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Virtual Particles in ElectromagnetismMarcus Reid

What roles do virtual particles and broken symmetries play in common electrical systems?

A journey to an emission free energy age by extracting limitless energy from the quantum vacuum.

Welcome to the next industrial revolution!

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Marcus Albert Reid was born in 1968 in Cape Town, South Africa, moving to Munich, Germany in 1978.

A self-taught inventor and researcher, Marcus has been working since 1998 in the ! eld of “Asymmetric Electric Systems”.

He has originated several new ideas relating to energy conversion and propulsion. Reid has also participated in developing a schematic, theoretical approach that relates to the foundations of electromagnetism. His goal is to create an emission free energy conversion technology that uses the energy within space-time as an external source of energy.

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Published in 2014 by ! e Research Laboratory for Vacuum Energy

GermanyText © Marcus Reid 2014

Illustrations © Matt Tweed 2014

Executive Producer Charles Louis Strieber

Marcus Reid has asserted his right to be identi! ed as the author of this work in accordance with the

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

ISBN 978-3-00-047216-9

All rights reserved. For permission to reproduce any part of this book in any form whatsoever, please contact the publisher.

www.vakuumenergie.de

Produced in co-operation with" e Sustainable Media Cooperative Consortium Ltd.

www.sustainablemedia.coop

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Foreword 1

Introduction 3

1 - Virtual Photons in Electromagnetism 6

2 - Energy Conversion in Electromagnetic Systems 24

3 - Classes of self-symmetrizing systems, SS1 and SS2 49

4 - Asymmetrical Electromagnetic Systems 63

5 - Non Self-Symmetrising Resonance Between Two SS2 Systems 73

6 - Experimental Examples 76

7 - De!ning Forces and Energies in the Phenomenon of Time 95

8 - What is Vacuum Energy? 108

9 - Implications 111

Appendix 1 - Measurement Data from the Reid-Cell 114

Appendix 2 - Experimental Approaches to Asymmetric Electromagnetic Systems 123

Acknowledgements 136

Bibliography 138

References 139

Contents

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!e blue planet

It does not belong to us; we only borrow it for a while.

Mankind’s energy needs drain resources and pollute the environment. "is cannot go on forever. We have to move to an emission free source of energy. "e energy within seemingly empty space-time is unlimited and 100% environmentally friendly. To gain an understanding of how to get access to this form of energy we need a paradigm shi#. "is has

been done in the past and it’s happening again now.

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Today the scienti!c community has the opinion that there is no ‘free lunch’. "is terminology is used in relation to the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can neither be created out of nothing, nor can it be lost. "e problem with this view is that the energy that exists in the universe must have come into being from nothing during the big bang, since nothing existed before that time. "is can only mean that it is possible, that ‘Something’ is created from ‘Nothing’, or that there is no such thing as a ‘Nothing’ domain in the sense of being not anything at all.

For example in quantum theories the nothingness of seemingly empty space-time is not considered to be an energy and identity free domain. According to these theories, space-time is !lled with an unlimited and never-ending form of energy (in the form of virtual particles) that exists in every conceivable point in space.

A practical concept that has developed from this view is that material objects themselves are made up from this space-time energy, and are directly connected with it. As the energy density of seemingly empty space-time is practically in!nite, the notion came about that visible particles, e.g., atoms, exist as an energetic pressure di$erence of in!nite energy densities.

If this idea is applied to an empty car battery, then there is an in!nitely large electromagnetic !eld at the negative and positive pole. If, however, one measures the voltage, then the display on the measuring device will show 0 V. "is is due to the in!nitely high electrical !elds at the negative and at the positive pole exactly cancelling each other out. If the battery is now charged and, subsequently, a voltage of 12 V is measured, then an energy di$erence of 12 V has been created. "is describes an energetic pressure di$erence within the in!nite energy density of space-time. Hence the electric voltage is a measure of the degree of an energetic pressure di$erence (broken symmetry) within the uniformly distributed in!nite energy density of space-time.

Quantum theories show that it makes sense to assume that all forces and energies presuppose such an energy di$erence (asymmetrisation) of space-time. "is means that all energy we deal with is derived from seemingly empty space-time in the !rst place. Subsequently, all systems that we know of are energetically open systems that exchange energy between the material aspect of e.g., an electric system and space-time.

At the same time, however, it is clear that the observable energy components are conserved. "erefore, it looks as though all known electromagnetic systems are in relation to the energetic exchange with space-time closed systems. "is can only mean that although these systems are in reality energetically open, they just behave like closed systems.

"e Research Laboratory for Vacuum Energy (RLV) has participated in developing a new model based upon an idea which comes from quantum electrodynamics theory (QED), where the so called virtual particle transfers, and creates the electromagnetic

Foreword

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Foreword

interaction. "is new model explains why electromagnetic systems behave like closed systems, meaning that it de!nes the mechanism which leads to the conservation of energy.

Leading on from this a new theoretical and practical concept was developed showing how an electromagnetic system can be built that also behaves like an energetically open system in relation to the energy contained within space-time. "e result is an energy conversion system that extracts energy from space-time and converts it into a useful form of energy.

"erefore, these new ‘Asymmetric Electromagnetic Energy Conversion Systems’ are already showing that a kind of “Free Lunch” does exist.

Now, just imagine that such a technology were to be introduced into the market.We would have unlimited access to a form of emission free energy at low cost,

everywhere and at any time. Many everyday goods could be manufactured signi!cantly more cheaply.Even the basis for greed per se could be removed at least partially.

Impossible you say? Well, the belief that there is no ‘(Quantum) Free Lunch’ will probably not persist in the 21st Century.

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Whenever a new electrical system is built, Maxwell’s equations are used in order to manage the %ow of electromagnetic energy. However, these equations, which were !rst presented in their original versions to the public back in the 1860s, are no longer up to date because they do not harmonise with modern scienti!c !ndings. Modern theories e.g., the QED theory, show that the electromagnetic !eld exists as a broken symmetry of space-time, and that the virtual photon transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction. "ese experimentally proven facts are simply not considered in the Maxwellian approach.

Virtual photons generate all electromagnetic forces and energies. As virtual photons simply pop into existence from seemingly empty space-time, one may conclude that space-time itself is the primary energy-carrying medium. "is approach has far reaching consequences regarding the entire energy conversion process in electromagnetic systems (as well as chemical and mechanical systems), and leads to a new understanding about where the energy that we deal with on a daily basis comes from in the !rst place.

"e challenge with this view is to shi# the point of perspective from the material aspect of the electromagnetic system into space-time. "e entire space-time surrounding us is not empty, but is !lled by an invisible form of energy. And at those places where a volume of space-time is occupied by a mass, this invisible energy obtains a ‘visible’, or in other words a ‘mass-like’, characteristic.

Empty space-time can be seen like something that is !lled with transparent water that is invisible to the eye. A mass existing within this space-time can be compared with an iceberg %oating in this invisible sea of water where all that we can see is the iceberg. Both the iceberg and the water are made up of H2O, and the only di$erence between the non-observable liquid water and the observable solid iceberg is the di$ering state. "is is similar to the transparent energy within space-time and the visible mass. Space-time energy exists everywhere, and where there is a mass, this space-time energy manifests or freezes into a visible (observable) form. "erefore mass is a quality of space-time energy.

Applying this view to a common electrical circuit opens up the possibility of viewing the entire energy conversion process from the space-time point of view. Consequently, all electromagnetic systems are energetically open systems, with respect to the energy within space-time. However, they behave like closed systems and if one follows today’s established theory of how electromagnetic systems function (Maxwell´s Equations), then one must also view them as systems, which are energetically closed, with respect to the energy within space-time.

It is the aim of this book to turn the tables and present a model that is based on a di$erent point of view, i.e., with space-time as the primary energy-carrying domain and the starting point of our perspective.

Introduction

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“The ! rst principles of things will never be adequately known. Science is an open-ended endeavour that can never be closed. We do science without knowing the ! rst principles. It does in fact not start from ! rst principles, nor from the end principles, but from the middle. We not only change theories, but also the concepts and entities themselves, and what questions to ask. The foundations of science must be continuously examined and modi! ed; it will always be full of mysteries and surprises.”

(A.O. Barut, “Debating the Final ! eory,” Foundations of Physics, 24(11), Nov. 1994, p. 1571)

Picture 1. A gigantic, bizarre fantasy castle with a lot of curious extensions and in front of it a very small, stylish wooden hut which is bursting withpride. On the door to the wooden hut there is the % ower of life and on the foundations on which the hut is standing are the words: “Time energy as source of observable energy”. On the castle´s foundation are the words “E=mc2”He is standing next to the small hut with a magnifying glass and he looks at the hut and says: -Hm, fascinating, totally new construction..

Introduction

Picture 1. A gigantic, bizarre fantasy castle with a lot of curious extensions and in front of it a very small, stylish wooden hut which is bursting withpride. On the door to the wooden hut there is the % ower of life and on the foundations on which the hut is standing are the words: “Time energy as source of observable energy”. On the castle´s foundation are the words “E=mc2”He is standing next to the small hut with a magnifying glass and he looks at the hut and says: -Hm, fascinating, totally new construction..

Time energy as source of

observable energy

E=mc2

Hmm, fascinating, a totally new construction..

PhysicsCommunity

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Introduction

Established physical theories are like a gigantic castle built by numerous scientists who have accomplished truly masterful achievements. "is castle, like any other building, has been built upon a foundation.

Due to the complexity of physics the RLV did not want to attach another theory to this castle, and therefore decided to build something completely new. At present this may be just a little hut to start with, but at least it is standing on its own foundation.

"e RLV is aiming for a fundamentally new approach that explains the energy conversion process in an electromagnetic system from the virtual particle (space-time) point of view. As soon as this is understood, it becomes clear that an additional class of electromagnetic systems exists. I will also show that it is possible to utilise space-time as a source of energy in such a way, that there is a higher real (observable) energy output from the system than was previously input in an observable form. "e missing energy comes from the virtual particles that originate from space-time. Independent tests prove that these experiments are a reality.

In this book a schematic model is presented that shows the energy conversion process in common electromagnetic systems from the virtual particle and broken symmetry point of view. Additionally, it describes both, a theoretical and practical approach to the extraction of an excess amount of observable energy from space-time. In this respect new terms and concepts have been developed.

Note: in this book terminology is used which may already have a certain meaning in physics. For linguistic reasons some of these terms have been used to express other meanings, which will become clear from the context.

Enjoy the read.

Marcus Reid Munich, 2014

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Maxwell´s !eory on Electromagnetism In 1864, when James Clerk Maxwell presented his equations to the Royal Society in

London, he assumed that there had to be an electrical ether that exists everywhere in space. "is ether would be the carrier for electromagnetic waves and energy.

“Whatever dif!culties we may have in forming a consistent idea of the constitution of the aether [sic], there can be no doubt that the interplanetary and interstellar spaces are not empty, but are occupied by a material substance or body, which is certainly the largest, and probably the most uniform body of which we have any knowledge.”

Maxwell, James Clerk (1878), “Ether”, Encyclopædia Britannica Ninth Edition 8: 568 - 572 en.wikisource)

Maxwell spoke of a ‘material’ substance. His statement about a material ether has lead to a peculiar situation. If the ether had material characteristics, this would have important consequences e.g., with respect to the energy conversion process in electromagnetic systems.

Let us imagine a simple, ideal electric motor. In this motor the electromagnet is placed on the outside of the casing and the permanent magnet is connected to the rotating axis. As soon as electrical energy is supplied into the electromagnet it is converted into a magnetic !eld. "is magnetic !eld subsequently exerts a force on the permanent magnet, and the axis begins to turn.

Picture 2. Motor, E-magnet, permanent magnet on axis with direct transfer – "is is exactly the way I know it, this makes sense

Chapter 1 - Virtual Photons in Electromagnetism

Following  Maxwell,  the  electric  input  energy  is  converted  directly  into  mechanical  energy.

This is exactly the

way I know it, this makes sense

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Maxwell´s !eory on Electromagnetism

We shall now look at what happens in the air gap between the electro- and the permanent magnet with reference to Maxwell. Maxwell applied the notion of a material ether, so the electrical input energy is assumed to be directly converted into a mechanical form of energy.

Here is a comparison. If the ether is meant to have a material characteristic, one could also insert a piece of material, e.g., a chunk of rubber into the air gap. "e rubber would then convert the electrical energy directly into a mechanical form of energy. When examining the behaviour of an electrical motor, this idea of a material ether seems to be consistent with reality. What goes in at the front comes out at the back. Furthermore, the energy is conserved since in an ideal system the mechanical energy exactly matches the amount of electromagnetic energy that has been put into the system. Hence, this seems to con!rm the idea that the electrical energy put into the system is directly converted into a mechanical form of energy.

Picture 3. Motor as in Picture 1 with rubber in between e-magnet and permanent magnet – Of course, this also complies with the conservation of energy which says that energy is only converted from one form to another and is neither lost nor does it simply originate from nothing. "is is very clear and 100% proven! – Really? Do you truly believe this is the case?

Static  force  field  between  permanent  magnet  and  electromagnet.

Really? Do you truly believe this is

the case?

Squeezed   piece  of  rubber

Of course, this also complies with the

conservation of energy which says that energy is only converted from one form to

another and is neither lost nor does it simply originate from nothing. This is very clear

and 100% proven!

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However, there is a problem with this approach. "ere is neither a piece of rubber nor any other material object between the electro- and permanent magnet. "is situation has motivated a number of physicists to !nd out whether such a thing as ‘a material ether’ really exists. In 1887, for example, Michelson and Morley tried to !nd a material ether by conducting the famous “Michelson and Morley” experiment – however without success *.

Picture 4. Interferometer with no light interference. "e interferometer is located on the globe and is on the side which is currently turning in the direction of the sun rotation. Men with twirled mustaches, dressed in the fashion of the time and with pipes between their lips.- Interesting, right?- Yes it is amazing. But if there is no material ether what else could there be in empty space-time?

Einstein´s Special and General !eory of RelativityJust a few years later when Einstein published his Special "eory of Relativity in 1905

and this theory did not require the presence of an ‘ether’, some physicists got the impression that one could do completely without it. Initially, Einstein assumed that space was totally empty. Soon a#er this, space became space-time, and the time %ow of objects that moved

Maxwell´s !eory on Electromagnetism

Interesting, right?

Yes it is amazing. But if there is no material ether what else could there be

in empty space-time?

Michelson-­Morley  experiment  showing  there  is  no  material  ether.

* On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether, American Journal of Science 34: 333–345

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Einstein´s Special and General !eory of Relativity

through this space-time in a fast way was altered. "e greater the speed and/or acceleration the slower the time %ow in the moving object. "e slowing down of the time %ow was said to be a characteristic of the space-time curvature, which impacts on the material object.

Picture 5. A planet with space-time curving and two clocks. "e clock on earth is slightly slower than the clock in space.- Wow, this Einstein, an incredibly brilliant idea but somehow also quite abstract. But how can space-time be bent when it is absolutely empty? Something would have to be there, right?

A  curved  space-­time  has  an  influence  upon  the  time  flow  of  observable  particles.

However, a completely ether free world brought diverse problems with it, because in fact there is an interaction between the material object and space-time. A few years a#er publishing the Special "eory of Relativity, Einstein introduced the General "eory of Relativity, which had a requirement for ‘metric ether’.

“Space-time does not claim existence on its own, but only as a structural quality of the !eld.”

(Prof. Albert Einstein, Nobel prize in Physics 1921, 5. May 1920)

Wow, this Einstein, an

incredibly brilliant idea but somehow also quite abstract. How can space-time be bent when it’s absolutely

empty? Something would have to be there, right?

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“We may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an aether [sic]. According to the general theory of relativity, space without an aether is unthinkable; for in such a space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility for the existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor any space and time wise distances in a physical sense. But this aether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of particles which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it“

(Prof. Albert Einstein, Nobel prize in Physics 1921, 5. May 1920)

Quantum !eoryIn fact a world without ‘an ether’ does not make much sense, as e.g., information and

electromagnetic energy move through space-time and interact with it. "is implies that there must be a medium that carries these waves and energy through space-time. As scientists tried to get a better understanding of what this carrier medium may consist of they decided to divide the !eld in space into units; in other words the !eld in space-time was quantized. "e quantum !eld theories emerged from this idea.

Picture 6. Space–time with structure and virtual photons. - To divide space-time into units is a good idea. One can also imagine how these units interact with material objects. - I agree.

I agree.

Space-­time  can  be  quantized  into  discrete  units  -­  each  unit  is  a  virtual  particle.

Einstein´s Special and General !eory of Relativity

To divide space-time into

units is a good idea. One can also imagine how these units

interact with material objects.

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Quantum !eory

According to quantum !eld theories space-time is not empty but completely !lled with so called virtual particles, which just emerge into existence from ‘nothing’ and shortly therea#er disappear back into nothing. "e concept behind the quantum !eld theories is that all forces and energies are created from the interaction between virtual and observable particles. Even matter itself receives its mass through an interaction with virtual particles (e.g. through the Higgs Boson).

“The meaning of quantum "uctuations is that even empty space-time is !lled with virtual particle pairs. These virtual particle pairs emerge from space-time, then the two charges move a little bit from each other and then again come together. After that they annihilate each other. One partner of the virtual particle pair has positive energy the other partner has negative energy.”

(Prof. Stephen Hawking, !e Universe in a Nutshell)

Picture 7. Virtual particles in space-time with a positive and negative charge. - Look, polar virtual particles are just emerging form nothing? Does this also mean that all forces and real energies are created by an energy which is created from nothing? "at is really mad. How can one reconcile this with the conservation of energy? - Just wait for it.

Just wait for it.

Virtual  particles  in  space-­time  with  a  positive  and  negative  charge.

Look, polar virtual particles

are just emerging from nothing? Does this also mean that all forces and real energies are created by an energy which is created from nothing? That is

really mad. How can one reconcile this with the conservation of

energy?

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Virtual Energy, another Quality of Energy Remarkably, virtual particles possess a special form of energy. "is energy has a quality,

which exists only in a virtual form. Virtual means that this energy does not really (in an observable sense) exist unless a virtual particle is created directly at or within a real particle, e.g., an electron. In this case the ‘virtual energy’, as I call it, is transferred from the virtual particle to the electron. "e electron can then be accelerated and thereby the virtual energy converts into an observable form of energy (Joule) *.

Picture 8. Virtual particles on an electron

- So only when the virtual particle makes contact with a real particle, a force is created on the electron and when it is accelerated, real energy is created from Nothing.- Correct, and when the virtual particle emerges in empty space-time in a certain distance to a mass, this form of virtual energy simply dissolves into nothing as if nothing had happened. So in an observable sense there is no energy in empty space-time. - Ok, so now there are two kinds of energy, A virtual form of energy and an observable form of energy. - Yes, thats exactly how I see it.

Virtual Energy, another Quality of Energy

Yes, thats exactly how I see it.

Virtual  particles  are  influenced  by  the  prescence  of,  for  example,  an  electron.  In  space-­time  exist  two  complimentary  forms  of  energy,  a  virtual  energy  form  and  an  observable  energy  form.

* In Fond Memory of Richard P. Feynman, Nobel 1965, http://www.numericana.com/ answer/feynman.htm

So only when

the virtual particle makes contact with

a real particle, a force is created on the electron

and when it is accelerated, real energy is created

from Nothing.Correct,

and when the virtual particle emerges in empty

space-time in a certain distance to a mass, this form of virtual energy simply dissolves into nothing as if nothing had

happened. So in an observable sense there is no energy in empty

space-time.Ok, so

now there are two kinds of energy, A virtual form of energy and

an observable form of energy.

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!e Quantum Vacuum is the Modern Day Ether

!e Quantum Vacuum is the Modern Day EtherIn relation to the quantum !eld theories the medium carrying the energy in space-

time was given a new name, the ‘quantum vacuum’. "e quantum vacuum (or simply the vacuum) is the modern day ether that does not have material characteristics. In this book, for simplicity, I will use the terms “quantum vacuum” and “space-time” interchangeably. Using these terms I do not only refer to Einstein’s space-time but simply to what the words space and time generally mean. With reference to Einstein’s space-time one could say that it is a component belonging to the quantum vacuum. One can visualize the quantum vacuum as a multi-dimensional domain in which the less dimensional Einsteinian space-time is included.

Picture 9. "e multi layered quantum vacuum with di$erent virtual particles labelled electromagnetism, strong interaction... Etc.- "is is really marvellous. In empty space resp. in the quantum vacuum everything you can imagine already exists but only in a virtual form and therefore you cannot see it.- Correct! To our eyes a quantum vacuum is empty but in reality it’s all happening in there.

The  quantum  vacuum  is  like  a  multi-­dimensional  domain  that  includes  everything  one  can  imagine.

This is really marvellous. In empty

space respective to the quantum vacuum everything you can

imagine already exists but only in a virtual

form so therefore you cannot see it.

Correct! To our eyes a quantum vacuum is empty but in reality it’s

all happening in there.

Virtual  particle  for  electro-­magnetism

Electron

Proton

NeutronQuarks

Virtual  particle  for  the  strong  interaction

Virtual  particle  for  gravity

Virtual  particle  for  the  weak  interaction

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“One can imagine the vacuum as an energy reservoir - virtual particles are those that emerge from the vacuum and momentarily borrow some of its energy. Their existence is "eeting and they disappear again into the vacuum taking the borrowed energy with them. Maybe this energy returns to its source or maybe it is transferred to particles at a different place.... Hence virtual particles function as transmitters which in"uence the interaction of more durable, stable particles.”

(Prof. Lisa Randall, Harvard University, -Warped Passages. Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe´s Hidden Dimensions- Nov. 2006)

Virtual Photons carry and cause the Electromagnetic Force "e quantum electrodynamics theory (QED) was developed in the middle of the

20th century and it describes for the !rst time the physical mechanism of how the electromagnetic and weak interaction works. In QED the virtual particle transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction.

Picture 10. Virtual particle transfers force to the electron, noting that the virtual particle emerged from nothing.- Really?! It has been proven that the entire electromagnetic energy surrounding us comes from nothing? And I was looking forward to a relaxed book!- Well, I am sorry but this was only the warm up round.

Virtual Photons carry and cause the Electromagnetic Force

A  virtual  particle  transmits  and  creates  the  electromagnetic  interation.

Well, I’m sorry but this is only the warm up round...

Really?! It’s been proven

that all the electromagnetic energy surrounding us comes

from nothing? And I was looking forward to a

relaxed book!

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!e Electromagnetic Field is made up of Virtual Particles

“The quantum electrodynamics theory attributes the electromagnetic interaction to the exchange with a particle, which is the photon. This process works in such a way, that an electron produces a photon, which then travels to another electron and thereafter disappears again into the vacuum. During this process the photon produces an electromagnetic force… The exchanged photon which has caused the classic electromagnetic force is in reality a virtual photon.”

(Prof. Lisa Randall, Harvard University, -Warped Passages. Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe´s Hidden Dimensions- Nov. 2006)

As with all theories the QED theory is a theory thought up by people. "erefore a theory never really describes how the world truly is but rather how we see it. Because of this fact it is important that experiments are carried out in order to con!rm that theories are as good as possible. And since the QED theory has been well approved it is thought to be one of the best theories in physics.

!e Electromagnetic Field is made up of Virtual ParticlesAt !rst we only observe a single electron in an area of ‘empty’ space-time. "is electron

is surrounded by an uncountable number of virtual particles that continuously emerge from space-time, and shortly a#erwards vanish again. Now the electron does something to these virtual particles. "e virtual particles are polar, meaning they possess a positively and negatively charged side. In my view these polar virtual particles, which come into being directly at an electron, are rotated and aligned by the electromagnetic charge of the electron. "e positive side of the virtual particle gets turned in the direction of the negatively charged electron, and consequently the negative side of the virtual particle is rotated away from the electron. Hence, when we measure an electron to see if it exists we never, in fact, measure the electron itself, but merely the negatively charged sides of the virtual particles that surround the electron. Hence, all mass is surrounded by virtual energy or, in other words, it is somehow isolated by it.

When a material object is examined with conventional methods we measure for example its mass or its electromagnetic !eld. "e electromagnetic !eld of an electron can be conceived as an alignment process of locally appearing virtual particles progressing at the speed of light. During this alignment process there is hardly any change to the position of a single virtual particle. All that moves is the alignment process itself, and not the virtual particles. "e positioning of a virtual particle can be imagined to be attached to a frame. "is frame can be seen as a matrix from where the virtual particles emerge. A certain

16

length and volume of a virtual particle alignment process in space-time can be considered as a classical photon. And to visualize such a real photon as a donut like alignment process, which is made up of many virtual particles has turned out to be helpful.

Picture 11. An Electron surrounded by many virtual particles positioning these virtual particles- So, you cannot actually see the material itself but rather the virtual particles around it?- Indeed, the real particles are, in a way, shielded by the virtual particles

“The connection between the !eld and its source charge has always been and still is the most dif!cult problem in classical and quantum electrodynamics.”

(D.K. Sen., Fields and/or Particles, Academic Press, London and New York, 1968, p.viii)

So, you cannot actually see the object itself

but rather the virtual particles around it?

Indeed, the real particles are, in a way, shielded by

the virtual particles

The  electron  acts  as  a  trigger  that  brings  order  to  the  virtual  particles  in  space-­time.

A  photon  is  made  up  from  several  aligned  virtual  photons

!e Electromagnetic Field is made up of Virtual Particles

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Picture 12, %ower..- So, when I look at a %ower I don’t actually see the material of which the %ower consists of but only the energy of the quantum vacuum, which surrounds the %ower’s atoms.- "at’s exactly it!

As soon as a virtual particle comes into being at an electron it is rotated and aligned. "e negative side of the !rst virtual particle will rotate the next virtual particle in a way that the positive side of the second virtual particle rotates to the negative side of the !rst virtual particle and so on. "is orientation process moves through space-time and as soon as a few virtual particles are aligned, the !rst virtual particle at the electron has disappeared again. "is on-going virtual particle alignment process represents the steady radiation of the electromagnetic !eld. Once the electromagnetic !eld has moved away from the source charge (e.g., an electron) it exists independently from that charge as a function of space-time. And when looking at this on-going process the number of aligned virtual particles decreases with the distance squared. "is is also the reason why the electromagnetic force decreases with distance squared.

That’s exactly it!

Virtual  particles  surround  and  isolate  the  observable  particles.

!e Electromagnetic Field is made up of Virtual Particles

So, when I look at a flower I don’t

actually see the material of which the flower consists of but only the energy of the

quantum vacuum, which surrounds the flower’s atoms

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Picture 13. Virtual particles, two electrons, transfer force onto the electron- Ok, so this is how the electric potential %ow moves through space-time. "is view makes sense because one can now imagine easily why the strength of the electromagnetic interaction decreases with distance and why it moves through space-time at a certain speed… the speed of light. - Correct. "e virtual particles only seem to be turned and aligned with a certain speed.

Ok, so this is how the electric potential flow moves through space-time. This view makes sense because one can easily imagine why the strength of the electromagnetic interaction decreases with distance and why it moves through space-time at

a particular speed...the speed of light.

Correct. This seems to be how fast the virtual particles can be turned and aligned.

Virtual  particles  create  force  upon  electrons.

!e Electromagnetic Field is made up of Virtual Particles

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In empty space-time, where there are no source charges and !elds, quantum %uctuations (virtual particles) emerge in a completely chaotic and evenly distributed way. I call this steady on-going process “virtual entropy”. “Chaotically distributed”, means that the orientation of the virtual particles’ charges point in a random direction. If you now place an electron into this empty space-time, it will start to align some of the virtual particles (order out of chaos). So one can view the electromagnetic !eld as a steady virtual negentropisation process of space-time, proceeding at the speed of light, which decreases with the distance squared.

Picture 14, electron, virtual particles, em. interaction decreases with distance squared.- I see, close to the electron much more virtual particles are aligned than in some distance to it.- Yes, and due to the point like radiation the em. interaction decreases with distance squared.

I see, close to the electron many more virtual

particles are aligned than at some distance to it.

Yes, and due to the point-like radiation, the e.m. interaction decreases

with distance squared.

The  density  of  alignment  events  of  virtual  particles  decreases  with  distance  squared.For  this  reason,  the  electromagnetic  interaction  decreases  with  distance  squared  as  well.

!e Electromagnetic Field is made up of Virtual Particles

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If a second electron is positioned near the !rst electron, the aligned virtual particles, emerging directly in and at the second electron, will exert a force. With this picture we return to the question of why the QED theory is considered one of the best con!rmed theories in physics.

Picture 15. Two electrons, virtual particles, uneven distribution of the virtual particles in and at the electron...force.- I like this a lot. "e electromagnetic force is created by more virtual particles pointing into one direction than virtual particles pointing anywhere.- Yes, indeed, that is why I see the cause for the creation of this force in a phenomenon, which could be described as an energetic pressure di$erence within space-time.

I like this a lot. The electromagnetic force is created by more virtual particles pointing into one direction than virtual

particles pointing randomly.

An  observable  force  occurs  due  to  an  energy  difference  between  two  unlimited  virtual  energy  densities.

Like  charges  repel

!e Proof of the !eory

!e Proof of the !eory"ere is a special property in relation to the electromagnetic !eld, which is radiated

from source charges. "e electromagnetic !eld does not only decrease with distance squared but there is an additional decrease. "e quantum vacuum itself swallows a little bit of the electromagnetic !eld’s virtual energy. "e mathematical description of this decrease compared to what is measured in experiments is the same for many decimal places, and

Yes, indeed, that is why I see

the cause for the creation of this force in a phenomenon, which could be described as an energetic pressure

difference within space-time.

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!e Proof of the !eory

it is known to be one of the most precise con!rmations of a theory. Hence, it seems that the hypothesis that the electromagnetic interaction is transferred and created by virtual photons matches reality pretty well.

Picture 16. Virtual Particles and Rotation- Very interesting. Sometimes an alignment process gets stuck and that is why the electromagnetic !eld´s energy gets literaily lost to space-time.- What impresses me is the precise con!rmation of this !eld energy loss through the experiment. "ere really seems to be something to these virtual pharticles.

Very interesting. Sometimes an alignment process gets stuck and that’s why the electromagnetic field’s energy

literally gets lost to space-time.

What impresses me is the precise confirmation of this field energy

loss through the experiment. There really seems to be something to

these virtual particles.

The  virtual  particle  alignment  process  does  not  proceed  through  space-­time  in  a  perfect  way.

“Not only the photon, but all bosons which are able to transfer an interaction do interact on their way to their destination with the vacuum. Pairs of virtual particles - the particle and its anti particle - are created and absorbed spontaneously from the vacuum. This process in"uences the net force of the interaction. Virtual particles have an in"uence on the boson and change the force of interaction. Calculations show that the force of the weak interaction and the interaction of the electromagnetic force, decline with distance.”

(Prof. Phys. Lisa Randall, Harvard University, -Warped Passages. Unravelling the Mysteries of the Universe´s Hidden Dimensions- Nov. 2006)

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Is Energy really conserved?"is leads to an interesting thought. For an ideal electric motor i.e., when taking into

account all losses through friction, heat and so on, the coe&cient of performance (COP) is not exactly at 100%. Why is that? "e magnetic !eld, which is located in the air-gap between the electromagnet and the permanent magnet, loses a little bit of its energy when moving through space-time. "is decrease of energy has to be added to the regular decrease occurring due to the “distance squared” so a little bit of the energy is literally lost to space-time. "e consequence of this is signi!cant as it means, that the conservation of energy does not apply to any known electromagnetic, chemical or mechanical system. Even if the di$erence from the 100% mark is only very small and not of relevance in our daily life, it is an important issue in terms of our understanding of where the energy that surrounds us actually comes from.

Picture 17. Motor with decreasing energy in air gap- Wow, this is amazing. And I thought that energy was always conserved 100% in an ideal system.- Yes, one can look at it in one way or another. Basic physics` rules are not absolute. "ese rules have to be constantly renewed to the evolving state of our consciousness. However, when taking into account the virtual energy within the quantum vacuum, then there is no issue with the !rst law of thermodynamics since we are dealing with an energetically open system. Although one has to approach the subject of energy from a di$erent point of perspective.

Is Energy really conserved?

Amazing! I thought that energy was always conserved

100% in an ideal system.

Electromagnetic  interaction  decreases  because  the  quantum  vacuum  swallows  a  little  bit  of  its  energy.

Air-­gap  within  electric  motor

Small  electromagnetic  energy  loss  to  space-­time  due  to  faulty  rotation  events  

of  virtual  particles

Yes, one can look at it in one way or another. Basic physics rules are not absolute, they have

to be constantly renewed to the evolving state of our consciousness. However, when taking into account the virtual energy within the quantum vacuum, there is no issue with the first law of thermodynamics since we

are dealing with an energetically open system. Here one has to approach the subject of energy

from a different point of view.

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Is Energy really conserved?

“The fun only begins once you know the rules. Currently we are still busy reading the instructions manual of the universe”

(Prof. Richard Feynman)

Maxwell’s equations, which are still in use today, do not take into account modern ! ndings from QED, nor do they consider the fact that there is no material ether. Having this in mind one may ask whether the Maxwellian equations still describe the energy conversion process in common electrical systems correctly? When using the hypothesis of a non-material ether - as suggested by QED – a new possibility arises of how to describe the energy conversion process in an electromagnetic system.

Picture 18. Dusty book by Maxwell- Indeed, lets do something new. Maxwells stu$ from the 1860s is really not up to date anymore. If an electric engineer today builts a new nuclear power plant he uses the Maxwellian equations. Why not use the most advanced theory (QED) on electromagnetism when it comes to common electric systems? A new approach is more than overdue.- Right, back then they did not even know about the electron. Electrical energy was just a kind of electrical % uid. And they were using a material ether.. It´s time for a change.- Yes we can!

Picture 18. Dusty book by Maxwell- Indeed, lets do something new. Maxwells stu$ from the 1860s is really not up to date anymore. If an electric engineer today builts a new nuclear power plant he uses the Maxwellian equations. Why not use the most advanced theory (QED) on electromagnetism when it comes to common electric systems? A new approach is more than overdue.- Right, back then they did not even know about the electron. Electrical energy was just a kind of electrical % uid. And they were using a material ether.. It´s time for a change.- Yes we can!

Lets do something new. Maxwell’s stuff from the 1860’S is really dated. If an electrical engineer today builds

a new nuclear power plant he uses the Maxwellian equations. Why not use the most advanced theory (QED) when it comes to common electric systems? A

fresh approach is overdue.

Right, back then they didn’t even know about the electron.

Electromagnetic energy was just a kind of electrical fl uid. And they where using a material ether.. It’s

time for a change.Indeed it is!

Maxwell’s  theory  of  electromagnetism  needs  an  update!