GRAPHS

0

5

10

15

20

25

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20040

20406080

100120140

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

1999

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2000

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2001

VH Warehouse Ltd

45%

25%

15%

15%

Purchasing

Marketing

Administration

Entertainment

BAR CHARTPIE CHART

LINE CHART

European Advertising Spending 1996 – 1999 (US$ billions)

Germany UK France Spain

1996199719981999

16172325

14151719

9101112

3345

TABLE

Mobile phone Owner Growth

UK Germany Italy Sweden France Finland Norway Denmark Spain0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Owners 1995Owners 2000

Mill

ions

The graph illustrates the information on the growing number of mobile phone owners in Europe between 1995 and 2000. The European countries are the UK, Germany, Italy, Sweden, France, Finland, Norway, Denmark and Spain.

Generally speaking, the number of mobile phone owners increased over the five years. The first five countries had shown a rapid increase by year 2000 and the last four countries had shown a slight increase except for Spain. Spain had showed a dramatic increase over the five years.

The UK had the most mobile phone owners in 1995 (just over 4 millions) and the figure increased to 12 million in 2000. Meanwhile, there were 4 million owners in Germany in 1995 but there was a dramatic increase to a peak of 14 million which was the highest number in 2000. The other countries like Italy, Sweden, and France had a dramatic increase to more than 6 million owners. The figure in Finland, Norway, Denmark and Spain was almost the same at around 1 million in 1995. The number of mobile phone owners rose slightly to 2 million owners in 2000 except for Spain which had a rapid increase to 5 million owners in 2000.

As a conclusion, there was a significant mobile phone owner growth in the European countries in 2000. Each country had an increase.

INTRODUCING

TOPIC

GENERAL TREND

DETAILS

CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCING THE TOPIC

Beginning Middle Time

The graph shows…….The graph illustrates…..From the graph we can see….From the graph we can observe…………From the graph we can understand………The graph displays

the information onhow …… changed

over ……. years over ….. periodbetween…and…

UK Germany Italy Sweden France Finland NorwayDenmark Spain0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Owners 1995Owners 2000

-The graph illustrates/shows the information on the growing number of mobile phone owners in Europe between 1995 and 2000.

- From the graph we can see/observe/understand how the number of mobile phone owners in Europe changed over 5 years.

Mobile phone Owner Growth

Mill

ions

Practice

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Company years

Numb

er of

emplo

yees

Num

ber o

f Em

ploy

ees

Practice

020406080

100120140

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

1999

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2000

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2001

VH Warehouse Ltd

SALE

S

Practice

Supermarkets built

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Practice

0

100

200

300

400

500

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Time

Num

ber o

f peo

ple

at a

Lo

ndon

sta

tion

Sales in Percentage terms for TewkesMart

20

20

20

13

10

17Electical Goods

ComputerHardwareToys

Food

Clothes

Others

European Advertising Spending 1996 – 1999 (US$ billions)

Germany UK France Spain

1996199719981999

16172325

14151719

9101112

3345

2.GENERAL TREND

General Trends are the general changes or movements in facts and figures over a period of time.

It usually uses linking words like:-In general-In overall-Generally speaking

UK Germany Italy Sweden France Finland NorwayDenmark Spain0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Owners 1995Owners 2000

Mobile phone Owner Growth

Mill

ions

Generally speaking, the number of mobile phone owners increased over the five years. The first five countries had shown a rapid increase by year 2000 and the last four countries had shown a slight increase except for Spain. Spain had shown a dramatic increase over the five years.

050

100150200250300350400450500

Instantaneous increase

Increase instantaneously

Very rapidsudden

increaserise

IncreaseRise

quicklydramaticallyrapidlysuddenly

RapidStrongMarked

IncreaseRise

IncreaseRise

rapidlystronglyquicklydramatically

SteadyModerateGradual

IncreaseRise

IncreaseRise

steadilymoderatelygradually

SlightGentleSmallSlow

increaserise

IncreaseRise

slightlygentlya littlea bitVery slight increase

riseIncreaseRise

very slightly

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2002 2003 2004

A sharp fallFall sharply

0

5

10

15

20

25

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Fluctuate Fluctuate upwards A gradual increase A slow fluctuation Increase gradually

0

5

10

15

20

25

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Remain stable Remain stagnant

0

5

10

15

20

25

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

A slow decrease A gentle decrease A slight decrease

Generally speaking,In general,In overall,

the number of…

increased…decreased…fell…fluctuated…remained stable/stagnant

had shown a … increasea….decreasea….falla….fluctuation

PRACTICEMake a general trend for the following charts.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Company years

Numb

er of

emplo

yees

020406080

100120140

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

1999

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2000

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2001

VH Warehouse Ltd

Supermarkets built

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20040

100

200

300

400

500

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Time

Num

ber o

f peo

ple

at a

Lo

ndon

sta

tion

Sales in Percentage terms for TewkesMart

20

20

20

13

10

17Electical Goods

ComputerHardwareToys

Food

Clothes

Others

All Almost all

Just over 3/4

¾

(Most of…./ majority/

a large portion

Just over half

75%80%

Half

Almost half

¼ a few/

a minority/a small portion

Almost nearly

None

DETAILS

It should contain depth description of the data that expands the general trend that has been stated in the previous part. But the information presented should be effectively organized in order to preclude too much unnecessary information described. So it is important to select the appropriate details and organize the material in a relevant way. The way can be stated as GROUPING INFORMATION.

Consider what the graph shows and think about the vocabulary and tenses we will use in describing it.

Select significant features of the graph (overall) to tell about.

Note some points

Consider the comparison we will make

Think about a final point

UK Germany Italy Sweden France Finland NorwayDenmark Spain0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Owners 1995Owners 2000M

illio

ns

Mobile phone Owner Growth

The UK had the most mobile phone owners in 1995 (just over 4 million) and the figure increased to 12 million in 2000. Meanwhile, there were 4 million owners in Germany in 1995 but there was a dramatic increase to a peak of 14 million which was the highest number in 2000. The other countries like Italy, Sweden, and France had a dramatic increase to more than 6 million owners. The figure in Finland, Norway, Denmark and Spain was almost the same at around 1 million in 1995. The number of mobile phone owners rose slightly to 2 million owners in 2000 except for Spain which had a rapid increase to 5 million owners in 2000.

School T

ext Book

Children's B

ook

Scientific b

ook

Academic

Book0

10

20

30

40

199019911992199319941995

Average Book Price in Pound sterling

In 1990 the price of children’s book was the cheapest.On the other hand, the price of scientific book was the highest/the most expensive.In 1994 the price of scientific book was cheaper than it was in 1993.The children’s book price in 1991 was as expensive as it was in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995.Like the school text book’s price, the academic book’s price also increased rapidly.

COMPARING DATATo contrast To compare

While/WhilstWhereasMeanwhileHoweverOn the other handEven soNeverthelessLess…than (less than)Little less thanMore thanDifferent fromAlthoughIn contrast toConverselyOppositeUnlike

LikewiseSimilarlyAs..asJust asIn the same wayLikeAlikeTo reflectTo mirrorTo have in commonLower/Higher thanThe most/the lowest/the highest

Annual Sales of hamburgers

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

From January to June, the sales were fairly constant at around 1800 to 1950 hamburger sales but they were slightly lower during April and may. After June, there was a dramatic increase to a peak of 3000 in August. Then sales declined sharply to a low point of 1300 in October. Afterwards, the sales increased gradually between October and December from 1300 to 1800. Finally, the sales picked up to finish the years at around 1700.

ExpressionsVERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB NOUN

RiseIncreaseDecreaseDecline

FallReach

Drop (off)FluctuatePick upPeak Go up

Go downClimbBoom

DipSlump

ReduceStand at

Sudden, Rapid, Gentle, Gradual, Stagnant, Marked, Obvious, Sharp, Dramatic,

Considerable, Slight, Slow, Sharp, Dramatic,

Relative, Huge, Enormous, Steep

Substantial, SignificantModerate, Minimal

Quick, Swift, SuddenSteady, Gradual

QuicklyRapidlySteadilySlowlyGently

SuddenlyGraduallySlightly

Respectively (in the same order)Sharply

DramaticallyConsiderably

Relatively

IncreaseFall

DecreaseDecline

FluctuationDropRise

Peak/dipTroughPlateau

A low pointGrowth

An upward trendA boom

A slump (a dramatic fall)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Reach a peak

To be stagnantRemain steady

Shoot upLevel rocket

Fluctuate betweenFluctuate upwards

Fall a troughFall to (it’s) lowest level

Level outRemain steady

At a steady levelRemain the sameReach a plateauRemain stable

Remain constantStay constantReach a peak

Hit/fall to the lowest pointDid not change

Maintain the same level

PRACTICE

0

200

400

600

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1000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Company years

Numb

er of

emplo

yees

PRACTICE

020406080

100120140

1stQtr

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4thQtr

1999

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2000

1stQtr

2ndQtr

3rdQtr

4thQtr

2001

VH Warehouse Ltd

PRACTICE

Supermarkets built

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

PRACTICE

0

100

200

300

400

500

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Time

Num

ber o

f peo

ple

at a

Lo

ndon

sta

tion

PRACTICESales in Percentage terms for TewkesMart

20

20

20

13

10

17Electical Goods

ComputerHardwareToys

Food

Clothes

Others

4. CONCLUSION

In summaryAs a conclusion

Generally speaking

1. The conclusion rephrases sentences which are already described in the general trend.

2. The superlative adjectives (the highest, the lowest, etc.) are usually used.

3. The suggestion or prediction might be included in the conclusion.

100% I’m sure/certain that the share prices will (definitely) rise

75% It’s likely that the share prices will increase

50%Share prices should increase

Share prices may/might increase

25%It’s (very) unlikely that share prices will increase

Share prices are unlikely to increase

0% I’m sure/certain that the share prices (definitely) won’t increase

UK Germany Italy Sweden France Finland Norway Denmark Spain0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Owners 1995Owners 2000

Mobile phone Owner GrowthM

illio

ns

As a conclusion, there was a significant mobile phone owner growth in the European countries in 2000. Each country had an increase.

A COMPLETE VISUAL PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION:WELCOMING THE AUDIENCE

INTRODUCING THE PRESENTER

BODY:INTRODUCING TOPIC

DESCRIBING GENERAL TRENDDETAILS

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

WELCOMING THE AUDIENCEGood morning ladies and gentlemenGood morning everybodyHello/hi everyone (informal)Welcome to…It’s very nice to see you all todayFirst of all let me thank you all for coming here todayIt’s a pleasure to welcome you todayIt’s good to see you all here (informal)

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCING THE PRESENTERMy name is Jane Shaw. I’m responsible for travel

arrangementsFor those who don’t know me, my name is…As you know I’m in charge of public relation (informal) I’m the new marketing managerLet me introduce myself. I’m Dave Andrew from…As probably you know, I’m the new HR manager

(informal) I’m head of logistic here at Air Spares I’m here in my function as the Head of ControllingLet me just start by introducing myself. My name is…