VitaminAndrea Walsh

HLSC 415

Vitamin K

Fat-soluble vitamin

Promotes formation of blood clots

Assists in bone formation

Vitamin K sources

Green leafy vegetables

Spinach, raw (3 cups)

Turnip greens, raw (3 cups)

Kale, cooked (1/2 cup)

Broccoli (1/2 cup)

Romaine lettuce (1 ½ cups)

http://absandflabs.wordpress.com/2009/09/28/the-benefits-of-

green-vegetables/

Insel, Turner, Ross, 2007

Vitamin K

DRI:

Men= 120ug

Women=90ug

UL:

No set UL

Stored in liver and found

in bone

Body excretes vitamin K

more rapidly than other

fat-soluble vitamins.

Insel et al, 2007

Osteoporosis

Bone disease

Decreased bone mineral density

Appearance of small holes due

to mineral loss

Risk factors

Family history of osteoporosis

Female

Advanced age

Low testosterone in men

Anorexia nervosa/ bulimia

nervosa

Low vitamin and mineral intake

“Silent disease”

Develops over years

No symptoms

http://www.medassoc.com/Services/Diagnostics/Bone%2

0Mineral%20Density/bone_density_testing.htm

Insel et al, 2007

Osteoporosis

Bone mass peaks

around age 30

By age 65, some

women have lost half

their skeletal mass

estrogen levels

accelerate bone loss

http://mkmercer.com/osteoporosisevaluation.htm

Insel et al, 2007

What is the relationship between vitamin K

and osteoporosis?

Research Question

Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on

carboxylation of oseocalcin in early

postmenopausal women

Yasui, T., Miyatani, Y., Tomita, J., Yamada, M., Uemura, H., Miura, M., & Irahara, M.

www(2006). Effect of vitamin K2 treatment on carboxylation of osteocalcin in early

wwwpostmenopausal women. Gynecological Endocrinology: The Official Journal Of The

wwwInternational Society Of Gynecological Endocrinology, 22(8), 455-459.

Background

Osteocalcin

Bone specific protein

Vitamin K is necessary for the carboxylation of

osteocalcin.

Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin (uc OC)

Sensitive marker in vitamin K status

Indicator risk of hip fractures

uc OC in osteoporotic patients

Overview

Study design

Experimental

Clinical trial

Objective

Early postmenopausal

women

Examine uc OC levels

Bone turnover markers

vitamin K2 and combination

vitamin K2 and D3.

Location of study

Japan

http://www.finnair.com/japan/en/

Subjects

34 postmenopausal women

Mean age= 53

Bone mass density(BMD)

<0.809g/cm2

Vitamin K2 group

17 women

Received 45mg vitamin K2 daily

Vitamin K2+D3 group

17 women

Received 45mg K2 +

0.75ug vitamin D3 daily

http://seetell.jp/1772

Statistics

Descriptive statistics

Mean

Standard deviation

Inferential statistics

Paired t-test

ANOVA

Results

Serum OC levels in vitamin K2 did not show significant

changes.

BMD in vitamin K2 group alone significantly at 1

and 2 years while no significant changes were seen in

the vitamin K2 + D3 group

Results

Serum uc OC level

significantly after 1

year in the vitamin K2

group

Serum uc OC level

significantly after 1 and

2 years in vitamin K2 +D3

group

Strengths

P-value presented

future studies needed

Weaknesses

Lack of participants

30 of the 35 participated

Research question

unclear

External validity

Sample size

Female http://thevirtualvagabond.com/2011/03/16/how-to-

find-the-strength-in-your-weakness-and-do-what-you-

love/

What is the relationship between vitamin K

and osteoporosis?

Research Question

Vitamin K2 treatment for

postmenopausal osteoporosis in

Indonesia

Purwosunu, Y., Muharram, Rachman, I., Reksoprodjo, S., & Sekizawa, A. (2006).

Vitamin K2 wwwtreatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in Indonesia. Journal of

Obstetrics & wwwGynaecology Research, 32(2), 230-234.

Study Design

Experimental

Clinical Trial

Objective

Bone mineral density(BMD)

Bone metabolic marker

Postmenopausal women

Location of study

Indonesia

http://www.destination360.com/asia/indonesia

Overview

Subjects

212 postmenopausal

women screened

69 women were eligible

Vitamin K2 group

45mg/day vitamin K2

and 1500 mg/day

calcium carbonate

Control group

Placebo and 1500

mg/day calcium

carbonate

http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&

b=2072519&ct=5081707

Results

The uc OC level decreased in the vitamin K2 group and the

control group.

The difference between both groups were significant.

Vitamin K2 group =

Control group =

Results

Significant difference in lumbar BMD between the

two groups at week 48

Vitamin K2 group showed an in bone mass of

the lumbar spine, in control group

Vitamin K2 =

Control =

Statistics

Descriptive Statistics

Mean

Standard deviation

Standard error of the

mean (SEM)

Inferential Statistics

T-test

Mann-Whitney

Wilcoxon

ANOVA

Research question clearly stated

Graphs and tables well labeled

P-value

Identified limitations of study

Lack of participants

69 out of 212 participated

External validity

Sample size

Female

Conclusion unclear

Strengths Weaknesses

Conclusion

Vitamin K2 assists in bone mass density

Vitamin K2 circulating uc OC levels

Vitamin K2 + D3 circulating uc OC levels

What is the relationship between vitamin K and

osteoporosis?

Future Research

Track dietary intake of vitamin K, vitamin D and calcium in the participants

Investigate the relationship between vitamin K and vitamin D

Clarify the issue of uc OC levels increasing in early postmenopausal stage.

http://www.healthfixdaily.com/?p=510