virus yellows an increasing threat to future sugar beet ... · modelling virus yellows in sugar...
TRANSCRIPT
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Virus Yellows – an increasing threat to future sugar beet production? Dr Mark Stevens Head of Science 12/10/18
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Aphid & Virus Yellows control 2015 Virus Yellows
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Classic Virus-Vector-Host Interaction
HOST
VIRUS VECTOR
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Aerial view of symptoms • At least 3 viruses involved. • Yield loss = up to 49% • Worldwide distribution. • No commercially resistant varieties. • In 2018, 99% of UK crop protected
with neonicotinoid seed treatments
• Preventing yield losses of up to £51M in high risk years.
Virus Yellows
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Impact of yellowing viruses on yield
0
10
20
30
40
50
BYV BMYV BChV
Early June infection
Yie
ld d
ecre
ase (
%)
Beet yellows virus
Beet mild yellowing virus
Beet chlorosis virus
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Circulative
(persistent)
BMYV, BChV
Modes of virus transmission by aphids
Non-circulative
(non-persistent)
Semi-persistent BYV Acquisition hours Retention a few days
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Myzus persicae
Virus Transmission
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Prevalence of yellowing viruses across
Europe
Poleroviruses
closterovirus
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Virus Yellows remains a threat:
• Narrow choice of approved products for beet
• Aphid resistance (MACE, kdr, neonicotinoid)
• Lack of new/novel active ingredients
• Changing insecticide use in other arable crops
• Climate change – mild winters?
• Loss of neonicotinoid seed treatments
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Current Decision Support
•Removal of sources of infection General farm hygiene
Seed treatments Risk maps
•Chemicals applied as: Granules at drilling Risk maps +Forecast
Post-emergence Forecasts + Spray
sprays Warning Scheme
Provisos:
Conserve aphid predators
Beware resistant aphids
Options for control
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Current Decision Support
•Removal of sources of infection General farm hygiene
Seed treatments Risk maps
•Chemicals applied as: Granules at drilling Risk maps +Forecast
Post-emergence Forecasts + Spray
sprays Warning Scheme
Provisos:
Conserve aphid predators
Beware resistant aphids
Future:
•Resistant varieties
Cost
Risk maps
Performance
Options for control
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Modelling virus yellows in sugar beet
Qi, A., Dewar, A.M. and Harrington, R. (2004) Pest Management Science 60, 727-732
)()()())1()1(( xGxQtzYYrYPrdt
dysp
Winter temperature
Growth stage (planting date)
Seed treatment
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*source: British Sugar
Virus Yellows Forecast for 2017
Factory
Area Option
Virus yellows (%) on Sowing Dates
of Intended use
of insecticide
treated seed*
Mean
Temperature
(Jan/Feb) 15 March 30 March 15 April
Bury
No Pest
Control 17.7 23.9 35.2 -
4.66ºC + Pest
Control 0.7 0.8 1.0 99.5%
Cantley
No Pest
Control 14.5 19.8 29.5 -
4.5ºC + Pest
Control 0.6 0.7 0.8 99.3%
Wissington
No Pest
Control 17.7 23.9 35.2 -
4.66ºC + Pest
Control 0.7 0.8 1.0 98.0%
Newark
No Pest
Control 19.8 28.3 43.3 -
4.46ºC + Pest
Control 0.5 0.6 0.7 99.4%
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Virus Yellows forecasts
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Monitoring
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Aphid trapping
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2017 aphid monitoring data
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Monitoring aphids and their infectivity
M. persicae distribution
3 May -19 July
3 – 10 May 11 -17 May 18 - 24 May 25 May – 1 June 2 – 7 June 8 - 14 June 15 - 21 June 22 - 28 June 29 June – 5 July 6 - 12 July 13 - 19 July
• Used by Industry as warning system
• Adopted in other crops
• Prevents prophylactic insecticide use.
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Virus Yellows Incidence August 2003
Virus Yellows Incidence August 2004
Virus Yellows Incidence August 2005
Evaluating Myzus persicae distribution and subsequent
Virus Yellows incidence.
% plants
infected
% plants
infected
% plants
infected
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0
20
40
60
80
100
% s
amp
les
con
tain
ing
resi
stan
t ap
hid
s
MACE
Myzus persicae field samples containing
MACE, kdr and super-kdrne aphids
Year kdr
super-kdrne Tested from 2011 onwards
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
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FUTURE CONTROL Is it possible?
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Virus Yellows: current options
• No foliar insecticides currently registered for Myzus persicae (one appl. of Teppeki in 2019 permitted)
• Resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates is a major issue (often impacting beneficial insects if applied)
• No resistant varieties currently available • On farm crop hygiene crucial
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Protecting the UK sugar beet crop
• Importance for alternative strategies:
- New/novel insecticides
- Resistant/tolerant varieties
- Maximising beneficials
- Biocontrol
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Green aphid control
LSD = 0.67
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Autumn aphicide trial: Morley 2017
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Developing disease resistance strategies
• Conventional resistance
- Beta germplasm evaluation and
analysis
• Alternative resistance - Pathogen-derived using Arabidopsis as
model system.
- CRISPR-cas9
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Inoculated breeding trial
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BBRO priorities
• Accelerate virus breeding work
• Enhance pest monitoring network • Further assess foliar treatments as seed treatments
• Evaluate plant resistance to aphids
• Field trials to study push-pull and aphid barrier strategies
• Real-time data on dedicated BBRO webpage to assist growers.
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South Lincolnshire: mid-1970s
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Questions?