vitamin kbk.ppt [read-only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · vitamin a : k t i eie...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
VITAMINS
![Page 2: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
HistoryHistory
Purified diets of carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and water were not capable of normal growthgrowth
“Accessory growth factors”
Casimir Funk a Polish biochemist isolated an Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist, isolated an antiberiberi substance from rice polishings
Named it vitamineNamed it vitamineAn amineVital for life
![Page 3: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Vit iVitamins
Essential organic compounds required in very small amounts (micronutrients) very small amounts (micronutrients) involved in fundamental functions of the bodyyUnrelated chemically
Not only amines so “e” was dropped
![Page 4: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
VitaminsVitamins
Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino ) (acids)
Regulators (catalysts) of reactions, some of which are involved in energy metabolism
![Page 5: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
VitaminsVitamins
All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all required in the dietbut not all required in the diet
Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C; not humans and primatesNo mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do
![Page 6: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
VitaminsVitamins
Some function as vitamins after undergoing a chemical changeundergoing a chemical change
Provitamins (e.g., β-carotene to vitamin A)
![Page 7: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ClassificationClassification
Based on solubility in the laboratory, but solubility greatly influences how the body b b t t d t it iabsorbs, transports and stores vitamins
Fat-solubleVitamins A D E and KVitamins A, D, E and K
Water-solubleB vitamins and vitamin C v ta s a d v ta C
![Page 8: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fat soluble VitaminsFat-soluble Vitamins
Absorbed with dietary fat in small intestine40-90% absorption efficiencyAbsorption typically regulated by need
↑need ↑absorptionTransported away from small intestine in chylomicra via blood and lymph
![Page 9: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fat soluble VitaminsFat-soluble VitaminsLiver either stores the vitamin or repackages it for delivery to other cells
Excess vitamin Excess vitamin accumulates in liver and adiposeToxicities can occur; Toxicities can occur; almost always associated with supplement use (not foods)foods)
![Page 10: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Water soluble VitaminsWater-soluble Vitamins
Ab b d h ll i iAbsorbed at the small intestineAbsorption often highly regulated by either other vitamins or binding proteins in the small other vitamins or binding proteins in the small intestineTransported away from small intestine in bloodbloodTypically not stored; instead, kidney filters excess into urine
Thus, more important to get these vitamins daily.Toxicities almost unheard of
![Page 11: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vitamins in Feeds and FoodsVitamins in Feeds and FoodsFound in ALL TYPES Found in ALL TYPES of foods; not just fruits and vegetables.In general, processing can decrease amount of vitamins in food.
![Page 12: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Fat-Soluble VitaminsA, D, E and K
![Page 13: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Vitamin A: The RetinoidsVitamin A: The Retinoids
3 forms of vitamin A important for health
R i lRetinalRetinoic acidRetinol (key player; can b t d t th be converted to other forms)
β-carotene (a carotenoid or pigment) carotenoid or pigment) in yellow/orange foods is a potent provitamin AA
![Page 14: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vitamin A:S th i d StSynthesis and Storage
β-carotene is converted to vitamin A in the intestinal mucosa90% is stored in liver, mainly as the ester, retinyl palmitateCarotenoids can be stored in adipose tissue
![Page 15: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vitamin A : SSources
Animal sourcesLiverMilkEggsEggs
Plant sourcesCarrotsSpinachbroccoliDark-green or orange-
C30H30ODark green or orangeyellow colored fruits & vegetables
![Page 16: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vitamin A : F tiFunctions
Vision, especially night visionCell growth (retinoic acid)I itImmunityReproduction
![Page 17: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
R l f Vit i A i Vi iRole of Vitamin A in Vision
Visual Pigment
![Page 18: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CarotenoidsCarotenoidsAdditi l h i l i Additional physiologic effects
Serving as an “antioxidant”R Remove excess “electrons” from cell systemElectrons (free radicals) damage cells and DNA
Can cause mutations
Protecting from cancer (related to antioxidant (related to antioxidant function?)Protecting from heart disease?
![Page 19: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Vitamin A :Req irementsRequirements
f b l d ffTo account for metabolic differences between vit A and its carotenoid precursors
equivalents of 1 μg retinol (RAE = retinol equivalents of 1 μg retinol (RAE = retinol activity equivalent)12 μg β carotene and 24 μg α carotene = 1 12 μg β carotene and 24 μg α carotene = 1 RAE
900 RAE900 RAE700 RAE (higher during lactation)
![Page 20: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vitamin A :D fi iDeficiency
Main symptomsy pNight blindnessHyperkeratosisImpaired immune pfunction
Rare in industrialized worldworldLeading cause of blindness in areas of povertypoverty
![Page 21: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vitamin A :E i i t kExcessive intake
Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d bone fx riskRetinol intake 3000 μg/d during early pregnancy risk of birth defect 15000 μg/d itching, scaling of skin, malaise, loss of appetite, ICP ( nausea, vomiting, headaches, seizures, coma and death)
hHypervitaminosis A in humansPolar explorers eating polar bear or seal liverS lf di ti d i tiSelf-medication and overprescription
![Page 22: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Vitamin D
l lNot always essentialBody can make it if exposed to enough sunlight!Made from cholesterol in the skin!Made from cholesterol in the skin!
Form of vit D in foods :Vit D3 (most common)( )Vit D2 (less common)
FunctionsPromotes intestinal absorption of Ca and its retention in the body Influences growth of bone & conn tissues Influences growth of bone & conn tissues
![Page 23: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Vitamin D :R i tRequirements
Adults : at least 5 μg/day, 3 times as much with advanced age
![Page 25: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Vitamin D :SSources
Fluid milk products are pfortified with vitamins DOily fishEgg yolkEgg yolkButterLiverDifficult for vegetariansA young person gets a full day’s supplies from 10 – 15’ day s supplies from 10 – 15 exposure to summer sun (UV-B, 290-315 nm), older person needs several times person needs several times longer
![Page 26: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Vitamin D:D fi iDeficiency
ChildrenChildrenRickets
Failure of bones to grow properly.a lu e o bo es to g ow p ope ly.Characterized by bone deformities in lower limbs (bowlegs) & chest.
AdultsAdultsOsteoporosis (porous bones)
Associated with fractures very serious for the elderlyAssociated with fractures very serious for the elderly
![Page 27: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Vitamin D :E i i t kExcessive intake
Prolonged consumption of several hundred μg /day hypercalcemia & soft tissue calcificationThousands μg/day coma & death in extreme cases
![Page 28: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Vitamin EVitamin E
FunctionsAntioxidant (inactivates oxygen free radicals in membranes, lipoproteins, etc) lipoproteins, etc)
Protects cell membranes from free radicalsProtects lungs from Protects lungs from pollutantsOthers?
![Page 29: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Vitamin E :R i tRequirements
Ad lt t l t 15 /dAdults : at least 15 mg/dPregnancy, breast feeding & high intake of PUFA slightly increase needPUFA slightly increase need
![Page 31: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Vitamin E :SSources
Plant sourcesWheat germSunflower oilsSunflower oilsNuts
Little in animal sourcesBeef fed high levels of vitamin Beef fed high levels of vitamin E right before slaughter so now a source
Improves shelf lifeImproves shelf life
![Page 32: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Vitamin E :D fi iDeficiency
Very rare, except in people who have difficulty absorbing fat Limited evidence that inadequate intakes atherosclerosis, Parkinson’s & Alzheimer’s di t t i i i disease, cancer, cataract, impair immune function
![Page 33: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Vitamin E :E i i t kExcessive intake
Hi h d ( 1000 f l t High doses (> 1000 mg of any supplement form) can interfere with blood clotting risk of hemorrhagic strokerisk of hemorrhagic strokeThis adds to anticlotting effects of coumadins & salicylatescoumadins & salicylates
![Page 34: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Vit i KVitamin K
FunctionsBlood clotting gPromoting mineralization of bone Regulation cell division & differentiation
![Page 35: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Vitamin K :R i tRequirements
Newborn infants should get at least one supplemental dose to prevent cerebral h hhemorrhageAdequate daily intakes :
90 μg/day120 μg/day
![Page 36: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Vitamin K :SSources
Bacteria in the large intestine (10-15%) or rumenPlant sources
Green leafy vegetablesy gSome oilsBroccoli
Animal sourcesAnimal sourcesMilk
![Page 37: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Vitamin K :D fi iDeficiency
Very rare, except in people who have difficulty absorbing fat (e.g., cystic fibrosis Crohn’s disease) or using lots of fibrosis, Crohn’s disease) or using lots of antibiotics (they kill the bacteria in large intestine)intestine)Symptom: bleeding
![Page 38: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
Function :Function :coenz in decarboxylation of α-keto acids & in transketolation in HMPin transketolation in HMP
Conditions predisposing to deficiency :Conditions predisposing to deficiency :alcohol abuse; inadeq diet, esp withsuperimposed glucose load; superimposed glucose load; gastric by pass surgery
![Page 39: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) :Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) :
R 0 4 / 1000 k lReq : 0,4 / 1000 kalDeficiency : Wet beri-beri, dry beri-beri, alcoholic polyneuropathy Wernickealcoholic polyneuropathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndromeTh/ : 10 15 mg/day up to 100 mg/dayTh/ : 10 – 15 mg/day up to 100 mg/dayToxicity : none documented up to 200 x RDA
![Page 40: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Vit i B2 ( ib fl i )Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
f d h d d f hIn foods with dairy products meat, fish, eggs, liverIs a permitted colouring (yellow) agent for Is a permitted colouring (yellow) agent for foods but because its light sensitivity used infreqHigh intake harmless yellow discolouration of the urinePrecursor of flavin mononucleotides (FMN) & flavin-adenine dinucleotide) essential for several enzymesseveral enzymes
![Page 41: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Vit i B3 ( i i )Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Can be obtained from diet or can be synthesised in the body from the essential y yamino acid tryptophan1 mg niacin ~ 60 mg tryptophang g yp pFound in red meat, liver, eggs, milkIs a component of coenz NAD & NADPp
![Page 42: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Vit i B3 ( i i )Vitamin B3 (niacin)
Deficiency : pellagra 3D(dermatitis, diarrhoea & dementia)( , )
Epidemics on a diet based upon maizeHigh doses reduce high plasma cholesterol High doses reduce high plasma cholesterol
flushing, itching, nausea & vomiting
![Page 43: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Vit i B6 ( id i )Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
3 biologically active substances found in food : pyridoxine, pyridoxal & pyridoxamineLiver, eggs, meat, fish, green leafy vegetables, fruitsOvert def is rare
![Page 44: Vitamin KBK.ppt [Read-Only]ocw.usu.ac.id/.../bbc115_slide_vitamins.pdf · Vitamin A : k t i EiE xcessive intake Retinol intake > 1000 μg/d Ƶbone fx risk Retinol intake 3000 μg/d](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051805/5ff48784cb598568bd64b641/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Vit i B12 ( b l i )Vitamin B12 (cobalamins)Synthesised in micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi Synthesised in micro organisms (bacteria, fungi & algae)Present in meat, fish, eggs & milk, , gg