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A Project ReportOn
ConsumersPerception
Regarding Branded
and Unbrandedshoes in the regionof Patiala
Submitted toPunjabi University PatialaIn Partial Fulfillment of Degree of
Master of Business Administration
SUBMITTED TO:: SUBMITTEDBY:Er. S. S. Virdi Rahul Bansal
MBA(11)Roll no.3850
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PUNJAB SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
PUNJABI UNIVERSITY
PATIALA
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that RAHUL BANSAL of MBA (MARKETING), PUNJAB
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES PUNJABI UNIVERSITY
(CAMPUS) PATIALA has undertaken project entitled
Consumer perception regarding branded and unbranded shoes
is a bonafide piece of work carried out under guidance and supervision.
This is an original piece and no part of this work has been submitted for
any other degree. The assistance and guidance received during
completion of project have been fully acknowledged.
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PROJECT GUIDANCE Er . Sandeep.S.Virdi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
As I write this acknowledgement, I must clarify that this is not just a
formal acknowledgement but also a sincere note of thanks and
regard from my side. I feel a deep sense of gratitude and affection for
those who were associated with the project and without whose
cooperation and guidance this project could not have been conducted
properly.
With deep sense of gratitude I would like to take this opportunity tothank my honorable project guide Er. Sandeep. S. Virdi . I grateful to
him for his co-operation and his invaluable and unstinted support. He
has always given me the confidence to do hard work. Without his
guidance, this project report would not be accomplished.
I would also like to thank them for giving me opportunity to
work on this project. I would like to give my appreciation to friends for their constant encouragements and support accompanied me through
the project work.
Last but not the least I like to thank my parents, my
friends their support throughout the making of this report. A note of
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thanks to my colleagues who have always encouraged, motivated
and given expert guidance to me.
(RAHUL BANSAL)
Table of Contents
AcknowledgementObjectivesLimitations
Introduction Brand The emergence of brand How brands grow Characteristics of a good brand
Brand management Branding in shoes Branding
Indian footwear industry
Import Export
Economies of world
Research methodology
Scope of the study
Research designData analysis and interpretation
Findings and conclusionRecommendationsBibliographyAnnexure
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CHAPTER-1
OBJECTIVES
ANDLIMITATIONSOF
THE STUDY
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To determine & evaluate the factors that influence the customers
perception while purchasing a particular product brand.
To evaluate the customers' Brand loyalty for a particular brand of the
product
To examine the factors influencing the purchase decisions of the
customers.
To discern the most popular sales promotion methods of branded
shoes.
To delve on the reasons for Brand switching in the branded shoes
category.
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LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Although sincere efforts are done by me to collect the authentic and relevant
information, the study may have the following limitations: The findings of thisstudy are based on the subjective opinion of the respondents. Although utmost
care would be taken to obtain accurate results yet because of misinterpretation,
biasness on the part of the respondents, some elements of inaccuracy may
crepe in. Hence it cannot be claimed that the present study is without any
limitation as is the case with any other study. Further lack of time and financial
resources has prevent me from carrying out an in depth study .In addition to it
some limitations regarding the scope of the validity of the conclusion may also be
mentioned.
1 ) The present study is confined to Jalandhar city only. The findings of the study
may not be applicable to the other parts of the country because of social,
economical and cultural differences.
2) The consumer behavior being dynamic in nature, there is very possibility that
over the time findings of today may become invalid tomorrow.
3) As described earlier, the study can't be generalized for all type of buyers.
Since the universe under study in my researches Jalandhar city and the
consumers in this region can't be called the representative of all the all the
consumers spread all over the universe.
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CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION
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Co nsumers PerceptionRegarding Branded
and Unbranded Shoesin the region of Patiala
INTRODUCTION
Brand: - A Brand is name of a product/service which differntiate itself from its
competitors.A brand is a customer experience represented by a collection of
images and ideas; often, it refers to a symbol such as a name, logo, slogan, and
design scheme. Brand recognition and other reactions are created by the
accumulation of experiences with the specific product or service, both directly
relating to its use, and through the influence of advertising, design, and media
commentary. A brand is a symbolic embodiment of all the information connected
to a company, product or service. A brand serves to create associations and
expectations among products made by a producer. A brand often includes an
explicit logo, fonts, color schemes, symbols, sound which may be developed to
represent implicit values, ideas, and even personality.
As diverse individuals we all have an inborn tendency to see the world in our own
special ways. Each and every individual can view the same event at the same
time in different manner from all the other persons for each individuals his
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reaction towards a particular based on his needs, wants, values and desire and
his past experience.
The way an individual reacts in a particular situation or an event is merely what
that individual perceives about that situation. Hence individual reacts on the basis
of their "perception" .in other words we can say that the purchase behavior of the
individual is the result of his perception. Since the consumer purchase decision
depends upon large extent of his perception, so it is important that the marketers
understand the whole concept of the perceptionso that they can determine the
factors that influence the consumer purchase decision.To form the perception about a particular brand the consumer has to pass
through many phases, which can be highlighted as:
a) Perceptual selection
b) Perceptual organization
c) Perceptual interpretation
The individual may perceive many stimuli but is highly selective in nature how the
consumer perceives a stimulus depends to a large extent on the nature of the
stimulus, which includes the productive nature, physical appearance, brand
name, level of advertisement and feature associated with the product. This study
accounts for all the factors while evaluating the consumer perception to words
the branded Vs unbranded shoes.
The consumer has emerged as the king of the market, no doubt but to go for
branded products is still I he hands of consumer. The branded products, in
general are also not far from their branded counterparts in terms of availability,
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quality and technology, but does the formality prove to be the only criteria for
consumer perception for a particular duct. The making of these unbranded
products in the market has posed many question, as, will sweep the branded
product market off there feet?
How these unbranded products are going to change the perception of branded
products, the branded product companies are going to formulate better strategies
to remain and to have a better edge in the market.
So we first start with getting families with word "BRAND", a brand is defined as a
name term, sign, or special design of some combinations of the elements that isintended to identify the goods or service s of one seller or group of seller. A
brand differences these products from those competitors. and is a seller to
deliver to a specific set of benefits or attributes or ice to the buyer. Brand name is
that part of a brand, which can be vocalized - the utter able examples are
valvolin, American express, cola.
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1.1 The Emergence of Brands
Historically, most products went unbranded. Producers and middleman their gods directly out of barrels, bins, and cases without any supplier identification
.the earliest signs of branding were in the efforts of medieval guides craftsman to
put trade marks quality .in the arts, too, branding in with artist singing their
works.
In the United States the earliest brand promoters were the it medicine. Branding's
real growth occurred after civil war with growth of national firms and national
advertising media. Some of the early Is still survive, such as oats, Vaseline and
ivory soap.
Branding has grown so strong that today hardly anything goes unbranded. Salt is
packed in distinctive manufacturer's containers, oranges are stamped with
grower's names, common nuts and bolts are packed in cellophones.With a distributor's label, and automobile components-spark plugs, tires, filters
bear separate brand names from the auto makers. If the first purpose of branding
was to legal protection by the inventor's appetent , and the second was to
guaranty quality and homogeneity after to seller and buyers had lost face to face
contact, a third purpose stems directly for oligopolies need to differentiate their
products. They quite rightly see branding as a device to enable them to control
their , better preventing other people's products from being substituted for theirs.
It is likely that oligopolists have ever felt the need to rationalize these purpose;
their responses are quite instinctive in most case. it seems in the make up of
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more successful marketing men and women there is. The innate knowledge that
branding is the key to protection and an important contributor to growth.
Generally oligopolist will compete on price normally by means of active and
continuous price promotions. But competitors among them are not confined to
price. The strengths of oligopolist's brands and, in particular, the added values
that enrich them move the field of competition from reduction to product and
brand improvement, originates in the later tending to the need for the former.
Margins are at least maintained, but not all put into profit, because building
brands a great deal of many. Various brands of a certain article while if fact aremost exactly alike may sold as different qualities under names and labels.
Which will induce rich and snobbish buyers to divide themselves from buyers.
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1.2 How Brands Grow
First Brands penetration is the consumer measure that has the greatest
influences on a brand's sale; big brands always have a higher penetration than
smaller brands.
Second in the discussion of frequency distribution, the point was made that of
stationary markets conditions slightly underestimate the amount purchasing by
brand trialist. The percentage of movement need marginal to represent
substitution numbers in absolute terms. These how stationary markets become a
little less stationary? But would the emergence of one-time trialists use the
normal pattern of skewed frequency distribution? In practice, there Establishment
of the normal frequency distributions More likely to be achieved with a growth in
brand by the trailists remaining infrequent purchase; but with some of the former
infrequent purchases becoming more frequent purchases. Everybody moves up
a rung. Some non-users become minor users; thus the same normal frequency
distribution will now hold form the higher level of penetration. When a brand
declining, the opposite happens. Some major users become minor user. and
some minor users become non-users. The brand eventually
settles down to the same frequency distribution pattern at a lower of penetration.
British analysts TOM CORLET first worked at this hypothesis to explain
growth and dealing in consumer term; it according with a common sense. The
powerful tendencies towered equilibrium. Regularly in markets give a brand an
inbuilt momentum once it crosses that first and most difficult hurdle of
early establishment of penetration and repeat purchase. Once a brand becomes
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a goer the tendency toward regularity is as much in its favor as it was an
obstacle to be overcome during its initial market entry.
1.3 Characteristics of a Good Brand name
A good brand name should posses a many of the following characteristics as
possible. They are
It should be distinctive : the market is filled with over worked names
and over used symbol. A unique and distinctive symbol is not only easy to
remember but also a distinguishing feature, e.g. north star shoes have a
distinctive name.
It should be suggestive a well -chosen name or symbol should be
suggestive of quality or may be associated with superiority or a great
personality e.g vicco toothpaste is suggestive of an assurance of
good health.
It should be appropriate : May products are surrounded by a certain
mystique in the mind of consumers.
It should be easy to remember: the product brand should be easy to
pronounce and spell, e.g. surf coca cola
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The top ten traits of a brand
Building and properly managing brand equity as become a priority for the
companies of all sizes, in all types of markets and in all types of industries.
The rewards of strong brands are clear. The ten characteristics that a worlds
strongest brands share and construct a brand report card a systematic way of
grade the brands performance of each of those characteristics. The report card
can help to identify are as that need improvement, recognize areas in which the
brand is strong and learn more about the particular brand is configured.
The brand excels at delivering the benefits the customers truly
desires. Why do customers really buy a product? Not because the product
is a collection of a attributes but become those attributes, together with the
brand image the service and man) others tangible And intangible factors
create and attractive whole. In som3 cases whole is not even something
that costumers know or can say they want.
The brand stays relevant and strong. In strong brands brand equities tide
both to the actual quality of the product or the service and the various
intangible factors. Those intangible includes" user imaginary" (the type of
person who uses the brand). Usage imagery, the type of situation in which
the brand is used; the personality the brand portrays, the feeling that it
build with its customer. Without losing sight of their core strengths, the
strongest brands stay on the leading edge in the product arena and
tweak their intangible to fit the times. Gillette, for example pours millions
of dollars into R & D to ensure that its razor blades are as technologically
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advanced as possible, calling attention of major advances, through sub
brands and signaling minor improvements with modifiers. At the same
time Gillette has created a consistent, intangible sense of product
superiority with its long running at "the best the man can be" which are
through images of men at work and at play that have evolved over time
to reflect contemporary trends. These days images can be quacked in
many ways other than through traditional advertising , logos ,or
slogans. "Relevance" has a deeper, broader, meaning in todays market.
Increasingly consumers' perception of a company as a whole and its rolein society affect a brand's strength as well. Witness corporate brands that
very visible support breast cancer research or current educational
programs of one sort or other.
The pricing strategy is based on consumer's perception of values, the right
blend of product quality, design feature , costs and prices is very difficult
to achieve but well worth the effort .Many managers are woefully
unaware of how price can and should relate to but the customers think
of a product and they therefore charge too little or too much.
For e.g. in implementing its value pricing strategy for the cascade automatic
dish washing Detergent brand, Procter and gamble made a cost cutting edge
in its formulations that had an adverse on the product performance under certain albeit somewhat typical water conditions. Lever brothers quickly
countered, attacking cascade's core
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Equity producing "virtually spotless" dishes out off dishwasher. In
response, P & G immediately returned to the brand old formulation the lesson
to P&G and others is that value pricing should not adopt at the expense of
Essential brand building activities - by contrast with its well - known shift to
"everybody low pricing strategy, P&G did successfully align its prices with
consumer perception of its product's value while maintaining acceptable profit
levels. In fact, in the fiscal year after P&G switched to ELDP (during which it
also worked very hard to streamline operations and lower cost), the
company reported its highest profit margin in 21 years.The brand is properly positioned. Brands that are well positioned occupy
particular niches in consumer's minds. They are similar to and different
from competing brands in certain reliable identifiable ways. The most
successfully brands in this regard keep up with competitors by creating
points of parity in those area s where competitors are trying to find an
advantage while at the same time creating points of difference to
achieve advantage over competitors in some other areas The Mecede-
benz and Sony brands, for example, hold clear advantage in product
superiority and match competitors level of. service. Visa is particular
good example of brand whose manager understands the positioning game
in the 1970s and 1980s; American express maintained the high profile inthe credit card market through a series of highly effective marketing
programs. Trumpeting that "members has its privileges " American
express came to signify status, prestige and quality in response VISA
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introduced the platinum and gold cards and launched an aggressive
marketing campaign to build up the status of its cards to match the
American express cards. It also developed an extensive merchant delivery
system to differentiate itself on the basis of superior convenience and
accessibility. Its ad campaigns showcased desirable locations such as a
famous restaurants, resorts and events that did accept American express
while proclaiming, "visa its every where you want to be. The aspiration
message cleverly reinforced both accessibility and prestige and helped
visa take out formidable position for the brand. Visa become the consumer card of choice for family and personal shopping, for personal shopping, for
personal travel and entertainment and even for international travel, a
former American express stronghold. Of course branding isn't static and
the game is even more difficult when a brand spans that product
categories. The mix of points of difference that works for a brand is one
category may not be quite right for the same brand in another.
The brand is consistent. Maintaining a strong brand means stringing the
right balance between continuity in marketing activities and the kind of
change needed to stay relevant. Continuity that the brand's image doesn't
get muddled or lost in a cacophony of marketing efforts that confuse
customers by sending conflicting message.The brand portfolio and hierarchy make sense. Most companies do not have only
one brand they create and maintain different brands for different market
segments. Single product lines are often sold under different brand names, and
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different brand with in accompany hold different powers. The corporate, or
company wide brand acts as an umbrella. A second brand name under
might nest one level below the family branded and appeals to boys for example,
or be used for one type of product. Brands at each level Of hierarchy contribute
to the overall equity of the portfolio tough their individual ability to make
consumers aware of the various products and Foster favorable associations with
them. At the same time, through each brand should have its own boundaries: it
can be dangerous to try to COVOT too much ground with one brand or to overlap
two brands in the same portfolio. The gap's brand portfolio provides maximummarket coverage with minimal overlap. Each brand has a distinct image
and its own source of equity. BMW has particularly well-designed and
implemented.
hierarchy. At the corporate level, BMW pioneered the luxury sports categories is
combining seemingly incongruent style and performance consideration. BMW,
clever advertising slogans." The ultimate driving machine" reinforces the dual
aspect of this image and is applicable to all cars sold under the BMW name. At
the same time , BMW created well differentiated sub Brand portfolio provides
maximum market coverage with minimal overlap. Each brand has a distinct
image and its own source of equity. BMW has particularly well-designed and
implemented hierarchy. At the corporate level, BMW pioneered the luxury spots
sedan category be combining seemingly incongruent style and performance
considerations.
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V's cleaver advertising slogan. "The ultimate driving machine". Reinforces the
dual aspects of this image and are applicable to all cars sold under the BMW
name. At the same time, BMW created well differentiated sub brands through its
3,5 and 7 series, which suggest a logical order and hierarchy of quality and
price. General Motors, by contrast, still struggles with its brand portfolio and
hierarchy .In the early 1920s. Alfred P.SIoan decreed that his company would
offer "a car for every purse and purpose." This philosophy led to the creation of
the Cadillac, Chevrolet etc. divisions. The idea was that each division would
appeal to a unique market segment on the basis of price, product design anduser imaginary the FIVE GM division's distinctiveness diminished, in the mid
-1980s, for example; the companies sold a single body type (the j-body) modified
only slightly for the five different brand names. In fact advertisement for Cadillac
may come from other divisions, including Buick and-Olds mobile's."
In the last ten years the company has attempted to sharpen the on blurry images
by repositioning each brand, Chevrolet has been positioned as then value
priced, entry-level brand Saturn (car company) represents no haggle customer
oriented service. Pontiac is meant to be the sporty, performance-oriented brand
for young people. Oldsmobile is the brand for larger, medium price cars. But the
bottom and top lines have never regained the momentum stand for, in sharp
contrast to the clearly focused imaged of competitors like Honda and Toyota.
The brand makes use of and coordinates a full repertoire of marketing
activities to built equity. At its most basic level, a brand is made up of all
the marketing elements that can be trade marked-loges, symbol,
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slogans packaging signage and so on. Strong brands mix and match
these elements to perform a number brand related functions such as
enhancing or reinforcing consumer awareness of the brand or its image
and helping protect the brand both competitively and legally.
Manager of strong brand also appreciate the specific rule that different marketing
activities can play in building brand quality. They can for example provide
detailed product information. They can show how and why is an product is
used, by whom, where and when they can associate brand with
brand with a person, place or enhance or refine its image when aboard makesgoods use of all resources and also takes particular care to ensure that the
essence of the brand is the same in all activities, it I shard to beat,
The brand manger understand what the brand means to the customer.
Manager of the brand appreciate the totally of their brands image i.e., all
the different perception, benefits attitude and behavior customer
associate with their brand, whether created intentionally by the
company or not. As a result, managers are able to make decision
regarding the brand, and what core associations are liked to the brand,
and then it should be also be clear whether any given action would
dovetails nicely wit brand or create friction.
The brand is given proper support, and that support sustained over thelong run. Brand equity must be clearly constructed. A firm requires that
consumers have the proper depth and breadth of awareness and
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Strong, favorable, and unique associations with brand, in their memory
.Too often mangers but to take short cuts bypass more basic branded
consideration such as achieving the necessary levels of brand
awareness in favor of concentrating on flashier aspect of brand building
related to image.
The company monitors source of brand equity. Strong brands makes good
and frequent use of in depth brand of audits and on going brand stacking
studies. A brand is an exercise design to assess the health of a given
brand. Typically it consist of a detailed internal description of exactly howthe brand has been marketed (called brand inventory) and a thorough
external investigation, through focus groups and other consumer research
of exactly what brand does and could mean to consumer. Brand audits are
particularly useful when they are schedule on a periodic basis .its critical
for holding the reins of brand portfolio to get a clear picture of products
and services being offered and how they are being marketed and
branded. It is also important to see that same picture looks to consumer
tapping consumer perception and believes and often uncover the true
meaning of brand, group of brands revealing where corporate and
consumer use conflict and thus showing manager exactly where they
have refine or redirect their branding efforts or their marketing goals.
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Brand management
Brand management is the application of marketing techniques to a specific
product, product line, or brand. It seeks to increase the product's perceived value
to the customer and thereby increase brand franchise and brand equity.
Marketers see a brand as an implied promise that the level of quality people have
come to expect from a brand will continue with present and future purchases of
the same product. This may increase sales by making a comparison with
competing products more favorable. It may also enable the manufacturer to
charge more for the product. The value of the brand is determined by the amount
of profit it generates for the manufacturer. This results from a combination of
increased sales and increased price.
The annual list of the worlds most valuable brands, published by Interbrand and
Business Week, indicates that the market value of companies often consists
largely of brand equity. Research by McKinsey & Company, a global consulting
firm, in 2000 suggested that strong, well-leveraged brands produce higher
returns to shareholders than weaker, narrower brands. Taken together, this
means that brands seriously impact shareholder value, which ultimately makes
branding a CEO responsibility.
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Branding in shoes
Brand name in shoes is highly recognizable by customers because the brands
spend millions of dollars marketing themselves. Non branded shoes, basically
shoes by smaller labels or imported from overseas, have no name recognition.
But the flip side is that non branded shoes can be purchased and resold for allot
less than branded shoes.
Lower income customers might want brand name shoes but they cannot afford it.
So even though they would love to have brand name shoes they will usually
settle for non branded shoes.
On the other hand more affluent customers will want only branded shoes
because they have more pressure in terms of keeping up with the latest styles.
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1.6. What is Branding ?
Branding is a process by which a marketer tries to build long-term relationship
with the customer by learning their needs and wants so that the offering could
satisfy their mutual aspirations. Branding is a major issue in product strategy.
Perhaps the most distinctive skills of professional marketers is their ability to
create, maintain and enhance brands. Thus a brand identifies the seller or
maker. It can be a trademark a logo and name. Brands differ from other assets
such as patents and copyrights, which have expiration dates. A brand is
essentially a sellers promise to deliver a specific set of features and servicesconsistently to the buyers. The best brand conveys a warranty of quality.
A brand is a name, symbol, sign, or a combination for them intended to identify
the goods or services of one seller and to differentiate them from those of
competitors. The most enduring meaning of brand are it values, culture and
personality.
Branding can view as a tool to position a product or a service with a consistent
image of quality and value for money to ensure the development of a recurring
preference by the consumer.
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Indian Footwear Industry
The Footwear Industry is a significant segment of the Leather Industry in India.
India ranks second among the footwear producing countries next to China. The
industry is labour intensive and is concentrated in the small and cottage industry
sectors. While leather shoes and uppers are concentrated in large scale units,
the sandals and Chappals are produced in the household and cottage sector.
India produces more of gents footwear while the worlds major production is in
ladies footwear. In the case of Chappals and sandals, use of non-leather materialis prevalent in the domestic market.The major production centers India are
Chennai, Ranipet, Ambur in Tamil Nadu, , Mumbai in Maharashtra, Kanpur in
U.P. , Jalandhar in Punjab, Agra and Delhi.
The following table indicates concentration of units in various parts of the
country:
Region Large & MediumScale SSI Household
Tamil Nadu 64 31 7
Delhi & up North 4 8 2
Agra, Kanpur 9 34 14
Calcutta 1 3 19
Bangalore 6 3 4Mumbai 3 11
Others 13 10 3
The estimated annual footwear production capacity in 1999 is nearly 1736 millionpairs (776 million pairs of leather footwear and 960 million pairs of non-leatherfootwear).
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Region-wise share of total estimated capacities is as follows:
Region Leather ShoesNon-leather
ShoesLeather Shoe
UppersLeather Sandals
Non Leather Sandals
PercentageTamil Nadu 26 5 54 1 0
Delhi & up North 10 77 4 1 60
Agra, Kanpur 45 0 32 62 0
Calcutta 12 0 2 3 0
Bangalore 3 3 4 0 0
Mumbai 4 2 1 32 0
Others 0 13 3 1 40
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Shoes manufactured in India wear brand names like Florsheim, Gabor, Clarks,
Salamander and St. Micheals. As part of its effort to play a lead role in the global
trade, the Indian leather industry is focusing on key deliverables of innovative
design, consistently superior quality and unfailing delivery schedules.
India in itself has a huge domestic market, which is largely untapped.
The Indian footwear industry is provided with institutional infrastructure support
through premier institutions like Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai,
Footwear Design & Development Institute, Noida, National Institute of Fashion
Technology, New Delhi, etc in the areas of technological development, design
and product development and human resource development.
The availability of abundant raw material base, large domestic market and the
opportunity to cater to world markets makes India an attractive destination for
technology and investments.
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IMPORT
In 1999, the global import of footwear (leather and non-leather) in terms of value
was around US$ 43278 million, accounting a share of 63.42% in the total global
import of leather and leather products. Out of this, import of leather footwear
alone accounted for US$ 26379 million and non-leather footwear US$ 16899
million.
EXPORT
Indias export of Leather Footwear touched US$ 331 million in 1999-2000,
recording an increase of 3.29% over the preceding year. India thus holds a share
of 1.25% in the global import of leather footwear. The major markets for Indian
Leather Footwear are the U.K., the U.S.A., Germany, Italy, France and Russia.
Nearly 71% of India s export of Leather Footwear is to Germany, the U.S.A., the
U.K and Italy.
In 1999-2000, export of leather footwear from India constituted 21% share of its
total export of leather and leather products. Nearly 33 million pairs of various
types of leather footwear were exported during the year, out of which shoes /
boots constituted 90%.
The different types of leather footwear exported from India are dress shoes,
casuals, moccasins, sport shoes, horrachies, sandals, ballerinas, booties.
Franchised Operation Triggering Growth in Indian Shoe Market
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India has a booming shoe market. In various cities there, new shopping malls
have sprung up one after another and sellers compete to exhibit latest products
while consumers exhibit eager demand for brand products.
Many brands expand their businesses through franchised operation, particularly
garment and shoe brands. By 2010, franchised operation is expected to hit 6% in
growth rate, amounting to USD 17 billion in total value. This means that this
market will create substantial opportunities related to franchised operation.
India is witnessing a rapid growth in its retail, attracting many international
brands, most of which come from Europe and USA. After Tommy Hilfiger opened
up store in India recently, it is reported that Esprit is to enter this market in
summer 2005.
According to CY Pal, president of India Franchise Association, half of the retailactivities in USA is conducted in the form of franchised operation while only 2%
of the retail activities in India is associated with franchised operation. However,
franchised operation has been rapidly growing in India at the annual growth rate
of 30-40%, especially 4 or 5 years ago. According to Pal, research indicates that
the success rate for franchised operation is as high as 90% while that for non-
franchised operation is as low as 10%.
From Brand Store to Franchised Store
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When entering Indian market, most international garment and shoe brands first
invest in opening up stores and then hand over these stores for their Indian
partners to operate. As Pal indicated, this is a typical solution for brand owners
and international brand owners in particular. The reason is that they have their
established image and they have to ensure their stores everywhere share the
same style. These stores are owned, managed and operated by brand owners
and become the model for other franchised stores. This solution also helps brand
owners to have a clear idea about market response and preference, andprovides useful information for them to identify the direction of establishing
franchised operation agreement in the future.
According to KrisIyer, executive president of Crossroads (the first shopping mall
in India), brand companies often open stores for their brands in major regions in
their country, and then open franchised stores elsewhere after successfuloperation. Other international garment brands that have opened franchised
stores in India include Marks & Spencer, Ermenegildo Zegna, Mango, DAKS and
Hugo Boss but most of them have less than 5 stores in India.
According to insiders, almost all international garment and shoe brands are
gloating over the Indian market or negotiating with large textile and garmentcompanies there concerning franchising agreement. According to retail
consultant Bela Gupta, India is expected to have another 65-70 stores in the next
years, believing more international brands will enter Indian market in 2006.
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With the entry of many large international brands into Indian market, India is
beginning to formulate specific laws and regulations concerning franchised
operation. To engage in franchised operation in India, franchised operators
should pay a sum of entry fee to franchisers, the amount of which may vary
depending on different brands. In addition, franchised operators should pay
royalties to franchisers on regular basis at the rate of 5-8% of their stores'
turnover, depending on their mutual agreements.
Franchisers often appoint general franchised operators in regions which their
brands intend to cover and general franchised operators may solicit franchised
operators in such regions and coordinate with franchised operators. Franchisers
only contact general franchised operators. With constant expansion in this
market, according to Pal, the organization of the entire sector will gain further
improvements.
ECONOMICS OF WORLD SHOE PRODUCTION TRENDS
Economics, Ethics, and the Impacts of the Global Economy:
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The Nike Example
The laws of economics are not written in tablets of stone, judging by the different
interpretation put on them by their practitioners, the economists. In the case of a
product such as foot wear, there are those that say it is a low-tech product and,
as such, should be left to countries with low labor costs to produce. Just as water
flows to the lowest level, so should footwear production fall to the lowest cost
producer. This, to some degree, is theoretically correct. However, it ignores the
requirement for high skill content, fast response to market requirement, political
stability, availability of appropriate materials, infrastructure, marketing support,
design and branding.
So, the picture is not one-dimensional and is affected by all these factors. The
shoe industry has become truly global, with American styles popular in Europe,
Italian experts upgrading Chinese leather production, US suppliers participating
in Asian joint ventures, and firms from everywhere pursuing new markets such as
Russia and newly developing markets in the Far East. A look at the movement of
footwear in the last ten years will show that we cannot ignore the influence of
price and costs, for example, in 1996 the average wage rate in Western Europe
was around $7 per hour, in China, only $0.3 per hour.
There have been basic trends, which support this. For example, the governments
in China and Thailand are offering incentives to companies willing to relocate
from the towns to the countryside to help reduce labor and manufacturing costs.
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The basic trends of the shoe industry have not necessarily been profound
influences on the economies of South East Asia, but, since late 1997, severe
economic problems have hit many Asian countries. This has caused currencies
to devolve greatly, made many major domestic banking problems and a created
great slow down in domestic markets, especially South Korea, Thailand and
Indonesia.
It is too early to know what the long-term effect will be possibly the currency
devaluation could even strengthen exporting companies. In the short term,
however, some shoe companies are facing severe liquidity problems and
significant numbers of bankruptcies are expected.
Nevertheless, worldwide footwear production is rising at about 2% per annum,
exceeding 10 billion pairs in 1996. More people in the world are wearing footwear
and less developed countries are starting to produce shoes for their domestic
markets. Also people in the Far East are becoming more affluent and able to buybetter quality footwear.
NEW ASIAN TIGERS
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Whilst South Korea and Taiwan have lost out, three new Asian tigers have
arrived on the footwear scene with a vengeance, and being followed by another
recruit to the big league, offering lower wages and keen work forces. Whilst
Indonesia and Thailand have snapped up much of trainer business and
increasingly also casual and town shoes, China has flattened everything in sight
with an output of over 4,500 million pairs that represents one in every three pairs
of shoes produced in the world. At a tenth of world wide shoe production,
Thailand and Indonesia still have some way to go. Thailand at least, has
established itself as capable of producing the more technically demanding items,whilst Indonesia enjoys cost advantage i.e. cheap labor. India is also becoming a
major shoe producer, although mainly domestic brands for an increasing
domestic market.
Vietnam relative new player already produces over 200 million pairs a year but
the major sports companies, especially Nike, are already there and areexpanding production in Vietnam. Now relations with the United States have
become less frosty, Vietnam is considered almost as a matter of course in the
deliberations of Western buyers when drawing up their sourcing lists.
Vietnam is certainly the new hot bed of production in the Pacific Basin again
largely due to low regulations and lowest costs. South Koreas average monthly
wage rate in 1996 was $792, Vietnams was $45. Nike now constitutes over 5%
of total Vietnam exports. Those companies that have taken the plunge and
begun cooperation with firms in Vietnam have reported satisfaction with the
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quality of the work and attitude of the workforce. Investment to the value of
US$100million has resulted from the joint venture partnerships in the last two to
three years. There are some 80 significant shoe producers with a work force of
80,000 people. The potential is quite extensive, with over 70 million people,
availability of local raw materials and the lowest labor costs in the Far East. The
lifting of the US embargo is significant and the next stage is for the introduction of
even more modern equipment.
Although there are more factories in the north, around Hanoi, the capacity is
virtually the same between north and south (Ho-Chi-Minh City area). The
Government is looking to triple exports in the next two or three years. Presently
over 100 million pairs are exported. Some companies such as Hiep in Ho-Chi-
Minh City have been privatized. Saigon Shoe is an example of a company that is
working with an international company (Bata Malaysia).
CHAPTER-3
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RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Research methodology is a science of studying how research is done
scientifically. It is important for the researcher not only to know the technique but
also the methodology he uses. In this we will study
1. Scope of the study
2. Research design
(A) Sampling design
(B) Data design
1. Scope of the study
Project survey was conducted in Patiala. Respondents were chosen randomly
which included both the poor uneducated people, who cant afford the expensive
branded products and as well as the upper and the middle class educated
respondents who are well aware of the benefits of the branded products.
2. Research design
Decision regarding what, when, where, how much, by what means, concerning in
an enquiry constitute a research design. A research design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine
the relevance to the research purposes with economy in procedures.
The research type for this survey was exploratory because of the flexible nature
of the research design.
A) Sampling design
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It is a definite plan for obtaining of sample from a given population. It refers to
the technique the researcher would adopt in selecting items from the sample.
B) Sample universe
A universe is all items in any field.
In this study the universe was taken as the people of Punjab.
And for the survey, Sample was taken from Patiala, considering that people of
Patiala are fairly good representatives of the state of Punjab.
Sampling technique
In the present study convenient random sampling technique was used.Sampling size
No. of items selected from a universe constitute the sample size.
In my study sample size was of 100 respondents.
(B) Data design
Nature of data was both primary and secondary.
For primary data a structured non-disguised Questionnaire was used whereas for
secondary data magazines, journals and Internet were consulted
Sources of data
In the survey, data was collected by direct interviews, questionnaire and
Observation methods. Questions were of multiple choices, open- ended types.
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CHAPTER-4
DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
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The meaning of word brand
The basic objective was to determine the perception of the consumers regarding
the word brand.Consumers perception regarding word brand
Category % of RespondentsTrustworthy
Good quality
Value of money
DistinctivenessUnique
16
34
30
812
16%
34%30%
8%12%
Truthworthy
Good quality
Value of money
Distinctiveness
Unique
The results show that majority of the respondents relate the word brand with
quality, value for money, a product of distinctive class, trustworthy, & unique.
Thus it in be concluded that the word brand has various meanings in the minds of
the respondents of which 34% feel that the word brand means god quality & 30
% feel it to be value for money, 16%feol it should be trustworthy, 12%
for uniqueness and 8 % for the distinctive class.
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Is branding essential for product ?
The objective of the question was to judge the respondents response regarding
the importance of having a brand name.
Category % of RespondentsYes
No
88
12
88%
12%
Yes
No
Importance of brand names
The above data interprets that about 88%of the respondents feel that branding is
essential for the product with the priority reasons being easy to identify.
This shows that the established brands have more scope in the market rather
than the non-branded shoes. Branding gives the marketer the opportunity to
attract the loyal & profitable segment of the customer. Loyalty created overtime
offer the unique advantage of having assured customer against competition and
greater control in their market programme.
Factors due to which branding in essential for product
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The objective behind this question was to analyze the perception of the
respondents regarding branding.
Category % of PercentageEasy to identify
Associate with user
Support buying process
42
18
40
42%
18%
40%
Easy to identify
Associate with user
Support buying process
Perception regarding branded and unbranded
From the above data we can interpret that majority of the respondents(42%) feel
that brand should be easily recognizable.
Only 18 % respondents think that brand associate it with the user . So these are
the important factors to be considered while branding.
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Importance of manufacturing in choosing the product
The objective question was to judge the level of the agreement regarding the
importance of the manufactures.
Category % of RespondentsStrongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Strongly disagree
Disagree
46
16
14
4
20
46%
16%
14%
4%
20%Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Importance of manufactures
The above results show that 46%of the respondents strongly agree that the
knowledge regarding the manufacturer, the goodwill attached with the company
is essential only 20% respondents strongly disagree that to know about the
manufactures is not necessary, rest 14% respondents were neutral about this
questions.
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The brand use by the people
The objective of this question was to know about the respondents preference
regarding brands.
Category % of RespondentsBranded
Unbranded
87
9
91%
9%
Branded
Unbranded
Perception regarding shoes
The data given above shows that most of the respondents prefer good quality
shoes majority of the a respondents 87% prefer to take the branded one and
only 9% were preferring the unbranded.
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Reasons of using the particular brand
Objective of asking this question was to know the reasons for using particular
brands by the respondents.
Category % of RespondentsEasily affordable
Easily available
54
46
54%
46%Easily affordable
Easily available
Reason for using this particular brand
The above data shows that majority for the respondents used the specific brand
i.e. 54 % , 46 % respondents used this brand because it is easily affordable .
The factors which influence to opt for particular brand
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The objectives of this question was to analyze the factors considered by the
respondents while exercising the purchase of the product.
Category % of RespondentsPrice
Ease of purchase
Quality
Brand name
Status symbol
Goodwill of comp.
Advertising
13
16
17
11
16
11
7
13%
16%
17%11%
16%
11%
7%9%
Price
Ease of purchase
Quality
Brand name
Status symbol
Goodwill of c omp.
Advertising
Warranty/Guarantee
Important Factors of branded
Using the weighted average method it has interpreted that best rank was given to
the quality and then status symbol ease of purchase of and the ease of purchase product
were rated best. Other factors like warranty/ guaranty got the least rank as in unbranded
shoes there is very less warranty/ guarantee. Factors like price, advertising and brand
name too got significant response but the quality was the factor, which got the maximum
weight age in ranking
The factors influencing the purchase decision of customers
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The question was to know about who influence the most in the circle of the
respondents purchase decision while exercising purchase.
Category % of RespondentsSelf judgment
Family members
Friends
Dealers
Neighbour
21
39
22
8
10
21%
39%
22%
8%10%
Self judgmentFamily members
Friends
Dealers
Neighbour
Influence on purchase decision
The data shows that family members influences the most i.e. 39%. so the
companies should concentrate more on the family culture and values while
making the marketing and advertising strategies. Rest friends and self-judgments
22 % and 21 % respectively are too playing more important roles as compared to
dealers and neighbors, which only compute influence to decision only 8% and 10
% respectively.
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The methods used for sales promotion
The objectives of this question was to know which according to them was the
most effective sales promotion method.
Category % of RespondentsGifts
Coupons
Cash Refund Schemes
Exchange offers
Discounts
30
15
8
9
38
30%
15%8%9%
38% GiftsCoupons
Cash Refund Schemes
Exchange offers
Discounts
Effective sale promotion method
The above data shows that 38% of the consumers think that discounts are the
best way o attract the consumers and it is the bets mode of sales promotion,
while 30% consumers believe that free gifts along with the products is the most
effective sales promotion method, also 15% people say that scratch coupons is
the best way to promote the product while only 9% and 8% people are in thefavor of exchange offers and cash refund scheme.
Given a choice would you switch over from your current brand to
another one
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The objective of this question was to know the repurchase behaviour and
decision of the respondents.
Category % of RespondentsYes
No
13
87
13%
87%
Yes
No
Repurchase Behaviour
The above data shows that most of the consumers (87%) will not prefer the same
brand, which they are using at present. The main reason being that they just
want to try anew brand. This means that the consumers of today are innovators
i.e. they want to try the latest product with a difference and to have enjoy the new
product.
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The reasons for switching to another brand
Here the main objective to ask this question was to know the possible reasons or
brand switching.
Category % age of
RespondentsImpressed by feature of new brand
Desire to try new
Non available
Dissatisfaction
Friends experience with new brandFree discount on other brand
Less price of other brand
9
61
4
10
73
6
9%
61%
4%
10%
7% 3%6%
Impressed by feature of newbrandDesire to try new
Non available
Dissatisfaction
Friends experience with newbrandFree discount on other brand
Less price of other brand
Reasons for brand switching
The above data highlights that most of the respondents just shifted from onebrand to other just to try the new brand (61%), rest only 10%respondents feeldissatisfaction with the old brand so they shifted to new brand .other reasons likefriends experience and discounts on other brands counted very less. Factors likenon-availability and less price were very few respondents who shifted because of these reasons.
The other options if retailer runs out of particular brand
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The objectives this question was to know what according to them will do it the
dealer run an out of the stock.
Category % age of RespondentsAsk for some other brand
Search some where else
Do without it
Wait for the dealer to get it
back
24
22
18
36
24%
22%18%
36% Ask for some other brand
Search some w here else
Do without it
Wait for the dealer to get itback
Brand loyality
From the above data it can be concluded that 36% of the respondents will wait
for the dealer to get for the stock, this shows that they are also brand loyal as
they did not changed there mind instantly to get other brand .24%of the
respondents are those people who are brand switchers and who will ask for
another if the old one is not available.
AGE GROUP of respondents
Category No. of respodents>20 8
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21-30
21
10000 7
54
79
129
student
businessm
service ma
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10001-20000
20001-30000
10000
10001-20
20001-30
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FINDINGS
AND
CONCLUSION
FINDINGS & CONCLUSION
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Following are the major findings & conclusions from the study of the consumer
perception of branded and unbranded shoes.
Majority of the respondents relate the word brand with good quality,
a product i.e trustworthy.
Most of the respondent's response was positive regarding the importance
of having a brand name. They think that a product must have brand name.
The perception of a brand name is very clear amongst the respondents. It
as analyzed that the general view of the respondents was that the
branded shoes were easily recognized. Majority of the respondents
agreed regarding the knowing about the importance of the manufacture
who produces the shoes. The result show that 46 % of the respondents
strongly agree that the knowledge regarding the manufacture the goodwill
attached with the company is essential , only 20 % respondents strongly
disagree that to know about the manufacture is necessary , rest 14 %
respondents were neutral about this question.
Factors like price , advertising and brand name too got significant as the
main difference in branded unbranded product is of price sensitivity.
The family members influence the most while purchasing such type of
products. Rest friends and self-judgments too count here in the final
decision -making.
Results shows that most of the consumers will not prefer the same brand,
which they are using at present .The main reason being that they just want
to try anew brand. "This means that the consumers of today are
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innovators i.e. they want to try the latest product with a difference and to
have enjoy the new product.
The results highlights that most of the respondents just shifted from one
brand to other just to try the new brand, rest respondents feel dissatisfied
with the old brand sc they shifted to new brand, other reasons like friends.
CHAPTER-6
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RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMENDATIONS
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The word brand implies that a products of good quality and is known for its
durability. So the major payers of these products should make a note that
the product made for the user is not durable but also a quality product.
Branded products have their own advantage. Most of the users fell that
branded products are easy to identify and they provide legal protection to
the product so, establishing a brand name in the minds of the users is very
important. This can be done by promotional campaigns, which should
speak of the reliability and durability of the brand.
Often it is seen that a brand name, which is in the minds of the consumer,
becomes the first choice when it comes to exercise of purchase. So the
big players of the branded companies should promote their products with
heavy promotion to capture the top position in the minds of the
consumers. Apart from this new technologies should beaded to compete
with the unbranded products.
Many of times it is seen that a firm marketing a product manufactured
bother company. Though the product quality maybe of good quality but
most of the users may be interested to know the goodwill of the
manufacturer .so no only the marketer who markets the product is
important but also the manufacturer is equally important so it is suggested
that effort should be made to highlight the good will of the manufacturer.
Amongst the various advertising media, the study reveals that television is
the most effective media, so the branded product should be promoted on
the television. On televisions, advertisements of their products can be
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given with in commercials break of soaps and serials, which are rated best
among the viewers.
Free gifts, discounts are best method to promote the sale. Many
companies bear adopting these methods to boost sales. The consumers
feel happy with these schemes as they get paying less, so these schemes
should continue, but keeping the brand image of the product in mind.
The tendency to shift to other brands was found in majority of the
respondents. The reasons being the consumer wants something new and
fruitful. So branded product companies should come out with uniquefeatures
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Chunawala S.A. (2001 ) , Product Management , Himalaya Publishing
House
Kotler, Philip ( 2000 ) , Marketing Management ( millennium Edition )
Prentice Hall of India New Delhi.
Seengupta S.( 1999 ) Brand Positioning , Tata Mc Graw Hill.
Sharma D. D. ( 2000) Marketing Research , Sultan Chand & Sons .
Philip Kotler and Waldemar Pfoertsch, B2B Brand Management , Springer,
2006.
Saturday, Nov 13, 2004, HINDU
Tuesday, Mar 06, 2007 , Business Line
Tuesday, Feb 20, 2007,Business line
APRIL 04, 2007, Economic times
26 Dec, 2006,Times of India
www.china shoe sexpo.com/en
www.mbfootwear.com/newsmbfootwear
www. india nshoe bazaar.com
www.brand .com
4 Ps April 2006Business Economy Nov.2006
Changing management trends by K.C. Aggarwal
CHAPTER-7
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ANNEXURE
QUESTIONNAIRE
1). What does the word brand mean to you?
a. Trustworthy [ ] b Good Quality [ ]
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c Value of Money [ ] d Distinctive Class [ ]
e Unique [ ]
2). Do you think branding of a product is essential for it to be successful?
Yes [ ] No [ ]If yes then specify reasons
[ ] It makes it to identify the product easily
[ ] It supports the buying process
[ ] It develops association with its users.
3). Do you think manufacturer is important while choosing a product
a. Strongly Agree [ ] b Agree [ ]
c Neutral [ ] d Disagree [ ]e Strongly Disagree [ ]
4). Which shoes do you normally wear?
a Branded [ ] b Unbranded [ ]
c None [ ] d Both [ ]
5). Why do you use this particular brand?
a Easily Affordable [ ] b Its easy availability [ ]
6). What are the factors which influence you to opt for a particular brand?
a Price [ ]
b Ease of Purchase [ ]
c Quality [ ]
d Brand Name [ ]
e Status Symbol [ ]
f Advertising [ ]g Good will of Company [ ]
h Gurantee/Warantee [ ]
7). Who influences your purchase decision most?
a Family [ ] b Friends [ ]
c Neighbour [ ] d Retailer [ ]
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e Self Judgement [ ]
8). Which according to you is the most effective method of sales promotion?
a Gift [ ] b Exchange Offer [ ]
c Coupon [ ] d Discounts [ ]e Cash Refund Schemes [ ] f Other [ ]
9). Given a choice would you switch over from your current brand to another one?
a Yes [ ] b) No [ ]
10). Give Reasons for you switch over? (Rank them).
[ ] Dissatisfaction with old brand shoes
[ ] Impressed with the additional features of new brand of shoes[ ] Non- availability of the old brand of shoes
[ ] Desire to use new brand of shoes
[ ] Less price / Discount offer of the other brand of shoes
11). If your retailer runs out of your favorite brand then what will you do ?
a. Ask for another brand [ ]
b Search elsewhere [ ]
c Do without it & wait till the retailer gets it back [ ]d Others [ ]
PERSONAL DETAILS
AGE (yrs)
< 20 yrs 21 30 > 30
CITY ____________________________ GENDER _____________________________
OCCUPATION
Student Business Man Service Man
FAMILY INCOME LEVEL (Rs per month):
< 10,000 10,001 20,000 20,001 30,000 > 30,0000
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