gLk; vd

cWjpaspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk; ntypkl> Cth kw;Wk; gz;lhutisg; gpuNjrj;ijr;

NrHe;j kf;fs; jq;fs; fhzpfs; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Jiwfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w tPo;r;rp

kw;Wk; fzprkhf epyf;fPo; ePhpd; Fiwtpdhy; fpzWfs; tw;Wtjd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gLnkd

mwpe;Jnfhz;ldH. mj;Jld; gz;lhutis gpuNjrj;jpy; Vw;gl;Ls;s Gtpapay; khw;wq;

fhuzkhf nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fk; Nrjq;fs; Vw;glf;$ba tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gLtjhf

njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l el;l<lhdJ xJf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J

xU gFjp khj;jpuNk toq;fg;gl;lNjhL> tPjp mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk;

Njhl;lq;fspypUe;J fhzpfisg; ngw;W Njhl;lj;jpw;F el;l <l;il toq;fpdhYk;>

mtw;wpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F vijAk; toq;ftpy;iy. mjpYk; murpaypy;

njhlHGfisg; NgzptUfpd;w xU rhuhH mg;gpuNjr r%fj;jpd; gFjpahf ,y;yhjNghjpYk;

jhq;fs; filfis mikj;J gpuNjr tHj;jf epiyaq;fSf;F rthyhf nraw;gl;L

tUfpd;wdH. kz; rhptpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; fhzp cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; ,y;yhj

fhuzj;jpdhy; mtHfSf;F el;l<L toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; el;l<l;Lg;

nghwpKiwahdJ ePz;l fhyk; vLf;fpd;w fbdkhd mjpfhuj;Jtk;kpf;f xU Kiwahff;

fhzg;gLtjhy; kf;fs; mtw;wpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F mjpf Neuj;ijAk; gzj;ijAk;

nrytspf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,g;gFjp kf;fSf;fhd khw;W epyq;fs; FFs;nghy

(Kuhulpola) vd;w ,lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l NghJ nry;thf;Fs;stHfs; nghpa fhzpfisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldH.

efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu rigapdhy; nfhOk;G efu kPs; cUthf;fk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;

fPo; njkl;lnfhilapy; mikf;fg;gl;l rprpu cad mLf;Fkhb tPl;Lj; njhFjpapy; tho;e;J

tUfpd;w efug;Gw Vio kf;fSf;F cj;jpNahfG+Htkw;w tpjj;jpy; mtHfsJ tPl;by;

tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mDkjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy. Muk;gj;jpy;

Kfhikj;Jtk; mLf;Fkhb tPl;Lj; njhFjpapDs; tho;thjhu eltbf;iffSf;F

Kw;whfj; jil tpjpj;jpUe;jhYk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpy; FbakHj;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jq;fsJ

njhopy;fSf;fhd ,ltrjp ,d;ikahy; ,t;tpjpKiwfs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. rpy

FbapUg;ghsHfs; ,j; njhlHkhb tPl;Lj; njhFjpapy; FbNaWtjw;F Kd;dH gy;NtWgl;l

cj;jpNahfG+Htkw;w tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhYk; jw;NghJ mtHfs;

njhiytpypUg;gjdhy; mNj tho;thjhu eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ mjpf

nrythFnkdf; Fwpg;gpl;lUe;jdH. (cjhuzkhf filfSf;F czT rikj;J toq;fy;).


2.2.4 ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs;

Njapiyr; nra;if kw;Wk; fUk;Gr; nra;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy;

tho;fpd;w kf;fsplkpUe;J Mizf;FOtpdH fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;jdH.

gphpj;jhdpaHfshy; $ypj; njhopypd; epkpj;jk; njd; ,e;epahtpypUe;J nfhz;Ltug;gl;l

jho;j;jg;gl;l rhjpiar; NrHe;j jkpo; kf;fNs Njapiyj; Njhl;lq;fspy; FbapUf;fpd;wdH.

mtHfs; gue;Jgl;l ghFghL> Ruz;ly;;fs; kw;Wk; td;KiwfSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gtHfs;.

,r; r%fj;jpdhpy; ngUk;ghyhNdhH 1948 ,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l FbAhpikr; rl;lj;jpd;

fPo; FbAhpikia ,oe;jNjhL chpikaw;wth;fshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;ldh;> gpd;dh; 2009

,Ny; FbAhpikia ,tHfs kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldH. ehl;bd; Kf;fpa gpujhdkhd xU

nghUshjhu cw;gj;jpj; Jiwapy; gq;fhsHfshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,tHfs; guk;giuahf

ViofshfTk; xJf;fg;gl;ltHfshfTk; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH.

`pq;Fuhiz kw;Wk; ngy;tj;ijapYs;s fUk;Gj; Njhl;lq;fs; murpw;F nrhe;jkhdit.

,q;Fs;s fhzpfspypUe;J murpdhy; kf;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lNjhL xU rpy gFjp mur

rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy; kf;fSf;F gapHnra;aTk; thoTk; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,k;kf;fs; jq;fsJ tho;f;if vt;thW $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L

Msg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk;> vt;thW jq;fspd; FbAhpik mD$yq;fis

mgfhpj;Js;sJ vd;gJ gw;wpAk; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jdH.

ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfspd; tPnlhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhdJ mtHfs; njhopy;GhpAk;

Njhl;lj;jpNy jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gJ xU nghJg;gilahd tplakhFk;. tUkhdk; Fiwe;j

epiyapy; tWikg; gpbf;Fs; rpf;Fz;L fk;gdpfspy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;w epiyapy; jdpahH

fk;gdpfs; my;yJ murhq;fNk fhzpfis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wd. jdpahH

fk;gdpfs; murplkpUe;J ePz;l fhy Fj;jiff;F fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. Ra-

njhopy;> Vida tUkhdkPl;Lk; njhopy;fspy; rpyNtisfspy; gaphply; Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l

ghtidf;fhf fhzp kw;Wk; tPLfisg; ghtpg;gJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;

,f;fhzpfis flDf;fhd ghJfhg;ghf ghtpg;gJ rhj;jpakw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd

fhuzk; ,f;fhzpfs; cj;jpNahfG+Htkhf kf;fSf;F chpj;Jilajy;y.

,r; rKfq;fs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w gpur;ridfs; fPNo tpghpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

r%fg;ghJfhg;G mD$yq;fis mZFjypYs;s rthy;fs;

ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; kf;fs; thOfpd;w gFjpfs; ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspd; tpahghu myfpd;

jdpg;gl;l fhzpfshfNt fUjg;gLtjhy; cs;@uhl;rp rigfs; vt;thW ,;g;gpuNjrq;fspy;

nraw;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlHgpy; njspthd topfhl;ly;fs; ,y;iy. mj;Jld;

cs;@uhl;rp rigfSf;F ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy;; tho;fpd;w Njhl;l kf;fsplkpUe;J kw;Wk;

mq;Fs;s FbapUg;Gf;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; nghUe;Njhl;lj;jpd; tpahghuj;jpd; gFjpfshf;

fzpf;fg;gLtjhy; mtw;wpypUe;J thpfis mwtpLtjw;fhd Mizaw;w epiyapy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; Njhl;lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs; fhzp thp kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wf;

fl;lzq;fspd; %ykhf jq;fsJ gq;fspg;ig toq;Ffpd;wdH.

Jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s cs;@uhl;rp rl;lkhdJ 1871 ,y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

Ke;ija fpuhk rig rl;lj;ijg; Nghd;Nw mjd; epjpapypUe;J Njhl;l kf;fSf;F


Nritfis toq;fg;glKbahj epiy fhzg;gLtNjhL jw;NghJk; $l ,tHfs; cs;@

uhl;rp rigfspypUe;J gy;NtWgl;l mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj ntWkNd

thf;fhsHfshfg; ghHf;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

fhzpia ifafg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mD$yq;fspd;wp Ruz;Ljy;

ngy;tj;j rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpw;nfd nkhduhfiy gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j tptrhapfs;

fUk;Gfis tsHf;Fk; NghJ mtHfs; epWtdj;jpdhy; Rfhjhu Nritfs; cl;gl;l

gy;NtW mD$yq;fisj; jUtjhff; $wpdhYk; mit ,tHfSf;F toq;fg;glhky;

Ruz;lg;gLtjhf GfhH nra;jdH. NkYk; tptrhapfis ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspd; NghJk;

mtHfsJ gapu;fSf;F Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shky; mtHfisj;

jz;bf;fpd;wdH.

mk;ghiwg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fy;Xah fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fis itj;jpUe;j kf;fspd;

fhzpfis `pq;Fuhiz rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy;> ,j;jpl;lkhdJ ntw;wpngwhj

gl;rj;jpy; ,f;fhzpfs; kPs toq;fg;gLk; vd;w cWjpAiuapd; fPo; ngwg;gl;lJ.

nts;isf;fy;Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; tz;zhj;Jntl;il MfpadNt ,t;thwhfg; ngwg;gl;l

gpuNjrq;fshFk;. nts;isf;fy;Njhl;lj;jpy; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;l fhzpfs;

tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLfpd;w rpq;fs tptrhapfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fdl;bad; Kd;khhp

(mk;ghiw) Kanattiyan Munmari (Ampara)> mq;F tho;e;Jte;j kf;fspd; tptrha

eltbf;iffSf;Fj; Njitahd ePiu jLj;J fl;lhakhf mtHfis fhzpfspypUe;J

ntspNaw;wp Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ. rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdk; jw;Nghija epyikapy; mNefkhd

fhzpfspy; mtHfNs fUk;Gr; nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL Vida gFjpapd;

chpikia gy;NtW tptrhaf; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; gphpj;J toq;fpAs;sdH. ngy;tj;j

rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgdj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; vd cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l mD$yq;fshd

,ytr Nghf;Ftuj;J trjp> tho;thjhuf; nfhLg;gdTfs;> fUk;Gr; nra;if njhlHghd

gapw;rp> khdpa tpiyapy; cuk; Mfpatw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; kf;fs;

nrd;W Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;F xj;Jf;nfhz;ldH ,Ug;gpDk; mtHfSf;F

toq;fg;gl;l cWjpnkhopfs; vJTk; epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy.

ngUe;Njhl;l kf;fs; jhq;fs; thOfpd;w fhzpapd; chpj;jpid cWjp nra;tjw;F

epHthff; fl;;likg;gpd;gb khfhz rigapypUe;Jk; ngUe;Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfspypUe;Jk;

mDkjp ngwNtz;bAs;sJ. NgUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfs; fk;gdpf;F chpj;jhd jhq;fs;

thOfpd;w fhzpfspy; mgptpUj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ tuNtw;fg;glhkYk; Njhl;l

fk;gdpfspd; Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwahdJ rHthjpfhuj;JtkhdjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghf fhzpia mstPL nra;tjhapDk; fk;gdpaplkpUe;J mDkjp ngw;w fbjj;jpy;

epy kPl;G cj;jpNahfj;jhpd; ghpe;Jiuf;Fg; gpd;dNu fhzp mstPl;il eilKiwg;gLj;j

KbAk;. Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfs; kf;fs; tho;fpd;w fhzpfs; kw;Wk; tho;f;if njhlHgpy;

fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; gyj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Njhl;lj;jpd; KfhikahsHfNs kf;fs; fhzp

njhlHgpyhd mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wj;jUtjpy; Kf;fpa tfpgq;iff; nfhz;bUj;jy;

,jw;F xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.


ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfspd; njhopy;epkpj;j MSikapd; ( epWtdj;jpd;) Nkyjpf

tiuaiwfs;

fpilf;fg;ngw;wpUf;Fk; epyj;jpd; msT gJisapYs;s kf;fSf;F gapHr;nra;iff;F

NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;w epiyapy;> ghhpa jdpahH epWtdq;fs; jq;fSila

tHj;jf eltbf;iffSf;fhf fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdH. fUj;Jf;fzpg;G

nrtpkLg;gpy; gq;Fgw;wpa kf;fs;> kuq;fs; Nghd;w tsq;fs; ntl;lg;gl;L vt;thW nfhOk;ig

Nehf;fp efHj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk; ,jdhy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;glf;$ba kz;

rhpT mghak; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpl;ldH.

ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzp xd;wpd; chpik njhlHghd ePjpkd;w tof;Ffspy; ngUe;Njhl;l

njhopyhsHfspd; $w;Wf;fs; my;yJ fUj;Jfs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.

cjhuzkhf fhzp chpikahshpd; Ngug;gps;isfspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l chpikNfhuy;

njhlHgpy; ehtyg;gpl;ba gfuz;l Njhl;lj;jpw;Fk; murpw;Fkpilapy; ,lk;ngw;w

tof;fhdJ mq;Fs;s kf;fSf;Fj; njhpahkNy eilngw;wJ. jPHg;G rhjfkhdjhf

mike;jNghJ gpujpthjpfs; ,uhZtj;jpd; gq;Fgw;WifAld; xOq;Fg; gj;jpuj;jpd;

%yKk; fl;lhakhf fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldH. ,Ug;gpDk; FbapUg;ghsHfs;

,e;jj; jPHg;ig vjpHj;J tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;jNghJk;> Njhl;lj;jpYs;s xU gFjpapdH

khj;jpuk; Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiynra;tjhy; mtHfsJ ,Ug;G cWjpaw;wjhf ,Ue;jNjhL

mtHfs; fhzp cWjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F fhzpf; fr;Nrhpia ek;gpapUf;F

Ntz;batHfshfpd;wdH.

YDfy nrrtyd;]; Njhl;lj;jpYs;s gj;jpdp mk;kd; NfhtpYf;Fk; YZfytpYs;s

g];ehaf;f epyNkf;Fkpilapy; Vw;gl;l fhzp chpik NfhUk; gpur;rid Vw;gl;lJ.

Nfhtpy; Njhl;lj;njhopyhsHfis mZfp mtHfs; cz;ikapy; NfhapYf;fhf

Ntiy nra;aNtz;Lk; vdf;$wpdH. mj;Jld; mtHfSf;Fj; njhpAk; Nfhtpypd;

Nfhhpf;ifahdJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLkhapd; jq;fSf;F fk;gdpapdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w

midj;J NritfSk; ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpLnkd;W mwpe;jpUe;jdH. ,Ug;gpDk; Njhl;lj;jpy;

njhopy; Ghpfpd;w kf;fsJ tho;thjhukhdJ ghhpa Ruz;lYf;Fs;shfpd;wJ vd;gJ

Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;banjhd;whFk; Vnddpy; fsj;jpy; Fiwe;jsT njhopyhsHfSld;

Ntiyfisr; nra;tJld; mNefkhNdhH jw;fhypf mbg;gilapNyNa Ntiy GhptNjhL

mtHfSf;F CopaH Nrkyhg epjp kw;Wk; CopaH ek;gpf;if epjp> tpgj;Jf;fs;

Vw;gbd; mtw;wpw;fhd el;l<L Mfpad toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jpYk; $l jq;fsJ

epyq;fspy; jhq;fs; vd;d nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;w jPHkhdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd

epWtd MSikapd;wpf; fhzg;gLtjhf tprdk; njhptpj;jdH. xU kpd;rhu ,izg;igg;

ngWtjhapDk; mtHfs; fk;gdpapd; mDkjpiag; ngwNtz;batHfshf ,Uf;fpd;wdH.

mj;Jld; ,e;j nrhtyd;]; Njhl;lj;ijr; NrHe;j kf;fs; RKJfkitr; NrHe;j kf;fs;

vt;thW jq;fSila fhzpfis mgfhpj;jdH vd;W tpghpj;jdH. YDfytpypUe;J

fye;Jnfhz;l kf;fs; vt;thW gy kdpjts epWtdq;fspy; mNefkhd njhopy;

Ghpfpd;wdH vd;gjidj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. NkYk; Njapiy fk;gdpfs; jq;fsJ ,yhgj;ij

Fiwg;gjw;F xU gFjp epyj;ij Rw;Wyh my;yJ tptrhaj;jpw;F toq;fKbAk;. ,jdhy;

kf;fsJ tho;thjhukhdJ mghafukhd epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLfpd;wJ.


2.3 Rw;Wr;#oy; rPuopT

Mizf;FOtpd; fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd;;NghJ gq;Fgw;wpa mNefkhd kf;fSf;F jq;fSila

tho;thjhukhdJ Rw;wpAs;s #oy; mikg;Gld; njhlHGgl;lNjhL> jq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s

,aw;if tsq;fspYk; jq;fpAs;sJ vd;gjid mwpe;jpUe;jdH. Mizf;FOthdJ

gy;NtWgl;l re;jHg;gq;fspy; mur nfhs;iffs;> mur KjyPl;L mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;>

mur rhHgw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; fhzp ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;w

Kiwik Nghd;wit Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpid vjpHkiwahfg; ghjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjid

mwpe;Jnfhz;ldH. Mizf;FOtpd; nrtpkLj;jypw;fpzq;f fPo;tUk; gpujhd

fhzpg;ghtidahdJ Rw;Wr;#oiy nghpJk; ghjpg;gjhfj; njhpate;jJ.

2.3.1 ghhpa mstpyhd fUj;;jpl;lq;fs;

jw;Nghija epiyapy; ePHg;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G Nkk;ghl;L

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; mlq;fyhd gy;NtWgl;l mgptpUj;jp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;>

efuk; kw;Wk; fpuhkk; Mfpa ,uz;L gpuNjrq;fspYk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

mNefkhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshy; Rw;Wr;#oYf;F Vw;glf;$ba ghjpg;Gf;fs; Fwpj;J

fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjpy;iy. kf;fs; jw;NghJ eilKiwapYs;s Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G

kjpg;gPl;Lg; nghwpKiw Fwpj;J fLikahd tpkHrdq;fis njhptpj;jdH. NkYk;

kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gl;l gpd;dNu fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjhf

Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdH.

ehdhtpj gpuNjrq;fspy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtWgl;l epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fspd;

jd;ikfSf;F mikthf ghjpg;G kjpg;gPl;Lg; nghwpKiwapd; msTk; mbg;gilAk;

khw;wkila KbAk;. JiwKf efuk; kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiyapYs;s fdpag;nghUs;

mfo;T Mfpa jpl;lq;fs; fiuNahu kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;Gw flw;fiuia ghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

mNj Nghd;W epyg;gug;G Rw;Wr; #oyhdJ 600 Vf;fH fhzpg;gug;igf; nfhz;l #hpa

fy Ntiyj;jp;;l;lkhdJ `k;ghe;Njhl;iliar; NrHe;j jp];]Gu kw;Wk; GWj;jd;fe;j

(Thissapura and Buruthankanda) ahidfs; Kfhikj;Jt ruzhyaj;jpw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l

fhzpapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;GLfpd;wJ.

Mizf;FO gJisf;Fk;> jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shfpa Vida Rw;Wg;Gw

gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; tp[ak; Nkw;nfhz;;lNghJ ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; vjpHkiwahd

tpisTfs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. tptrha epyq;fSf;F

mj;jpahrpakhd xU njhif ePHepiyfs; Ruq;fg;ghij mikj;j nraw;ghL fhuzkhf

tw;wpg;Nghd epyikfs; cUthdJ. tptrha rPHjpUj;jk; kw;Wk; fhzpfs; njhlHgpyhd

Kd;ndLg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w (MONLAR) epWtdj;jpdhy; gJisapYs;s 37 fpuhk

NrtfH gphptpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; ,j; jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf>

3090 fpzWfSk; 45 ePHepiyfSk; Kw;whf tw;wpg;NghAs;sik njhpate;jJ6. ,t;thwhd

ePHg;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs; (ahd; Xah> nkhwf`fe;j kw;Wk; fS fq;ifj; jpl;lq;fs;)

capHg; gy;tifikj;jd;ikia mopg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

6. Uma Oya, yesterday, today and tomorrow by Sajeewa Chamikara available at: https://monlar.lk/umaoya-disaster-Eng.html


'vd;Dila tPL ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf Kw;whf Nrjkile;jJ. epyk;

ntbj;J tay;epyq;fSk; $l jho;e;Jtpl;ld. fle;j 3 tUlq;fshf ehq;fs;

new;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. jkpou;> rpq;fstH my;yJ K];yPk; Mfpa

ehq;fs; midtUk; kdpjHfs; ,t;thwhd mePjp ahUf;Fk; eilngwf;$lhJ. mtHfs;

vq;fis tPLfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wp thlif tPl;by; thOkhW gzpj;jpUe;jdH xU

tUlk; fle;j epiyapYk; vq;fsJ tPLfisg; ghh;itapl tutpy;iy. mj;Jld;

kiof; fhyq;fspy; tPl;bDs; ePH frpe;J Kw;whf eidtjdhy; vq;fshy; mq;F

thoKbahJ"

- gJisapUe;J gq;Fgw;wpa xU gq;Fgw;WeH

,jw;fpilapy; `k;ghe;Njhl;il fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; thOfpd;w tptrhapfs;

Gjpjhff; fl;lg;gl;l JiwKfj;jpd; fhuzkhf ctH ePH CLUty; gpur;ridf;F

Kfq; nfhLj;JtUfpd;wdH. xYtpypy; fl;lg;gl;l JiwKfj;jpd; fhuzkhf mk;ghiw

epe;jt+H Nkl;Lg;gs;is fpuhkj;ijr; NrHe;j tz;zhd;Nrid kw;Wk; flw;fiu ntl;il

Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; flyhpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ.


2.3.2 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw

'#oy; ghjpg;Gf;fs; mjpfhpf;fpd;wd. flw;fiuapypUe;J 300 kPl;lH

J}uj;jpw;Fs; cs;s epyq;fis tpw;fKbahJ ,Ug;gpDk; mit

gpd;gw;wg;glhky; Rw;Wyh tpLjpfs; mikg;gjw;F tpw;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Rw;Wr;#oy; mjpfhurig ,tw;wpw;F mDkjp toq;fpAs;sJ."

- khj;jiwiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeH xUtH.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; mjPj tsHr;rp fhuzkhf gy;NtWgl;l nghpa mstpyhd fl;Lkhd

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; ngUksthd ghhpa fhzpfis vjpHfhy Rw;Wyh rhHe;j

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gLtJ mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk; nghpa mstpyhd

Rw;Wyh Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; ehl;bd; fiuNahu #oy; mikg;gpid ghjpf;fpd;wJ Fwpg;ghf

fw;gpl;b> epyhntsp> Fr;rntsp Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; fz;ly;> KUiff;fy; kw;Wk;

kzy;NkL Nghd;w Vida #oy; mikg;Gf;fisAk; ghjpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; mEuhjGuj;jpy;

Mw;wpw;nfd xJf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhzpfisAk; mtw;wpw;F mUfpYs;s fhzpfisAk;

ifg;gw;wpapUg;gjdhy; nts;sk; Vw;gLtNjhL tpyq;FfSf;fhd ,aw;if thoplq;fSk;

mopf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

mEuhjGuj;jpYs;s Nghnu];l; nwhf; fhbd; hpNrhl;bdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w #oy; ghjpg;Gf;fs;

gw;wp kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G nraw;ghl;by; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. ,t;tpLjpahdJ

cj;jpNahfG+Htkhd Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;G kjpg;gPL xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;shky;

fl;Lkhdg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ khj;jpukd;wp fl;Lkhd nraw;ghLfspd;

NghJ Fiwe;jJ 1 Vf;fH fhLfs; mopf;fg;gl;lJ7 vdNt ,jw;F Kd;djhf ,J

njhlHgpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jpapUf;fNtz;Lk;. ,f;fl;Lkhdg; gzpfSf;Fg; gpd;dH

kdpjUf;Fk; ahidfSf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjy;; tYg;ngw;wjhff; $wg;gl;lJ. ahidfs;

fUtyf];thttpw;Fk; tpy;gj;J Njrpa G+q;fhtpw;Fkpilapy; gazpf;fpd;w ghijapNy

tpLjp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sik ,jid NkYk; tYg;ngwr; nra;fpd;wJ.

7. Uma Oya, yesterday, today and tomorrow by Sajeewa Chamikara available at: https://monlar.lk/umaoya-disaster-Eng.html


2.3.3 ghhpa mstpyhd tHj;jf Ntshz;ik

cyHtyaj;jpy; ghhpa mstpyhd Ntshz;ikf; fk;gdpfshd Nlhy; yq;fh (jdpahH)

epWtdk;> gpwTz; kw;Wk; fk;gdp gP.vy;.rP. rP.I.rP N`hy;bq;]; gP.vy;.rP Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w

eltbf;iffs; %yKk; <u tyaj;jpy; gpuhe;jpa ngUe;Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w

eltbf;iffs; mq;Fs;s Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpd; moptpw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.

$Ljyhd epyf;fPo; ePiu cwpQ;Rjy;> kw;Wk; tzpf Nehf;fhd Ntshz;ikf;fhf fhLfis

mopj;jy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs; epyj;jb ePHepiyfis fzprkhff; Fiwf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;

khzpf;f fq;if kw;Wk; fphpe;jp fq;if Mfpatw;wpypUe;J Nkw;gb fk;gdpfs; ghhpasT

ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjhy; YDfk;ntnfu kw;Wk; ahy Mfpa gFjpfspy; thOfpd;w

ahidfs; cl;gl;l kpUfq;fs; ghhpa ePHj;jl;Lg;ghl;il vjpHnfhs;fpd;wd. nghyd;dWit

kw;Wk; mEuhjGuk; khtl;lq;fspy; tptrhaj;jpw;nfd mjpfsthd fpUkpehrpdpfs;

ghtpf;fg;gLtjhy; caphpay; gy;tifikj;jd;ikf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gNjhL kz;

tsj;ijf; Fiwj;J ePHepiyfisAk; khRgLj;Jfpd;wd. Nlhy; yq;fh (jdpahH) epWtdk;

gapHr;nra;iffspd; %yk; ahidfspd tUifia Cf;Ftpj;jjhYk; Ntypaplg;gl;Ls;s

fhuzj;jpdhy; ahidfs; fpuhkq;fSf;Fs; Eiotjhf nts;stha gpuNjrj;jpy;

thOfpd;w kf;fs; tprdk; njhptpj;jdH. mj;Jld; ,f; fk;gdpahdJ mjpfstpyhd

tptrha ,urhadq;fisg; ghtpg;gjhfTk; Fiw $wg;gl;lJ.


2.3.4. ,uhZtkakhjy;

fhzpfs; ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; gy;NtW vjpHkhwhd #oy;

gpur;ridfis Vw;gLj;Jtjhf Mizf;FOtpw;F gy;NtW re;jHg;gq;fspy; njhpate;jJ.

mtHfs; kf;fSf;Fg; gad;glf;$ba gw;whf;Fiwahd tsq;fis VfNghf #oy;

tsq;fshf khw;wpaikj;Js;sik njhpate;jJ. cjhuzkhf fhahd;Fop kw;Wk;

Ks;spf;Fsk; gpuNjrq;fspy; ed;dPH Cw;W flw;gilapdhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s epiyapk;

,e;jpahtpypUe;J kPs;FbNawpa kf;fs; mtHfspy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jd;

tpisthf mtHfs; jpdKk; 20 yPl;lh; ePiuf; nfhs;tdT nra;aNtz;ba epHg;ge;jj;jpw;F

cs;shfpAs;sdH. Ks;spf;Fsk; kw;Wk; ghzk Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; ,uhZtk; rl;l

tpNuhjkhf fhzpfis ifafg;gLj;jp mjpy; jw;NghJ Rw;Wyh tpLjpnahd;iw mikj;J

tUtNjhL mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s fz;ly; fhLfis mopj;J ctH ePHepiyfspd; #oy;

mikg;Gf;fisg; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shf;Ffpd;wdH. mj;Jld; Rz;bf;Fsk; ruzhyaKk;

,uhZtj;jpdhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYs;s gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;sjhy; gpuNahrdkw;wjhff;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

2.4 ,oe;j milahsq;fs

'vd;Dila Njrpa milahs ml;il vdJ milahsj;jpw;F

mtrpakhdJ Nghy vd;Dila epyKk; vdJ milahskhFk;. ,Jjhd;

ehd; vd;W milahsg;gLj;jy;."

- tl;;Lthiyr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH.

nfhs;iffs; cUthf;fg;gLk; NghJk; my;yJ ePjpapd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpYk; epyj;Jldhd

njhlHG cWjp> mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs;> cWjpg;gLj;jy; gbtk;. njhiffs; kw;Wk;

thpg;gzk; Mfpa Mtzq;fSf;$lhfNt kjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ehLG+uhfTk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G nraw;ghLfspy; kf;fs; gy;NtWgl;l

topfspy; fhzpfSldhd njhlHig njspthf tpghpj;jpUe;jNjhL> ,J vt;thW

jq;fsJ milahsj;ijAk; r%fq;fisAk; tbtikj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ vd;gjidAk;

ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. mtHfsJ fhzpg; gpur;ridfisj; jPHf;fpd;w nghwpKiwfs;

jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; r%fr; #oypdhy; cUtfpf;fg;gl;l kf;fsJ fijfis nrtpkLg;gNjhL

mtHfsJ vjpHghHg;Gf;fisAk; milahsg;gLj;J xg;Gf;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;.

,Ug;gpDk; epyj;Jldhd kf;fspd; njhlHGfs; vg;nghOJk; jhq;fs; FbapUe;j

fhzpfspNyNa thoNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhhpf;ifahf mHj;jg;gltpy;iy. kf;fs;

tho;f;ifapd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; gps;isfSf;fhd rpwe;j vjpHfhyj;ij mikj;jy;>

vjpHfhyj;jpw;nfd Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; Kd;$l;ba vr;rhpf;iffisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba nghwpKiwfspd;wp ,Ug;gjhy; ,aw;if mdHj;jq;fspypUe;J

ghJfhg;Gg; ngWjiy Nehf;fp Kd;NdWjy; Nghd;wd gw;wpg; NgrpapUe;jdH.


2.4.1 FLk;g milahsk;

'30 tUl fhykhf fhzpfisg; ghtpj;j rpq;fs FbapUg;ghsHfs; vq;fsJ 300 tUl

fhzpg; ghtid gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fNtz;Lk;"

- Ky;iyj;jPT nfhf;Fj;njhLthiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.

'fhzpfspypUe;J ,lk;ngaHe;J tajhfp ,we;j gpd;dH ,uz;lhtJ jiyKiw

mjw;fhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;Lnkd;w ek;gpf;ifiaAk; ,yf;ifAk; nfhz;bUf;fhJ vd

murhq;;fk; ek;Gfpd;wJ"

- aho;g;ghzk; gyhypiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs; fpz;lyhf njhptpj;jpUe;jdH.

kf;fs; guk;giu guk;giuahff; epyq;fspy; tho;e;J mtw;Wld; tYthd gpizg;ig

Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lik njhlHgpy; NgrpdhHfs;. cjhuzkhf fy;Nyhahtpy; mtHfsJ

KjhijaHfs; fhLfis mopj;J fhzpfspy; tPLfis mikj;jdH vd;gij

epidtgLj;jpaNjhL mtHfs; my;yJ mtHfsJ ngw;NwhHfs; el;l kuq;fs; njhlHgpYk;

njhpag;gLj;jpdH.

epyj;Jld; njhlHGgl;ljhd gy;NtW mq;fPfhuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; kf;fs; Kf;fpakhd

tho;f;ifj; jPHkhdq;fisAk; KjyPl;Lj; jPHkhdq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdH. nfhOk;gpy;

gy;NtW efug;Gw Viofs; kf;fs; jhq;fs; guk;giu fhykhf tho;e;Jte;j jq;fsJ

fhzpfSld; fhzg;gLfpd;w czHr;rpG+Htkhd kw;Wk; epjp KjyPl;Lg; gpizg;ghdJ

cWjpfs; ,y;yhj epyikiaf; fhl;bYk; tYthdJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jdH. mj;Jld;

,j; njhlHghdJ mur mq;fPfhuj;Jldhd gad;ghl;L (kpd;rhuk;> ePH) ,izg;Gf;fisg;

ngwy;> thf;fhsH gjpTfs; kw;Wk; rpWtHfs; ghlrhiyfspy; mDkjpf;fg;gly;

Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; NkYk; tYg;ngw;wJ. ,e;j mq;fPfhukhdJ fhyg;Nghf;fpy;

tYtile;J kf;fs; jq;fsJ tPLfis Nkk;gLj;jp fzprkhd msT khw;wq;fisAk;

Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdH. ,NjNghd;w njhlHGfs; mEuhjGu khtl;lj;jpy; mur fhzpfspy;

tho;e;JtUk; kf;fsplj;jpYk; fhzg;gl;lJ.


2.4.2 rka kw;Wk; ,d milahsq;fs;

',uhZtj;jpdH ,lk;ngaHe;J kPsf;FbNawpa kf;fis mg;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s

mtHfsJ tzf;fj;jyq;fSf;F nry;y mDkjpj;jy; mtHfisj;

rkhjhdg;GLj;Jtjw;Fg; ghtpf;fpd;w je;jpNuhghakhFk;> mj;Jld; ,e;

eltbf;iffshdJ fhzp tpLtpg;gpy; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; fhzg;gLtjhf

cyfpw;Ff; fhl;Ltjw;NfahFk;"

- aho;g;ghzk;> gyhypiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;.

fhzp mike;Js;s mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Gdpjj;jd;ik fhuzkhf kf;fSf;Fk; mtHfs;

FbapUf;Fk; my;yJ FbapUe;j fhzpfSf;Fkpilapy; ey;y gpizg;nghd;W

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. topghLfSf;fhd mZFjy;> topghl;L Kiwikfs; kw;Wk; rlq;Ffs;

Mfpad kf;fis mtHfs; thOk; g+kpAld; gpizg;gNjhL mtw;wpd; ,og;ghdJ kf;fspila

Fog;gfukhd epiyia Vw;gLj;JtNjhL Vw;fdNt fhzg;gLfpd;w fhzpg;gpur;ridfis

NkYk; tphpTngwr; nra;fpd;wJ.

cjhuzkhf nghj;JtpypYs;s Gl;lk;ig-[yhy;Bd;Guk; vd;w xU gioa K];yPk; fpuhkk;

jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy;8 15e; jpfjp Vg;uy; khjk; 1985 ,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Fog;gj;jpd; fhuzkhf iftplg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh mtHfs; fhzpfis Fiwe;j

tpiyf;F tpw;Wk; rpyH gy;NtW topfspy; mtw;iw ,oe;Jk; tpl;ldH. 3 tUlq;fSf;F

Kd;djhf mtHfs; kPz;Lk; FbNawp gs;spthry; xd;iw mikj;jjd; gpd;dh; mJ

,de;njhpahj rpyuhy; cilf;fg;gl;lJ. mtHfs; Muk;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngaUk;NghJ

el;l<L vJTk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy> mj;Jld; mtHfsJ clikfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld.

jw;Nghija epyikapy; jkpo; kf;fs; tptrhak; nra;Jnfhz;L Rw;Wtl;lhuj;jpy; tho;e;J

tUfpd;wdH. ,dk; rhHe;j ntspNaw;wy;fs;> ghFghLfs;> Fog;gq;fspd; tpisthfj;

Njhd;wp kf;fspd; milahsj;ij ,of;fpd;wdh;> Fwpg;ghf Gl;lk;ig-[yhy;Bd;Guk;>

rpyhtj;Jiw> Ky;iyj;jPT(kwpg;G) kw;Wk; tTdpah. ahd; Xah jpl;lj;jpYk; kf;fs;

kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; vt;tpjkhd trjpfSkpy;iynad Gfhh; nra;jdH.

2.4.3 tho;thjhu milahsk;

'vq;fsJ ney;iy> Fj;jiff;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l epyq;fspy; kioia

ek;gp 3 NghfKk; gapHnra;j ehq;fs; xNu jlitapy; midj;ijAk;

,oe;J fhzpia tpl;L tapw;wpy; grpAld; ntspNaWk;NghJ kdjpy;

Vw;glf;$ba czHTfs; vt;thwpUf;Fk;"

- Ky;iyj;jPT nfhf;Fj;njhLthiar; NrHe;j gq;Fgw;WeHfs;

mEuhjGuj;jpYs;s jkpo; r%fk; fhzpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;L ghlrhiy trjpfs;

$l ,y;yhj kpff; Fiwthd trjpfs; nfhz;l ,lj;jpy; kPsf;FbakHj;jg;gl;lJ

njhlHgpy; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;jdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf gps;isfspd; ghlrhiy

,iltpyfy;fs; mjpfhpj;jNjhL fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,tHfSf;F ehshe;j $yp

8. fpuhkj;jtHfs; $wpajw;fpzw;f 15e; jpfjp Vg;uy; khjk; 1985 ,y; j.tp.G jq;fsJ fpuhkj;ij

vhpj;J 4 tiuf; nfhd;wNjhL mjd; gpd;dH mf;fpuhkk; iftplg;gl;lJ


2.4.4 milahsq;fs; mfw;wg;gl;lik

xUtUila fhzpapypUe;J milahsj;jpd; epkpj;jk; td;Kiwapdhy; ntspNaw;wy;

my;yJ xUtUila fhzpia mthplkpUe;J NtNwhU milahsj;ijf; nfhz;l xU

FOtpduhy; milahsj;jpd; epkpj;jk; tpyf;fp itj;jpUj;jypd; tpisthf fhzpAld;

njhlHGgl;l milahsj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhd xU epahakw;w Fog;gfukhd epyik

cUthFk;. ,e; epahakw;w epyikahdJ fhzpg; gpur;ridAld; gphpf;fKbahj

msTf;F ,izf;fg;gl;L mit fhzp ,og;gpd;NghJk; Ngrg;gLk;. ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shf;$ba

epyikapYs;s kf;fs;> me;epakhdtHfs; kw;Wk; chpikaw;wtHfisAk; gy;NtW

ngah;fisf; nfhz;L miof;fpd;wdH. mjhtJ Mjpthrp> Nghbq; Ml;fs;> Ntw;Wfpuhk

thrpfs;> gaq;futhjpfs;> me;j GNyhf; gps;isfs\block lamai|.Nghd;w gy;NtW

ngaHfshy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH.

,lj;jpd; ntspg;Gwg; (ngsjPfg;) gz;Gfis khw;wpaikg;gjw;F Kaw;rpj;J mtw;wpd;

milahsq;fs; khw;wg;gl;lik Fwpj;J kf;fs; fhag;gLj;jg;gl;L tpuf;jpAk; mile;Js;sdH.

,J mtHfsJ epyj;Jldhd cwit ghjpg;gNjhL mtHfs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l

czHitg; ngw;wNjhL \jq;fSf;Fhpajy;y| my;yJ \jq;fSf;F Ntz;lhk;| vd;w

epiyf;Fs;shfpd;wdH. Gjpjhf tzf;fj;jyq;fs; cUthjy; my;yJ rkak; rhH

fl;blq;fs;> rkaQ; rhHe;j rpiyfs; kw;Wk; tPjp kw;Wk; ,lq;fSf;F jkpopypUe;J

rpq;fsj;jpw;F my;yJ njhlHNg ,y;yhj egHfspd; ngaHfs; nfhz;L khw;wg;gly;

Fwpj;J kf;fs; mjpUg;jpia ntspg;gLj;jpdH.

ehl;bd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; epHthf myFfs; ntspg;gilahfNt jkpopYk;

rpq;fsj;jpYk; gphpj;Jg; ngahplg;gl;Ls;sjhf kf;fs; njhptpj;jdH. ,e; eilKiwahdJ

Vida r%fq;fspilNaAk; gutp mtHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; khj;jpuk;

FbapUg;gjw;F mDkjp ,Ug;gJ Nghd;wjhd ek;gpf;ifAld; fhzg;gLfpd;wdH.

K];yPk; r%fj;jpd; rdj;njhifiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;shjJ epHthf hPjpahf mtHfis

vy;iyg;gLj;jYf;Fs;shf;fpAs;sJ vd czug;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; : fhj;jhd;Fb

cjtpj; njhopy;fis khj;jpuNk ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbe;;jJ. ,e;j fhzpfspypUe;J

ntspNaw;wg;gly; nraw;ghlhdJ> Neubahf xU Fwpg;gpl;l tifj; njhopYld; mtHfspd;

milahsj;ijj; njhlHGgLj;Jtjw;fhd xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. gyhypapy; ghuk;ghpa

njhopy;fshd gdk;nghUs; cw;gj;jpfs;> kPd;gpb> tptrhak; Mfpad ,isQHfspd;

tpUg;gkpd;ik fhuzkhf Fiwtile;J mw;Wg;Nghfpd;w epyikf;Fs;shfpd;wik Fwpj;J

nghJkf;fSldhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd;NghJ njhpate;eJ.


2.4.5 mur epjpAjtpAld; nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;w fhydpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; milahsk;

mur epjpAjtpAld; nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;w fhydpj;JtkhdJ murpd; ,dthj epfo;r;rp

epuy;fis tYg;gLj;Jk; vz;zj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf jkpo; kw;Wk; K];yPk; gFjpfspd;

rdj;njhifg; guk;giy khw;wp mikg;gjw;nfd tuyhw;W hPjpahf Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w

Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l nghwpKiwahFk;. Fwpg;ghf ntyp Xah9 (Kjypy; 'kzyhW||10 vd;w

ngaH nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;lJ) kw;Wk; fy; Xah. Mfpad ,d;Wtiu fhydpj;Jtk;

,lk;ngw;WtUfpd;w rpy goq;fhy jpl;lq;fshFk;. ,d;W tiu rhpahfj; jPHf;fg;glhky;

,Uf;fpd;w ,yq;ifapd; 30 tUl ,dg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F xU %y fhuzkhf mike;j

fhzpg;gpur;rid> xU ePz;l fhy rHr;irf;Fhpa11 tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. (ghuk;ghpa

jhaff; fUj;Jf;fs;)

fhzp cs;she;j hPjpapy; milahsj;Jld; gpize;Js;sNjhL ehl;bw;F nrhe;jkhdJkhFk;.

MfNt gy;NtWgl;l efu my;yJ efHg;Gw FbapUg;ghsHfs; fhzp kw;Wk; mjd; chpik

njhlHgpy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gpizg;G fpuhkj;jtHfspd; vz;zg;ghl;bypUe;J Kw;wpYk;

khWgl;ljhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf rpWghd;ik r%fj;jpdhpilapy; fhzp vd;gJ

mtHfsJ xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l tuyhW kw;Wk; milahsq;fSld; xd;wpize;j xU

tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy; Njrpa fhzpf; nfhs;ifia tiuAk; NghJ kpf

Kf;fpakhd rpy fUj;Js;sPLfs; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

vjpHfhy ePHg;ghrd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis tbtikj;J jpl;lkpLk; NghJ Kf;fpakhd

njspit mjpfhpf;fpd;w topfhl;ly;fshtd>

Nfs;tpf;FwpapYs;s kf;fs; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gl;L mtHfsJ cs;sPLfs;

Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;tpUf;fpd;w mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; kPs; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fs;

Fwpj;J ngwg;glNtz;Lk;.

kPs; FbNaw;wj;jpl;lq;fspy; ntspaplj;jpYs;s jpl;lj;jpw;fhd msTNfhy;fis jpUg;jp

nra;fpd;w kf;fisf; fhl;bYk; jpl;lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w cs;ShpYs;s

fhzpaw;w twpa kf;fSf;F> Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;F ntspNa cs;s gpuNjrq;fisr; NrHe;j (Fwpg;ghf mUfpYs;s

khtl;lq;fspypUe;J) kf;fisf; nfhz;LtUk;NghJk; ,d tpfpjhrhuk; Fwpj;J

Kf;fpa ftdQ; nrYj;jg;glNtz;baNjhL FbapUg;ghsHfSf;Fk; Vw;fdNt cs;s

kf;fSf;Fkpilapy; Fog;gq;fs; Vw;glhkYk;> mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; ,d tpfpjhrhuj;jpy;

Fog;gk; Vw;glhj tpjj;jpYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

9. Ajit Kanagasundram, The Gal Oya Project 60 years on - Part II - http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=152657

10. University Teachers for Huma Rights Jaffna (UTHR(J)), Special Report 5 - From Manal Aaru to Weli Oya and the Spirit of July 1983, 15th September, 1993 - http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm#_Toc512569422

11. University Teachers for Huma Rights Jaffna (UTHR(J)), Report 11, APPENDIX II - Colonisation & Demographic Changes in the Trincomalee District and its effects on the Tamil Speaking People - http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report11/appendix2.htm

http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=152657

http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=152657

http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm#_Toc512569422

http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm#_Toc512569422


cs;@H my;yJ khfhz mur jpizf;fsq;fspdJk; kj;jpa my;yJ Njrpa mur

jpizf;fsq;fspdJk; tfpgq;Ffis njspthf tiuaiw nra;J mtHfsJ nghWg;Gf;fs;

mjw;Nfw;g toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. (kPs; FbNaw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpd;w r%fq;fSf;fpzq;f

jPHkhdq;fs; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.)

1990 fspy; j.tp.G fshy; tl khfhzj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l K];yPk; FbapUg;ghsHfs;

10 tUlq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dUk; mtHfspd; ghjq;fs; ,lk;ngaHe;Js;s ,lj;jpw;Fk; nrhe;j

epyj;jpw;Fkpilappy; fhzg;gLtNjhL mtHfSf;F thf;fspf;Fk; chpikAk; ,d;wp

,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpur;ridahFk;. mtHfs; thf;fspg;gjw;fhd tpNrl nghwpKiwfs;

fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; xt;nthU jlitAk; Gj;jsj;jpypUe;J NgUe;Jfs; %yk; mtHfsJ

nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;L thf;fspj;jdH. Xd;W my;yJ kw;iwa murpaw;

fl;rpfspd; Fz;lHfshy; mNefk; fy; tPr;rpw;Fk; cs;shfpAs;sdH. kd;dhH kw;Wk;

Ky;iyj;jPitr; NrHe;j K];yPk;fs; ,lk;ngaHtpd; gpd;dH Gj;jsj;jpy; midj;ijAk;

KjypypUe;J Muk;gpf;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH jq;fsJ nrhe;jf;

fhzpfSf;F kPSk; NghJ jkpo; kf;fs; mtw;wpy; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH. jq;fsJ nrhe;j

,lq;fspypUe;J midj;Jk; ,of;fgl;l epiyapy; K];yPk;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lNjhL>

mtHfs; FbNawpa ,lq;fspy; mg;gFjp kf;fshy; ||mfjp eha;fs;|| vd;w mtJ}whd

ngaHnfhz;L miof;fg;gl;ldH. ,t;thwhf ePz;l fhykhf ,lk;ngaHe;J tho;e;Jte;j

K];yPk;fSf;F murhq;fj;jpdhy; tPLfs; toq;fg;glhkYk; vt;tpjkhd cjtpfSkpd;wp

jhq;fNs jq;fshy; Kbe;j mstpw;F fhzpfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Js;sdH.

fhzpr; rl;lq;fshdJ ,t;thwhf ,lk;ngaHe;j K];yPk; kf;fSf;F mtHfsJ

fhzpfSf;F kPz;Lk; nry;y mDkjp toq;fNtz;L;k; ,y;yhtpbd; mtHfSf;fhd

el;l <l;Lj; njhifAld; khw;W ,lj;jpy; mtHfSf;Fg;; nghUj;jkhd fhzpfis

ngw;Wf;nfhs;s toptFf;fNtz;Lk;.


2.5 fhzpfis clikahf;fy;> fhzp chpik kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G

njhlHghd ngz;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

kf;fspd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; mkHTfspy; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYKs;s gy

ngz;fSld; fye;JiuahbapUe;Njhk;. ngz;fs; fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gq;fhspfshfTk;

gy;NtWgl;l fhzpg;Nghuhl;lq;fspy; jiytHfshfTk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sdH> Fwpg;ghf

,uhZtj;jplkpUe;J fhzpfis kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Ky;iyj;jPtpYs;s

Nfg;ghg;gpsT kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpypUe;J mf;fiug;gw;W Eiur;Nrhiy K];yPk;

kf;fspd; Rdhkp kPs;FbNaw;w tPl;Lj;jpl;lk; njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fs; tiu. jq;fsJ

r%fj;jpd; fhzp chpik njhlHghd gpur;ridfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhd tha;g;igAk;

gyj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; rpy Ntisfspy; ngz;fs; murpaypYk;

,ize;Js;sdH. fhzp ngz;fspd; milahsj;jpYk; r%f nghUshjhu ghJfhg;gpYk;

neUf;fkhfj; njhlHGgl;Ls;sJ vdj; njspthfpd;wJ. gy;NtWgl;l mkHTfspy;

MizahsHfs; ngz;fSld; Ntwhff; fye;Jiuahbajhy; mtHfs; gakpd;wp

ruskhff; fye;Jiuahlf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;glyhdJ

ghy;epiy rhHe;j mDgtkhf ,yq;ifapy; khj;jpuky;y Vida ehLfspYk;12

tuyhw;Wg; gjpTfspYk; fy;tpapay; Mtzq;fspYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs;

fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gf;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpjkhdJ Mokhd tprhuiz kl;lj;jpy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; Mtzg;gLj;jy;> ghy;epiyrhh; gFg;gha;T> ngz;fspd;

rhl;rpaq;fs; Mfpa ntspg;gilahd ,e;j mDgtq;fs; ngw;Wj;je;jJ.

12. A study on Women’s Land Rights in the Post-Tsunami Resettlement Process in Batticaloa documents through in depth case studies, women’s experience of domestic violence in relation to loss of land and property in the post tsunami rettlemment process. Not only did women lose their claims to dowry land in the resettlement process but women spoke of violence in the home as they were trying to negotiate the power relations in the households as the new post-tsunami housing were given in the man’s name. Maunaguru, Sitralega & Emmanuel Sarala (2010), in Penkalin Nilam: A study on Women’s Land Rights in the Post-Tsunami Resettlement Process in Batti-caloa, published by Suriya Women’s Development Centre Batticaloa.

2.5.1 ,lk;ngaHT ntspNaw;wk; kw;Wk; milahsk;

ngz;fs; jq;fs; ,lk;ngaHt kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wg;gly; Fwpj;j mDgtq;fisg; gfpUk;

NghJ me;epakhdtHfisg;; Nghd;W fzpf;fg;gLfpd;w fsq;fg;gl;l jd;ik Fwpj;J

mjpfk; NgrpdH. ,lk;ngaHe;j my;yJ ntspNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; \mfjp| mjhtJ

,lk;ngaHe;jtHfs; Nghd;w juq;Fiwe;j ngaHfs; nfhz;L miof;fg;gl;ldH. ngz;fs;

mur Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJk;> cs;@H r%fj;Jld; goFk; NghJk;

r%fj;jpd;; ,fo;r;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL> ghlrhiyfspy;

ghFghLfis vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w jq;fsJ Foe;ijfshYk; fhag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdH.

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; xU ,sk; ngz; jdJ mDgtj;ijg; gfpUk; NghJ. vt;thW mtuJ rf

khztHfs; ghlrhiyf;fhyk; KbAk; tiuf;Fk; jdJ tPL Jg;gutw;wJ> Rfhjhukw;wJ

kw;Wk; Fg;ig $oq;fs; vq;Fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd vz;zp jd;Dila gpwe;j

ehspw;Ff;$l tuhkypUe;jik Fwpj;Jf; $wpdhH. ,e;j r%fkhdJ ,lk;ngaHe;J 30

tUl fhykhf ,t;thwhd jw;fhypff; FbapUg;Gf;fspy; tho;e;Jte;jdH. xU guk;giuNa

,t;thwhd mikg;gpy; tsHe;Js;sdH. tFg;giwfspy; ,lk;ngaHej FLk;gq;fisr;


NrHe;j gps;isfs; jdpahf mkHj;jg;gl;lik Fwpj;Jk; njhptpj;jdH. ,lk;ngaHe;j

my;yJ mfjpahf thOk; kf;fisj; jpUkzk; nra;tJ Fwpj;J ,fo;r;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lk;;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ mJTk; Fwpg;ghf ngz;fSf;F ,e; epyik mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLtjhf

mf;fiug;gw;W gpuNjrj;ijr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. ,fo;r;rpf; fz;Nzhl;lk;

rhjp mbg;gilapyhd kw;Wk; ,d mbg;gilapyhd milahsk; rhHe;j ghFghl;Lld;

njhlHGl;lnjd;gij NeubahfTk; ntspg;gilahfTk; Fwpg;gplhtpl;lhYk; mit

njspthfj; njd;gl;lJ. Mzhjpf;f rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ r%fQ;rhHe;j

milahsq;fis ,ay;ghfNt jhq;fpf;nfhs;tjhy; rKjhaj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ,fo;r;rpapd;

ghjpg;gpidAk; jhq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;batHfshfpd;wdH. ,e;j ,fo;r;rpj; jd;ikahdJ

rpyNtis td;Kiwahfj; Njhw;wk;ngw;W ngz;fspy; ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l

clw;gFjpfspd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

2.5.2 jpUkzk; kw;Wk; rPjdk;

'fjT cile;J mirfpd;wJ> ehd; mjidf; fl;lNtz;Lk;. vd;dplk;

ve;jnthU MtzKk; ,y;yhjjhy; vd;dhy; tPl;il jpUj;jKbahJ. ehd;

& 18>000 toq;fpNa vd;Dila fhzp mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ijg; ngwNtz;Lk;

vdpDk; vd;dplk; gzk; fpilahJ. ehd; ,e;j tPPl;il vd;Dila nghpa

kfSf;F rPjdkhf toq;fptpl;Nld; ,Ug;gpDk; vd;dplk; ve;j MtzKk;

fpilahJ".

- fz;zfpGuk; gpuNjj;jpy; 1983 ,y; gpNukjh] tPl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gl;;l

tPl;bYs;s xU gq;Fgw;WeH.

Mzhjpf;f r%fj;jpy; rPjdnkd;gJ FLk;gj;jpYs;s midj;J mq;fj;jtHfSf;Fk;

ghjpg;ghd xd;whf ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk; Mz;fs; mhpjhfNt rPjdk; gw;wpa gpur;ridfis

Kd;itj;jdH vdpDk; ngz;fs; jq;fSila Foe;ijfSf;F jpUkzj;jpw;F

toq;fNtz;ba rPjdk; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;> r%f me;j];J kw;Wk; mjdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w

jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; gutyhff; fUj;Jj; njhptpj;jpUe;jhHfs;. ,e; epyikahdJ

Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapy; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; Gfpjpfspy; ngz;fs; epyj;ij rPjdkhff;

nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghJthd eilKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghJfhg;G

kw;Wk; fz;zpak; Nghd;wtw;iw jq;fsJ ngz; gps;isfSf;F toq;fKbahj epiyapy;

jpUkzg; Ngr;Rf;fspd; NghJ Njitahd msT rPjdj;ij toq;Fjy; xU jpwTNfhyhf

mikfpd;wnjd;gJ ftiyf;Fhpa tplakhFk;.

,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fSf;Fk; mur fhzpfNs toq;fg;gLfpd;w #o;epiyapy;> Gjpjhf

toq;fg;gLfpd;w fhzpfs; rpwpajhff; fhzg;gLtNjhL mit xU FLk;gj;jpw;Nf

NghJkhdjhFk;. mj;Jld; ,J xU Foe;ijf;F khj;jpuNk toq;fg;glf;$baJ vdNt

VidatHfSf;fhd jukhd jpUkzg; Ngr;Rf;fs; Mgj;jhdjhf khWfpd;wJ. NkYk;

mur fhzpfshdJ fhzp mgptpUj;jp rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gLfpd;w epiyapy; mJ

Mz; FLk;gj; jiytiu khj;jpuk; mq;fPfhpg;gNjhL mLj;jjhf mJ %j;j kfDf;Nf

toq;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd midj;J tplaq;fSk; Kf;fpakhff; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;bAs;sJ fhuzk; ,f; FLk;gq;fs; tprhykhf fhzpj; Jz;lq;fisAk; taw;

fhzpfisAk; nfhz;bUe;j NghjpYk; ,lk;ngaHT kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wg;glypd; NghJ

mtHfs; mtw;iw ,oe;Js;sdH.


'vd;Dila jfg;gd; kPs; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;lhH> ehq;fs; mthpd;

Kjw; Foe;ijfs; MdhYk; ngz;fs;. mtUila ,uz;lhtJ

jpUkzj;jpy; mtUf;F xU Mz; Foe;ij gpwe;jJ MfNt rl;l hPjpahf

fhzp mtUf;Nf nry;Yk;"

- Ks;spf;Fsj;ijr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH.

'xU Mzpd; ,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd;dH me;jf; fhzp jhdhfNt %j;j Mz;

gps;isf;F khw;wg;gl;L tpLk;. mJ jha;f;F toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,wg;gpd;

gpd;dH Kf;fpa FbapUg;ghsuhy; chpik NfhuyhdJ kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJ.

,e;j mjpfhuj;JtkhdJ tpidj;jpwdw;wJ"

- mEuhjGuj;ijr; NrHe;j xU gq;Fgw;WeH.

fhzp chpik njhlHghd Mzhjpf;f eilKiwfs; gw;wp kj;jpa];jk; nra;Ak;NghJ>

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chpj;jhd midj;J nrhj;Jf;fSk; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd;

gpd;dH FLk;g nrhj;Jf;fspy; my;yJ fhzpapy; mtuhy; vt;tpjkhd Nfhhpf;iffisAk;

Kd;itf;f KbahJ. FOtpw;fpilapy; rpy fye;Jiuahly;fs; ,J njhlHgpy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; ,JNt nghJthd eilKiwnad;w njspT Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

MfNt ,uhZtj;jpw;nfjpuhd kw;Wk; kf;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w tYthd fhzp

chpikg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; fhzp chpik njhlHghd ghy;epiy rhHe;j ghFghl;L

eilKiwfs; tPLfspYk; r%fq;fspYk; njhlHr;rpahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Lf;nfhz;Nl

,Uf;fpd;wd. ,g; ghFghLfshdJ gue;Jgl;l fhzp chpik njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fspy;

milahsg;gLj;jg;glhky; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

jpUNfhzkiyiar; NrHe;j ngz; xUtH jdJ mDgtq;fisg; gfpHe;Jnfhs;Sk;NghJ>

jd;Dila kfspd; fztu; fhzpia jd;Dila ngaUf;F khw;wQ;nra;ahtpbd;

jpUkzj;ij Kbj;Jf;nfhs;tjhff;$wp gaKWj;jp mf;fhzpiaAk; tPl;ilAk; jdJ

ngaUf;F khw;wp vOJkhW Nfl;ljhff; $wpapUe;jhH. ,J xU cjhuzk; khj;jpuNk khwhf

gy;NtW re;jHg;gq;fspy; nrhe;jtPLfspy; fhzp njhlHghd gpur;ridfs; fhuzkhfg;

ngz;fs; gaKWj;jg;gl;Lk; td;KiwfSf;Fs;shfpa re;jHg;gq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Xf;NlhgH 2019 ,y; rl;lk; kw;Wk; r%f epWtfk; kw;Wk; ghHy; tiyaikg;Gk; ,ize;J '10

tUl kf;fspd; fhzpg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;: gpujpgypg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mLj;jfl;l eltbf;iffs;"

vd;w jiyg;gpy; nfhOk;gpy; elhj;jpa nghJkf;fs; fUj;juq;fpy; tl gFjpapypUe;J

te;j kf;fs; fhzhky; Mf;fg;gl;Nlhhpd; FLk;gq;fisr; NrHe;j ngz;fs; jhq;fs;

tho;e;J tUfpd;w fhzpia Njrtoikr;rl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf fztH ,we;jhNyad;wp

fhzp njhlHgpy; ngz;fs; RahjPdkhf jPHkhdq;fis vLf;f Kbahj epiyapy;> mlF

itf;ff;$l Kbahj rpf;fyhd epiyf;Fs;shfpAs;sik Fwpj;J fUj;J ntspapl;ldH.

,jdhy; rl;lhPjpahfTk; r%f hPjpahfTk; ngz;fspd; fhzp chpikahdJ Jujpu;~;ltrkhf

mePjpahd eilKiwahd rPjdk; kw;Wk; jpUkzj;Jld; njhlHGgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j

eilKiwahdJ jpUkztPLfspy; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd Mjhukhf fzpf;fg;gl;L ngz;fspdhy;

czug;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j rpf;fyhd epyikahdJ ngz;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; fhzp

chpikahdJ Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. jpUkzj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhd fhzp kw;Wk;

nrhj;J njhlHgpyhd fye;Jiuahly;fspy; r%fj;jpy; fhzp chpikapd; jhf;fj;ijf;

fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.


2.5.3 fhzp kw;Wk; FLk;gey nraw;ghLfs;

mNefkhd ngz;fs; epyj;jpw;fhd ,og;gPL njhlHgpy; mtHfspd; ghHitapy; mbg;gilj;

Njitfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpg; NgrpdH. mJ ntWkNd jq;fsJ fhzpfisj;

jpUg;gpj;juNtz;Lk; vd;w miog;G khj;jpukd;wp mtHfspd; ghJfhg;G> tPjpfs;> jukhd

fy;tp trjpfs; kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; guhkhpg;G Nritfs; mUfpypUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w

gue;Jgl;l tplaq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffspd; epkpj;jk; jq;fsJ tPl;L Ntiy kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G NtiyfSld;

njhlHGgl;ljhd nraw;glf;$ba jq;fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fPl;il NfhUfpd;wdH.

rpyNtisfspy; ngz;fs; jhq;fs; Nkyjpf tFg;Gf;fs;> re;ij kw;Wk; Vida

Nritfis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tpjj;jpy; efuj;jpw;F mUfhikapy;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Kd;itg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ldH. mtHfs; jq;fSila nrhe;jf;

fhzpfis kPsg;ngWfpd;w ghhpa Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;fhsHfshf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;

epyj;ij ikag;gL;j;jpajhd jq;fsJ tho;f;if njhlHgpy; mikjpahfTk; jplkhfTk;

NgrpdH.

nfhOk;gpy; gyte;ejkhf mLf;Fkhbj; njhFjpfsp;y; efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapdhy;

kPs;FbakHj;jg;gl;l ngz;fs; jhq;fs; tPL rhHe;J czT jahhpj;J tpw;wy; kw;Wk;

ijay; Nghd;w tho;thjhuq;fis ,oe;Js;sjhff; $wpdH. ,jd; fhuzkhf mtHfsJ

FLk;g tUkhdq; Fiwtile;jNjhL mtHfsJ tho;f;ifr; nryTk; mjpfhpj;jJ.

Jzpfis Jitg;gjpypUe;J gps;isfisg; guhkhpj;jy; tiuahd Ntiyfis

Kd;dH gfpHe;J nra;jNghjpYk; jw;NghJs;s #o;epiy khw;wq;fs; fhuzkhf r%f

tiyaikg;Gf;fis ,oe;Js;s epiyapy; jdpj;J nra;aNtz;bAs;sjhfj; njhptpj;jdH.

,jdhy; mtHfsJ nghWg;Gf;fs; mjpfhpj;Js;sNjhL mtHfs; mjpfsthd Neuj;ijAk;

nrytopf;f Ntz;bajhfTs;sJ. kf;fs; gy;NtW tPl;Lj;njhFjpfSf;fpilapy; gphpe;J

nrd;Ws;sjhy; jq;fsJ maytHfs; mwpKfkw;wtHfshf ,Uf;fpd;w epyikapy; tPl;L

Ntiyfis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; Foe;ij ghuhkhpg;G njhlHgpy; Kd;diu tpl

Nkyjpf rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;batHfshfpAs;sdH. NkYk; mLf;Fkhbf;

FbapUg;Gf;fspy; gps;isfspd; Milfisj; Jitj;J mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghf cyHj;jp

mtHfisg; ghlrhiyf;F ghJfhg;ghf mDg;Gjy; Nghd;w NjitfSf;F jhq;fNs

jPHTfisj; Njbf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rthyhd epyikfis mq;fpUe;jgbNa rkhspj;Jf;

nfhs;sNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F cs;shtNjhL> Foe;ijfsp;d; ghlrhiyapd; gpd;duhd

Neuj;jpy; mtHfisf; fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;batHfshfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wdH.

tPl;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w guhkhpg;G nraw;ghlhdJ murpd; r%fg; ghJfhg;G

eltbf;iffSld; Mokhfj; njhlHGgl;Ls;sJ. ngz;fs; rKHj;jp Nghd;w r%fg;ghJfhg;G

epfo;r;rpfSf;F gjpit Nkw;nfhs;sKbahkw; Nghdjw;fhd fhuzk; fhzpapypUe;J

,lg;;ngaHT> kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wg;gly; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tpisthfNt vd;w fUj;ij

Mr;rhpakw;w tpjj;jpy; Rl;bf; fhz;gpj;jpUe;jdH. mur kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtHfs;

kj;jpapy; jq;fsJ chpikfis typAWj;Jk; NghJ nghUs; hPjpahd tpisthf

r%fg; ghJfhg;G fhuzpfspd; mDFifapy; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLtNjhL r%fj;jpy;

fsq;fg;gLtJk; Nkyjpf Rikahf Vw;gLfpd;wJ. taJte;jtHfs;> Foe;ijfs; kw;Wk;

Nehahspfisg; guhkhpj;jy; ngz;fspd; gpujhd nghWg;ghFk;. ngz;fspd; r%fg;

ghJfhg;G njhlHghd Nfs;tp vOg;Gfpd;w jd;ikahdJ tPl;by; jq;fp tho;fpd;w mjpfk;

ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shff;$batHfis ghhpa mstpy; ghjpf;Fk;. MfNt> xUth; jq;fsJ

nrhe;e epyj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWk; gl;rj;jpy; Foe;ijfs;> KjpatHfs; kw;Wk; FLk;g


cWg;gpdHfis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F xU Kf;fpa];jH ,y;iynadpy; mtHfs;

midtUk; ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shff;$ba epyikapNy cs;sdH.

ckh Xah jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngz;fs; ePH gw;whf;Fiw fhuzkhf jq;fsJ nrhe;j

miktplq;fs; kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fspypUe;J ntspNa nrd;W njhopiyg; ngwNtz;ba

fl;lhaj;jpw;Fs;shfpajhfj; njhptpj;jpUe;jdH. ,J mtHfsJ Ra ghJfhg;ig ngUkstpy;

Fiwj;J kjpg;gpLfpd;w tplakhFk;.. gJisapypUe;J gq;Fgw;wpa xU ngz; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ

ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;ghdJ gpur;ridfspd; NghJ ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhfNt fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mtHfs; jq;fsJ ftdk;> ghJfhg;G> Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ey;tho;T njhlHgpy; NgRtJ

njhlh;ghff; fhzg;gLfpd;w rthy;fs; Fwpj;J njspTgLj;jpdH. kiyafg; gpuNjrq;fspy;

fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpYs;s Mgj;jhd epyikfs; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufHfspd;

tfpgq;F fhuzkhf ngz; njhopyhsHfs; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;wNjhL

mtHfs; vjpHNehf;Ffpd;w Jd;GWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; ,d;Ndhnud;d td;Kiwfs; Fwpj;J

Gfhh; mspg;gJTk; rhj;jpakw;wjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd gpur;ridfs; jq;fsJ

r%fj;jpYk; fhzp njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fspYk; ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhfNt fUjg;gLtJ

,g; ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;gw;w jd;ikia NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fhzp njhlHghd

gpur;ridfSf;Fk; tPl;L td;Kiwf;FKs;s njhlHG kw;Wk; fhzp. ,lg;ngaHT kw;Wk;

Ntiyj;jsq;fspYs;s ghypay; td;KiwfSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlHGfs; Nghd;wd

ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ajhHj;jg+Htkhdjhf ,Uf;fpd;wd.

vdpDk; fhzp kw;Wk; ,lk;ngaHT njhlHghd gpur;ridnad;gJ ntWkNd ngsjPff; fhzp

njhlHgpy; khj;jpukd;wp mtHfsJ epyj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhd g+uzkhd tho;f;ifapd;

mbg;gilapyhdJ. tho;thjhuk; njhlHghd fye;Jiuahly;fspy; nghJthf ntsptuhj

ngz;fspd; tfpgq;F Fwpg;ghf guhkhpg;G nraw;ghLfs; njhlHgpy; ehq;fs; Nfl;lwpe;Njhk;.

Foe;ijg; guhkhpg;gpd; rthy;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Foe;ijfspd;

fy;tp> tajhdtHfs; kw;Wk; tpN~l NjitAilatHfisg; guhkhpj;jy;> rikj;jy;.

ePiu Nrkpj;Jitj;jy; Nghd;wit. ngz;fs; jq;fsJ Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F jhq;fNs

guhkhpg;ghsHfshf nraw;gLfpd;wdH. ePz;lfhy epiyNgwhdjd;ikf;Fj;; Njitahd

guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; czTfis jhq;fNs toq;fp tUfpd;wdH. ngz;fspd; ,t; tho;f;if

Kiwapy; guhkhpg;G kw;Wk; capHtho;jypy; jq;fsJ tfpgq;fpidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L

,t; tho;f;if Kiwikia kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F tP;l;bYk; nghJ ,lq;fspYk;

fhzp chpik njhlHghd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <LgLfpd;wik njhlHghd vz;zg;ghL kpfj;

njspthff; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;lJ.

,tw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf> ehq;fs; re;jpj;j mNdfkhd kf;fs; gy tUl fhykhf jq;fs;

fhzp chpik njhlHgpy; Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdH. mNefkhf ngz;fs; kw;Wk;

Mz;fs; fisj;Jg;Ngha; Neha;tha;g;gl;Ls;sdH. ngz;fs; jhq;fs; KjpHr;rpailjy;

kw;Wk; gps;isfspy; jq;fpapUj;jy; njhlHgpy; jq;fsJ ftiyia ntspapl;ldH. mth;fs;

jq;fsJ nrhe;jf;fhzpfis kPs;gngWtnjd;w Mirnad;gJ> jhq;fs; ,wf;Fk; nghJ

fz;zpaj;Jld; ahhpYk; jq;fpapUf;fhky; ,wg;gjw;fhFk;. mEuhjGuj;jpy; tho;fpd;w

tajhd ngz;fs; mur fhzpfspy; tho;tjw;fhd chpikia ,oe;jNjhL jq;fSila

Mz; gps;isfspd; iffSf;F fhzpfs; nrd;wjhYk; tNahjpg epiyaq;fSf;F

nry;yNtz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;Fs;shfpAs;sdH. Mzhjpf;f r%ff; fl;likg;Gf;fspy;

ngz;fspd; fhzp njhlHghd chpikapy; mtHfspd; fz;zpak;> khpahij kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;G cWjp nra;ag;glhj epiyapy;> taJ KjpHe;j epiyapYk; ,wg;gpYk;

fz;zpaj;ij cWjpnra;Ak; XNu topahf tho;f;if G+uhfTk; mtHfs; NghuhLtijf;

iff;nfhs;fpd;wdH.


2.5.4 ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; fz;zpak; njhlHghd fUj;JUthf;fk;

'vq;fSf;F vq;fsJ cwtpdHfs; mUfpypUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehq;fs;

Neha;tha;g;gLk; NghJ vq;fSf;F cjtNtz;Lk;. vq;fisr; #oTs;s

Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F cjTtjhfTk; mika

Ntz;Lk;. vq;fsJ r%f cwTfis ehq;fs; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;"

- mf;fiug;gw;wpypUe;J gq;Fgw;wpa xUtH

ngz;fs; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gLk; NghJk; jq;fsJ nrhe;j epyq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; nry;Yk;NghJ

vt;thwhd ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffs; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;W njspthf ghpe;Jiufspy;

fhzg;gl;ld. kf;fsJ fhzpfis mgfhpj;jJ kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdhpd; ,Ug;G

Nghd;wtw;wpw;nfjpuhf Ky;iyj;jPtpy; ngz;fs; jplkhff; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jdH.

'ehq;fs; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gjw;F ,uhZtj;jpdH ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W

mtrpakpy;iy. Njrpa ghJfhg;ghdJ ,uhZtj;jpw;F rkkhfhJ.

mjhtJ ,ytrf; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;> vq;fsJ fhzpfis

ehq;fs; nfhz;bUj;jy;> xU ehspy; ve;Neuj;jpYk; ngz;fs; ntspapy;

nry;yf;$bajhf ,Ug;gNjhL mtHfs; Rje;jpukhf thoTk; Ntz;Lk;.

,Jjhd; Njrpa ghJfhg;ngd;gjd; mHj;jkhFk;"

,uhZtj;jpdhpd; ,Ug;G> fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; md;whl tho;f;ifapy; fl;Lg;ghLfs;

Nghd;wit ghJfhg;ngd;W nghUl;glhJ> khwhf ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;ngd;gJ

fz;zpaj;Jld; Rje;jpukhf tho;tnjd epr;rakw;w tpjj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jpdH.

fpspnehr;rp nrQ;Nrhiyapy; Kd;dhs; tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; ngz; NghuhspfSld;

,lk;ngw;w Cf;fkspf;Fk; fye;Jiuahlypy; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; fz;zpak; njhlHgpy;

Jy;ypakhd ntspg;gLj;Jif Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. FLk;gq;fs; ,y;yhj epiyapy; rpWtH

,y;yq;fspy; tho;e;Jte;j ,e;jg; ngz;fs; jq;fsJ epyq;fSf;F kPSk; NghJ jq;fsJ

fhzpfis kPsg;ngWtjpy; gpur;ridfs; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jpdhy; mtHfs; xd;wpize;J

jq;fsJ fhzp chpikfisAk; tPLfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F Ntiy nra;fpd;wdH.

,e;j ,sk; ngz;fspd; jd;ek;gpf;if khj;jpuky;y mtHfSf;F ,t; tPl;ilj;jtpu NtW

FbapUf;Fk; trjpfs; ,y;iy vd;gjhy; mtHfs; ,jw;fhf Kd;dpw;;gJ cw;rhf%l;lf;$ba

nraw;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ. ,it tk;rhtsp> cwTfs;> rhjp kw;Wk; r%fk; Mfpatw;wpd;

%yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;w xd;wy;y khwhf mt;tplj;jpy; gpwe;J tsHe;J tho;e;j Mokhd

gpizg;gpd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wjhFk;.

ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; fhzp vd;gJ ntWkNd xU nrhj;J my;yJ clik

vd;w xU ngsjPf nghUs; khj;jpukpy;iynad;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; ,J

guk;giuf;FhpaJ my;yJ fyhr;rhu NtW}d;wYld; njhlHGgl;lJ vd;Wk; RUf;ff;

fUj;Jg;glf; $wKbahJ. fhzp chpik tof;fq;fspy; ,J Mz;fSf;F Kf;fpa

fhuzpahf ,y;yhjpUe;j NghjpYk; ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,t;tpU fhuzpfSk;

mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;. ngz;fs; ,ay;ghfNt fhzp chpik gw;wpg; NgRk;NghJ

gue;Jgl;l fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; NgRtNjhL mJ tho;f;ifap;d; midj;J mk;rq;fisAk;

cs;slf;fpajhfTs;sJ. ngz;fs; fhzp ,og;ig ,dk; my;yJ r%fQ; rhHe;j

Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; ghFghl;bd; fhuzkhf khj;jpuk; ,of;fpd;wdH vdf;; $wKbahJ.


mtHfs; rl;lq;fspYs;s newpaw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa r%f eltbf;iffspd;

%yKk; ghjpg;ig vjpHnfhs;fpd;wdH vd;gij ,tw;Wld; NrHj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

ngz;fspd; fhzp chpikahdJ gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l khw;wkpd;wpa Kd;Ndhf;Fld; $ba

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l gpur;ridiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

r%fg;ghJfhg;ig toq;fy;

• r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rKh;j;jp Nghd;w Vida eyd;Ghp epfo;TfSf;fhd

tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; nghwpKiwfs; nghJg;gilahfTk; cs;thq;ff;$bajhfTk;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J njhlHghd jfty;fs; kf;fSf;F ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

tpjj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

• epue;ju Kfthpia ,oj;jy; Nghd;w fl;likg;G hPjpahd rthy;fis vjpHnfhs;fpd;w

ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shff;$ba kf;fSf;F murpdhy; r%fg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyd;Ghp

nraw;;jpl;lq;fspy; ,iztjw;F xOq;Ffs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

,lg;;ngaHT kw;Wk; fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lik Nghd;w fhuzq;fis

Rl;bf;fhl;b epue;ju KfthpAld; njhlHGgl;l r%fg; ghJfhg;G nraw;jpl;lq;fspypUe;J

,k;kf;fis ePf;fptpl KbahJ.

• r%fg; ghJfhg;ngd;gJ fhzpg;gpur;ridfSf;F jPHitg;ngwy;; kw;Wk; tho;f;ifia

kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; ngz;fisAk; mtHfsJ FLk;gq;fspYk;

epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f khw;wj;ij cUthf;Ffpd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshFk;. r%fg;

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; eyd;Ghp nraw;jpl;lq;fshdJ> Aj;jk; kw;Wk; ,og;Gf;fs;

mjhtJ kf;fspd; fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhu ,og;Gf;fspd; ePz;l fhyg;ghjpg;ig

fUj;jpw;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;..

• NkYk; r%fg; ghJfhg;Gj; jpl;lq;fshdJ Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fgl;l kf;fspd;

FLk;gq;fis xUq;fpizj;J itj;jy; kw;Wk; fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;NlhUf;F

guhkhpg;G nraw;ghl;bd; %ykhd ngz;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w gq;fspg;ig

fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.


ghpe;Jiufs;


topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;:

,yq;ifapy; fhzpf; nfhs;if> fhzpg; ghtid> fhzp cupj;jhz;ik> kf;fspd; fhzp

my;yJ fhzpg; ghtidapidg; ghjpf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpait gpd;tUk; topfhl;ly;

Nfhl;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> epu;tfpf;fg;gl;Lj; jPu;khdpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;

• cs;SH kf;fspd; fhzp chpik njhlHgpYk; ,aw;ifahd #oy; mikg;gpd;

ey;tho;T Fwpj;Jk; fhzpf;nfhs;ifahdJ Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

• kf;fisf; nfsutj;JlDk; kupahijAlDk; elj;jy;.

• fhzpfSldhd kf;fspd; cwtpid kjpj;jy;> Fwpg;ghf ,e;j cwTfspd;

ghy;epiyahf;fg;gl;l jd;ikfs;

• cs;SH rKjhaq;fis kjpj;J mtw;Wld; xj;Jioj;jy;

• cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; rhj;jpakhd FWfpa fhy kw;Wk; ePz;lfhyf;

fhyepiy kw;Wk; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fisg; gw;wpa Gupjiyf; nfhz;L jPu;khdq;fis

tFj;jy;.

• fhzp njhlHgpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w midj;J KjyPLfSk; fhzp kw;Wk; #oy;

mikg;gpd; kPs; cUthf;fj;jpw;F JizNghff; $bajhf ,Uj;jiy cWjpnra;jy;.

• jPu;khdk; tFj;jypy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; Vida ghjpg;gpd; tpspk;Gepiyf; FOf;fspd;

Kidg;ghd gq;Fgw;wiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;

• ePjpahd kw;Wk; xg;Guthd jPu;khdk; tFj;jiy ,aYkhf;fy;

• rfy eltbf;iffspYk; ghFghbd;ik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; ,aYkhf;fy;.

• rfy ,yq;ifau;fSk; jw;fhy kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy mf;fiwapidf; nfhz;Ls;s

,yq;ifapy; fhzpapid xU tiuaiwf;fg;gl;Ls;s Njrpa tskhf mq;fPfupj;jy;

• kdpjg; ghJfhg;gpid kjpj;jy;

• nghWg;Gf;$wf;$ba ntspg;gilj;jd;ik nfhz;l kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpaJkhd

mur epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; murNritfs; ,Ug;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jy;

,itNa kf;fs; mtu;fspd; mDgtq;fisAk; vjpu;ghu;g;;Gf;fisAk; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahbaNghJ Ngrpa tplaq;fshFk;. kf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s vjpu;kiwahd

mDgtq;fspD}lhf gy xj;j tplaq;fs; fhzg;gl;likapid mtjhdpg;gJ

gad;kpf;fjhFk;;. kf;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpa rhjfkhd vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fspYk; xj;j jd;ikfs;

fhzg;gl;ld. xNu gpur;rpid tpj;jpahrkhd tuyhw;W> r%f> Rw;whly;> murpay; kw;Wk;

Vida #oiktpy; ifahsg;gLifapy; ntt;NtW jPu;Tfs; vOtijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F

,J vkf;F cjTfpd;wJ. jPu;Tfs; cs;SH #oypw;F mikthf cs;SH ajhu;j;jq;fspw;Fk;

jdpj;JtkhditahFk;. gpur;rpidfs; xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; kf;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs;

my;yJ Kd;nkhopag;gLk; jPu;Tfs;; ,lj;jpw;fplk; Vd; Kuz;gLfpd;wd vd;gij ,J

tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.


nghJ kf;fspd; gupe;Jiufs;

,e;jg; gupe;Jiufs; khtl;lq;fs; KOtjpYk; fhzpg; gpur;rpidahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

,yq;ifau;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfhupf;iffisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,e;j

mwpf;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fuy;fs; fhzpf; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf xUNghJNk

fye;Jiuahlg;glhjtu;fspd; Fuyhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jq;fsJ nrhe;jf; fhzpfs; Neubahf

ghjpf;fg;gl;lNghJk; $l ,tu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fs; nfhs;if tFg;NghupdhYk;> jPu;khdk;

tFg;NghupdhYk; NghjpasT ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy13. rpy gupe;Jiufs; Kd;G

kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fspd; NghJ toq;fg;gl;l gupe;JiufspypUe;J

jftikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; Vidait ,e;j fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l

jdpj;JtkhditahFk;.

13. 2016 etk;gupy; ey;ypzf;fg; nghwpKiwfs; gw;wpa fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrayzpapd; ,Wjp

mwpf;ifapd; mwpf;if> Nk 2016 ,d; murpayikg;G kWrPuhf;fy;fisg; guprPypf;Fk; nghJkf;fs;

gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FO> 20110 etk;gupd; fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;fk; gw;wpa tprhuizf;

FOtpd; mwpf;if

1. fhzpapid mZFtjw;fhf> cilikahf itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd> gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kw;Wk; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd cupik

fhzpapidr; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fk; mZFtjw;Fk; thof;$ba kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;ghd tPlikg;gpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fkhd kf;fspd; cupik ,uhZtkakhf;fk;>

mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; nry;te;ju;fspdJk; rf;jpkpf;ftu;fsJk; eyd;fis kl;Lk;

ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwikfs; cs;spl;l gy fhuzpfspdhy; mr;RWj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wd.

jhk; fhzpaw;wtu;fshfTk; tPlw;wtu;fshfTk; Mf;fg;gl;l gy topfisg; gw;wp kf;fs;

tpgupj;jdu;. jkJ nrhe;j epjp kw;Wk; ngsjpfg; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; jkJ FLk;gq;fspd;

ghJfhg;Gg; gw;wp kf;fs; mr;rj;jpidAk; tpuf;jpapidAk; ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. rpwe;j

vjpu;fhyj;jpid mtu;fspdhy; mgpyhir nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. fhzp mgptpUj;jp

mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis mLj;j re;jjpapdUf;F khw;wp toq;Fk; nghwpKiwapy;

ngz;fSf;F vjpuhff; fhl;lg;gLk; ghFghL xU nghJthd Kiwg;ghlhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

rpyu; CLUtpr; nry;Yk; tWik gw;wpAk; Ntwhf;fg;gLk; Mokhd czu;T gw;wpAk;

Ngrpdu;. mKypYs;s Kiwik kf;fs; jkJ fhzpfspy; FbapUe;j kw;Wk; ,ilaPL

Nkw;nfhz;l ntt;NtW topfis mq;fPfupf;fj; jtwptpl;lJ vd;gJ Mizf;FOTf;Fj;

njspthfj; njupe;jJ. kf;fs; vt;thW fhzpapid mZFfpd;wdu;> gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;

kw;Wk; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu; kw;Wk; vt;thW rpwe;j Kiwapy; ,yq;ifapy;

fhzpapd;ik kw;Wk; tPbd;ik Mfpait jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjw;fhd rl;l kw;Wk; epu;thf

mq;fPfhuj;jpw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; gue;j nfhs;ifg; gupe;Jiufs; Mjupj;J thjhLfpd;wd

1. kf;fs; mtu;fspd; njupTf;Fupa tho;thjhuq;fspy; <LgLtjw;fhd mtu;fspd;

cupikfs;> ehl;bd; rpy ghfq;fspy; epyTk; jha;top thupRupik eilKiwfs;>

jiyKiw jiyKiwahf tuyhw;W uPjpahff; fhzpfis cilikahf

itj;jpUj;jy;> rpy Fwpg;gpl;l fhzpfspd; rka kw;Wk; fyhrhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fhzpfSldhd kf;fspd; gpizg;ig mq;fPfupj;J

mtw;wpid kjpj;jy;


2. fhzpfis cilikahff; nfhz;L gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupik gy;NtW topfspy;

epiyehl;lg;glyhk; vd;gij mq;fPfupj;jy;. rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fs; vd;git

fhzpf;fhd cupikapidf; NfhUtjw;fhd kw;Wk; fhzpapidg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

xU tbtk; khj;jpuNk vd;gjid mq;fPfupj;J> kf;fs; fhzpf;fhd rl;lG+u;tkhd

jd;ikapid Vida topfspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gij mq;fPfupj;jy;. rpy

fl;lisr; rl;lq;fspy; ,J mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; eilKiwapy; fhzpfs;

kPjhd kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa cilikf;Fk; mjd; ghtizf;Fk; ,lkspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy

vd;gJld; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,J Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ (cjhuzkhf

RNjr FOf;fspd; fhzpf; Nfhupf;ifapidg; ghu;f;f)

3. rhjp kw;Wk; ghy;epiy Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; r%fuPjpahfg; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLk;

eilKiwfspdhy; fhzpaw;wtu;fshf;fg;gl;L tpspk;Gepiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;s

,r;rKjhaq;fis milahsk; fz;L mtu;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fTk;.

4. nghJthd fhzpfs; kw;Wk; rKjhar; nrhj;J (ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; tuyhw;W uPjpahd

cilik kw;Wk; ghtid Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; rKjhaq;fs; cilikahff;

nfhz;bUj;jy;) Mfpatw;Wf;fhf kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpa tiutpyf;fzq;fis

cUthf;fTk;.

5. fhzpaw;w kf;fSf;F mur fhzpfspd; rkj;Jtkhd tpepNahfj;jpid muR

jd;Kidg;Gld; cWjpg;gLj;jp Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

6. mur fhzpfspd; cupj;jhz;ik kw;Wk; mur fhzpfspd; tpepNahfr; nrad;Kiw

njhlu;ghfg; ghy; uPjpahf Ntwhf;fg;gl;l juTfis muR mwpKfg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

7. jw;NghJ mur fhzp tpepNahfj;jpy; epyTfpd;w ghy;epiy uPjpahfg;

ghFghLkpf;f eilKiwfs; G+uzkhf mfw;wg;gLtjid muR jd;Kidg;Gld;

cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

8. ghy;epiyg; ghFghLkpf;f thrfq;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhff; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf;

fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpid muR cldbahfj; jpUj;jNtz;Lk;.

9. cs;Su; kf;fisAk; RNjr kf;fisAk; mlf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;jpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mur mjpfhupfSk; murhq;f

mikg;Gf;fSk; fhzp tpepNahff; nfhs;iffisj; jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$lhJ.

fle;j murhq;fq;fs; vt;thW murpay; kw;Wk; ,dthj epfo;r;rpepuYld;

FbNaw;wq;fis Kd;ndLj;jd vd;gJ gw;wp mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.

10. nghUj;jkw;w nfhs;ifs;> rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspdhy;

Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; tPlw;wepiyapy; ,Ue;J murhq;fk; kf;fisf; ghJfhf;fNtz;Lk;.

'vdJ je;ij kPz;Lk; jpUkzk; nra;Js;shu;. ehq;fs; mtupd; Kjy;

jpUkzj;jpy; gpwe;j kfs;khu;fs;. mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ jpUkzj;jpy;

mtUf;nfhU kfd; ,Uf;fpd;whu;. rl;lj;jpd;gb kfDf;Nf fhzp

chpj;JilajhFk;."

- Ks;spf;Fsj;ijr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;


'ehk; vkJ cwtpdu;fSf;F mUfpy; tho tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. vdJ

RfaPdj;jpd; NghJ vdf;F cjtp Njit. vq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s

#oy; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;> vkJ tho;thjhuj;Jf;F cjtp

toq;FtjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehq;fs; vq;fsJ r%f cwTfisg;

Ngzf;$batu;fshf ,Uf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;."

- mf;fiug;gw;iwr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;

'Rtu;zG+kp my;yJ [aG+kp fhzpfshf ,Uf;fyhk;> ,e;j cWjpfs;

ve;j rf;jpAk; mw;wit. mJ kahdj;jpw;F nry;yf;$ba Xu;

cWjpahff;$l ,Uf;f KbAk;. Vd; ngz;fspdhy; fhzpfisg; ngw

KbahJ? gpNukjhrtpd; fhyj;jpy;; khj;jpuNk ngz;fSf;Ff; fhzpfs;

fpilj;jd. ngz;fspd; ngau;fspy; fhzpfs; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy;

mtu;fs; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;"

- nghyd;dWitiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;


'fhzpapid cupj;jhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F rpy Fwpg;gpl;l

njuptbg;gilfis ehq;fs; G+u;j;jpnra;a Ntz;Lk; - mjpy;

thoNtz;Lk;> mij tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;> jpUkzk;

Kbj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; Mdhy; ngUepWtdq;fSf;Nfh ,ytrkhff;

fhzpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. mtu;fs; vd;d njuptbg;gilapidg;

G+u;j;jpnra;fpd;whu;fs;? FLk;gq;fs; tpuptilfpd;wd. Mdhy; fhzpfs;

tpuptiltjpy;iy. fhzpfs; ngUepWtdq;fSf;F tpw;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd;du; vq;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;."

- nkhduhfiy nts;sthaitr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;

'fhzp cupj;jhz;ik vd;why; vd;d? vq;fsJ ngaupy; fhzp

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ NghJk;. ehq;fs; ,q;Nf tho;e;jikf;F

vkJ Njhl;lq;fNs rhl;rpfshf ,Uf;fpd;wd. vq;fsJ fhzpfSf;fhf

ehq;fs; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jNghJ ehq;fs; ,q;Nf xU NghJNk

thotpy;iynad mtu;fs; $wpdu; (,uhZtk;). ehq;fs; mtu;fSld;

thjpl;L ,q;NfAs;s kuq;fs; vy;yhk; ehq;fs; el;lit vdf; $wpNdhk;."

- Ky;iyj;jPT GJf;FbapUg;gpid Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;


14. 2016 Nk jpfjpaplg;gl;l murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FOtpdhy;

murpayikg;G kWrPuhf;fk; gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpa mwpf;ifapd; 66 Mk; gf;fj;jpYs;s

gupe;JiufspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

2. fhzp MSif

1. Gtpapay; uPjpahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F neUf;fkhf cs;s epWtdq;fspy;

fhzp MSif (fhzp njhlu;ghfj; jPu;khdk; tFj;jy;) nraw;jpwd;kpF Kiwapy;

fpilf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; ,aYkhf;fg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;;;.

2. mur fhzp> fhzp Ntwhf;fy;> fhzpg; ghtid> kdpjf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

kw;Wk; Vida rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs; cs;slq;fpa fhzp gw;wpa Njrpa

nfhs;ifapid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;l Njrpa fhzp

Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; (NLC). fhzpg; ghtid> FbNaw;wk;

kw;Wk; ,lk;khw;wy; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; cs;Su; kf;fspd; Njitfs; kw;Wk;

mDgtq;fis Kd;Dupikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. NLC jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpd;

gpw;Nru;f;if 2 ,y; cs;s Nfhl;ghLfs; 2.4 kw;Wk; 2..5 w;F ,iaGwNtz;Lk;.

NLC fhzp Ntwhf;fy; gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; khfhz rigfs;

kw;Wk; murhq;f epWtdq;fspd; fhzpg;ghtid gw;wpj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fkhd

mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khfhz

rigfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd vt;tpj gpzf;FfSk; NLC apdhy; jPu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;

NLC apd; jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;ghf jpUg;jpg;glhj vj;jug;Gk; Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh my;yJ murpayikg;G ePjpgjpfs; Fohkpw;Nfh

Nkd;KiwaPL nra;aKbAk;. mur fhzpfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; murhq;fj;jpd;

Vida kl;lq;fspw;F cl;gLfpd;w cs;@uhl;rp mjpfhurigfs; mtu;fspd;

nraw;ghLfSf;F fhzpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.14


3. fhzp epu;thfk;

1. fhzp epu;thfj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;s cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;>

a. topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfis cd;dpg;ghfg; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk; (NkNy ghu;f;f)

b. mtu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd jifik ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;

c. kf;fSld; kupahijAld; ele;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Nghjpa gapw;rpapidg; ngw;wpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

d. fhzp njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fs;> xOq;Ftpjpfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs; njhlu;ghf

NghjpasT gapw;rp ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;

e. rpq;fsk; kw;Wk; jkpo; nkhopfspy; jifik ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;;

f. ,iwikahdJ kf;fsplNk cs;sJ kw;Wk; jhq;fs; R%fkhd tifnghWg;G

kpf;f kw;Wk; jpUg;jpahd nray;tpjpfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,yq;if

kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;Wfpd;Nwhk; vd;fpd;w czu;Tld; jkJ nghWg;Gf;fis

epiwNtw;wNtz;Lk;

g. Coypd; tpisthf murpay;thjpfspd;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; my;yJ NtW

%d;whk; jug;gpd; ed;ikf;fhfr; nraw;glhik> nraw;glj;jtWfpd;wik

my;yJ jPu;khdk; vLf;fhik. mt;thwhd nraw;ghLfs; my;yJ flik

Gwf;fzpg;Gf;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; rl;lj;jpdhy; Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W

eltbf;iffSf;fhd Vw;ghLfs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

2. murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fj; njhopy; ghJfhg;G ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;gJld;

mtu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa rk;gsk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; vt;tpj ghFghLkpd;wp

Vida njhopy; tha;g;G eyd;fisAk; mtu;fshy; mZff;$bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

fhzp tplaq;fspy; rl;luPjpahfTk; epahakhd KiwapYk; elf;fpd;w murhq;;f

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisj; Jd;GWj;Jjy;> my;yJ mtu;fisj; jd;dpr;irahf

khw;wk; nra;jy;> my;yJ NtWtpjkhf Nkhrkhf elj;Jjy; Fw;wtpay; jtwhff;

fUjg;glNtz;Lk;.

3. fhzpapd; cj;Njr mgptpUj;jp (fhzpapid muR ifafg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;)

njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fspd; fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;F Kd;djhf murhq;f epWtdq;fSk;

mjpfhupfSk; jfty;fis toq;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fspy; kf;fSk;

rKjhaq;fSk; <LgLtjw;F Nghjpa Neuk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Neubahf my;yJ

kiwKfkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; my;yJ Rw;Wr;#oypy;

Vw;gLfpd;w jhf;fq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;ahky; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; nraw;ghLfSk;

mtru mtrukhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhfhJ.

4. epahakhdJk; epahag;gLj;jg;glf;$baJkhd nghJNehf;fk; milahsk;

fhzg;gLk;NghJ khj;jpuNk fhzp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd

fhzpahdJ murpdhy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ mt;thWngw;Wf;nfhz;likf;fhd

kpfr;rupahd Nehf;fk; tu;j;jkhdpapy; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;Lk;. murhq;f epWtdq;fNsh

my;yJ mjpfhupfNsh mt;thwhd nghJNehf;fk; njhlu;ghd rfy mtrpakhd


jfty;fisAk; epahag;gLj;jy;fisAk; toq;fNtz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l midtUlDk;

mtu;fs; cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; gw;wpj; njspthfj; njhlu;ghly; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

fhzpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; el;l<L

njhlu;ghfg; nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J vOfpd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspg;gjw;nfd

xU mjpfhup epakpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mur fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sypdhy;

ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba nghJkf;fs; epr;rakw;wjd;ikf;F Kfk;nfhLf;fyhfhJ.

nrad;Kiwapd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpd; NghJk; mtu;fSf;F cjtp toq;fNtz;Lk;.

5. murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Vida fhzpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;fSf;nfjpuhf

vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpg;gjw;fhd Gjpa mwptpj;jypidAk; fhy mtfhrj;jpidAk; toq;f

Ntz;Lk;.

6. gpd;tUk; topfhl;lypd; %ykhf fhzpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; gfpuq;fkhf gug;gg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

a. fhzp cupikfs;> epu;thfr; nray;tpjpfs;> epWtdq;fs;> fhzpf; nfhs;iffs;

kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fhzp njhlu;ghd VjhtJ jPu;khdq;fs; my;yJ

jpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa vspikahd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;fhf

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk; nray;ghLfSk; tbtikf;fg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

b. gpzf;Fj; jPu;jYf;fhd nghwpKiwfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

c. ntspg;gilj;jd;ikapid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; nghJkf;fs; mjid

mZff;$ba kl;lj;jpid kjpg;gpLtjw;fhfTk; fhzp gw;wpa jfty;fs; kPsha;T

nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,jid vt;tsT rpwg;ghf mila KbAk; vd;gJ

njhlu;ghd cjtpahdJ murhq;f mikg;Gf;fspy; xj;jpirthd jd;ikapid

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jftywpAk; cupikf;fhd Mizf;FOtpypUe;J

Nfhug;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

7. ,e;j nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fs; cupa fhyj;jpy; ,w;iwg;gLj;jy;fis

ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F rl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

fhytuk;GfSf;F ,izthf fhzp epu;thfj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Uf;fpd;w mur

mjpfhupfs; ,Wf;fkhfr; nraw;glNtz;Lk;. mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis GJg;gpj;jy;>

cupkq;fisg; GJg;gpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpid kf;fSf;F mwptpg;gjpy; mjpfhupfs;

Kidg;Gld; nraw;;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; jq;fsJ Mtzq;fisg; GJg;gpg;gjw;F

nghJkf;fSf;F NghjpasT mwpTk; tha;g;Gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;snjd;gijAk;

mtu;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

8. fhzp epu;thf epWtdq;fs; ghy;uPjpahf Ntwhf;fg;gl;l juTfs; cs;slq;fyhf

fhzp njhlu;ghd Nghjpa jfty;fs; Jy;ypakhfTk; ghJfhg;ghfTk; Ngzg;gLtij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd njhopy;El;gk; epWtdq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

9. fhzp njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; ifahSk; rfy mur mjpfhupfSk; fhzpfs;

njhlu;ghd cj;jpNahfG+u;t jfty;fis mZff;$batu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fhzp tplaq;fspy; rk;ge;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW mur mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mur


epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; nraw;jpwd;kpF xUq;fpizg;G fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

nghJg;gjpTfs; my;yJ jfty;fspd; rhd;Wg;gLj;jy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhd my;yJ

nghJ my;yJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t jfty;fis njspTgLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitg;ghL

kf;fspd; kPJ Rkj;jg;glyhfhJ. ,it nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;GgLfpd;w murhq;f

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. mtu;fNs nghJg;gjpTfisAk;

jfty;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; gpur;rpidfis njspTgLj;jp

Ntz;LNfhs; my;yJ tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhz;L kf;fSf;F cjtNtz;Lk;.

10. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fSk; FOf;fSk; ,yQ;rk;> Coy;> gupT kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G

Nghd;w tplaq;fis mur mjpfhupfs; jkJ fhzp tplaq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;tJ

njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghL nra;tjw;Fr; RahjPdkhd nghwpKiw xd;wpid

mZff;$bajhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. RahjPdkhd epWtdq;fs; tprhuizfis

elj;Jtjw;Fk; jfty;fisf; NfhUtjw;Fk; gupfhuq;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk;

mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;jg; nghwpKiwahdJ jifik tha;e;j

Mszpapdiuf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; Neuk;> nkhop> Gtpapay; kw;Wk;

nryT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; nghJkf;fshYk; rKjhaq;fspdhYk; ,yFthf

mZfg;glf; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. rpyu; vjpu;tpisTfisg; gw;wp

gag;gLfpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; Kiwg;ghLfisg; ngau; Fwpg;gplhky; ghJfhg;ghfr;

nra;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfisAk; nghwpKiwfs; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

11. Coypy; <Lgl;Ls;s murhq;f mjpfhupfs; rl;lj;jpdhy; fLikahd jz;lidf;F

cl;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (Fw;wtpay; kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W)


4. gpzf;Fj; jPu;TfSk; el;l<LfSk;

1. ePjpkd;wq;fspy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s jdpahu; fhzp tof;Ffs; epahakhd

fhyg;gFjpapDs; jPu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. murhq;fk; fhzp ePjpkd;wq;fis epWTtij

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy;; jdpahu; fhzpg;

gpzf;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzp njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisj;

Jupjkhfj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf ,J epiwNtw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rfy

jug;gpdUf;Fk; Nghjpa mwptpj;jypid toq;fp xU tUlj;jpDs; tof;Ffisj;

jPu;g;gNj Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

2. rl;l eltbf;iffis vLg;gjw;F Kd;duhf rpwpa mstpyhd jdpahu; fhzp

gpzf;FfSf;F kj;jpa];jk; toq;Ftij murhq;fk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

3. fhzpg; gpzf;FfSf;fhf jukhd rl;l cjtpapid murhq;fk; ,ytrkhf

toq;fNtz;Lk;.

4. fhzpf; nfhs;is njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; ifahs;tjw;F Miz ngw;w xU

epWtdk; RahjPdkhd> nghUj;jkhd nghwpKiwapD}lhf epWtg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

fhzpf; nfhs;ifg; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;J itg;gJ Jauq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F

mtrpakhdJ vd;gJld; ,J epahak; vd;fpd;w xU fyhrhuj;jpid Nghjpf;fpd;wJ.

ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; <LgLtjpd; Xu; mq;fkhfTk; NkYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;

rkhjhdj;ij Nehf;fpr; nraw;gLtjw;fhfTk; ,J mtrpakhdjhff;; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

a. mePjp kw;Wk; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj; jhf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

Jauq;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;Fg; nghwpKiwfs; tYg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. ,J

,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd rpf;fyhd fhzpg; gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjw;F Mw;wypidAk;

epGzj;Jtj;jpidAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;

jPu;Tfisg; gupe;Jiug;gjw;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

b. fhzpf; nfhs;isf;F cl;gl;l midtUf;Fk; el;l<L toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

el;l<lhf fhzpapidNah my;yJ fhzpAld; Nru;j;J gzj;jpidNah toq;Ftjw;F

khj;jpuk; el;l<L kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhky; mJ ,lg;ngau;tpd; NghJ ,of;fg;gl;l

tho;thjhuj;jpidAk; cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;. tho;tpid kPz;Lk; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk;

tho;thjhuj;jpidAk; fy;tpapidAk; r%f eyNdhk;GifapidAk; kPsj;

njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; cjtpfs; toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfSk; Vida trjpfSk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

c. ,t;thwhd nghwpKiwf;fhd tbtikg;G rKjhaq;fSld; Nru;e;J

fye;jhNyhrpj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; Jiwrhu;e;j epGzu;fs; ,e;jf;

fye;jhNyhrpg;gpy; gq;Fgw;wNtz;Lk;. NkYk; ,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; vLf;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd;dUk; rKjhaq;fspdhy; ,it kPsha;T nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

d. ,og;gPlhdJ el;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mJ $l;L kw;Wk; milahs el;l<lhfTk;>

FwpaPlhd el;l<lhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;.


'kioia ek;gp Fj;jiff; fhzpapy; ney;ypidg; gapu;nra;Ak; NghJ

rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,oe;J tpLfpd;Nwhk;. grp tapw;Wld;

vq;fsJ fhzpiaf; fle;J nry;Yk; NghJ vq;fsJ kdk; vg;gb

,Uf;Fk; vdf; fw;gid nra;J ghUq;fs;. tUlj;jpw;F %d;W jlit

ehq;fs; gapu; nra;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;."

- nfhf;Fj;njhLtha;> Ky;iyj;jPitr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;


5. ,lk;khw;wpf; FbNaw;Wjy;

1. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;Jjy; filrpj; njupthfNt gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

mJ fhzpAldhd kf;fspd; rpf;fyhd njhlu;Gfs; (mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs;>

ghlrhiyfSf;fhd mZfy;> NritfSf;fhd mZfy;> FLk;gk; kw;Wk; rKjhaj;

njhlu;Gfs;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; rkaj; jyq;fs; cs;spl;l) kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w xU

njupthFk;.

2. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;Jtjw;fhd kjpg;gPLfs; vf;fUj;jpl;lq;fisAk;

Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lkplYld; Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. ,it NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;jpa gpd;dUk; fz;fhzpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

mj;Jld; ,ilkhw;wkhdJ ed;F gydspj;Js;snjd;gJk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

3. mgptpUj;jp mbg;gilapyhd ntspNaw;wy;fs; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngau;T gw;wpa

If;fpa ehLfs; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs;> topfhl;ly;fs; kw;Wk; jd;dpr;iraw;w

NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;jYf;fhd nray;tpjpfs;14 cs;spl;l ru;tNjr uPjpahf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l juhjuq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fSld;

fye;jhNyhrpj;J cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpdhy; NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;jg;gLjy;

MSif nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;. Njrpa jd;dhu;tkw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;ifahdJ

vjd; mbg;gilapy; rl;lk; khjpupahf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjh mjd; Fiwthd

juhjukhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghFghbd;ik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk; Mfpa

Nfhl;ghLfs; ,Wf;fkhf gpd;gw;wg;gLtij typAWj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

gpd;tUtd gw;wp tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.

4. kPsf;FbNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; jq;fsJ fhzp ,og;G> tPL kw;Wk; Vida

fl;Lkhdq;fspd; ,og;G. Vida nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk; Nghd;w

midj;jpw;Fkhd el;l<l;il KOikahdjhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. NIRP apdhy; ghpe;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s Fiwe;jgl;r juepHza topfhl;ly;fisg; ghtpj;J

el;l<l;L nraw;ghLfis eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;.

5. tho;thjhuq;fs; (Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuhj) - fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fs; %ykhfTk;

tho;thjhuq;fis trjpg;gLj;jp tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F cUthf;fg;gl;l jsq;fs;

kw;Wk; tha;g;Gf;fspd; %ykhfTk; rKjhaq;fspd; tho;thjhu tpguq;fs; Gupe;J

nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.

• fy;tp> gps;isg; guhkupg;G tha;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopypd;wp tPl;L Ntiyfisg;

ghu;g;gtu;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd mZfy;.

• Kjpatu;fs; kw;Wk; mq;ftPdkhdtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd trjpfSld; $ba

njhopy;uPjpahd kw;Wk; Xa;TNeur; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd mtfhrKk; tha;g;Gf;fSk;

• kPsf;FbNaw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; <LnfhLf;fj;jf;f Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs;

14. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/Guidelines_en.pdf

https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/Guidelines_en.pdf


6. mLf;Fkhbj; njhFjpfspy; kPsf; FbNaw;Wjy; : jdpj;Jtkhd tbtikg;G

my;yJ Fiwe;j tUkhdk; nfhz;l rKjhaq;fspd; miktplj; NjitfisAk;

Kiwrhu; kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh tho;thjhuq;fisAk; nghJthd ,lq;fs; kw;Wk;

nrsfupaq;fisAk; kw;Wk; r%f kw;Wk; eyd;Ghp mgptpUj;jpj; NjitfisAk;

tbtikg;gpd; NghJ xUq;fpizg;gjw;fhf jpl;lkpLNtUf;Fk; epu;thfpfSf;Fk;

fye;jhNyhrpg;gpd; mbg;gilapyhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.15

7. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;JjyhdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fSld;

elj;jg;gLk; Nghjpastpyhd tpopg;Gzu;T epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs;

kw;Wk; fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fSld; mKy;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

8. kPsf; Fbaku;j;jg;gLgtu;fs; Jg;guthd #oy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l Rfhjhu

NritfSf;fhd mZFjiyAk; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;.

9. kPsf; Fbaku;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs; NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbngau;tjw;F Nghjpa Neuk;

toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

10. NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;tjw;F Kd;du; my;yJ kf;fspd; thoplk; ,bf;fg;gLtjw;F

Kd;du; jkJ tPLfspypUe;J jkJ nghUl;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf mfw;Wtjw;fhd

kf;fspd; cupik kjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; jk;khy; vLj;Jr;nry;y

Kbahky; tplg;gl;l tsq;fSf;fhd el;l<L NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;j;jg;gLk;

jpl;lq;fspy; cs;slf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhzpapy; fpilf;ff;$bajhf cs;s VjhtJ nghJ tsq;fis

kPsg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd (cjhuzkhf kpd;rhuf; fk;gq;fSk;> tau;fSk;) rfy

Kaw;rpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

11. xj;Jiog;GkpF jPu;khdk; tFj;jy; nrad;Kiwapid trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf NtW

,lq;fspy; Fbaku;e;jjd; gpd;duhd fz;fhzpg;Gf;fhd nghwpKiw tbtikf;fg;gl;L

mKy;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; gpur;rpid jPu;j;jYf;fhd nghwpKiwfSk;

NtW ,lq;fspy; Fbaku;e;j gpd;du; epahakhd fhyg;gFjpf;F tbtikj;J

mKy;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.

15. njkl;lnfhlapy; cs;s rpwprw caditr; Nru;e;j rKjhaj;jpdu; Fwpg;gpLifapy; jq;fsJ

FbapUg;Gj; njhFjpapy; tpahghuq;fis elj;Jtjw;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghLfs; jq;fsJ tho;thjhuk;

njhlu;ghd nray;ghLfis rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Fw;wtpay; eltbf;iffisg; Nghy; Mf;fpAs;sd vdf;

Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. (cjhuzkhf thOk; ,lj;jpNyNa filfis elj;JtJ)


6. ,uhZtj;jpid mfw;WjYk; kdpjg; ghJfhg;Gk;

,uhZtkakhf;fy; cilik mfw;wypd; gpujhd fhuzpahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

jdpegu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd gpuNjrq;fis Mf;fpukpj;Js;sjw;F mg;ghy; ,uhZt

Mf;fpukpg;ghdJ kPd; gpbj;jYf;fhd ,lq;fs; kw;Wk; gid kuq;fs; Nghd;w tsq;fis

mZFjypYs;s jil> fhzpg;ghtid kw;Wk; tho;thjhuq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;s ghjpg;G>

cs;SHg; nghUshjhuq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jpAs;s ghjpg;G vd;git Fwpj;J ,e;j mwpf;if

fye;JiuahLfpd;wJ. jhq;fs; ghjpg;GWk; epiyf;F Mshf;fg;gl;bUg;gjhf nghJkf;fSk;

rKjhaq;fSk; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. ,d;Dk; rpyu; fhLfspy; tho;tjw;Fj; jhk;

js;sg;gl;bUg;gjhfTk; mq;Nf jkf;F Fiwe;jgl;r ghJfhg;Ng ,Ug;gjhfTk; ,d;Dk;

gyu; jkJ cwtpdu;fSld; tho;tjw;F epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

Fwpg;ghf jkpo; NgRk; kf;fSf;F vjpuhd jd;dpr;irahd eltbf;iffs; kf;fs;

mtu;fspd; ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; <LgLtjpy; mr;rj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp tUtJld;

mtu;fs; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjpYk; mr;rj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wJ.

,uhZtj;jpd; gpurd;dKk; mtu;fspd; fz;fhzpg;Gk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l elkhl;lq;fis

cUthf;fpAs;sJld; rptpy; r%fj;Jldhd $l;Lr;nraw;ghL kw;Wk; <Lghl;bidAk;

fl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,uhZt mjpfhupfspd; fuq;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ghFghl;Lld;

$ba gifAzu;TkpF eltbf;iffSk; jd;dpr;irahd tpjpfspd; jpzpg;Gk; mlf;FKiw

kpf;fitahfNt ,Uf;fpd;wd.

muR cldbahf tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fis ,uhZtkakw;w gpuNjrkhf

khw;wNtz;Lk;. ,uhZt kakhf;fypd; vz;zw;w Nkhrkhd jhf;fq;fSk; cj;Njr

gupe;JiufSk; fPNo Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. ,uhZtk; vLj;j fhzpfis kPz;Lk; kf;fsplKk; r%fq;fplKk; toq;Ftjw;F

murhq;fk; cldbahf xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpid mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

,uhZtkakhf;fk; gy topfspy; fhzp cupikfis ghjpj;jpUf;fpd;wJ :

kf;fspd; ,lg;ngau;T> jdpahu;fspd; fhzp mgfhpg;G> rKjhak; kw;Wk; nghJf;

fhzpfs;> gapu;r;nra;if Nghd;w kw;Wk; fhzpg; ghtidapy; fl;Lg;ghL> ePH

Nghd;w fhzpg;ghtidAld; njhlu;ghd tsf; fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;

$wKbAk;. ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;gpd; jhf;fj;jpid kPsha;T nra;tjw;F Ntwhd

xU nghwpKiwapid epWTtJ mtrpakhdnjd;gJld; kf;fspd; FiwfisAk;

Nfhupf;iffisAk; jPu;g;gjw;Fk; Ntwhd xU nghwpKiw epWtg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

vdNt murhq;fk; mt;thwhd xU nghwpKiwia epWt Ntz;Lk;.

2. el;l<L> kPsspg;Gg; Nghd;wtw;wpw;nfd rkhe;jukhd Mizfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,lg;ngau;tpd; NghJ kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa td;Kiw kw;Wk; mePjp njhlu;ghd

FiwfSk; jPu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;

3. ghJfhg;G mr;RWj;jy; (mtu;fspdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l NtW epahakhd fhuzq;fs;)

fhuzkhf kf;fspdhy; mtu;fsJ nrhe;j epyq;fSf;F kPz;Lk; nry;y Kbahky;

,Ue;J mtu;fs; khw;Wf;fhzpfisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s tpUk;ghtpl;lhy; mt;thwhd

khw;Wf;fhzpfs; kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj; Njitfs;> fy;tp> nghJg;Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;

mbg;gilr; NritfSf;fhd mZfy; Mfpatw;wpid fUj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.16

16. Kuz;ghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,lg;ngau;Tf;fhd ePLWjpahd jPu;Tfs; gw;wpa Njrpa nfhs;ifapidAk;

ghu;f;fTk;. http://nirmin.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/national-policy-on-durable-solutions.pdf

http://nirmin.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/national-policy-on-durable-solutions.pdf


4. N`hl;ly;fs;> gz;izfs; kw;Wk; Vida tu;j;jf Kaw;rpfs; Nghd;w

,uhZtj;jpduhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w tHj;jf eltbf;iffs; epWj;jg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

5. kf;fSldhd vt;tpjkhd ,uhZt ,ilaPLfSk; cs;SH rKjhaq;fspd; r%f

kw;Wk; fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; $Uzu;T kpf;fjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

6. Xa;Tngw;w ,uhZtj;jpdUk; flikapYs;s ,uhZtj;jpdUk; rptpy; epWtdq;fshd

mur epWtdq;fSf;Fk; Vida mikg;Gf;fSf;Fk; epakpf;fg;glyhfhJ. efu

mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig Nghd;w mur epWtdq;fis ,uhZt kakhf;fypypUe;J

mfw;wNtz;Lk;.

'ehq;fs; ghJfhg;ig czu;tjw;F vq;fSf;F ,uhZtk; Njitapy;iy.

Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;gJ ,uhZtk; gw;wpaJ my;y. mJ vq;fisg;

gw;wpaJ. ,ytrkhf fy;tpapidg; ngWtJ. vq;fsJ fhzpfis ehq;fNs

itj;jpUg;gJ mjpNy ngz;fs; tho;e;J mtu;fs; epidj;j Neuk;

Rje;jpukhf elkhLtNj mJthFk;. mJ jhd; Njrpa ghJfhg;G vd;gijf;

Fwpf;fpd;wJ."

- Ky;iyj;jPitr; Nru;e;j ngz; gq;Fgw;Wdu;


7. fhzp kw;Wk; milahsk;

1. rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaq;fs; tuyhw;W uPjpahfg; gad;gLj;jp te;j fhzpfspypUe;J

mtu;fs; Ntwhf;fg;glyhfhJ. Nghypahd njhy;nghUs; rhd;Wfis my;yJ

tdrPtuhrpfspd; ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fisf; fhl;b> NkYk; tdg; Nghu;itiaf;

fhl;b rKjhaq;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;tJ epWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

2. fhzpfspd; kPjhd gpuj;jpNafkhd Nfhupf;ifapid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf njhy;nghUs;

kw;Wk; tuyhW vd;fpd;w fhuzq;fisj; J~;gpuNahfk; nra;tij epWj;Jtjw;F

murhq;fk; cldbahf eltbf;if vLf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag;

gd;ikthjj;jpid epiyFiyar; nra;fpd;wJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; tho;fpd;w

rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaj;jpd; r%f> fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay; ,Ug;Gf;F mr;RWj;jy;

Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; njhy;nghUs; kw;Wk; tuyhW Mfpatw;wpid #o;r;rpj;jpwDld;

ifahs;tJ jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

3. ngsj;j kjk; jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,y;yhj gpuNjrq;fspy; Gj;jupd; rpiyapid

itj;jy; cs;slq;fyhd ngsj;j rpd;dq;fis Njhw;Wtpg;gJk; jpzpg;gJk;

epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4. rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaq;fsplkpUe;J fle;jfhyq;fspy; vLf;fg;gl;l fhzpfs; mk;

kf;fs; mf;fhzpfis mZfKbahky; ,Ue;j fhyg;gFjpf;fhd nghUj;jkhd

el;l<l;Lld; kPz;Lk; xg;gilf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

5. mur FbNaw;wj;jpd; fhuzkhfj; jkJ fhzpfis ,oe;j mryhd

cupikahsu;fSf;Fk; mNj ngWkjpapidf; nfhz;l khw;Wf;fhzpfs; xJf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf> Fbaku;j;jg;gl;l kf;fis murpdhy; mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l

fhzpfspypUe;J ntspNaw;w KbahJ.

6. njw;fpy; thOk;| rpq;fs kf;fs; kw;Wk; ngsj;ju;fis vz;zpf;ifastpy;

rpWghd;ikapdu; fzprkhf thOk; gpuNjrq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf ehl;bd; tlf;F kw;Wk;

fpof;F gpuNjrq;fspy; FbNaw;Wtjd; %ykhf mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; Fbrdg; guk;giy

khw;WtJ epWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

7. ntt;NtW ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; rkag; gpd;Gyd;fisf; nfhz;l rKjhaq;fs;

gpuhe;jpaq;fs; kw;Wk; ePu;%yq;fspd; kPJ tpLf;fpd;w Nghl;bj;jd;ik kpF

cupj;jhz;ikf; Nfhupf;iffs; fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; %yk;

R%fkhd Kiwapy; jPu;f;fg;gl;L Nkyjpf ,dg;gjl;lj;ij gpuNjrj;jpy; jzpf;Fk;

tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

'vd;Dila milahsj;jpw;F vdf;F vt;thW Njrpa milahs ml;il

Kf;fpakhdNjh mNjNghy; vd;Dila fhzpNa vdJ milahskhFk;.

,JNt ehd;."

- Ky;iyj;jPT tl;Lthy; gpuNjrj;ij Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Weu;


8. fhzp kw;Wk; tho;thjhuk;

,yq;ifapYs;s 80% tptrha fhzpfs; rpwpa mstpy; gapu;nra;Ak; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspdhy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. vdNt fhzpf;nfhs;iffs; mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fisg;

ghJfhj;J mtw;wpd; epiyNgwhd jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> tptrhak;

kw;Wk; flw;nwhopy; gw;wpa nfhs;iffs; fhzpf; nfhs;iffSf;Fr; rhu;ghdjhfTk;

mtw;wpd; mKy;gLj;jYf;Fr; rhu;ghdjhfTk; mikaNtz;Lk;. NkYk; ,f;nfhs;iffs;

gpujhd cw;gj;jpahsu;fshfg; ngz;fis milahsk; fz;L fhzpfSldhd>

ePu;%yq;fSldhd mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fspd; topahd neUf;fkhd njhlu;gpid

milahsg;gLj;jp mtu;fspd; Njitfis epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.

1. #oypay; uPjpahf cWjpahd kw;Wk; epiyNgwhd Kiwfspd; %ykhf MNuhf;fpakhd

kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPjpahfg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; cztpw;fhd

kf;fspd; cupikapid mq;fPfupj;J gpd;tUtdtw;wpid toq;Fk; Njrpa tptrha

kw;Wk; flw;nwhopy; nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fjy;.

• ,urhad tptrha czT cw;gj;jp KiwfisAk; kw;Wk; Rw;whly; uPjpahfj;

jPq;fhd czTw;gj;jp KiwfisAk; gad;gLj;Jtij Fiwj;jy;

• tptrhapfSf;Fk; flw;nwhopyhsu;fSf;Fk; Nghjpa cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis

toq;Fjy; (fsQ;rpa trjpfs;> Fsp&l;lg;gl;l fsQ;rpa trjpfs;> rpwe;j

ghijfs; kw;Wk; ePu; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; Nghd;w gad;ghLfs;)

• tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; flw;nwhopyhsu;fSf;fhf xg;Guthd kw;Wk; ePjpahd

re;ijf;fhd mZfy;

• tptrhak; kw;Wk; flw;nwhopYf;fhd Gj;jhf;fk; kpf;f kw;Wk; Rw;whly; uPjpapy;

el;ghd njhopy;El;gk;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mwpT gw;wpa nghUj;jkhd kw;Wk;

mwpitg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd cjtp

• fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpa my;yJ g+HtPfkhd tpij ,dq;fs; kw;Wk;

czTg; nghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; nghwpKiwfis cUthf;Ftij Cf;Ftpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

• tptrhaj;jpYk; gz;izj;njhopYk; <LgLtjd; %yk; Cjpaq;fs; kw;Wk;

ed;ikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w #oy; cUthf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk;

,isQu;fSf;F mJ cWjpahd tUkhd <l;ly; tha;g;ghf mikAk;.

• ngz;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fSf;fhf Mff;Fiwe;jJ 30% ts xJf;fPl;il

cWjpg;gLj;JjYk;> cl;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; tFj;jy; mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd

mZfiy cWjpg;gLj;jYk; kw;Wk; jPu;khdk; tFf;Fk; kl;lj;jpidf; nfhz;l

rfy mikg;Gf;fspYk; Fiwe;jJ 30% gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cWjpnra;tJk;

mtrpakhFk;.

2. murhq;fk; kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w tptrhak; kw;Wk;

flw;nwhopy; njhlu;ghd Nritfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.17

17. cjhuzkhf tptrhapfSf;F jw;nghOJ mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs; toq;Ffpd;w cjtp

kw;Wk; tpupthf;fy; Nritfs; gw;wp jhk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gij nghyd;dWitapy; cs;stu;fs;

Rl;bf;fhl;bdu;.


3. rpwpa mstpyhd cw;gj;jpahsHfs; fhzpf;fhd chpik> ePH kw;Wk; Vida

nghJtplaq;fspy; ghhpa mstpyhd gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfspd; Ntiyj;jpl;;lq;fisf;

fhl;bYk; Kd;Dhpik toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

4. cs;SH ePu; xOq;FgLj;jy;> ePu;g;ghrd Kfhikj;Jtq;fs; kw;Wk; vt;tifahd

gapu;fs; gapuplg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;fpd;w jPu;khdq;fs; rKjhag; gq;Nfw;Gld;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. fk;ngdpfspdJk; ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fspdJk;

tu;j;jfj; njhopy;Kaw;rpfspdJk; ePu;j;Njitfs; tptrhapfspd; Njitfis tpl

Kd;Dupikahdjhf Mf;fg;glyhfhJ (ckh Xah kw;Wk; kfhtyp fUj;jpl;lq;fs;

cjhuzq;fshfg; ghu;f;fg;gl;lit)

5. fhyepiy khw;wq;fSf;Fr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; jftikg;gjw;F mtrpakhd jpwd;fs;

tptrhapfSf;F toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJld; njhlHr;rpahd xw;iw ,dg;

gapu;r;nra;ifapid tpl epiyNgwhd tptrha eilKiwapid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F

mtrpakhd cjtpfSk; tptrhapfSf;F toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

6. ngz;fspd; guhkupg;Gg; gzpfis mq;fPfupj;J guhkupg;Gg; gzpfSf;F cjtp

toq;Ffpd;w Gjpa r%f ghJfhg;G epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU

nfhs;ifapid muR tbtikf;fNtz;Lk;. ,jpy; gpurt cjtp> Kjpatu;fisg;

guhkupg;gjw;fhd cjtp kw;Wk; tyJFiwe;j FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fisAk; RfaPdkhd

FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fisAk; guhkupg;gjw;fhd cjtp cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

(,tw;wpw;F kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljy;y).

7. Kiwrhuhg; nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wfpd;w Copau;fspd; njhopy;

cupikfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F muR rl;lq;fis ,aw;wNtz;Lk;. ,jpy;

nfsutkhd tho;f;if Cjpak;> gpurt eyd;fs;> Rfhjhuf; fhg;GWjp kw;Wk; gps;isg;

guhkupg;G cjtp kw;Wk; Xa;t+jpaq;fs; Mfpait cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

8. ,yq;ifapd; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; thOfpd;w tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; Vida kf;fspd;

chpikf;fhd If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpufldq;fis muR mtrpakhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

9. tUlj;jpd; xU miug;gFjpapd; NghJ khj;jpuNk gapu;nra;ifapy; <Lgl;L

tUk; cyu;tya tptrhapfs; tUlj;jpd; kw;iwa miug;gFjpapd; NghJ r%f

eyd;Ghpj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd mZfy; my;yJ mj;Jld; khw;W tho;thjhuq;fs;

Njitg;gl;ltu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ngz;fspd; tho;thjhuk; njhlHgpYk; tpNrl

ftdk; nrYj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. gioikahd Mzhjpf;f rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ghFghLkpF

r%f> fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspdhy; jkJ fhzpfspd;

cupj;jhd;ikapid ,of;Fk; Mgj;Js;s epiyapNy ngz;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

cjhuzkhf rpyhtj;JiwapYs;s ngz;fs; jq;fsJ tPLfspypUe;J

Kd;ndLf;ff;$ba tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd Njitapid ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ngz;fs;

jyikjhq;Ffpd;w FLk;gq;fSk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; tpjitahf;fg;gl;ltu;fSk;

rhu;e;jpUf;fpd;w tho;thjhuq;fs; Vidatw;wpid tpl mjpf ghjpg;GWepiyapy;

cs;sitahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. Vnddpy; Vidait ngz;fs; tPl;L Ntiyahl;fshf

ntspehLfSf;F gazk; nra;tjw;fhd Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fis NkYk; NkYk;

toq;Ffpd;wd. ngz;fspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;w Ntiyj;jsq;fspy; Nghjpa

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;gpid mtu;fSf;F toq;FtJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.


'ehq;fs; vg;NghJNk jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUe;Njhk;. vq;fSila

gpiog;Gf;fhf ehq;fs; ahupYk; jq;fpapUf;ftpy;iy. ,g;nghOJ murhq;fk;

ckhXa Nghd;w ghupa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis elj;jp vkJ ePupidAk;

kz;zpidAk; mopj;J tpl;lJ. ehq;fs; ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;L vkJ

tho;thjhuq;fs; vk;kplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd."

- gJisiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;

'vkf;F Njitahd mgptpUj;jp fpupf;nfl; ];Nlbaq;fNsh> khehl;L

kz;lgq;fNsh my;y. ehq;fs; tptrhapfs;. vq;fsJ gps;isfSk;

tptrhaj;jpy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. ehq;fs; ,UNghfk; gapu;nra;tjw;F

vq;fSf;F NjitahdNjh xU ePu;g;ghrdjjpl;lNk."

- mk;ghe;Njhl;iliar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;


'tl;Lthf;fhypy; gy Vf;fu; fhzpfspy; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; fhzpfSk;

mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; ,Ue;j fhzpfSk; ,g;nghOJ flw;gilapd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; ,Ug;gJld; Kd;G fpuhk kf;fs; kPd; gpbj;J te;j

ee;jpf;fly; fsg;gpw;Fr; nry;tjw;Fk; jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fsg;gpw;Fr;

nry;tjw;F mtu;fs; flw;gilapdupd; mDkjpapidg; ngwNtz;Lk;."

- Ky;iyj;jPitr; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;


9. kf;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhd nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; gpujhd tplakhff; fhzp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;

mu;j;jkhdJ fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd> cilikahff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd

kw;Wk; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd kf;fspd; cupikahdJ mgptpUj;jp

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspdhy; Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gpw;Fs;shfpd;wnjd;gjhFk;. kf;fspd;

tho;f;ifapid> cilikapid> cupj;jhz;ikapid mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghLfs;

ghjpf;fpd;w kiwKfkhd topfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; ,jpNy ePu;kl;lq;fspd;

kPjhd jhf;fk;> jdpg;gl;l thopay; #oy;fspd; kPjhd jhf;fk;> tho;f;ifg; ghq;Ffspd;;

kPjhd jhf;fk;> tho;thjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tptrha eltbf;iffs; kPjhd jhf;fk; Mfpait

cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. NkYk; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fs; kdpj - tdrPtuhrpfspd; NkhjYf;F

,l;Lr;nrd;W mJ ,Wjpapy; kdpjg; ghJfhg;gpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd mjpfkhd kf;fspd; mDgtk; mtu;fs; mjPjkhd mstpw;F

Ntwhf;fg;gLfpd;wikahf ,Ug;gijf; fUj;Jf;fzpg;Gfs; vLj;Jf;fhl;baJ.

tpopg;Gzu;tpd;ik> fye;jhNyhrpg;gpd;ik> el;l<bd;ik> fhzpfSldhd kf;fspd;

cwTfs; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; KjyPLfs; gw;wpa Gupjy; ,y;yhik> cs;SH

r%fq;fspd; tho;f;ifapd; kPjhd jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa fuprid ,y;yhik> cs;SH

r%fq;fs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;J gyd; ngWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisf;

fUj;jpw;nfhs;shik Nghd;wit ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdp egu;fspdhYk; FOf;fspdhYk;

fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l tplaq;fshff; fhzg;gl;ld.

1. ,yq;if kf;fs; Fwpg;ghf mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s

Gtpapay; gpuNjrq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspy;

Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gl;L mjpypUe;J ed;ikapidg; ngwNtz;Lk;. jdpahu;

fk;ngdpfs;> ifj;njhopy; tyaq;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj; njhopy;;Kaw;rpfs; (mur/jdpahu; njhopy;Kaw;rpfs; cs;slq;fyhf) Nghd;NwhUf;fhd nghUshjhu eyd;fs;

kf;fSf;fhd ,e;j mbg;gil ed;ikfis tpl mjpfhpf;ff;$lhJ. ehl;bw;fhd

eyd;fs; vd;w gue;j fUj;jpaYk; kf;fSf;F mjpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;w ed;ikfs;

vd;w fUj;jpaYk; csSu;r; rKjhaq;fSf;Fk; cs;Su; kf;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fnkd

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w cz;ikahd eyd;fspd; jfty;fspidf; nfhz;L gjpyPL

nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.

2. mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F Kd;du; mgptpUj;jpj;

jpl;lq;fs; njhlHgpy; nghJf;fs; tpopg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; cs;SH kf;fspd;

<LghL ,Ug;gjid murhq;fk; cWjpg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fis

elhj;Jtjw;Fk; fupridfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J gupfhukpF gupe;Jiufs;

kw;Wk; gjpw;nraw;ghLfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; xj;Jiog;GkpF nghwpKiwfs;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l cs;SH rKjhaq;fSld; epiyehl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;

cs;SH rKjhaq;fis <LgLj;Jfpd;w gpd;D}l;ly; nghwpKiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; rKjhaq;fSf;F mu;j;jg+u;tkhf gjpw; nraw;ghlhw;Wtjw;Fg;

gy;Jiwrhu; epGzu;fs; kw;Wk; cs;SH rKjhaq;fs; <LgLj;jg;gl;L Njitg;gLfpd;w

khw;wq;fs; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLtJk;> ,g;nghwpKiwapdhy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

3. mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhff; fhzp ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;gly;

gpd;tUtdtw;wpdhy; Mjutspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

a. xU nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp cghakhu;f;fk;

b. kdpj kw;Wk; Rw;whly;Jiw Kfhikj;Jt cghakhu;f;fk;


18 ghu;f;f.https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Development/DFI/MappingStudyontheHRRiskImplications_MegaInfrastructureInvestment.pdf

19 fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpy; vz;zw;w Rw;Wyhj;Jiw rhu;e;j fUj;jpl;lq;fspdhy; ,yhgk; ngWgtu;fs;

,e;jf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; rKjha thoplj;jpypUe;J J}uj;jpy; tho;fpd;whu;fs;. cjhuzkhf

KrypapUe;J kz;Zk; gJisapypUe;J kuKk; vLf;fg;gl;L nfhOk;Gf;F nfhz;L tug;gLfp;d;wd.

20 cjhuzkhf ckh Xa fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; epyf;fPo; ePupd; fhuzkhf epyf;fPo; ePu;kl;lk;

Fiwtile;J epyk; jhopwq;fp cs;sJ. Ma;tpid elj;Jtjw;fhf CIC f;F Fj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl;l fhzp mjPj mstpy; gPilf;nfhy;ypfis gad;gLj;jp gz;izr;nra;iff;F tu;j;jfg; gapu;nra;iff;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ

c. cWjpahd ghy;epiyf; $Wld; $ba kdpj cupik jhf;f kjpg;gPL18

d. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l cghakhu;f;fq;fisf; ifahSfpd;w ngsjPf uPjpahd mgptpUj;jpj;

jpl;lkply; Mtzk;.

e. muR mDruiz toq;Fk; RahjPd nrayhf;f Ma;T kw;Wk; mwpf;if

f. muR mDruiz toq;Fk; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPL

g. vjpu;g;Gfs;> khw;W mwpf;iffSf;fhd fUJNfhs;fs;> cghakhu;f;fq;fs; kw;Wk;

fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;nfd NghjpasT fhyk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;

4. ,lkhw;wpf; FbNaw;wy; jpl;ltl;lkhfNt mtrpakhf ,Ug;gpd; NkYk; mu;j;jG+u;tkhd

fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrad;Kiwfs; G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gl;bUg;gpd; kPsf; FbNaw;Wk;

jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; jdpegu;fisAk; rKjhaq;fisAk; ghjpf;Fk;

tpjj;jpy; ,lg;ngau;Tr; nraw;ghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis

Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Muk;gpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

5. rfy kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l kf;fisAk; mu;j;jG+u;tkhd r%fg; ghJfhg;G

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSf;Fs; cs;thq;FtNjhL muR cupa fhyj;jpy; gjpe;J

me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpy; mZff;$ba juk;tha;e;j Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp trjpfis

cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

6. ,aw;if tsq;fis NtW jpirfis Nehf;fp jpUg;gg;gly; my;yJ mfw;wy;

Mfpatw;wpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ntiyj;;jpl;lq;fs;> nraw;ghLfs;> mf;fhzpfspy;

tho;gtu;fspd; kPjhd mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf kjpg;gplg;gl;L mg;gpuNjrq;fspy;

tho;gtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Rw;whly; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpAk; fpilf;ff;$bajhd cs;SH

,aw;if tsq;fspd; kPjhd jhf;fk; gw;wpAk; kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.19

7. cs;SH ePu; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fSf;Fs; ahidfspd;

elkhl;ljijj;; jil nra;Ak; Ntypfis milj;jy; Nghd;w ghupa mstpyhd

tptrhaf; fk;ngdpfspdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; kPsha;T nra;ag;gl;L

Mtzg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.20 Gj;jy kw;Wk; ngy;tj;j gpuNjrq;fspy; Nlhy;

fk;ngdp kw;Wk; rPdpf; $l;Lj;jhgd ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzpfspy; kdpj ahid Nkhjy;

mjpfupj;Js;sikiaf; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;.

8. cs;SH rKjhaq;fs;> cs;SH tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;J mtw;Wf;F

ed;ikaspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Development/DFI/MappingStudyontheHRRiskImplications_MegaInfra

https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Development/DFI/MappingStudyontheHRRiskImplications_MegaInfra


'ckh Xa fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; vdJ tPL Kw;WKOjhf mopf;fg;gl;lJ.

epyk; ntbj;J tay;epyKk; RUq;fptpl;lJ. %d;W tUlq;fshf ehq;fs;

new;gapu; nra;atpy;iy. jkpoNuh> rpq;fstNuh> K];ypk;fNsh ehk;

midtUk; kdpju;fs;. ,e;j mePjp ahUf;Fk; elf;ff;$lhJ."

- gJisiar; Nru;e;j Mz;

',e;jg; ngupa fk;ngdpfs; te;J njhopw;rhiyfisf; fl;LtJ jhd;

mgptpUj;jp vd;W fUjg;gLfpd;wJ Mdhy;> ehq;fNsh ,t;thwhd

mgptpUj;jpapdhy; ghjpg;gile;J ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;."

- Fr;rntspiar; Nru;e;j ngz;


'ehq;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;F vjpuhdtu;fs; my;y. mJ Kf;fpakhdJ

vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; Rw;whlYf;F mJ Fiwthd

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,J Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gLgtu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs; %yk;

jPHkhdpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLg;gjw;F

Kd;;dNu murhq;fk; kf;fisf; fye;jhNyhrpf;Fk; gof;fj;ij

nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy."

- nghyd;dWitiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Wdu;


10. ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzpfs; - tuyhw;W uPjpahd FiwfSk; Ruz;ly; kpf;fjhd njhopy; eilKiwfSk;

,yq;ifapy; ntt;NtW ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fspd; tho;tpay;

mDgtq;fis ,e;j fUj;Jf;fzpg;G mwpf;if Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

kiyafj; jkpo; kf;fSf;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mePjpfspd; tuyhw;W uPjpahd mDgtKk;

mJ mtu;fspd; tho;tpd; kPJk; vjpu;fhyj;jpd; kPJk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fSk; kWf;f

KbahjitahFk;. mtu;fspd; ciog;igj; jiyKiw jiyKiwahfr; Ruz;b

tUfpd;wikAk; mjDld; Nru;j;J mtu;fspd; thf;Fupikapid mfw;wp mjd; %ykhf

Kiwiktha;e;j tifapy; mtu;fisj; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;KiwapypUe;J

tpyf;fpaJk; mtu;fSf;F mur NritfSf;fhd cjtpNah mZfNyh ,y;yhkypUg;gJk;

mtu;fSf;Fg; nghJthd guhkupg;Ngh my;yJ cjtpNah mtu;fspd; eyNdhk;Giff;F

toq;fg;glhkypUg;gJk; tpNrlkhf cldbf; ftdj;jpid <u;f;Fk; tplaq;fshFk;.

ngy;tj;j kw;Wk; `pq;Fuhd ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy;; Ntiy nra;Ak; kf;fs; Ruz;ly;

kpF ciog;gpy;; rpf;fpAs;sJld; fhzpg;ghtid kw;Wk; fhzpAilik Nghd;wtw;wpYk;

mtu;fs; Ruz;lYld; $ba Kiwapy; rpf;fpAs;sdu;. NkYk; mtu;fs; nghUshjhu>

r%f kw;Wk; jiyKiw uPjpahd gpd;tpisTfs; gw;wpAk; Ngrpdu;.

1. 1ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;F ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjd;

tpisthff; Fiwe;jJ ,UgJ \Ngu;r;| fhzp xt;nthUtUf;Fk; toq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. ,J mtu;fSf;F vOj;J %ykhd cld;gbf;if %yk; toq;fg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %ykhf me;jf; fhzpia vt;thW gad;gLj;JtJ njhlHghd

jPu;khdj;ijAk; vLf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg;ngwNtz;Lk;.

2. cs;Suhl;rp rigfshy; toq;fg;gLfpd;w Nritfs; Vida fpuhkq;fisg;Nghd;W

nghUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; tho;fpd;w kf;fSf;Fk; nrd;wiltij cWjp nra;aNtz;Lk;.

3. ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fNtz;ba eyd;fis kPs toq;Fk;NghJ

tuyhw;W uPjpahd FiwfSk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

4. mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fhzpg;ghtid kw;Wk; njhopy; njhlu;ghd mr;RWj;jy;

njhlu;ghfTk; ngUe;Njhl;l Kfhikahsu;fSk; Vida rk;ge;jg;gl;l mjpfhupfSk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s jdpegu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa jfty;fis toq;fNtz;Lk;.

kf;fspd; epue;ju kw;Wk; jw;fhypf epthuz eltbf;iffisj; jpl;lkpLifapy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltUf;fhd mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs; tUepiy

epfo;TfisAk; cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; gw;wpa

mr;RWj;jy;fs; vq;Nf ,Uf;fpd;wd kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fSf;fhd topfs;

vd;d vd;gijf; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;.


midj;Jg; ngUe;Njhl;lf; fhzpfspy; <Lgl;Ls;s kf;fSf;fhd gupe;Jiufs;

1. xw;iwg; gapu;fisf; nfhz;l ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;fhfj; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l

nfhs;ifapid cUthf;fNtz;Lk;. ,J Fwpg;ghfj; njhopy; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;

Rfhjhuj; juhjuq;fs; cs;spl;l njhopy; cupikfisj; jPu;f;fNtz;Lk;.

cjhuzkhfj; njhopyhsu;fspd; $l;LwT khjpupapid Vw;W eilKiwg;gLj;jp

Rw;Wr;#oy; fUJNfhs;fisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2. Fiwe;jJ miu Vf;fu; fhzpfis Njhl;lj; njhopyhsHfSf;F xJf;Ftjd;

%ykhf #oypay; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fis cUthf;fp czTg;ghJfhg;ig cWjp

nra;tjw;F toptif nra;aNtz;Lk;.

3. Xw;iwg; gapHr;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Njhl;lq;fspy; gy;tifikg;GLj;jg;gl;l

tptrha tdq;fshf khw;Wtjw;F ngUe;Njhl;l njhopyhspfSf;F cjtp mtHfis

rpWNjhl;l chpikahsHfshf caHj;Jtjw;F cjt Ntz;Lk;.

4. ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopy; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L Vida

r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; Gwf;fhuzpfs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Kfhikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf nfhs;ifs;

kPsg; guprPypf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

5. Efu;Tf;fhfg; gapu;fis tsu;j;jy; my;yJ mt;thwhd fhzpfspd; tsq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F mDkjpapidj; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w

tho;thjhuk; kPjhd ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fspd; tho;f;if kPjhd kw;Wk;

jq;Fkpl trjpfspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; mtu;fspd; fhzpfs; kPjhd

fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; mfw;Wjy;

6. ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; ePu;> kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; Vida trjpfis mZFtijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ Nghd;w mtu;fspd; gpu[hTupik kPJ ngUe;Njhl;lf; fk;gdpfspdhy;

tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;Lg;ghLfis mfw;Wjy;.

7. ngUe;Njhl;l rKjhak; Kd;te;J fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tifapy;>

fhzpf;fr;Nrhpfspy; gq;Fgw;w;Wtjw;F mtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk;.


'Vd; vq;fsJ Kd;Ndhu;fs; ,q;Nf te;jdu;? ,e;j ,yl;rhjpgjpfs;

vq;fshy; jhd; ,t;thW tho Kbfpd;wJ. ehq;fs; mtu;fsJ

tPLfspy; $l Ntiy nra;fpd;Nwhk;. Mdhy; ehq;fNsh mtu;fSf;Fg;

ngWkjpaw;wtu;fs;. ehq;fs; gwpf;fpd;w Njapiyf;nfhOe;J mtu;fSf;Fg;

ngWkjpahdJ. vq;fSf;Nfh ve;jg; ngWkjpAkpy;iy."

'vq;fSf;F Ntnwe;jj; njupTk; ,Ue;jpUe;jhy; ehq;fs; vkJ gps;isfis

fUk;Gj;Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;tjw;F mDg;g khl;Nlhk;.||

- nkhduhfiyiar; Nru;e;j ngy;tj;j rPdpj;njhopy;rhiyapy; njhopy;GupAk;

ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; jq;fsJ f];lq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fg; ghFghl;bidg;

gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.


11. Rw;Wr;#oy; kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wk;

gq;Fgw;wpNahupy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs; vt;thW

Rw;Wr;#oYld; gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sd vd;gijAk; mit vt;thW jk;Kld; ,ilaPL

Nkw;nfhs;Sfpd;wd vd;gijAk; NkYk; xd;wpy; kw;nwhd;W vt;thW jhf;fk;

nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. kdpj tdtpyq;F Kuz;ghLfs;

njhlu;ghd kw;Wk; fhyepiy khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ ,it

Fwpg;ghf Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. Rw;Wr;#oypd; epiyikahdJ gq;Fgw;Wdu;fspd;

tho;thjhuq;fSf;F Mjukhf ,Ue;jnjd;gJk; gue;jstpy; Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ghupa

mstpyhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLk; NghJ Rw;Wr;#oy;

kPjhd mtw;wpd; Nkhrkhd jhf;fq;fs; tpupthf tpgupf;fg;gl;ld.

,e;jf; fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ Rw;Wr;#oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Miz toq;fg;

gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fs; (tdj; jpizf;fsk;) mit ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis vy;iy

Fwpf;Fk;NghJ gad;gLj;Jfpd;w mlf;FKiw mZFKiw gw;wp tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.

epUtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilapy; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ ,q;F

mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw epu;thf epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; jfty;fs;

toq;fg;glhikahdJ rKjhaq;fisg; ghjpj;Js;sJld; CoYk; jdpegu; eyd;fSk;

Rw;Wr;#oy; fupridfis tpl NkNyhq;fp epw;gJld; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; eyd;fis

fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjw;fhd epWtd uPjpahd Cf;fk; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJk; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fPNo toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gy gupe;Jiufs; njhlu;ghlypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w FiwghLfs;

fhuzkhf jPu;khdk; tFj;jy; nrad;KiwapypUe;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l rKjhaq;fisj; J}

ukhf;fp itf;fpd;wJ. gupe;Jiufs; NkYk; fhzpg;ghtidf; nfhs;iffSk; rl;lq;fSk;

,aw;wg;gl;L mKy;gLj;jg;gLifapy; Fiwe;jgl;r Rw;Wr;#oy; juhjuq;fs; epWtg;gLjy;

njhlHghfTk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

ghjfkhd fhzpg; gad;gLj;jy; eilKiwfis Fwpg;ghf kpjkpQ;rpa kz; mfo;T>

,aw;if tsq;fisg; ngwy;> kpfmjpfstpyhd tptrha ,urhadg;ghtid> mgptpUj;jp

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf czHjpwd;kpf;f Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;Gf;fis mopj;jy;

Nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,Wf;fkhd xOq;Ftpjp Kiwfs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

fhyepiy khw;wj;jpd; ghjfkhd tpisTfis Fwpg;ghf tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; Vida

cw;gj;jpahsHfspd; tho;thjhuj;jpy; fhyepiy khw;wj;jhy; Vw;glf;$ba ghjfkhd

tpisTfisf; eptHj;jpnra;tnjw;nfd xU gue;Jgl;l xU Njrpa nghwpKiw

cUthf;fg;gl;Ntz;Lk;.

1. tdrPtuhrpfSf;fhd xJf;fq;fs;> td xJf;fq;fs;> njhy;nghUs; xJf;fq;fs;>

kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrk; my;yJ Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpg; gpuNjrk; Mfpatw;wpid

gpufldg;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;dH gpd;tUk; nray;tpjpfs; fl;lhak; gpd;gw;wg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

a. rk;ge;jg;gl;l fhzpapidg; ifafg;gLj;jpf;;nfhs;tjw;fhd cz;ikahd Njit

,Uf;fpd;wjh? vd;gij milahsk; fhz;gjw;F nrayhf;f Ma;T fl;lhak;

elj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.


b. nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf ifafg;;gLj;jpf;;nfhs;sg;glTs;s fhzpapy; epymsit

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

c. nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf ifafg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sg;glTs;s fhzpapidj; njspthfr;

Rl;bf;fhl;b mjDld; Nru;j;J tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jiyAk; gfpuq;f ,lq;fspy;

fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; mwptpj;jy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

d. ,e;j tu;j;jkhd mwptpj;jYf;F vjpuhf tpz;zg;gpg;gjw;nfd kf;fSf;F xU

khj fhy mtfhrk; toq;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

e. nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glTs;s fhzpapd; cupj;jhz;ik

kw;Wk; gad;ghL njhlHgpy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ njhlHgpy;

Nkd;KiwaPl;Lr; rig tprhuizfis elhj;j Ntz;Lk;. (,e;jf; FOthdJ

fUj;jpl;lj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; rfy jpizf;fsq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fisAk;

rptpy; r%fj; mq;fj;jtHfisAk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fq;fspd; gpujpepjpfisAk;

nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gJld; ,jd; %ykhfj; jPu;khdk; tFj;jy;

nrad;Kiwapy; murpay; nry;thf;Ff; Fiwf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

f. tu;j;jkhdp fl;lhak; gpuRupf;fg;gl jfty;fs; kf;fs; ghHitf;F

gfpuq;fg;gLj;jg;;glNtz;Lk;.

2. tdg; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd jpl;lkplyhdJ tdg;Nghu;it tpfpjhrhuj;jpidg; NgZ

tjw;fhd cz;ikahd epahag;gLj;jf;$ba juhjuq;fis mbg;gilahff;;

nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf tdg;Nghu;itapd; tpfpjhrhukhdJ ntt;NtW

msTfspy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa mstPl;by;> gpuhe;jpa mstPl;by;>

Fwpg;gpl;l Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;gpd; mstPl;by;. NkYk; tdq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd

jpl;lq;fs; Jz;L Jz;lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ghJfhg;G Kaw;rpfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf

tdkhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fis ,izf;Fk; jd;ikapid fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

3. xJf;fq;fs; cupa nrad;Kiwapd;wp tu;j;jfg; gad;ghl;bw;fhf tdj; jpizf;fsj;jpd;

ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; xg;gilf;fg;glf;$lhJ.

4. kdpj thoplq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; ,Uf;fpd;w ,aw;ifahd thoplq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s

ghJfhg;G tyaq;fSf;fhd xU Gfyplk; my;yJ fpuhk tdg; ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrk;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

5. mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrk; Rw;Wr;#oy; uPjpahf

kPSUthf;fg;glf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wnjd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F jpl;lkply;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,j;jpl;lkhdJ mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;l tbtikg;gpd; ghFjpahf

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

6. rpwpa mstpyhd kw;Wk; rKjha mbg;gilapyhd Rw;Wyhj;Jiw

Cf;fg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf> Fr;rntsp> epyhntsp kw;Wk; fw;gpl;b Nghd;w

cWjpaw;w Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;igf;nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ,it Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk; mj;Jld; ghupastpyhd Rw;Wyhj;Jiw fUj; jpl;lq;fs; Rw;Wr;#oypy;

ghjpg;GkpF jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;JtJ ep&gpf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.


7. tdj;Njhl;lf; fUj;jpay; kw;Wk; fyg;Gg; gapu;r;nra;if Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;

(Fwpg;ghf ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;fhf). Vnddpy; ,J tdg;Nghu;itapidg; NgZtJlDk;

capupay; gy;tifikapid Nkk;gLj;JtJlDk; ePNue;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

8. fhlopf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs;> td xJf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkf; fhLfs;

Mfpatw;wpid kPz;Lk; tdkhf khw;Wtjw;F murhq;fk; fhj;jpukhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

9. kj;jpa kiy ehl;bNy vz;nza;f;fhf ghk;(Kw;Njq;fha;) kuq;fis tsu;f;fpd;w

tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; tpupthf;fj;jpidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F NkYk; ePNue;J

gpuNjrq;fspy; ,jidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;if vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy;

,g;gapu;r;nra;ifahdJ epy Nkw;gug;gpy; ghjfkhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;JtJld;

epyf;fPo; ePu; kl;lj;jpidf; Fiwj;J kz;zupg;gpw;Fk; kz; ruptpw;Fk; fhuzkhf

miktJ fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

10. ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; kz;zupg;G> kz;ruptpdhy; ghjpg;gilaf;$ba Mgj;Jkpf;f

gpuNjrq;fs; Mfpad kj;jpa kiyehl;bNy ghJfhg;Gf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F mikthf

rhpahd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

11. Nghj;jypy; ePu; milf;Fk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;nra;iffs;

Nghd;w tu;j;jf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,aw;if ePu; tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F xOq;Ftpjpfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

12. cjtpg; nghwpKiwfs; kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd rl;lf; fl;likg;Gf;fis toq;Ftjd;

%ykhfj; jpz;kf;fopT Kfhikj;Jtf; nfhs;if nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

13. gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s #w;Wr;#oy; mikg;Gf;fis xd;WNru;g;gjd; %ykhfTk; tdg;ngUe;

Njhl;lq;fs; ,aw;if tdq;fshf khWfpd;w nrad;Kiwia trjpg;gLj;Jtjd;

%ykhfTk; kdpju;fSf;Fk; tdtpyq;FfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epiyNgwhd rftho;T

trjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

14. kdpjDf;Fk; tdtpyq;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd Nkhjypd; jhf;fq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F

el;l<l;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; nraw;jpwd;kpF Kiwapy; mike;Js;sd vd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F khdpakhf;fg;gl;l fhg;GWjp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fSld; elj;jg;gl;l

fye;Jiuahly;fspy; ,Ue;j jahupf;fg;gl;l kjpg;gPl;bid el;l<l;Lg; nghwpKiwfs;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk; (tptrhapfs;> rq;fq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf)


'vq;fsJ ePu; kpfTk; J}a;ikahdjhf ,Ue;jJ. mjid vq;fshy;

mUe;jf;$bajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. vq;fsJ Kfq;fisf; fOtTk; KbAk;.

Mdhy; ,g;nghOJ mjid njhLtjw;Ff; $l gakhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

Vnddpy; mJ ,g;NghJ Kw;whf eQ;rhf khwpAs;sJ. gyUf;F me;j

ePupYs;s fpUkpfshy; nrhwpfSk; fhaq;fSk;> Vw;gl;Ls;sd."

- uj;fk fopTnfhl;Lk; ,lj;jpd; tpisTfisg; gw;wp `pf;fLitiar; Nru;e;j ngz;

gq;Fgw;Wdu;

'kf;fSf;F ntWkNd fhzpfis toq;fhky; fhzp vd;gJ

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tsk; vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;fpd;w nfhs;iffNs

vq;fSf;Fj; Njit. NkYk; mit Rw;whliyAk; tptrhaj;ijAk;

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,jdhy; ehq;fs; vq;fsJ vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhf

vkJ Rw;Wr;#oy; mikg;ig ghJfhf;f KbAk;."

- fhypiar; Nru;e;j gq;Fgw;Weu;


,izg;G 1


ntspaplg;gl;l Mf;fq;fspd; kPsha;tpd; %ykhd #oikTg; gFg;gha;T

fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; mjd; cupj;jhz;ik gw;wp Nehf;Fifapy; ,yq;if vjpu;Nehf;Fk;

rthy;fspd; CLguTk; jd;ikahdJ tuyhw;W uPjpahdjhfTk; rpf;fyhdjhfTk;

cs;sJ. ,J njhlu;r;rpahf muir ikag;gLj;jpa murhq;fq;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bYk;

,dj;Jt tpspk;Gepiyahf;fj;jpd; ru;r;irkpF murpay; kw;Wk; Coy; eilKiwfspd;

fl;Lg;ghl;bYk; Gije;Js;sJ. fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; vd;git milahsk;> tho;thjhuk;>

%yjdk;> Copak;> ePu;> fhyepiy kw;Wk; Rw;whly; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.

vdNt fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; mjd; cupj;jhz;ik vd;gJ gy;NtW tifahd rl;lq;fs;>

nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; epu;thf eilKiwfs; Mfpatw;wpy; rpf;Fz;Ls;s kpfg; ghupa

tplag; gug;ghFk;.

,e;jr; #oikTg; gFg;gha;T Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rk;ge;jg;gl;l Mf;fq;fspd; kPsha;tpd;

mbg;gilapy; fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j kPsha;T fhzpg; gpur;rpidAld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;s

kpf Kf;fpakhd Nghf;Ffisg; gw;wpa nrhy;yhliyf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs;

kpfTk; rpf;fyhdit vd;gjdhy; mtw;wpidr;; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s gpur;rpid> mjd;

cs;@u; tuyhw;Wr; #oikT kw;Wk; elg;Gr; #oikT Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapNyNa

Gupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW r%f - nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; fhuzpfs;

xt;nthU cs;@u;g; gpuNjrj;jpd;; fhzpf; Nfhupf;iffspYk; mq;F epyTk; gjw;wq;fspYk;

tpj;jpahrj;jpid cUthf;fyhk; vDk; Mokhd mq;fPfhuj;JlNdNa ,e;j kPsha;T

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. xl;Lnkhj;jr; #oikTfisAk; xd;whfr; Nru;j;J Nehf;f

Kaw;rpf;;ifapy; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfspd; Ez;ikahd NtWghLfis mwpe;Jnfhs;s

KbahJ. vdNt Nrfupf;fg;gl;l Mf;fq;fspd; kPsha;tpd; %ykhf xl;Lnkhj;jr;

#oikT uPjpahd Gupjiy Kaw;rpg;gjd; ngWkjp nraw;gLfpd;w mf;fiwfisg;

Gupe;Jnfhs;fpd;wikahf ,Uf;Fk;.

,e;j kPsha;thdJ mur mDruidAld; toq;fg;gl;l fhzp Mizf;FO mwpf;iffs;

kw;Wk; rl;lq;fspd; tpku;rdq;fisAk; fle;j 10 tUlq;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;l fhzpg;

gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa murrhu;gw;w mwpf;iffisAk; guprPypj;Js;sJ. fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs;

njhlu;ghf kf;fSld; elj;jg;gl;l gue;j mbg;gilapyhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Vwf;Fiwa midj;J mwpf;iffSk; Aj;jj;Jld; njhlu;Gilait

vd;gijf; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;tJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jpy; murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G

gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FO tpjptpyf;fhdjhFk;.

mwpKfk;

fhzp vd;gJ xU kpf Kf;fpakhd r%fg; - nghUshjhur; nrhj;jhFk;. Fwpg;ghf>

fhzpapd; kPJs;s fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;L (fhzpf;fhd mZfypdhy;) nry;tKk;

gpioj;J tho;jYk; msf;fg;gLfpd;w tptrha uPjpahfr; rhu;e;Js;s nghUshjuq;fspy;

,e;j epiyik fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (nfhu;g; kw;Wk; rpy;th> 2003). ,jd; tpisthf> fhzp

kPjhd Nkhjy;fs; nghJthf cWjpahd nghUshjhu uPjpahd kw;Wk; czu;T uPjpahd

ngWkjpfis ,izj;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. FwpaPl;L uPjpahf my;yJ czu;T

uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; fhzpNah my;yJ nrhj;Njh gpur;rpidf;F cs;shFifapy;

NkhjYf;fhd tha;g;G mjpfupf;fpd;wJ - fhzp kPjhd Nghl;bapd; ikakhff; fhzg;gLtJ

r%f nghUshjhu mjpfhuKk; murpay; mjpfhuKkhFk;.


fhzp vd;gJ Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPsy; kw;Wk; Gduikg;gpy; xU Kf;fpakhd

tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhzp njhlu;ghd rpf;fyhd Fiwfisj; jPu;f;fj; jtWfpd;w

ve;j eltbf;iffSk; tuyhw;W uPjpahd Fiwfspd; njhlu;r;rpf;Nf ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wd.

'fhzp vd;gJ Xu; mupjhd kw;Wk; mirahj nrhj;jhf ,Uf;fpd;wikNa tuyhW

neLfpYk; r%fq;fspy; Nkhjy; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhd %ykhf mjid Mf;fpAs;sJ

vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;". rdj;njhif tsu;r;rp> efu tpupthf;fk;> fhzpf;fhd cyfshtpa

mjpfupj;j Nfs;tp kw;Wk; kz;zupg;Gg; Nghd;w Rw;whly; gpur;rpidfs; ,t;thwhd gy

Kuz;ghLfSf;Ff; fhuzkhfpAs;sd" (Lindberg and Herath, 2014: 890). Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; Fwpg;ghff; fhzp kPsspg;G tplaj;jpidj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd

Kaw;rpfs; gy tbtq;fspy; te;Js;sd. ,jpy; fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; ey;ypzf;f

Mizf;FO (LLRC)> ey;ypzf;fg; nghwpKiw mwpf;iff;fhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrayzp

(CTF)> CTF mwpf;ifapy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l miktplq;fisr; Nru;e;j kf;fSldhd

tyar; nrayzp Neu;fhzy; (ZTF)> murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gg; gw;wpa nghJkf;fs;

gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FO kw;Wk; fy;tpapayhsu;fs;> rptpy; r%fr; nraw;gLdu;fs; kw;Wk;

If;fpa ehLfs; cs;spl;l ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; vz;zw;w gq;fspg;Gf;fs;

Mfpait cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

vt;thwhapDk; fhzpaw;w epiyik> Mzhjpf;ff; fhzp eilKiwfs; kw;Wk;

jdpahupd; mgptpUj;jp mf;fiwfspy; Kjyhspj;Jt cronyism, gy jrhg;j Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ cr;rkile;J ,d;Wtiu njhlu;e;J fhzg;gLk; ,dj;Jtj; Njrpathjj;jpy;

Nt&d;wpAs;s tuyhw;W uPjpahd rkj;Jtkpd;ikfs; Nghd;wtw;wpidj; jPu;g;gjw;F ePz;l

J}uk; nry;yNtz;bAs;sJ.

fhzp murpay;

njhlu;r;rpahd fhydpj;Jt mjpfhuq;fs; khWgLfpd;w fhzpf; nfhs;iff; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpd. gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rp ,uz;L kbf; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapid mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ

- mur fhzp Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ,w;iwtiu ,yq;ifapd; fhzpg; gjptpYk; fhzpapd;

cupj;jhz;ik kw;Wk; ngWkjpapidf; fhl;Lfpd;w nghJg; gjpNtl;L epymsit

KiwikapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;w jdpahu; fhzpf; nfhLf;fy;thq;fy;fSf;fhd

rl;lg; nghwpKiwapd; cUthf;fk; (H Divithure & C Tang, 2013).

mur Mizf;FOf;fs;

1927> 1957 kw;Wk; 1987 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; %d;W fhzp Mizf;FOf;fspd; mwpf;iffspy;

,Ue;J fz;lwpag;gl;litfs; v];.vk;.j.rpy;thtpdhy; njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1927 Mk;

Mz;bd; Mizf;FO ney;tptrhaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpy; ftdk; Ftpj;jJ vd;Wk;

,jdhy; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk;

nfhilfspd; gad;ghL kw;Wk; Ntwhf;fk; njhlu;ghf ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;w epge;jidfs;

cUthfpd vd;Wk; mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,J 1840 Mk; Mz;bd; Kbf;Fupa fhzp

mj;JkPwy; fl;lisr; rl;lk; Nghd;w fhydpj;Jt gpupj;jhdpaf; nfhs;iffSf;F

mikthdjhFk;. ,f;fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; gb rfy jupR epyq;fSk; fhl;Lf; fhzpfSk;

kf;fs; tjpahj fhzpfSk; gapu;nra;ag;glhj fhzpfSk; muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdit

vdf; fUjg;gLk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpdhy; ehl;bYs;s fhzpfspy; 82% khdit mur fhzpfs;

vdr; nraw;jpwDld; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ. guhkupg;G muR xd;W njhopyhsu;fSf;fhfg;

ghupa epyg;gug;gpid Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;tjidAk; (fl;Lg;gLj;JtijAk;) fhzpapidf;


$l;LwT eLj;ju tFg;G kw;Wk; cau; tFg;G kf;fSf;F ed;ikaspg;gjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;JtjidAk; Njitg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fpajhf ,f;nfhs;if fhzg;gl;lJ

(Whaley Eager, 2008). fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpy; gpur;rpidfs;

,Ug;gjid 1957 Mk; Mz;bd; Mizf;FO milahsk; fz;lJ vd;gijAk; v];.

vk;.j.rpy;th Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspy; fhzpfis xJf;Ftjpy;

nrhw;gkhd fl;Lg;ghLfis Vida tplaq;fspd; kj;jpapy; mJ gupe;Jiuj;jJ. NkYk;

fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; Ntwhf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspd; cau; tpfpjhrhuk; jpUg;jpfukhd

Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gijAk; cilikAupikapd; mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk;

gapu;r;nra;iff;Ff; fhzpapd; nghUj;jkpd;ik> tPjpfspd;ik kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy;

trjpfs; Nghd;w Vida fhuzq;fisAk; mJ mjDld; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; $wpapUe;jJ.

1987 Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp Mizf;FO fhzpapy;yhik gw;wpa gue;j gpur;rpidfis

milahsk; fz;ljhfTk; mur fhzpfspd; ghupa mstpyhd mj;JkPwy;fis milahsk;

fz;ljhfTk; fhzpr; re;ijapd; mlf;FKiwkpf;f jd;ikapid milahsk; fz;lhjfTk;

$wg;gLfpd;wJ. fhzpf; nfhs;ifahdJ gue;j Njrpa mgptpUj;jp cghakhu;f;fj;jpd;

,d;wpaikahjJk; mbg;gilahdJkhd Mf;ff;$whf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd 1987 Mk;

Mz;bd; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd;nkhope;jJ. 'nfhs;ifapid kl;Lk; jdpNa ifahsf;

$lhJ my;yJ mJ mur fhzpf;F kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glf; $lhJ. khwhf mJ Njrpa

kl;lj;jpy; gupG+uzkhd kPsha;thf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;" vd Mizf;FO gupe;Jiuj;jJ.

1987 mwpf;ifapy; ,Ue;J fhzp Mizf;FO elj;jg;gltpy;iy.

FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspd; nfhs;if

,yq;ifapd; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpq;fstu;fs; FbNaw;wg;gLtJ gw;wpa

Kiwg;ghLfisj; jkpo; murpay;thjpfs; Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtplk; Kd;itj;jdu;. jkpo;

ngluy; fl;rp FbNaw;wj;jpid xU murpay; gpur;rpidahf Kd;itj;jJ. gpuptpidthjj;

jsj;jpy; Nghl;bapl;l jkpou; tpLjiyf; $l;lzp tuyhw;W uPjpahfj; jkpou; gpuNjrq;fshf

,Ue;JtUk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; rpq;fstu;fs; FbNaWtjidj; jdpj; jkpoPoj;jpw;fhd

(tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilj; jPu;khdk;> 14 Nk 1976) xd;gJ epahag;gLj;jy;fspy; xd;whfg;

gl;baypl;lJ. Ntiytha;g;gpd;ikapidf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; cyu; tyaf; FbNaw;wq;fs;

,dg; gjw;wj;jpidj; Fiwf;Fk; vd 1982 ,y; Jupj k`htyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk;

Fwpg;gpl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; 'cyu; tyaq;fs; nrOikahd ngsj;j tuyhw;wpidf;

nfhz;lit. mq;Nf jkpo; ,e;Jg; gilnaLg;ghsu;fNs ntWf;fg;gl;l giftu;fs;" vd;W

Kd;ida cyu; tyaf; FbNaw;wq;fspy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapdhy; fl;likf;fg;gl;l

gpk;gj;Jld; Jupj k`htyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lk; nghUe;jpaJ (Peebles, 1990). tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; jkpou; jhafk; vDk; gpk;gj;Jld; jkpo; Njrpaf; FOf;fspdhy; ,J

vjpu;f;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt> fhzpfs;> Fwpg;ghfj; jkJ ghuk;gupaj; jhafk; vdj; jkpou;fSk;

rpq;fstu;fSk; fUJfpd;w cyu; tyag; gpuhe;jpak; ey;ypzf;fk; fhz Kbahj ,dj;Jtj;

Njrpathjj;jpd; xU gpur;rpidahff; fl;likf;fg;gl;lJ. cyu; tyaj;jpd; FbNaw;wj;

jpl;lq;fs; fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; rkj;Jtkpd;ik gw;wpa murhq;ff; nfhs;ifapd;

ghjfkhd tpisTfs; rpytw;wpidg; gpujpgypg;gJld; ,yq;ifapy;; td;Kiwkpf;f Nkhjypd;

vOr;rpAlDk; njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ. cyu; tyaj;jpw;fhd cs;ehl;Lg; Gyg;ngau;T vt;thW

njd;Nkw;fpd; rpq;fsg; gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fSlDk; (FUzhfy; kw;Wk; Gj;jsj;jpw;F

,ilapy;) fpof;fpNy kl;lf;fsg;G kw;Wk; jpUNfhzkiyf;F ,ilapy; cs;s ,e;J

kw;Wk; K];ypk; ney; tptrhapfSlDk; fye;jpUe;jJ vd 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gjpTfs;

fhl;Lfpd;wd vd gPgps;]; (1990) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. cyu;tya kPs;FbNaw;wq;fs; 20 Mk;


E}w;whz;by; mjpfupj;J> thf;FfSf;fhfr; rpq;fs murpay;thjpfs; Nghl;bNghlf;$ba

Kf;fpakhd xU tplakhf khwpaJ.

fhzpaw;w rpWghd;ikr; rKjhaq;fis cUthf;fpa nfhs;ifAk; eilKiwAk;

murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifg; gj;jpuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;glhj Mdhy; fhzp kw;Wk;

fhzpapd;ikAld; njhlu;Gila murhq;fj;jpd; my;yJ murhq;f epWtdq;fspd;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lf;$ba nraw;ghLfshf my;yJ nraw;glhikfshff; \nfhs;iffs;| vt;thW

,Ue;Js;sd vd;gjw;Fg; gy cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd.

kiyafj; jkpou;fs; fhzpfSf;F cupikahsu;fshf ,Ug;gjid vjpu;f;Fk; nfhs;ifapid

1920 Mk; Mz;Nl Njrpathjpfspd; vjpu;g;G Mu;g;ghl;lq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ

(rkutPu> 'fhzp> Copak;> %yjdk; kw;Wk; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa murpaypy; gpupTuPjpahd

eyd;fs;"). fhzp cupj;jhz;ikapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;fpitf;fg;gl;l ,e;j ,df;FOkj;jpdu;

1948 Mk; Mz;L thf;Fupikapy; ,Ue;Jk; tpyf;fpitf;fg;gl;ldu;. 'fhzp mgptpUj;jpf;

fl;lisr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJld; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapidg; nghWj;j mstpy; rfy

eilKiw Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; ,e;jpaj; jkpou;fs; vd;gtu;fspd; ,Ug;G Kbe;j

xd;whf MfptpLfpd;wJ" vdTk; rkutPu Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. 1989 ,y; Muk;gpj;J 2009

,y; Kbtile;j ,e;jr; nrad;Kiwapdhy; ,yq;ifapd; midj;J \,e;jpa tk;rhtopj;

jkpou;fSf;Fk;| ,Wjpapy; gpurhTupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; fhzp cupik

vd;gJ njhlu;e;Jk; ru;r;irf;Fupa xU tplakhf ,Ue;J tUtJld; ,r;rpWghd;ik

,dj;Jtr; rKjhaj;jpidf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; mr;r%fj;jpd; tWikapidg;

NgZtjw;Fkhd xU topahfTk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l

K];ypk;fspd; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gpd;tUkhW tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ '1995 Mk; Mz;L

murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpy; ehL KOtJk; cs;s cs;ehl;by;

,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; gw;wpa nfhs;if njhlu;ghd khw;wKk; cs;slq;fpapUe;jJ.

,jdhy; rpyu; Kfhk;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspNawp epue;juf; FbNaw;wq;fSf;Fr; nry;tJ

,aYkhf;fg;gl;lJ. Gj;jsj;jpidg; nghWj;j mstpy; Gjpjhff; fhzg;gl;l tplak;

vd;dntd;why; fhzpfis thq;fp mtw;wpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikg;gjpy; kf;fs;

jq;fis XOq;fikg;gjpy; tfpj;j Kidg;ghd tfpghj;jpukhFk;. mNjNtis Vida

tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fspd; fPo; murhq;fk; fhzpfis toq;fpaJ. Mdhy; Gj;jsj;jpidg;

nghWj;j mstpy; kf;fNs fhzpfis thq;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. Vnddpy; tlf;fpy; ,Ue;J

K];ypk;fs; epue;jukhf ntspNaw murhq;fk; MjuT toq;ftpy;iy. mjpfkhd kf;fs;

kpfr; rpwpa fhzpj;Jz;LfisNa> mjhtJ 10 Ngu;r;fs; (250 rJu kPw;wu;fs;)> thq;fpdu;.

,f;fhzpj; Jz;Lfspd; mstpd; fhuzkhf ,k;kf;fspdhy; gapu;r;nra;if vjidAk;

Nkw;nfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. NkYk; jkJ gps;isfSf;F tpl;Lr;nry;y ,k;kf;fsplk;

fhzpfSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,f;fhuzq;fs; ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; ePLWjpj;jd;ikapidf;

Fiwj;jd." (Brun and Lund, ',yq;ifapy; Njrpa tPlikg;Gf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fijapd; tpsf;fk;")

,NjNghd;W> Rdhkp tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpYk; rkkhf elj;jg;gly; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdupd;

eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjpy; murhq;fk; jtwpapUe;jJ.

Rdhkp tPlikg;Gg; gpur;rpidapd; kjpg;gPl;bd;gb ,e;j tPlikg;ghdJ rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

fhzp xJf;fPl;Lld; gpizf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ> Fwpg;ghf ghJfhg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fs; vdf;


Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J NtW ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;gpatu;fSld;

njhlu;Gw;wpUe;jJ vd;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghbd;ik ,jpy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ. 'Rdhkpapd; gpd;du;> tPlikg;G eilKiwfspy; gyTk; ...

Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; tpspk;Gepiyahf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspd; kPs;epu;khzj;jpy;

murhq;fk; vt;tsT gytPdkhf ,Ue;jJ my;yJ Mu;tkw;W ,Ue;jJ vd;gij

njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;bd. ,yq;if murhq;fk; ru;tNjr murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSld;

Nru;e;J njw;fpid kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; mjd; Kaw;rpapidAk;; njhopy;thz;ik

Mw;wiyAk; jplg;gLj;jpa mNjNtis Rdhkpapdhy; kpfNkhrkhfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk;

jdpikahf;fg;gl;l tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpd; gpuhe;jpaq;fis vz;zw;w nfhilahsu;

epWtdq;fsplKk; my;yJ jkpo; my;yJ K];ypk; kf;fs; nrwpe;j cs;Suhl;rp

mjpfhurigfsplKk; tpl;bUe;jJ. ,r;#o;epiyapdhy; tPlikg;Gf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;

topfhl;ly;fspYk; mtw;wpd; mKy;gLj;jypYk; njhopy;Kiwahd> ,dj;Jt uPjpahd

kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPjpahd gf;fr;rhu;Gfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld." (Brun and Lund, ',yq;ifapy; Njrpa tPlikg;Gf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fijapd; tpsf;fk;")

mgptpUj;jpf; nfhs;iffs;

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; Jupjkhf;fg;gl;ld.

,e;j epfo;r;rpepuypy; fhzp vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd fupridahf khwpaJ. 2011 – 2030 ,w;fhd Njrpa ngsjpfj; jpl;lj;jpy; Nkw;F> tlf;F> tlfpof;F> fpof;F kw;Wk; njd;

gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; nkl;Nuh efuq;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjpy; ftdk; Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ.

nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;WtUk; mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fs; efuj;J twpakf;fs;

,lk;ngauf; fhuzkhfpaJld; ,tu;fs; gy epahakw;w kw;Wk; ePjpaw;w eilKiwfSf;F

Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ. Vida nkl;Nuh gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fhd ,NjNghd;w

jpl;lq;fs; fye;jhNyhrpg;gpd;ik gw;wpa fupridfisAk; epahakw;w eilKiwfs;

gw;wpa fupridfisAk; ,lg;ngau;T kw;Wk; mjpfupj;j rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; tWik

gw;wpa fupridfis cUthf;fpAs;sJ.

Njrpaf; nfhs;ifapd;ik

,yq;iff;fhd Njrpa fhzpf; nfhs;ifapidg; nghWj;j mstpy; mt;thwhd xU

nfhs;ifapid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gy Kaw;rpfs; Njhy;tpAw;wpUf;fpd;wd. 1979 Mk;

Mz;by; fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; fhzpg; ghtidf; nfhs;ifj;

jpl;lkply; gpupT cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ve;j Kd;Ndw;wKk;

vl;lg;gltpy;iy.21 1990 Mk; Mz;by; fhzp tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; gad;ghL gw;wpa [dhjpgjp

Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 1995 Mk; Mz;by; fhzp kw;Wk; tptrhak; gw;wpa

nfhs;ifr; rl;lfj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhf epGzu; Fohk; xd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Njrpa fhzpg; ghtidf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; Njrpa fhzpf; nfhs;if Mfpatw;wpd;

tiuGfs; tiuag;gl;lNghjpYk; ,w;iwtiuapy; Njrpa nfhs;iffs; vitANk mKypy;

,y;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;wd. vt;thwhapDk; 2000 Mk; Mz;L mikr;ruit mq;fPfupj;j

Njrpa jd;dhu;tkw;w kPs;FbNaw;wf; nfhs;if xd;W cs;sJ. mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Jiw

mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhf fhzp nfhs;sg;gl;likapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd;

21. Rdhkpf;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; fhzpaw;w epiyAk; fhzp cupikfSk; (nfhOk;G: khw;Wf;

nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyak; 2005).


kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpidj; jpl;lkpl;L mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lfj;jpid ,f;nfhs;if

toq;Ffpd;wJ. fhzp gw;wpa nfhs;iffis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nghWg;G Njrpa

fhzp Mizf;FOtpidr; rhu;e;jjhFk; vd;gJld; ,e;j Mizf;FO khfhz rigg;

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;> Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO

$l;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gJld; ,e;j ntw;wplj;jpdhy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; mjd; nrhe;jg;

ngUk;ghd;ikthj eyd;fspdhy; Cf;fk;ngw;w nfhs;iffisAk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk;

jPu;khdpj;J mKy;gLj;JtJ epfo;e;JtUfpd;wJ.

fhzpr; rl;lq;fs;

murpayikg;gpw;fhd gjpd;%d;whtJ jpUj;jk; fhzp mjpfhuq;fs; gw;wpajhFk;. fhzp

vDk; tplag; gug;gpd; mu;j;jk; vd;dntd;why;> \fhzpapy; cs;s cupik my;yJ fhzpapd;

kPjhd cupik> fhzp cilikAupik> fhzp khw;wk; kw;Wk; fhzp Ntwhf;fk;> fhzpg;

ghtid> fhzpf; FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; fhzpapid Nkk;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs;

khfhz rigfSf;Fg; gutyhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjhFk;. ,f;fhzp mjpfhuq;fs; ,uz;L

tiuaiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd: 1) rk;ge;jg;gl;l khfhz rigfspd; MNyhridapd;

Ngupy; rfy mur fhzpfisAk; Ntwhf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;Nf cz;L 2)

xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l khfhzq;fspD}L ghAk; MWfs; my;yJ khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd

ePu;g;ghrdk; kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gLk; ePu;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs;

njhlu;gpy; khfhzj;jpYs;s fhzpfis murhq;fk; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mur fhzpfs;

njhlu;gpy; khfhz rigfspd; fhzp mjpfhuq;fspd; tiuaiwfs; xU Kf;fpakhd

tiuaiwahFk;. Vnddpy; fhzpfspy; 82% khdit muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhditahFk;.

fhzpapidf; nfhs;tjw;fhd kw;Wk; fhzpf;fhf Ntz;LNfhs; tpLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk;

murpayikg;gpd; xj;jpirTg; gl;baypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhYk;

khfhz murhq;fq;fspdhYk; ,e;j mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpw;F ,e;j mjpfhuq;fis ,aYkhf;Ffpd;w gy rl;lq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd -

fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lk;> mur fhzpfs; (cilikapid kPsg; ngwy;) rl;lk;> fhzpf;fhd

Ntz;LNfhs; rl;lk; kw;Wk; fhzpg; GJg;gpg;Gf; fl;lisr; rl;lk;. vt;thwhapDk; khfhz

rigfs; eilKiwapy; ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jtjhfj; njupatpy;iy.

fhzp epu;thfj;jpw;fhd mj;jpthuj;jpid rl;lr; rl;lfq;fs; cUthf;Ffpd;wd. khfhz

rigf; fhzp mjpfhuq;fspd; kPJ kj;jpa murhq;fk; Neubahd kw;Wk; kiwKfkhd

fl;Lg;ghl;bidf; nfhz;bUg;gijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. fhzp mgptpUj;jpj;

jpl;lq;fs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; tplag; gug;ghf ,Ug;gJld; ,it fhzp Mizahsupdhy;

epu;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mur fhzpfs; njhlu;ghf mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F 1992

Mk; Mz;by; gpuNjr nrayhsu;fs; tYT+l;lg;gl;ldu;.22 ,jd; tpisthf> mur fhzpfs;

vDk; tplag; gug;G fhzp Mizahsu; ehafj;jpdJk; gpuNjr nrayhsu;fspdJk;

MSifapDs;Sk; (,U jug;gpdUk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;), khfhzf; fhzp Mizahsupd; MSifapDs;Sk; tUfpd;wd ([dhjpgjpapdhy;

epakpf;fg;gLk; khfhz MSeupdhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;).

22. 1992 Mk; Mz;bd; 58 Mk; ,yf;f mjpfhuq;fis khw;wy; rl;lk; (gpuNjr nrayfq;fs;)


murpayikg;G uPjpahd rl;lr; rl;lfj;jpd; murpay; rpf;fy;fs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf; $Wk;

g];jpad; (1997 kw;Wk; 2013) NkhjYf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;w ,dg;gjw;wq;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghff;

fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; ,dj;Jt Mf;ff;$wpid khw;wpa FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fSf;Fk; fhzp

mjpfhuq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU njhlu;gpidf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. gutyhf;fg;gl;l fhzp

mjpfhuq;fspy; kj;jpa murhq;fk; jiyapl;lik kw;Wk; mur fhzp tpepNahfj;jpd;

%yk; tptrha Copaj;jpidg; ghJfhg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;

nfhs;iffspd; gad;ghL Mfpait ,dj;Jt uPjpapy; Nkhjy;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wd

vd;w fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,yq;ifapy; nraw;ghl;by; cs;s 39 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rl;lq;fspdhy; fhzpfs;

epu;tfpf;fg;gl;L Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. (Mapa et al., ',yq;ifapy; fhzpg;

ghtid.") fhzpg; gpzf;Ffspd; kPJ mjpf jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpa ,uz;L gpujhd

rl;lq;fs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd fUj;J fPNo tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ:

1927 Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1935

Mk; Mz;bd; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lk; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1947 Mk;

Mz;bd; Kbf;Fupa fhzpfs; fl;lisr; rl;lj;Jld; Nru;j;J ,f;fl;lisr; rl;lk; mur

fhzpfs; Ntwhf;fy; kw;Wk; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fspd; gpujhd rl;l Vw;ghLfspy; xd;whfj;

njhlu;e;J fhzg;gLtJld; jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhf mur fhzpfs; vd;d tpjpfspd; fPo;

kPs;tpepNahfpf;fg;glf;$baitahf cs;sdNth mtw;wpid tiutpyf;fzk; nra;fpd;wd

(Lindberg & Herath, 2014). cyu;tyaj;jpy; kpfTk; kWkyu;r;rpkpf;f FbNaw;wq;fis

cUthf;fp <utyaq;fspy; tWikapidAk; njhopy;tha;g;gpd;ikapidAk; mfw;Wtjw;fhf

FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fSf;fhd nghwpKiwfisAk; 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; fl;lisr; rl;lk;

cUthf;fpaJ (Peebles, 1990). 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; fl;lisr; rl;lKk; 1947 Mk; Mz;bd;

fl;lisr; rl;lKk; fhzp mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fspd; tpepNahfj;jpidj; jPu;khdpj;jd. ,e;j

mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fs; nghJthfj; jw;fhypf mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fshff; fhzg;gl;lJld;

gpd;ida fhyg;gFjpapy; epue;ju cupj;jhz;ik toq;fg;gLk; vDk; Cfk; fhzg;gl;lJ

- ,Ug;gpDk; fhzpapy; cs;s vf;fl;blq;fisAk; khw;Wtjpy; ,Ue;Jk; my;yJ ,e;j

mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fspd; Ngupy; mtw;wpid tpw;gid nra;tjpy; ,Ue;Jk; tptrhapfs;

jilnra;ag;gl;ldu;. eilKiwapy; tptrhapfspd; fhzpg; gad;ghL mjPjkhff;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. fhzpg; ghtid kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; gy gpur;rpidfis

cUthf;fpd. fhzpf; nfhs;tdTfSf;fhd fWg;Gr; re;ijfspd; tsu;r;rp ,jpy;

cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ (Lindberg & Herath, 2014).

1950 Mk; Mz;bd; 9 Mk; ,yf;ff; fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l nghJ

Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mur fhzpfs; vt;thW murhq;fj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;glyhk; vd;gijf;

$Wfpd;wJ. 'fhzp nfhs;sy; rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;w epiyehl;lg;gl;l rl;lr;

nrad;KiwfSf;F mikthfNt nghJ Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfj; Njitg;gLk; fhzp

nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;" vd nghd;NrfhTk; mg;Jy; u`PKk; vOJfpd;wdu;. ',Ug;gpDk;>

eilKiwapy; jpl;lkplg;glhj KiwapNyNa nrad;Kiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy;

jkJ fhzpfs; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdth NkYk; vd;d Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ

vd;gij cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fs; mwpahkYs;sdu;. mjpfkhd rk;gtq;fspy;>

nfhs;sg;gl;l fhzpfSf;fhd el;laPL toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ mt;thW

toq;fg;gl;lhYk; mit kpff; Fiwthd mstpNyNa toq;fg;gLfpd;wd" (nghd;Nrfh

kw;Wk; mg;Jy; u`Pk;, 2011). fhzpg; ghtid kw;Wk; cupj;jhz;;ik njhlu;ghf


jdpegu;fSf;F vd;d thf;FWjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (murpay;thjpfspdhy;) vd;gjw;Fk;

cz;ikahd fhzpg; ghtidr; rl;lq;fs;> mDkjpg;gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd Gupjypy; ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtjhfTk; ,it midj;jpdhYk; Nkyjpf

Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;glyhk; vd;Wk; mtu;fs; NkYk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

Rje;jpur; re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Ff; fhzpapidj; jpwg;gij Nehf;fpa efu;tpidNa

kpf mz;ika rl;lq;fSk; cj;Njr rl;lq;fSk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. 2017 Mk;

Mz;bd; 3 Mk; ,yf;ff; fhzpr; rl;lk; (Ntwhf;fy; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;) (jpUj;jk;)

ntspehl;ltu;fSf;Fk; ntspehl;Lf; fk;gdpfSf;Fk; Fj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

fhzpfs; kPjhd fhzpf; Fj;jif tupfs; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfis mfw;wpAs;sJ.

mgptpUj;jpf; fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;fhff; fhzpfis tpLtpg;gjid trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 1935

Mk; Mz;bd; 19 Mk; ,yf;ff; fhzp mgptpUj;jpf; fl;lisr; rl;lj;jpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;F

mikr;ruit 2017 etk;gu; 14 Mk; jpfjp ,zf;fk; njuptpj;jJ. new;fhzpfis tptrhak;

rhuhj Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;j mDkjpg;gjw;fhf 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 1 Mk;

,yf;f new;fhzpfs; rl;lj;jpidAk; 1973 Mk; Mz;bd; 42 Mk; ,yf;f tptrhaf;

fhzpfs; rl;lj;jpidAk; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;lq;fis 2018 Mk; Mz;by; murhq;fj;jpd;

tuTnryTj; jpl;lk; ntspf;fhl;baJ (rkpfhu, S). ntspehl;ltu;fSf;Fk; ntspehl;Lf;

fk;gdpfSf;Fk; fhzpfis tpw;gid nra;tij mDkjpf;Fk; Kaw;rpahf fhzpr;

rl;lj;jpw;F (Ntwhf;fy; gw;wpa fl;Lg;ghLfs;) kw;WnkhU jpUj;jk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.

mur fhzpfis tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;l fhzp tq;fp xd;wpid

epWTtjw;F rl;lthf;fk; xd;W tiuag;glNtz;Lk; vdg; nghUshjhu Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa

mikr;ruitf; FO 2016 Mk; Mz;L Kd;nkhope;jJ. mur fhzpfis Ntwhf;Fk;NghJ

gy;NtW mur epWtdq;fisf; ifahStjpy; rk;ge;jg;gLk; rpf;fw;jd;ikapid ,J

ePf;Fk; vd;w epahag;gLj;jy; ,e;j Kd;nkhopTf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;if

Unruh kw;Wk; tpy;ypak;]; (2013) Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghy;> MAj Nkhjypd; KbT nghJthf

NtW xU tifahd Kuz;ghl;bw;F ,l;Lr;nry;fpd;wJ: ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; Jupjkhf

fhzp my;yJ fhzpapid ikag;gLj;jpa tsq;fis ehlj; njhlq;Ftu;. cyfk;

KOtjpYk; rz;ilfs; Kbtile;j clNdNa ,J eilngWtjw;fhd vz;zw;w

cjhuzq;fs; cs;sd. rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffspd; NghJ fhzg;gLk; epr;rakw;w

epge;jidfs; my;yJ fhzp cupj;jhz;ik njhlu;ghd Nfhupf;iffs; gw;wpj; njhlu;e;J

fhzg;gLk; ghJfhg;gpd;ik Mfpait vt;thW rptpy; Nkhjiyg; GJg;gpf;fyhk; my;yJ

Gjpa Nkhjiyj; njhlf;fyhk; vd;gjw;fhd rkhe;jukhd cjhuzq;fshf ,it

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

uh[gf;r Ml;rpapd;NghJ ,lk;ngw;w Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd Gdu;epu;khzg; gzpfs;

murhq;fj;jpw;Fg; gy;NtW ed;ikfis gjpyhf toq;Fk; tha;g;Gf;fSlNdNa ,lk;ngw;wd

(Goodhand, 2012). kpfg;ngUk;ghd;ikahfj; jkpou;fs; thOk; gpuNjrq;fs; kPJ murhq;fk;

mjd; fl;Lg;ghl;bidj; jplg;gLj;jp mjd; %yk; jkpo;g; Nghuhspfs; ,uhZt uPjpahf

vOr;rp ngWtij mlf;Ftjw;F (thjpl;lthW) ,J mDkjpj;jJ.

fhzpapid kPs toq;fy; cs;spl;l el;laPL toq;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; ePz;lfhyj;jpy;

rkhjhdj;jpid cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpfSf;Fr; rhjfkhd Kiwapy; gq;fspg;G toq;fyhk;

vd;Wk; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fs; NkYk; NkYk; tpspk;Gepiyf;Fj;


js;sg;gLtijj;; jtpu;f;fyhk; vd;Wk; nghd;NrfhTk; mg;Jy; u`PKk; fUj;Jj;

njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. Jujpu;];ltrkhf ,J ,yq;ifapy; elg;gjpy;iy. %d;W jrhg;j fhy

Aj;jj;jpd;NghJk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;@u; murpay; epfo;r;rpepuypy;

fhzp vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhd tfpghj;jpuj;jpid tfpj;Js;sJ. fhzp kPsspg;G %yk;

tuyhw;W uPjpahd Jauq;fSf;Fr; rkhjhdkhd rftho;T> ey;ypzf;fk; kw;Wk; ePLWjpahd

jPu;Tfis trjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njitapid vz;zw;w Mizf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy;

r%ff; FOf;fs; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;bAs;sd. ,Ug;gpDk; ,lg;ngau;T vd;gJ Nkhjypd;

Fwpg;gpl;l njhdpg;nghUshf ,Ue;Js;sJ. tlf;F fpof;fpy; vz;zw;w ,lq;fspYk;

cau; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fspYk; Vida Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fspYk; my;yJ Rw;Wyh

mgptpUj;jp tyaq;fspYk; Aj;jk; eilngw;wjd; fhuzkhf jkJ tho;thjhuq;fSf;fhfj;

jhk; rhu;e;jpUe;j tPLfspy; ,Ue;Jk; fhzpfspy; ,Ue;Jk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs;

,lk;ngau epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. jpUk;gp tUtjw;fhd kw;Wk; ,og;Gf;fSf;fhf

el;l<L toq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; Neubaw;witahfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.

khWgLfpd;w r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu #oikTfspy; cs;ehl;by;

,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fspd; jpUk;gy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wp rhuh gz;LypahNdh

vOJfpd;whu;. ,J fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO mwpf;ifapy;

Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ: 'fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; nghJthf NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd

fhyg;gFjpapNyNa cUthFfpd;wd. Vnddpy; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; kf;fs; fhzpfis

NfhuTk; kPz;Lk; NfhuTk; ehLfpd;wdu;. NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd #oypy; $l> mfjpfs; tPL

jpUk;GtJ vspikahd nrad;Kiwahf ,y;iy. ,J xU rpf;fyhd nrad;KiwahFk;

vd;gJld; xt;nthU #o;epiyAk; tpj;jpahrkhdJ. Nkhjy; vd;gJ cau; epiykhw;wkpf;f

nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gJld; Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; epytpa epiyikapid> tpUk;gpdhy;

$l> Kw;WKOtJkhf xUNghJk; epiyehl;l KbahJ". (gz;LypahNdh, 2009).

2015 xf;NlhgupNy Avd;vr;rpMupdhYk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhYk; ,iz mDruid

toq;fg;gl;l If;fpa ehLfs; gpufldk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j kf;fSf;F ePLWjpahd

jPu;TfSf;fhd Njitapidf; Fwpg;ghfj; jPu;g;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jpy;

ey;ypzf;fk;> tifg;nghWg;G kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; Mfpatw;wpid Nkk;gLj;Jk;

ntspg;gilahd Nehf;fk; ,Ue;jJ. ,uhZtj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s cau; ghJfhg;G

tyaj;jpdhy; Rkhu; 12500 Vf;fu;fs; fhzp tlkhfhzj;jpy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd -

Mdhy; ,lg;ngau;T vd;gJ rpy FOtpdiug; nghWj;j mstpy; gy jrhg;jq;fshf

,lk;ngWtjhf mike;Js;sJ. ,J rKjha milahsk;> cjtp Kiwikfs; kw;Wk;

FLk;gf; fl;likg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kPJk; Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fisj; jiyikahff;

nfhz;l FLk;gq;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;l rKjhaq;fspy; ghy;epiy tfpghj;jpuq;fspd;

kPJk; ePz;lfhy tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

fhzp kw;Wk; el;laPl;bw;fhd cupik

'xt;nthU gpuirAk; ,yq;ifapDs; elkhl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupj;jpidAk; jdJ

tjptplj;jpidj; njupTnra;tjw;fhd cupj;jpidAk; ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gptUtjw;fhd

cupj;jpidAk; nfhz;Ls;shu;" vd ,yq;ifapd; murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 14

vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wJ. ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; mtu;fs; ,oe;j tho;thjhuq;fis kPz;Lk;

epiyehl;bf;nfhs;Sk; tha;g;gpidAk; ,Wjpapy; mtu;fspd; tho;Tf;fhd tha;g;gpidAk;

toq;Ftjd; %yk; mtu;fs; tWikapy; ,Ue;J jg;Gtjw;fhd xU topahfNt cupj;jhz;ik


Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. midtiuAk; Nghy mNj cupikfs; kw;Wk; cupj;Jf;fSld;

rl;lj;jpd; Kd;du; rkkhd gpuirfshfj; jhk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf kf;fs; czu;e;jhy;

mJNt mtu;fs; muR kPJ GJek;gpf;ifapid itf;f toptFf;fyhk;. vt;thwhapDk;

,t;thwhd eilKiw uPjpahd kw;Wk; murpay; uPjpahd fupridfisj; jhz;b fhzp

vd;gJ ghupa ngWkjpapidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ: xUtupd; milahsk; kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs;

gw;wpa czu;Tfspy; ,J Kf;fpakhd tfpghj;jpuj;jpid tfpf;fpd;wJ. fhzpAldhd

gy njhlu;Gfs; xUtupd; rKjhaj;Jldhd njhlu;GfSld; ,ilkhw;wj;jf;fjhf

,Uf;fpd;wd. ,j;njhlu;Gfis vz;zpf;if nfhz;L mse;Jtpl KbahJ (Brun, 2003). ,t;thwhd r%f cwTfSk; cjtp tiyaikg;Gf;fSk; rPu;Fiytjw;F ,lg;ngau;T

fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ vd;gJld; ,g;gpur;rpid ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk;

epWtd uPjpahd kWrPuikg;gpYk; jPu;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

fhzpfis kPs toq;Fjy;> Fwpg;ghf el;l<L nrYj;Jtjd; Kf;fpakhd ghfkhFk;.

el;l<l;bw;fhd cupikfspd; ntspg;ghl;by; ,J Fwpg;gplg;gl;Lg; gpd;tUkhW

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ: 'Rje;jpuk;> rl;l cupikfs;> r%f me;j];J> FLk;g

tho;f;if> kw;Wk; gpurhTupik Mfpatw;wpid kPz;Lk; toq;fy;; xUtu; jd;Dila

tho;tplj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;Gjy; kw;Wk; njhopy;tha;g;gpid kPz;Lk; toq;fy; NkYk;

nrhj;Jf;fisj; jpUk;g xg;gilj;jy;" (CPA mwpf;if> tlkhfhzj;jpy; fhzp, 2016). vt;thwhapDk; ePz;lfhyr; rkhjhd cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Kaw;rpfspy;

fhzpg; ghtidAk; cupikfSk; Kf;fpakhd tfpghj;jpuj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gJ

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;fhf ePLWjpahd jPu;Tfis cUthf;FtJ

ve;jnthU ek;gj;jFe;j ey;ypzf;ff; nfhs;ifapdJk; ghfkhf epiwNtw;wg;glNtz;Lk;.

kPsspg;G vd;gJ Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjhFk;. Vnddpy; mJ

td;Kiwapd; mDgtj;jpid Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJld; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fspd; my;yJ

jdpegu; FOkq;fspd; cupikfis kPsspf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j cupikfs; elkhl;l Rje;jpuk;>

Raepu;zaj;jpw;fhd cupik (jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; $l;L)> nrhj;jpw;fhd cupik> Nghjpa

thof;ifj; juj;jpw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; Ntiy nra;tjw;fhd cupik Mfpatw;wpid

cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd tyaq;fspy; ,lg;ngau;r;rpAk; cilikapog;Gf;fSk; mjpfkhd

ngz;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;w mNjNtis fhzp mZfy; my;yJ cupj;jhz;ikg; ghJfhg;gpd;ik

njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; Gyg;glj;jf;f $Wfshff; fhzg;gLtJld; ,it ePLWjpahd

rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd gue;j tha;g;Gf;fis vLj;J tpsf;fyhk;. rkhjhd cUthf;fj;jpy;

fhzpf;fhd mZfy; vt;thW ghuJ}ukhd gpd;tpisTfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk; vd;gJ

gw;wp Unruh kw;Wk; tpy;ypak;]; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;: kpf Nkhrkhd epiyapy;> fhzp

njhlu;ghd gjw;wq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; jtWfpd;wik fPoWf;fr; nra;Ak; FiwghLfis

cUthf;fyhk; my;yJ mtw;wpidj; njhlu;e;J epiyf;fr; nra;ayhk;. vt;thwhapDk;

fhzpg; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd ntw;wpfukhd mZFKiwfs; ePLWjpahd rkhjhdj;jpid

Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wj;jpidj; jplg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJld; ePz;l fhyj;jpy; rkhjhdj;jpid

epiyngwr; nra;tjw;Fk; cjtyhk; (2013:1).


fhzp kw;Wk; ghy;epiy

fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; ghy;epiy cwTfspy; fzprkhd ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

Fwpg;ghf> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; ghjpg;GW epiyapYs;s

ngz;fis Mzhjpf;fr; rk;gpujhaq;fs; Ntwhf;Ftjhy; my;yJ ,lk;ngau;g;gjhy; epjpg;

ghJfhg;Gr; rPu;Fiye;J> FLk;gq;fs; rPu;Fiye;J> jw;nfhiyfSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

,g;gpur;rpidfspd; ikakhd fhzp kw;Wk; ghy;epiyg; gpur;rpidfspy; mjpfkhdit

mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gilaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd: MSifg; gpur;rpidfspYk; rl;l

kWrPuhf;fy; gpur;rpidfspYk; ngz;fSf;Fj; jPu;khdk; tFf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhikAk;

rkhjhd cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F mjpfhuk; ,y;yhikAk;

Gdu;epu;;khd kw;Wk; Gdu;tho;T Kaw;rpfspy; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; Xuplj;jpy; nrwpe;jpUg;gJ ,yq;if murpaypy;

ePz;l fhykhf xU ghjfkhd tplakhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tlkhfhzj;jpy; fhzpg;

ghtid njhlu;ghd rthy;fis Nehf;Fifapy; 'Kf;fpakhd murhq;fr; nraw;ghLfspy;

ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpYk; gpuirfspd; fhzp cupikfs; kPJ ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;

epjpfspYk; rpy Kf;fpakhd jdpegu;fspd; iffspy; mjpfhuk; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUg;gjid"

nghd;Nrfh kw;Wk; mg;Jy; u`Pk; MfpNahu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. (nghd;Nrfh kw;Wk; mg;Jy;

u`Pk;, 2011: 38).

vdNt fhzpf; nfhs;if kWrPuhf;fiyf; fl;likj;J mjw;Fg; gq;fspg;G toq;FtjpYk;

cilikafw;wg;gl;ltu;fspd; Fiwfisj; jPu;g;gjpYk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l muRk;

ru;tNjr nraw;gLdu;fSk; Mw;wiyf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Mdhy; ghjpg;GWepiyapYs;s

ngz;fs; (tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; tl ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l

K];ypk; rpWghd;ikapdu; Nghd;w cilikafw;wg;gl;l Vida FOkq;fSld;)

tpthjq;fspy; mw;gkhd fl;Lghl;bidNa nfhz;Ls;sdu;. vdNt jkJ vjpu;fhy

tho;thjhuq;fspYk; ,tu;fs; mw;gkhd fl;Lg;ghl;bidNa nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Mzhjpf;f

tpjpfSk; rl;lq;fSk; ,k;kf;fSf;F cupj;jhd fhzpfis kPsf; NfhUtij kpff;

fbdkhdjhf Mf;fp ,tu;fspd; fhzhkw;Nghd fztd;khu;fs;> je;ijkhu;fs; my;yJ

rNfhjuu;fspd; tplaj;jpy; ,tu;fSf;Fg; nghUshjhug; gupkhzj;jpidAk; Nru;f;fpd;wd

(ICG mwpf;if, 2011).

2016 Mk; Mz;by; nla;yp kpuu; gj;jpupifapy; vOjpa fhke;jp tpf;ukrpq;f> ,yq;ifapd;

fhzpr; rl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;jpid cUthf;Ftjpy; vz;zw;w

rthy;fs; ,Ug;gij milahsk; fhz;fpd;whu;. mjd; Kd;Ndw;wk; murpayikg;Gf;

flg;ghl;LlNdh my;yJ ru;tNjrr; rl;lq;fspd; fPohd flg;ghLfSlNdh nghUe;jtpy;iy

vd;gij mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. cjhuzkhf> fhzp cupikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

'jdpegu; xUtu; fhzpapidr; nrhe;jkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;;> fhzpapidf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy;

kw;Wk; fhzpapid mZFtjpy; Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; rthy;fspy; ghy;epiy Kf;fpakhd

tfpghj;jpuj;jpid tfpf;fKbAk;" vd nghd;NrfhTk; mg;Jy; u`PKk; Nfhbl;Lf;

fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; ghuk;gupag; ghu;itapy; ngz;fs; FLk;gj; jiytpfshff;

fUjg;gLtjpy;iy vd;gJld; Mzhjpf;f kdg;ghq;fpidAk; eilKiwfisAk;

toikahff; fhl;Lfpd;w murhq;f epu;thfpfs; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdUf;F vjpuhfg;

Nghuhlf;$batu;fshfTk; ,tu;fs; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy(2011: 108).


Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd Mizf;FOf;fspdhy; toq;fg;gl;l gupe;Jiufspd; njhFg;G

Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapy; fhzp kPsspg;G kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wpa kpf

tpupthd gupe;Jiufspy; gy> fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FOtpd;

mwpf;ifapd; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gupe;Jiufs;:

kPsj;jpUk;GjYk; kPs;FbNaw;wKk; vDk; jiyg;gplg;gl;l 6 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj

tUfpd;wd. ,tw;wpidg; gpd;tUkhW rpy gpujhd njhdpg;nghUl;fshfj; njhFf;f

KbAk;:

1. fhzp mbg;gilapyhd gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;f;Fk; cWjpahd Nehf;fk; kw;Wk;

Fwpf;Nfhshf ,dj;Jt ey;ypzf;fj;jpd; tfpghj;jpuk;. 'kpf ePz;l fhyk;

eilngw;w Nkhjiyj; njhlu;e;J> cldbahf> NkhjYf;F Kd;du; ehl;by; epytpa

epiyikapid kPz;Lk; cUthf;FtJ vd;gJ mt;tsT vspjhd fhupaky;y

vd;whYk; td;Kiw> mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; ,dr;Rj;jpfupg;G Mfpatw;wpdhy; J}

z;lg;gl;l rl;ltpNuhj fhzp khw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; fhzp Ntwhf;fy;fs; njhlu;e;Jk;

,lk;ngWtjw;Nfh my;yJ epWtdkakhf;fg;gLtjw;Nfh mDkjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy

vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij Mizf;FO mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ.

,dey;YwtpidAk; Njrpa ey;YwtpidAk; Ngzpf;fhg;gJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

Vnddpy; gpur;rpidfs; jPu;f;fg;glhky; tplg;gLifapy; mit vjpu;fhy NkhjYf;fhd

fhuzpfshf epiykhwyhk;" (9.121).

2. fhzpf; Nfhupf;iffisj; jPu;g;gjpYs;s epu;thf uPjpahd kw;Wk; ngsjpfts

mbg;gilapyhd rthy;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf; nfhs;ifAlDk; mjd;

kPs;FbNaw;w epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSlDk; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gJld; jPu;tpw;fhf

khw;W Kiwfs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd (cjh: ePjp Kiw rhuhjit). ',lk;ngau;e;j

egu;fspd; kPs;jpUk;gy; kw;Wk; kPs;FbNaw;wk; Mfpatw;wpidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;l

murhq;fj;jpd; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapid Mizf;FO ghuhl;LtJld; ,lk;ngau;e;j

egu;fspd; fhzp Mtzg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisAk; cupj;jhz;ik kw;Wk;

gadhsu; cupikfspy; cs;s gpzf;FfisAk; jPu;g;gjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;L

2011 [_iyapy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ,ize;j epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Mizf;FO

nkr;Rfpd;wJ. epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; Gj;jhf;fkpf;fJ vd;gijAk; nghUj;jkhdtplj;J

mJ epu;thff; nfLgpbfsw;w nghwpKiwapid> mjhtJ gpujhdkhf rpf;fy;kpf;fJk;

Neuj;jpid mjpfk; vLg;gJk; tof;Fj; njhLj;Js;stu;fSf;F mjpf nrytpid

Vw;gLj;jf;$baJkhd Kiwrhu; ePjpkd;w Kiwikapidg; gad;gLj;jNtz;bapUg;gjpy;

,Ue;Jk; kpfg;ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fis tpLtpg;gjw;nfd

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJkhd Kiwrhuhg; nghwpKiwapidg; gad;gLj;j ehLfpd;wJ

vd;gijAk; Mizf;FO mtjhdpf;fpd;wJ" (9.125).

3. ,uhZtj;jpdhy; mur fhzpfs; Ntwhf;fg;gly;> kw;Wk;/jdpahu; fhzpfs;

njhlu;r;rpahff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly; vDk; tplak; jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf>

cj;Njr epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk; mKy;gLj;jg;gLk; tiuapy;> Vida mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l

Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf mur fhzpfs; Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; jtpu;e;j NtW

vr;re;j;u;g;gj;jpYk; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fs; jtpu;e;j VidNahUf;fhf

mur fhzpfs; Ntwhf;fg;gLtijj; jLg;gjw;F ,Wf;fkhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;

gpuNahfpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;" vd MNyhrid Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ... cau;ghJfhg;G


tyaq;fs; fhuzkhf my;yJ Vida cj;jpNahfG+u;tkw;w my;yJ Kiwahfj;

jpl;lkplg;glhj ghJfhg;Gld; njhlu;Gila Njitfspd; fhuzkhf jkJ

fhzpfis my;yJ tPLfis ,oe;j rfy FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; khw;Wf; fhzpfs;

toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; my;yJ gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf el;laPL

toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdTk; Mizf;FO tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. khw;Wf; fhzpfis

toq;fy; my;yJ el;laPl;bid toq;fy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhyg;gFjpapDs;

G+u;j;jpnra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd Mizf;FO NkYk; tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ" (9.140-9.142)

tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd nkJthdJk;

fbdkhdJkhd xU nrad;Kiwapd; ,e;j mq;fPfhukhdJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fs;

tho;tpy; njhlu;e;J Kd;nry;tjw;fhf kPs;jpUk;Gif kw;Wk; kPsspg;Gg; nghwpKiwapidj;

Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; 1990 ,y; tlf;fpy;

,Ue;J gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l K];ypk;fs; cs;spl;l rpy Fwpg;gpl;l FOtpdUk;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l fhzpfspy; ,duPjpahd gpupTfshfg;

gpupf;fg;glhJ rfy FOkq;fSk; cz;ikahf kPs;jpUk;Gtij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

tl khfhzj;jpy; rpWghd;ikahf cs;s rpq;fsr; rKjhaj;jpidr; Nru;e;jtu;fSk;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sdu;. vdNt fw;Wf;nfhz;l ghlq;fs; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO gpd;tUkhW

tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ 'aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; tlf;fpd; Vida gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;

gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l rpq;fsf; FLk;gq;fs; jd;dpr;irahf kPsj;jpUk;g tpUk;Gifapy;

mtu;fs; jq;fspd; nrhe;jf; fhzpfSf;F tpiuthf mDg;gpitf;fg;glNtz;Lk; my;yJ

Ntwhf;fg;gl;l fhzpfspy; kPsf;FbNaw;wg;glNtz;Lk;. Vnddpy; ,J njhlu;gpyhd

Kd;Ndw;wk; jpUg;jpaw;wjhfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ." (9.145)

,Wjpahf> mur fhzpfspd; xg;Guthd tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; fhzpf; nfhs;ifapd; khfhzg;

gutyhf;fk; gw;wpa topfhl;ly;fis cs;slf;Ftjw;fhf Njrpa fhzp Mizf;FO

epakpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdf; FO tpje;Jiuf;fpd;wJ (9.150). khtl;l epu;thfj;jpw;F

topfhl;Ltjw;fhf tlf;F fpof;fpYs;s xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpw;fhfTk; xU fhzpg;

ghtidj; jpl;lk; ,Uf;fNtz;LnkdTk; (9.151) rfy ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;fhfTk;

fhzpfs; kPstoq;fg;gLfpd;wd my;yJ khw;Wf; fhzpfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij

cWjpg;gLj;j ,Ujug;G mZFKiwapidr; rfy murpay; fl;rpfSk; gpd;gw;wNtz;Lk;

vdTk; Njrpa ey;ypzf;fj;jpy; ftdk; Ftpg;gjw;fhfr; rhj;jpakhdNghJ el;laPL

toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdTk; NkYk; MNyhrid toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.(9.152)

murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gg; gw;wpa ehlshtpa kf;fs; fye;jhNyhrpg;gpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G gw;wpa nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fspd; FOtpd;

2016 Nk mwpf;ifAk; kf;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; fhzpg; gpur;rpidfspd; rpf;fw;jd;ikapid

Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. FOtpd; gupe;Jiufs; gpd;tUtdthFk;:

1. ,aw;if tsq;fs;> cs;ehl;Lj; jhtutiffs; kw;Wk; capupd tiffs;

Mfpatw;wpidg; gad;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; murpyaikg;G uPjpahd topfhl;ly;fs;

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;..

2. fhzp> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Mfpait mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpy;

cs;slf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Rw;whly; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil cupikfs; gw;wpa gpupT

tpyq;Ffspd; cupikfisAk; tpyq;Ffspd; eydpidAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

Vnddpy; tpyq;FfSk; fhl;Lapu;fSk; Rw;whly; kw;Wk; #opay; Kiwikapd;


mq;fkhff; fUjg;glNtz;Lk;.

3. ,e;j cupikfis vt;thW nraw;gLj;jyhk; vd;gJ gw;wp tpgupf;Fk; fhzp>

Rw;whly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp gw;wpa Ntwhd mj;jpahaq;fs; murpayikg;Gld;

Nru;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;. tiuGr; nrad;Kiwapy; nfd;a kw;Wk; <FtNlhu; ehLfspd;

murpayikg;Gf;fspd; cjhuzq;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk; vd ehk;

MNyhrid toq;Ffpd;Nwhk;. cjhuzkhf> gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;fhd Vw;ghLfis

,e;j mj;jpahaq;fs; fl;lhak; cs;slf;fNtz;Lk;:

• Rw;whly; kw;Wk; ,aw;if tsq;fspd; epiyNgwhd ghtid> gad;ghL>

Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Mfpatw;wpid cWjpg;gLj;jYk; jpuSk;

ed;ikfspd; xg;Guthd gfpu;tpid cWjpg;gLj;jYk;;

• Rw;whly; Jiw epGzu;fSldhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gld; Mff;Fiwthd

tdg;Nghu;itapidj; jPu;khdpj;J> mjid mile;J> mjidg; NgZtjw;fhfg;

gzpahw;wy;;

4. capupay; gy;tifik kw;Wk; rKjhaq;fspd; kugZ tsq;fs; Mfpatw;wpidg;

ghJfhj;J mtw;wpd; rl;lg; ghJfhg;gpid mjpfupj;jYk; mit gw;wpa RNjr

mwptpid mjpfupj;jYk;

• Rw;whly; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpYk; ghJfhg;gpYk; NgzypYk; nghJkf;fs; gq;Nfw;gpid

Cf;Ftpj;jy;;

• kugZ tsq;fs; kw;Wk; capupay; gy;tifik Mfpatw;wpidg; ghJfhj;jy;

• Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;bw;fhd Kiwikapid cUthf;fy;.

5. Rw;whly; Ma;Tk; Rw;whly; fz;fhzpg;Gk;

6. Rw;whlypy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba nrad;KiwfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk;

mfw;wy; NkYk; ,yq;if kf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhfNt Rw;whly; kw;Wk; ,aw;if

tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;

7. Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;Jg; Ngzp capupay; uPjpahf ePLWjpahd mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;

,aw;if tsq;fspd; ghtid Mfpatw;wpid cWjpg;gLj;j mur mikg;Gf;fSlDk;

Vida egu;fSlDk; xj;Jiog;gjw;fhd flikapid xt;nthUtUk; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

8. mgptpUj;jp rhu; Ruz;ly;fs; kw;Wk; ,lg;ngau;T Mfpatw;wpidj; jLg;gjw;Fg;

Nghjpa nghwpKiwfs; cs;sd vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpf; Fiwfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F Mizf;FO xd;wpid cUthf;fy;.

9. fhzp> Rw;whly; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd mbg;gil cupikfspd; kPwy;fspdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;stu;fSf;fhfg; gupfhuk; kw;Wk; el;l<l;bw;fhd Kiwik.

10. Rw;whlYf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;fpd;w my;yJ mgptpUj;jp vDk; ngaupy; kf;fisr;

Ruz;Lfpd;w ve;j xU jdpegUf;F vjpuhfTk; my;yJ epWtdj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk;

eltbf;if vLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhf muR kw;Wk; mur

mjpfhupfisg; nghWg;Gilatu;fshf Mf;f Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.


11. ehl;bd; nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba rjtpfpjj;jpy; Mff;Fiwthd

tdg; Nghu;itapidg; NgZtjw;fhd xU Kiwikapid milahsk; fhzy;.

ehl;bw;fhf ePLWjpahd> xg;Guthd kw;Wk; r%f uPjpahf epahakhd r%f -

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpj; jPu;Tfis ehLtjw;fhf murpayikg;gpy; flg;ghLfs;

ey;ypzf;fg; nghwpKiwf;fhd fye;jhNyhrpg;Gr; nrayzpapd; mwpf;ifapy; xg;gPl;lstpy;

ehL KOtjpy; ,Ue;Jk; 'fhzp njhlu;ghd gy;NtWgl;lJk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJkhd" fupridfs; rku;g;gzq;fshf vOg;gg;gl;ld (143).

gpupT 3.6 (107) ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy: 'fhzp vd;gJ xt;nthU tyaj;jpYk;

vOg;gg;gl;l kPz;nlOk; gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;jJ. fhzpapid ,uhZtk; Mf;fpukpj;jpUj;jy;

my;yJ fhzpfisf; Fbkf;fs; ,uz;lhk; cupikahsu;fshf itj;jpUj;jy; Kjw;nfhz;L>

njhiye;JNghd Mtzq;fs;> Mtzq;fs; ,y;yhik my;yJ cupj;jhz;ikf;Fg; Nghjpa

cupikfs; ,y;yhik kw;Wk; fhzp kPjhd mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w NkhjYld; njhlu;gw;w

fhzpg; gpur;rpidfs; tiu gpur;rpidfspd; jd;ik gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ".

,uhZtj;jpdhy; my;yJ NtW jug;gpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lg;ngau;tpdhy; ,of;fg;gl;l

fhzpfSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffspy; ,Ue;J vOk; kpfg; nghJthd Nfs;tpahf kPsspg;Gf;

fhzg;gLtJld; jk;Gs;s Gdpjg; gpuNjrk; njhlu;ghd ,yf;Ff; FOf; fye;Jiuahlypy;

Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;lg;gl;lthW Gdpjg; gpuNjrq;fis mikg;gjw;fhfTk; ,f;Nfhupf;iffs;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. Kd;G Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW tpLjiyg; Gypfspdhy; gyte;jkhf

ntspNaw;wg;gl;l tlGy K];ypk;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l tpNrl NjitapidAila (cjhuzkhf>

ahupd; tho;thjhuq;fs; tptrha uPjpahf tskhd fhzpfisr; rhu;e;jpUe;jdNth

mt;thwhdtu;fSf;F el;l<l;Lld; Nru;j;J mf;fhzpfis kPs toq;fg;gLtjd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg; ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fspd; xU FOtpdu; Nfhbl;Lf;fhl;bdu;) rpy

FOf;fSk; cs;spl;l rpy Fwpg;gpl;l FOf;fs; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;lg;gl;ld. mwpf;iffspy;

jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; Kiwg;ghLfNs epiwe;jpUe;jd vDk; gpugykhd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpidj;

jhz;b rpq;fsf; FOf;fSk; Kiwg;ghLfisAk; fupridfisAk; vOg;gpapUe;jd.

mjhtJ> fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J tlkj;jpa khfhzj;jpw;F ,lk;ngau;f;fg;gl;l

rpq;fsr; rKjhaj;jpdu; ,of;fg;gl;l fhzpfSf;fhf el;laPl;bidf; NfhupapUe;jdu; (145).

vt;thwhapDk; ,e;j kPs;FbNaw;wr; nray;tpjpfSk; kPsspg;Gr; nray;tpjpfSk;

Njitg;gLfpd;wd vdr; rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;lj; jtwtpy;iy. NkYk; ehL

KOtJk; cs;s fhzpaw;wtu;fspd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l ghjpg;GWepiyikfs;

gw;wpAk; ftdk; vLf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd mit Rl;bf;fhl;bd. Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

rku;g;gzq;fs; mur kl;lj;jpYk; epWtd kl;lj;jpYk; r%f kl;lj;jpYk; ,yq;ifapy;

njhlu;e;Jk; ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJk; ,ilaPL Njitg;gLfpd;wJkhd

gy;NtW jtWfisr; Rl;bf;fhl;bd. jdpj;jdpahfg; gpur;rpidfisf; ifahSk;

mZFKiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lhy; rKjhaq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLk; Mgj;J

Vw;glyhk; vd;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; fhzp tpepNahfk; njhlu;gpy; jug;gLj;jg;gl;l

mZFKiw iff;nfhs;sg;glyhk; vDk; MNyhrid ru;tNjr epWtdk; xd;wpdhy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

murpayikg;Gf;fhd 13tJ jpUj;jj;jpd; mKyhf;fk; cs;spl;l mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;

gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy; ,J khfhzq;fspy; fhzp epu;thfj;jpy; ghupa

tpisTfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mjpfkhd fhzpfs; ,uhZtj;jpdhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;Ls;s


fhuzj;jpdhy; ehL KOtJk;> Fwpg;ghf tlf;F fpof;fpy; ,uhZtkakhf;fj;jpid

mfw;wyhdJ fhzpg; gpur;rpidapidj; jPu;f;Fk;. ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fSf;fhff; fhzpfs;

Njitg;glhjNghJ mit cupa cupikahsu;fsplk; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; vd;fpd;w thf;FWjp

mbf;fb toq;fg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk; fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy.

gpupT 3.2.2: ,uhZtkakhf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfspd; kPJ ftdk; Ftpf;fpd;wJ.

'cupikfis kPz;Lk; toq;FtjpYk; ,ay;Gepiyapid kPz;Lk; cUthf;FtjpYk;

vt;thW ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gjw;fhd cjhuzq;fis fhzp Mf;fpukpg;G

tplaq;fspy; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ(33)". ,jpy; Nfg;ghgpyT> Ky;iyj;jPT kw;Wk;

nfhf;fpsha; cs;spl;l Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fisr; Nru;e;j FOtpdiu mwpf;if Nkw;Nfhs;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd fhzpg; gpzf;FfspYk; FbNaw;wq;fspYk;

,uhZtk; jiyapLtJk; ,uhZtk; mjd; nrhe;j tu;j;jf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfj;

jdpahupd; fhzpfisg; gad;gLj;JtJk; cs;@u; kf;fspd; tho;thjhu Kaw;rpfSf;Fk;

ey;ypzf;f Kaw;rpfSf;Fk; ghjfkhdjhf ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ vd;gJk; mwpf;ifapy;

vLj;J tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.(297-300). ePjp vd;gJ fl;likg;Gf;fspd; epiykhw;wj;jpdhy;

kl;LNk tUfpd;wJ - epiykhw;w ePjpapd; %ykhf ePz;lfhy> mbg;gilahd khw;wq;fs;.

,jd;NghJ nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu epiykhw;wq;fs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;(316).

gpupT 3.6 NtW ,lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;glhj fhzpg; gpur;rpidapy; ftdk; Ftpf;fpd;wJ.

(cjh: 3.2.2), jhk; kPsf; FbNawpa ,lj;Jf;fhd cupj;jhz;ik cupikfs; ,d;wpj; jkJ

Gjpa tPLfspy; jkJ tho;tpid kPsf; fl;bnaOg;g Kaw;rpf;Fk; ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs;

cs;spl;l ,uhZtk; rhuhj Kftu;fSldhd fhzpg; gpzf;Ffs; (tdj; jpizf;fsk;

my;yJ Gdpjg; gpuNjrq;fs; cs;spl;l) (111); njw;Fr; rKjhaq;fs; mur nfhs;iffspdhy;

fhzpaw;wtu;fshf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;> cjhuzkhf epahakhd el;l<l;bid toq;fhky;

efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig fhzpfisg; gwpj;jy; (112).

ehL KOtjpYKs;s rKjhaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,t;thwhd ghupa Nghuhl;lq;fspd;

#oiktpy; Nehf;Fifapy;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy rKjhaq;fspd; jdpj;Jtkhd cjhuzq;fs; %yk;

,g;gpur;rpidfspy; rpy ed;F tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;rKjhaq;fs; jkJ tho;thjhuq;fis

kPl;bf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ,ay;Gepiyapid XusthtJ jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; jkJ

fupridfisj; Jzpr;rYld; vOg;gpaJld; murpd; nraypd;ikf;F vjpuhfTk; Coy;kpf;f

gzpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; NghuhbAs;sd. ,f;Fiwfspd; gy cjhuzq;fis

tyar; nrayzp mwpf;if nfhz;Ls;sJ (ZTF).


,izg;G 2


Nfg;ghg;gpyT(kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd; mspf;;fg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy;

r%f epWtdq;fspd; mwpf;if Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lit)


² miktplk; Nfg;ghg;gpyT fpuhkNritahsu; gpupT> xl;LRl;lhd;

gpuNjr nrayfk;> Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lk;

² ghjpf;fg;gl;l

FLk;gq;fs; / kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if

104 FLk;gq;fs; (2020 Vg;uypy; cs;shthwhf)

² gpzf;fpYs;s

fhzpapd; tp];jPuzk;

2009 Mk; Mz;L Vwf;Fiwa 520 Vf;fu; fhzp

,uhZtj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ.

2020 Vg;uypy; cs;sthwhf ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;gpy;

171 Vf;fu;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; cs;sd

² fhzpg; gpzf;F

Muk;gpj;j tUlk;

2009

2009 Mk; Mz;L> Aj;jj;jpd; filrpf; fl;lj;jpd; NghJ Ky;iyj;jPT khtl;lj;jpd;

#upaGuk;> rPdpahNkhl;il> Nfg;ghg;gpyT kw;Wk; gpyhf;FbapUg;G Mfpa fpuhkq;fspd;

FbapUg;ghsu;fis ,uhZtk; gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wpaJ. ntspNaw;wg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;

tTdpahtpy; cs;s nkdpf; ghk; Kfhkpw;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;ld.

ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhzpapy; (171 Vf;fu;fs;) Ky;iyj;jPT Nfg;ghg;gpyT murpdu;

jkpo; fytd; ghlrhiyAk; xU NfhapYk; gyNehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fKk; rdr%f

epiyaKk; Ie;J nghJf; fpzWfSk; xU tpisahl;L ikjhdKk; fpwp];jt kahdKk;

,e;J kahdKk; mike;jpUe;jd. fhzp gyte;jkhf vLf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; Ky;iyj;jPT

ghJfhg;Gg; gil jiyik mYtyfKk; tpkhdg; gilj; jiyik mYtyfKk; Vida

Kfhk;fSk; mjpy; epWtg;gl;ld.

ntspNaw;wg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; kj;jpapy; rpy \khtPuu; FLk;gq;fSk;| ,Ue;jd. ,f;FLk;g

cWg;gpdu;fs; rpyu; Aj;jj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;l gpd;du; ,f;FLk;gj;jpdu;fis tpLjiyg;

Gypfs; ,f;fhzpfspy; FbNaw;wpdu;. Vida FLk;gq;fs; ,f;fhzpapd; G+u;tPff; Fbfshf

milahsg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; ,tu;fspd; FLk;gq;fs; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; 100 tUlq;fSf;Fk;

Nky; tho;e;J tUfpd;wd.

2010 Mk; Mz;L fhzpapd; G+u;tPff; Fbfis mioj;j Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp k`pe;j

uh[gf;r> fhzpfs; khtPuu; FLk;gq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; vdj; njuptpj;jhu;. FbapUg;ghsu;fs;

jq;fspd; fhzpfSf;fhd Mjhuq;fshf 60 cWjpfisAk; 20 mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fisAk;

rku;g;gpj;jdu;. ,jd; gpd;du; ,f;fhzp kf;fSf;fhfj; njhlu;e;jpUf;Fk; vd;w fbjk;

nrayfj;jpdhy; mDg;gg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,jidj; njhlu;e;J vJTk; eilngwtpy;iy.

2011 Mk; Mz;by; FbapUg;ghsu;fspdhy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Nkd;KiwaPL xd;W jhf;fy;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

2012 Mk; Mz;by; nkdpf; Kfhk; %lg;gl;L kf;fs; mtru mtrukhf kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;ldu;.

2012 Mk; Mz;L nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; 150 FLk;gq;fs; mtw;wpd; G+u;tPff; fpuhkq;fSf;F

mz;ikapy; mike;Js;s #upaGuk; vd Kd;G mwpag;gl;l Nfg;ghg;gpyT khjpupf;

fpuhkj;jpy; tplg;gl;ldu;. ,J Jg;guT nra;ag;glhj xU fhzp vd;gJld; jk;ik xU

'mj;Jthdf; fhl;by; tpl;Ltpl;ljhf" kf;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;jdu;. ,t;thW tplg;gl;l

kf;fSf;F tjptplq;fis mikf;f cjtpfs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. nkdpf; Kfhkpy; ,Ue;J

nfhz;Lte;j fopTg; nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Nl ,k;kf;fs; nfhl;by;fis mikj;jdu;.


Kd;dhs; Ky;iyj;jPT murhq;f mjpgupdhy; 150 FLk;gq;fSk; jhk; Gjpa fhzpfis

Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhf gbtk; xd;wpy; ifr;rhj;jpLkhW Ntz;lg;gl;ldu;.

2013 [dtup khjj;jpy; NkYk; 146 FLk;gq;fs; #upaGuj;jpy; FbNaw;wg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs;

gpuNjrj;jpy; jkf;Fj; njupe;j FLk;gq;fSlDk; cwtpdu;fSlDk; trpj;Jte;jdu;. 2013

khu;r; khjj;jpy; 16 FLk;gq;fs; rPdpahNkhl;ilapYs;s jkJ G+u;tPff; fhzpfSf;F

kPsj;jpUk;g mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

2017 [dtup 30 Mk; jpfjp vQ;rpa fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;gLk; vd muR mwptpj;jJ.

vt;thwhapDk; ,t;thW fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;glhj fhuzj;jpdhy; Nfg;ghg;gpytpidr;

Nru;e;j 138 FLk;gq;fs; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdupd; jiyik mYtyfj;jpw;F Kd;dhy;>

mtu;fspd; fhzpfspd; Eiothapypy;> njhlu;r;rpahd ju;zh Nghuhl;lj;jpid Muk;gpj;jdu;.

,f;FLk;gq;fs; jkJ rKjhaf; fl;blq;fs; cs;slq;fyhf 428 Vf;fu; fhzpfis

tpLtpf;fNtz;Lk; vdf; Nfhupdu;.

2017 Vg;upy; khjj;jpy; Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fSld; jkpo; murpay;thjpfSk; Nru;e;Jnfhz;ldu;.

,jidj; njhlu;e;J ,tu;fisr; re;jpj;j ,uhZtk; 100 Vf;fu; fhzpapid tpLtpg;gjhf

tha;%y ,zf;fj;jpw;F te;jJ. tpLtpg;Gj; jpfjp kPz;Lk; gpw;Nghlg;gl;lJ.

2017 Mf];by;> Nfg;ghg;gpytpy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;bUe;j 243 Vf;fu; fhzpapid mjd;

cupikahsu;fSf;F ,uhZtk; tpLtpj;jJ. gpd;du; mNj khjk; tpLtpf;fg;glTs;s 111

Vf;fu; fhzpapy; mike;Js;s ,uhZtf; fl;blq;fisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; NtW

,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;fhf ,uhZtj; jsgjpf;F 148 kpy;ypad; &ghtpidj;

jdJ mikr;rpdhy; nrYj;Jtjw;F mikr;ruit mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpAs;sjhf

mg;Nghija kPs;FbNaw;w mikr;ruhd b. vk;. Rthkpehjd; kf;fsplk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.

kf;fspd; kPs;FbNaw;wj;jpw;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gzkhd 148 kpy;ypad; &gh

vjw;fhf kf;fsplk; fhzpfis kPs xg;gilg;gjw;fhf ,uhZtj;jpw;F ed;nfhilahf

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd kf;fs; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdu;.

[Pd; 2018 ,y; Nfg;ghg;gpytpidr; Nru;e;j 55 jdpahu; fhzp (Rkhu; 60 Vf;fu;fs;)

cupikahsu;fSld; fiuj;Jiwg;gw;W gpuNjr nrayfj;jpy; $l;lk; xd;W eilngw;wJ.

,tu;fspd; fhzpfisr; rl;lG+u;tkhfg; ngw;W el;l<L toq;Ftjw;fhfNt ,g;Ngr;Rthu;j;ij

eilngw;wJ. ,f;FLk;gq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; el;l<l;bid Vw;f kWj;J jkJ

fhzpfSf;Fj; jpUk;gNtz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifapid Kd;itj;J te;jhYk; Ie;J

FLk;gq;fs; jkJ fhzpfSf;Fg; gjpyhf gz el;l<l;bidg; ngw ,zq;fpdu;. VidNahu;

njhlu;e;Jk; jkJ fhzpfs; tpLtpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdg; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdu;.

[dtup 26 Mk; jpfjp Nfg;ghg;gpyT kf;fs;> gpujhdkhfg; ngz;fs;> ,uhZtk;

Mf;fpukpj;Js;s jkJ fhzpfis tpLtpf;ff; Nfhup mf;fhzpfis Nehf;fp ,uz;L

fpNyh kPw;wu;fs; elf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,uhZt Kfhkpd; gpujhd Eiothapiy Nehf;fp

mtu;fs; elf;fj; njhlq;fpaJk; Kfhkpd; thapypd; Kd; ngUksT nghyprhu; (Rkhu;

45 Ngu;) fhzg;gl;lJld; Fiwe;jJ Ie;J nghyp]; thfdq;fSk; (g];> nyhwp> [Pg;>

fhu;) mq;Nf fhzg;gl;ld. ,g;ngz;fSld; NkYk; gy ,lk;ngau;e;j fpuhkj;jtu;fs;

,ize;Jnfhz;L ,tu;fspd; ghijapid Ntz;Lnkd;W kwpg;gjw;fhf epWj;jg;gl;bUe;j

nghyp]; thfdq;fspd; Kd;Nd epd;wdu;. jkJ fhzp tpLtpg;Gj; njhlu;ghf jpl;ltl;lkhd

cj;juthj;jpid mjpfhupfs; toq;Fk; tiuapy; Kfhkpd; Kd;dhy; mku;e;Jnfhs;tJ


vd;gNj Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fspd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. [dtup 27 Mk; jpfjp> ,uhZt

Kfhk; mike;Js;s tstpw;Fk; Mu;g;ghl;lk; elj;jg;gLk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;

Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; 75 kPw;wu;fs; J}uj;jpidg; NgzNtz;Lk; vd;W ePjpkd;wf; fl;lis

gpwg;gpj;jJ. ,jid Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.

10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd; jq;fsplkpUe;J gwpf;fg;gl;l fhzpfSf;fhf ,e;j kf;fs;

njhlu;e;Jk; Nghuhb tUfpd;wdu;. mu;j;jG+u;tkhd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspy; murhq;fk;

,k;kf;fis <LgLj;jj; jtwptUfpd;wJ. NkYk; ,k;kf;fspd; vjpu;fhyk; epr;rakw;wjhf

cs;sJ. ,k;kf;fspd; tho;T mtu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; mePjpfspdhy; epiwe;Js;sJ.

Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhu;fshfg; gpujhdkhfg; ngz;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. nfhSj;Jk; ntapypYk;

nfhl;Lk; kioapYk; Mu;g;ghl;lk; ,lk;ngWk; nfhl;by;fspDs; mku;e;jpUg;gJ ,g;ngz;fNs.

cyu;tyaq;fspy; ,uT Neuq;fspy; epyTk; fLk; FspupidAk; ,g;ngz;fs; jhq;fpathW

jk; Nghuhl;lj;jpid elj;jptUfpd;wdu;. nfhLg;gdTld; ,g;ngz;fs; nra;Ak; Copak;

kw;Wk; nfhLg;gdT ,d;wp ,g;ngz;fs; Mw;wptUk; guhkupg;Gg; gzpfs; Mfpait

,g;ngz;fs; fopf;Fk; ehl;fspDs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. ,g;ngz;fs; elj;Jk; Nghuhl;lk;

,tu;fspd; MNuhf;fpaj;jpYk; eyNdhk;GifapYk; ghupa jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.


ckh Xa gy;Nehf;Ff; fUj;jpl;lk; (rKjha cWg;gpdu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fisg; gpujhdkhff; nfhz;L

jahupf;fg;gl;l rptpy; r%f mwpf;iffspy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lJ)


² miktplk; Cth khfhzj;jpd; gJis khtl;lj;jpd;

gz;lhutis> `hypnay> ntypkl> Cthguzfk

kw;Wk; vy;y gpuNjr nrayfq;fs; kw;Wk; nkhduhfy

khtl;lj;jpd; nts;stha

² ghjpf;fg;gl;l


Rkhu; 7500 FLk;gq;fSf;F Nky; (Vg;uy; 2020 ,y;

cs;sthwhf)

² gpzf;fpYs;s

fhzpapd; tp];jPuzk;

fpl;lj;jl;l 2200 Vf;fu;; gz;iz epyq;fs; Neubahfg;

ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

fpl;lj;jl;l 7100 tPLfs; KOtJkhf my;yJ

gFjpahfr; Nrjkile;Js;sd

fpl;lj;jl;l 3090 fpzWfs; tw;wptpl;ld

fpl;lj;jl;l 45 ,aw;if ePu; %yq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

² fhzpg; gpzf;F

Muk;gpj;j tUlk;

2008 Kjy; ,w;iwtiu

ckh Xa fUj;jpl;lk; 1950 fspy; ,Ue;J njhlq;Fk; ePz;l tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

epjpaply; fhuzkhf my;yJ Rw;Wr; #oy; gpur;rpid fhuzkhff; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk;

gy;NtW Kd;nkhopTfs; iftplg;gl;ld. 1991 ,y; ,yq;ifapd; njw;Fg; gFjpf;F

ePupidj; jpirjpUg;Gk; Kd;nkhoptpw;fhd Kd; rhj;jpats Ma;tpid kj;jpa nghwpapay;

MNyhridg; gzpafk; (CECB) Nkw;nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; kf;fspd; ePu; cupikfs;

kPwg;gLfpd;wd vd;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy; Kd;nkhoptpid Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

epuhfupj;jJ. 2000 Mk; Mz;L fUj;jpl;lk; kPz;Lk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;L 2008 Mk; Mz;by;

ckh Xa gy;Nehf;Ff; fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;F <uhd; murhq;fk; epjpAjtp toq;fpaJ. epu;khz

xg;ge;jKk; <uhdpa epu;khdf; fk;gdpahd FARAB ,w;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. fUj;jpl;lkhdJ

gpujhdkhf ePu;kpd;rhuj;jpid mjpfupj;J `k;ghe;Njhl;ilapd; cyu;tyaj;jpd;

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kz;zpid kPs;tYg;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpYk; epyf;fPo; ePUf;F Vw;gLk; jhf;fk; njhlu;gpYk;

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vd;Wk; ru;r;irfs; ntbj;jd. mjpfupj;J te;j fz;ldq;fisj; njhlu;e;J 2017 Mk;

Mz;by epGzu;fs; mlq;fpa Fohk; Clfq;fSf;F mwpf;ifapLifapy; epu;khzf;

fl;lj;jpd;NghJ epyf;fPo; ePu;kl;lk; FiwtilAk; rhj;jpaj;jpid Rw;whly; jhf;f kjpg;gPl;L

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jpl;lj;jpidAk; kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig ePu;g;ghrd kw;Wk; ePu;tsq;fs; mikr;rplk;

ifaspj;Js;sJ vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpid mq;fPfupj;j mikr;ruitg;

gj;jpuk;> 1995 [_d; 15 ,w;F Kd;gpUe;J mur fhzpfspy; tho;e;JtUgtu;fSk; thlif

tPLfspy; trpj;J tUgtu;fSk; thlif nrYj;Jk; tptrhapfSk; [PtNdhghak; elj;Jk;

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gapu;nra; tptrhapfSf;F kpff;Fiwthd el;l<Nl toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf>

jtwhd eilKiwfis tprhupj;J ePjpapid cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk; gpur;rpidfisj;

jPu;g;gjw;fhfTk; xU RahjPdkhd Mizf;FO mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;w cWjpahd

kw;Wk; mtrukhd Nfhupf;if Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ePu;f;frpT: fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; ghuJ}ukhd gpur;rpid ePu;f;frpthFk;. 2015 Mk; Mz;by;

ePu;f;frpT xd;W njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gl;lJ. 2019 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; ePu;f;frpT

epkplj;jpw;F 800 yPw;wu;fs; vd mwpf;ifaplg;gl;lJ. tptrhaj;jpw;F mtrpakhd ePu;

%yq;fSk; rpW fpuhkq;fs; gad;gLj;jpa ePu; %yq;fSk; ePu;f;frptpdhy; tw;wptpl;ld.


E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fpzWfs; tw;wptpl;ld. NkYk; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd tptrhaf; fhzpfs;

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ePu;epiyfSf;F mUfpy; kPsf; FbNaw;wg;gl;ltu;fSf;F ePu;j;Jg;guthf;f trjpfs;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,w;iwtiuapy; Kiwiktha;e;j tifapy; ePu; tpepNahfk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;l rKjhaq;fspy; thOk; ngz;fs; jkJ tPLfspd;

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Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

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Mapuf;fzf;fhd fl;blq;fSf;Fr; Nrjk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; 7500 ,w;Fk;

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vy;y gpuNjr nrayfg; gpuptpYs;s 15 tPLfSk; Kw;WKOtJkhf mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kw;WKOtJk; tPLfs; mopf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F thlifahfg; gad;gLj;j epjpAjtp

toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gyUf;Fk; vt;tpjj;jpYk;

el;l<L toq;fg;gltpy;iy. Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; jq;fspd; tPLfSf;F Vw;gl;l

Nrjq;fSf;fhfj; njhlu;e;Jk; el;l<L NfhuptUfpd;wdu;. rpyUf;F el;l<L fpilj;Js;sJ.

murpay; njhlu;GfSk; Vida njhlu;GfSk; ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhfNt

mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ.

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elj;jpa gpd;du; mg;Nghija [dhjpgjp rpwpNrdtpidr; re;jpf;Fk;; tha;g;gpidg;

ngw;wdu;. tpisthff; fUj;jpl;lk; epWj;jg;gl;L Ruq;fq;fspd; epu;khzpg;Gf; fhuzkhf

FbapUg;ghsu;fs; vjpuNehf;Ffpd;w rpukq;fis Muha;e;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpg;gjw;fhf

mikr;ruit cgFO xd;W mikr;ruitapdhy; epakpf;fg;;gl;lJ. FOtpd; mwpf;if

2017 [_iy 18 Mk; jpfjp rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mwpf;ifahdJ FbePu; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhd

gupe;JiufisAk; tPLfs;> ghlrhiyfs;> Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; Vida ,lq;fs; cs;spl;l

ntbg;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk; kPs;FbNaw;wk;> el;l<L gw;wpa

jfty;fisAk; kf;fisf; FbNaw;Wtjw;fhf fpnua;f; Njhl;lj;jplkpUe;J 50 Vf;fu;

fhzpapid muR vLf;fNtz;Lk; vd;fpd;w gupe;JiuapidAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

fUj;jpl;lkhdJ kf;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fs; kPJk; kf;fspd; tPLfspd; kPJk; jdpg;gl;l

epjpfspd; kPJk; gue;Jgl;l Nkhrkhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJld; Rfhjhuj;jpw;Fk;

eyNdhk;Giff;Fk; fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf kf;fspd;

tho;f;ifg; ghq;Nf khwpAs;sJ. NkYk; ePupidg; ngw Kbahj fhuzj;jpdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s FLk;gq;fs; ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; nropg;ghd vjpu;fhyj;jpid

cUthf;FtJk; fbdkhdjhf khwpAs;sJ. fUj;jpl;lj;jpdhy; Rw;whlYf;Fk; fzprkhd

jhf;fk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; vjpu;fhyj; jpl;lkplypYk; ,J gpd;tpisTfisf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gupfhuj;jpw;fhfTk; Nghjpa el;l<l;bw;fhfTk;

jq;fspd; gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPu;tpw;fhfTk; ePjpf;fhfTk; fhj;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;.


guz;l Njhl;lk;; (kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd; ele;j tprhuizfspd;NghJ

rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;ltw;wpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;lJ)


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2006 Mk; Mz;L 384982.36 &ghtpw;F fhzp kPl;G Mizf;FOtplkpUe;J (LRC) 100 Vf;fu;fs; Njapiyj; Njhl;lj;jpidf; nfhs;tdT nra;jjhf ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mf;fhyfl;lj;jpNy> nfhs;tdT nra;jjhff; $wg;gLk; Njapiyj;

Njhl;lj;jpy; Rkhu; 100 iyd; tPLfSk; ngUe;Njhl;l kdpj mgptpUj;jp ek;gpf;if

epjpaj;jplkpUe;J ngw;w fldpdhy; fl;lg;gl;l 25 tPLfisf; nfhz;l tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lKk;

- ,f;fld; njhopyhsu;fspd; khjr; rk;gsj;jpy;; ,Ue;J fopf;fg;gLfpd;wJ – xU NfhapYk;

xU $l;LwTr; rq;fKk; xU tpisahl;L ikjhdKk; ,Ue;jd. ,j;Njhl;lj;jpy; 760

Ngu; nfhz;l 115 FLk;gq;fs; cs;sd. ,tu;fSs; ghlrhiy nry;Yk; taJila 450

rpwhu;fSk; cs;sdu;. ,j;Njhl;lj;jpy; thOk; FLk;gj;jpdu; jhq;fs; 150 tUlq;fshfg;

guk;giu guk;giuahf ,e;jf; fhzpapNyNa tho;e;J tUtjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

2006 Mk; Mz;L ,y;yg;ngUk ePjpkd;wj;jpy tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;j fhuzj;jpdhy; jhk;

tho;e;JtUk; fhzp ,y;yg;ngUkTf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ vdj; jPu;g;G toq;fg;gl;Ltpl;lJ

vd ,k;kf;fs; 2012 Mk; Mz;bNy mwpe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpdu;

tof;fpd; jug;ghf Mf;fg;gltpy;iy. my;yJ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,g;gb xU tof;Fj; jhf;fy;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik gw;wp ,k;kf;fSf;F xUNghJk; mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy. tof;fpd;

jug;Gf;fshf fhzp kPl;G Mizf;FOTk; kf;fs; ngUe;Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rigAk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fspd; njhopy; toq;FdUk; ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gKk; cs;sdu;

vd ,k;kf;fs; ,jd; gpd;dNu mwpe;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l

gj;jpuq;fspy; ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gk; nfhs;tdT nra;j Njhl;lj;jpy; 8 FLk;gq;fs;

trpj;j 5 iyd; tPLfs; khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jjhf ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ vd

,k;kf;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fpuhkNritahsUk; ePjpkd;w cj;jpNahfj;jUk; murhq;f mjpgupd; mYtyfj;jpidr;

Nru;e;j mjpfhup xUtUk; FbapUg;ghsu;fis ntspNaWkhW $Wk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;

rhd;Wg;gLj;jg;gl;l ePjpkd;w cj;juTld; Njhl;lj;jpw;F 2012 Mk; Mz;L te;jNghNj

ePjpkd;w tof;fpidg; gw;wp ,e;j kf;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;ldu;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l 86 FLk;gq;fs;

,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU tof;fpidj; jhf;fy; nra;jdu;. Mdhy; Kd;ida

ePjpkd;wf; fl;lisapid kPsha;T nra;a KbahJ vd ,tu;fSf;Ff; $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;

tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;L 5 tUlq;fs; fle;j gpd;dUk; gpujpthjpfspy; 4 Ngu;

,we;j gpd;dUNk jPu;g;G 2019 Mf];by; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gj;jpdu; ,e;j

tplaj;jpid ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;Jf;F tpsf;fp Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j tpUk;gpdu;. Mdhy;

mtu;fSf;Fr; re;jpg;gjw;F mDkjp toq;fg;gltpy;iy. jkf;Fr; rhu;ghf toq;fg;gl;l

ePjpkd;wj; jPu;khdj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FLk;gq;fis ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd


fl;lisapidg; ngWtjw;Nf ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gk; njhlu;e;J Kaw;rpj;JtUfpd;wJ.

Njhl;lj;jpy; cs;s jkJ tPLfspy; ,Ue;J ,f;FLk;gq;fs; ntspNawhj fhuzj;jpdhy;

,f;FLk;gq;fspd; njhopy;toq;Fduhd kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr; rigapdhy;

(JEDB) ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;jpw;F khjhe;jk; 500000 &gh nrYj;jg;gl;LtUtjhf

,f;FLk;gq;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2019 Mk; Mz;L> `upj;;u G+kp vDk; ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fSf;F fhzp

cupj;jhz;ikapid toq;Ftjw;fhd mur epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; Xuq;fkhf mg;Nghija mur

njhopy;Kaw;rpahz;ik kw;Wk; fz;b mgptpUj;jp mikr;ruhd yf;~;kd; fpupvy;ytpdhy;

tof;Fj; jhf;fy; nra;j 86 FLk;gq;fSf;F '`upj G+kp nfhilfs;" toq;fg;gl;ld.

'nfhil" MtzkhdJ fhzpg; ghtid njhlu;ghf gy tpjpfisf; Fwpj;Jiug;gJld;

fhzpapd; vy;iyfs; gw;wpNah my;yJ tp];jPuzk; gw;wpNah vjidAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

jq;fis ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd ePjpkd;wr; nrad;Kiwapy; 2020 khu;r; 12 Mk; jpfjpa

tprhuizapd; gpd;du; guz;lh Njhl;lk; nrhe;jkhf tUfpd;w Ngh`py; Njhl;lj;jpDs;

N[<bgpf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd NtW 100 Vf;fu;fis ,y;yg;ngUk FLk;gj;jpw;F toq;Ftjw;fhff;

fhzpapidj; njupTnra;tjw;F N[<bgpf;F ,uz;L khjq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sij

ghjpf;fg;gl;l FLk;gq;fs; 2020 Mk; Mz;by; mwpe;Jnfhz;ld. mLj;j ePjpkd;w tprhuiz

2020 Nk 28 Mk; jpfjp eilngWk;; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gy jiyKiwfshfj; jkJ cilikahf ,Ue;J tUk; tPL kw;Wk; fhzp

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ajhu;j;jj;jpy; ,k;kf;fs; mtu;fsplk; jw;NghJ ,Uf;Fk; fhzpj; Jz;LfisNa mtu;fspd;

gps;isfSf;fhfg; gpupj;Js;sdu;. Vnddpy; jq;fspd; gps;isfSf;F ,tu;fspdhy;

toq;fg;glf;$ba xNu nrhj;J ,f;fhzpj; Jz;Lfs;jhd;. ,k;kf;fspd; tho;tpid

epr;rakpd;ik #o;e;Js;sJ. jkf;Fj; njupe;j xNu fhzpapYk; tPLfspYk; tho;tJ

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vd;fpd;w Xu; Mokhd czu;T ,k;kf;fspd; kdjpy; Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ,k;kf;fspy;

rpyUf;F VNjh xU tifapy; mtu;fspd; fhzpfspd; kPJ cupj;jhz;ikapid toq;fp

muR gjpw;nraw;ghlhw;wpapUe;jhYk; me;j cupj;jhz;ik epge;jidAld; $bajhfTk;

njsptw;wjhfTk; cs;sJ.


ngy;tj;j (kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd; mspf;;fg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy;



² miktplk; nkhduhfy khtl;lk;

² ghjpf;fg;gl;l


2700 FLk;gq;fSf;F Nky;

² gpzf;fpYs;s

fhzpapd; tp];jPuzk;

Rkhu; 8400 Vf;fu;fs;

² fhzpg; gpzf;F

Muk;gpj;j tUlk;

1980 fspy;

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tptrhapfspd; fhzpfis ,yq;if muR vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. 1980 fspd; Muk;gg;

gFjpapy; ngy;tj;j rPdpf; fk;gdpf;F 84000 Vf;fu; tp];jPuzkhd fhzp 30 tUlf;

Fj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. rpy jlitfs; cupikahsu;fis khw;wpa fk;gdpapid

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nrhj;Jf;fs;| vDk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; murhq;fk; jd;trk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.

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ehl;bd; Vida gFjpfisr; Nru;e;j Vida gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fs; fUk;G gapu;

nra;tjw;fhf ngy;tj;japy; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;ldu;. xt;nthU gapu;r;nra;ifahsUf;Fk;

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ghtidf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;lJ. FbapUg;ghsu;fs; fhzpj; Jz;by; tPL fl;l KbAk;

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cupj;jhz;ikapidNah ngwKbatpy;iy. fk;gdpAld; gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fs; nra;j

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fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tpisr;ry; Fiwtile;J nryTfSk; xg;gPl;lstpy; mjpfupj;Js;sikahy;

tho;thjhuk; kpfTk; fbdkhdjhf khwpAs;sjhfg; gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

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vd;Wk; gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. fhyepiy khw;wKk; epyj;jpidg; ghjpj;J

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fbjq;fs; ,k;kf;fis mr;RWj;jpAs;sd.

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fhl;Lj; jPapdhy; gapu;fs; Nrjkile;jhy;> Nrjj;jpw;fhd nrytpidg; gapu;r;nra;ifahsu;fNs

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cs;slq;fhj ue;njdpaitr; Nru;e;j 30 FLk;gq;fs; jhk; trpf;fpd;w tPl;bw;fhfTk;

fhzpf;fhfTk; jhk; tup nrYj;jNtz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhfTk; ,J kpfTk;

mePjpahdJ vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.

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gpd;dNu Nritfs; epd;WNghapd vdr; rpyu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;

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mjpfupj;Js;sJ.

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ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspDs; fUk;Gr; nra;ifapd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLk; Ruz;ly;kpf;f epge;jidfspd;;

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nfhz;Ls;sdu;. NkYk; ,tu;fspdhy; jq;fspd; gps;isfSf;fhd vjpu;fhyj;jpidj;

jpl;lkpl KbahkYs;sJ. jhk; mbikfshf tho;tjhfj; jkJ epiyapid xU

gapu;r;nra;ifahsu; ,uj;jpdr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.


rpwpru cad> njklnfhl (kf;fs; fhzp Mizf;FO Kd; mspf;;fg;gl;l rhl;rpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rptpy;



² miktplk; nfhOk;G khtl;lk;

² ghjpf;fg;gl;l


700 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l FLk;gq;fs;

² gpzf;fpYs;s

fhzpapd; tp];jPuzk;

700 kidj;njhFjpfSf;F Nky;

² fhzpg; gpzf;F

Muk;gpj;j tUlk;

2014

efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapd; efu kPSUthf;ff; fUj;jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhfg;

gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;l my;yJ kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;l nfhOk;G efuj;J twpa

kf;fSf;fhf efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapdhy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l khbf;fl;blj;

njhFjpfspy; xd;Wjhd; rpwpru cad. nfhOk;G efuj;jpid \cyfj; juk;tha;e;j

efuq;fspy;| xd;whf khw;Wtjw;fhd ngUk; jpl;lj;jpd; gFjpNa ,f;fUj;jpl;lkhFk;.

,e;j cau; khbf; fl;blj; njhFjp 2014 Mk; Mz;L jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 700

kidj; njhFjpfs; nfhz;l 12 khbfs; cs;sd. ,J njkl;lnfhltpy; mike;Js;sJ.

,w;iwtiuapy; efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapdhy; tlnfhOk;gpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy;

epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW cau; khbf; fl;blj; njhFjpfspy; Rkhu; 15000 FLk;gq;fs;

kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. rprpw cadtpy; thOk; kf;fs; mtu;fspd; tho;tplq;fshf ,Ue;j

nfhl;lh tPjp> 168 Njhl;lk;> mg;gps;Njhl;lk;> khspfhtj;ij> 43 Njhl;lk; kw;Wk; Ngf;fupj;

Njhl;lk; Mfpatw;wpy; ,Ue;J tpUg;gkpy;yhky; kPs;FbNaw;wg;gl;ltu;fshtu; my;yJ

gyte;jkhf ntspNaw;wg;gl;ltu;fshtu;. ,f;FLk;gq;fspy; rpy mtu;fspd; tPLfspy; gy

jrhg;jq;fshf tho;e;J te;jtu;fs;. FbapUg;ghsu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; ehl;$yp

Ntiy nra;gtu;fshff; nfhOk;gpd; gy ,lq;fspYk; Kr;rf;futz;br; rhujpfshfTk;

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njhopw;rhiyfspy; Ntiy nra;NthuhfTk; tho;e;J te;jdu;. rpyu; nfhOk;G khefu rig>

JiwKf mjpfhurig Mfpatw;wpy; gzpahw;wp te;jdu; my;yJ jdpahu; mYtyfq;fspy;

gzpahw;wpte;jdu;.

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De Silva, Sarath Mathilal, 2016. “Legal and Policy Issues in the Alienation of State Land for Peasantry in Sri Lanka” (2nd National Symposium on Real Estate Management and Valuation, 2016 Research and Professional Development Center (EMV-RPDC), University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka.)

Divithure, H and C Tang (2013) Evolution of land registration and cadastral survey systems in Sri Lanka, Survey Review, 45:329, 126-135

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