STATE OF FLORIDA

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCESVirginia B. Wetherell, Executive Directo!

DIVISION OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENTJeremy A. Craft, Director

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYWalter Schmidt, State Geologist and Chief

Open File Report No. 53(Revision of Special Publication No. 23)

GUIDEUNES FOR AUTHORS

by

Ed Lane

Aorida Geological SurveyTallahassee, Florida

'992

ISSN 1058-1391

CONTENTSPage

Introduction ...•...................•..••..••.....••..•..•..•..•.....•.••..•..•. 2Types 01 publleaUons Issued by Florida Geological Survlll'/ ..••.....•..•..•.••.••.••.••..•. 2Notes to euthOfS ••.•.••.••.••..•..••..•..••••••..•......•..•......•.•.....•.•.. 4Editorial rlWllllw al manuscripts ..................•.•.•...•...........•..•........... 5Guide/inn lor critical reviewe~ ..........................••.......•..••.••......... 5Standard lormal for publications ...............•..•..•..•..•..•........•..•..•...... e

Mlltric System •••••..•••••.••..••..••.••..•..••.••.••..•.••.••.•..•..••.. 7Contllll'lts ••.•...........•.......•..•..•..•.••.••.••.........•••••••.••.. 8Tlkt 01 Report 9Lett.. al Transmittal •.••.•..•.•...•...•.••..•..•..•.•••.•.••.••..•••••.•... 9Contllnts end headings •.••••••.••..•••.••.••••••.•••••..•..••••••••••.•... 9AcknOYAltdgemllntl ., .• , ••.••••.•••.•..•...•.•••.•.••.....•..•••••.••••... 9Abstract • . . • . • • . • • . • • . • • . • • • • • • . • • . • . • • . . • • • • . . • . • • . • • • • • • • • • . • . . • • . • • . 10Introduction ..•...•.••..•.••••••.•••..•..••••••.••.•••••••••••••..••••.. 10Text .•.......•..•••••.•....•••.•••.••..••.••••••.••.••..•.••••....•.. ,10Summary and concllJSlons ••.......................•..•..•.•••.••••..•••••. 11Referenc,", selected blbUography, or blbUography ••.••••••••••••••••••••.••••••. 11Illustllltlons •...........•.............•.•...•.•.•••.•••••.••..•...•••.•• 14Appendices •...••.••.••••••.••.•••••••.••..••.••.••••••••••••••.••.•••. 15Index .••.••.•.•..••.•....•....................•..•..•..•..•.••.••.••.. 15

Preparation end review of Illustrations .....•.••..••..••.•••..•.••.••.••..•.••........ 15Review procedure .......................•.......•..•..•..•..•.••.•..••.• 15Standard dimensions •.••..••..•..••.•.•..••.••.•••.••.••.••.••.••.•..••.• 15Locality and well numbering system .....•••.•.•.••...•.••..•..•..•..•.......• 17

Geologic maps, stratigraphic cotumns. and cross sections ..••..••.••.••.••.••.••.•..•..• 17Legends ........••.••.••..••..••.••..•••.••.••.••.•••.••.•...•.......• 17lithologic and stratigraphic symbols ........•.........•..•..•..•..••••••..•.•• 20Color ...••.•.•..••.••.••.••.........•••••••.••••••.••.••.•.•••••.••.•• 20

Florida systems .••.•.••.••.•..••.••..••..•••.••..••.••.••.••.••.•............. 20letter symbols ......................................•.•...••.••.••.•..•• 20Abbreviations for Florida county names .•••.••...••.••.••••••••.••.••.••.••... 22

FIGURES

1 Layout and dimensions for a standard page ..•....•..•..••.••.••.••.••.•.••.••• 1e2 locality and well numbering system •••.••..••..••..•..••.•••••.••.•..•..•.... HI;, Map showing necessary legend Information ..••..••..•.•••.••••••••..••........ 194 Explanation column for geologic maps ..•••..................••.•..••••.••.••. 21

TABLE

1 Standard converslon factor table ..••..••...•..•..•..••.••.••.••.••••.•..•.... 72 Abbreviations for Florida county nam," .••.....••.••..••.••.••.••...•..••..... 22

APPENDICES

A Standard lormats of typical pagel for Florida Geological Su.....1Il'/publicatlons .••..••.••..•..••..•...•..•..••....•....••.••..•...... 2;'

B Lett.. symbots lor natTlft of Florida geologic formations ...........•..••.•.••.•..•• 38

GUlDEUNES FOR AUTHORS

by

Ed Lane, P.G. 141

INTRODUCTION

The original vllrlion of this guide was publishlld ., 1980. The prWnary .,tent of thai guide WilS toprovide a standardized approach to the mllChanlcal processes that are necessary lor in-house and outsideauthors' preparation 01 manuscripts for printing. Since then, the Aorida Geological Survey (FGS) MSgone to nor-total computer preparation 01 manuscripts and Illustration,. These changes have made itimperalive that the Survey's guidelines be updilted and revised to rellect the new techniques andtechnology that are available to most authors. The procedur.s and conventional usages outlined h....supercede those al the 1980 edition.

Th. editoriel standards lor ltVltfY FGS publication - excellence of presentation, scientific accuracy,clarity 01 meaning, and technical superiority in printing - remain as the InIditional goals against v.tlicheach proposed manu,cript wlU be measured.

It Is recognized that the final printed products wlU be diverse. Much of this diversity is in thecontent. the messag., the author's style, and the ~lustrations. By standardiZing symbology, proceclurn,and materials, it wlQ be possible to decrease production tim., thereby saving money. Th. techniques setforth herein wiD produce divldends for both the FGS and the authors. Such techniques win produce astandardized lormat for pUblications, hence, a mora prolll$slonal look. They win decrea,e the labors ofauthors, drallsmen, editors, and prlnt.rI.

This guide speaks only bnel!y to grammar, writing style, or related topIcs. It is not int&nded toanswer~ question that may arise as 10 proper geological tenninology or manuscript writing. Th_ar. marry aUlhor1latIYe publications that may be consulted on these topics. In !act, it Is recommended thatthey be consulted 10 reso"'e eny qullStions not ensw-.d hera. Good relerences are:

GIosu1y ofGeoJogy, 11181, by R.L Bates and J.A. Jackson (editors): Am.rican GeologicalInstitute, Wuhington, DC.

Sugge.stions 10 Aulhors 01 the Repom of the United Stales GeokJg/caJ Survey, 1989 (1theel.), U.S. Government Printing Office, Wa,hington, DC.

TYPES OF PUBUCATlONS ISSUED BY THE FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The FGS is concerned not only with geological research, but it also hes statutOlY responsibilitiesto make surveys 01 and .xplorations I()( Ihe minerals, wat., supply, and other natural resources of thestate. It regulates the exploration lor end production of hydrocarbons, and Is requlreclto prepare reportsend maps p.rtalnlng to these aClMtl". The FGS produces a variety 01 publications to meet the need,01 its diverse activ~les and the needs 01 Industry, the sdentiftc community, other govemmentalegencies,and the public. These publicatIons range from classic studies that represent major contributions 10 theknowledge 01 Florida's geolollY and natural resources, to Interim data publicatloos or generatlnlormationreports v.tllch Inlonn the public about variou, aspects 01 geolollY. No matter what thelr nature, all FGSpublicalloo, are subject to crllical review. Final assignment of a publlcallon to ooe althe following seriesrests with the Survey Chief.

2

BULLETlNS are comprehensive report. on geological or related studies. The scope 01 the report1& usually 01 a broad regional nawre, for eumple: "Springs 01 Florida: "Geology of Jackson County: or"Stratigraphy and Zonation of the Ocala Group." They may be ollny length, but are usually llinal report01 some phase 01 a research project and are U1ustrated In a manner su~ed to the subject Subjeea mayinclude, but are not restricted to, county reports, systemallc areal mapping, water resources report.l,paleontological reports, geomorphological reports, and economic minerals reports.

REPORTS OF INVESTIGATIONS are comprehensive reports on geologIcal orrelated studies. butara nalTowet In scopt! than Bullellns. These reports usually represent the results of localU:ed studies, orare reconnaissance reports. for example: "Geology of the Westem Part of Alachua County: or "Glound­Water RG$Ources of the Hollywood Area: Illustrations may be of any suitable typa.

SPECIAL PUBUCATlONS are publications not readily assignable 10 other categories, but whichcontain geological or related Information 01 slgnllicantlnterest to the scientific community or the public.Examples are: "Summary of the Geology of Florida end a Guidebook to the Classic Exposures: "Guide10 Rocks and Minerals of Florida: and "Environmental Geology and Hydrogeology of th, Ocala Am.'They may be Illustrated in any suitable manner.

INFORMATION CIRCULARS may be reports ola preliminary naMe, such as Interim report. oncontinuing projects, or reconnaissance reports. They may be final to the extent lhat further wonc Is notantlclpated, such as Inventory repo~ or tabulations of data. They may be ~Iusllated with maps orligures.Examples are:

Inlormation CirCUlar 105, 1lJ8lJ: Part I • '"'- Industrial Minerals Industry Directory 01florida.

Information Circular lOll, liSQ: 1l18l5 and 1lJ87 FJ.oricb. Petroleum Production andExploration.

MAP SERIES are maps consisting of singla shaals. Dimensions are opllonal, depending on thenature of the material. They may be In color and may be printed on both sides olthe sheet They usuallyhave a brilllaccornpanying text of an explanatory or su/lvTlllfy nawra, and may include cross sections orother dillgrams. Examples are:

Map Series 100, HI80: EnvironmtKltal Geology Series· West Palm BllBch Sheet.

Map Series 131, 1lllilO: Minerai Rnources 01 Alachua County, Florida.

LEAFlETS ara publications 01 only a lew pagas and relata to ganeral Meas ollnteresl Becausethetexl is usually ola general. public-interest or educational nawre, they should be mustrated. Color maybe used. Some examples era:

Leal\el 13. 1984: Geologic Guide to the Stata Parks 01 the Florida Plnhandla Coast - SI.George Island, St. Joseph Peninsula, SI. Andrews and Grayton Beach State Partes andRecreation Areas.

L.eallet 14, 1986: Geology 01 the State Partes in the Florida Keys.

POSTERS are printed on one slda only and vary In slza. They may ba in color. By nawre,posters are designed lor wide distritM.ltion, so the best topics are those with broad pUblic interest oreducalional content. Examples 01 postl!f'S lhat hava been printed are: 'Florida Minerals: and 'SelectedCenozoic Benthic Foraminifera From FlOr1da:

,

OPEN FILE REPORTS are leu formalin format thall the pre<:edlng sllries 01 publicaoolls. Theyare reproduced by photocopyillg. as IIHded. Thb lormat lends itsell to the rapid promulgatioll ofInlormatiOl'l Of data. Although usually 0I'I1y a '- pages 1000g. they may be 8/1)' length. IluslratiOl'ls callbe ellY type that photocopy. Some examples are:

Opell File Report 30, 1lXK1: Summary 01 the Geology 01 Gllldes County, Florida.

Open File Repon 40, 161: Eanhquakes alld Selsmk: Hislory of Florida (revision ofInlDm'\8.tion Circ:ulllr 83).

NOTES TO AUTHORS

In order lor allY manuscript to be cOl'lsldered for publication by the FGS, or IOf. to be accepllJdfor any lomI of public reeord, it musl be authored by a Iicllnsed prolesslonal geologist, as required byChapler 492, Florida Statutes. This IllclOO.. allY manuscript that makes Illterpretations of geology orthatdraws geological COIIcllllians which afleet public health or weltare.

Arrt author whowishll$ to submit a manuscrlpllo the FGS lor COl'lslderation for publication shouldfiBt review 1I1n light of these guldelln... The guldelilles presented here should be cOllsldered only asminimum requiremllflts. D9Ylatlons from these guld&lll1es should first be discussed wfth the Survey'seditor.

lMlile this is not Intended to be a mat'lual to dictate styles of writing, auth(n should note thelotlowing eommoll errors aIId proofread their manuscripts with all eye towards eliminating thWl'l. The useof slallg. trite expressions, bun-words, or burea.u~leM Is categorieally wrong lor sclltlltille writing.ScientJfi<: writing has no use lor any of the poor grammar that Is In everyday use. By lis natura, scienlillcwriting must be preeiM. An author's war\< musl be capable of being ulldefllood by his peen. Anythingthat allows the tead... \0 ambiguously Interpret an author's words destrO'fs the main obJeetive 01 thewritillg, which Is to communicate !acts. Buv;·words, bafllegab, and bUI'NuCl*lese create en opposlleeffeet; they obscure, water-dawn, or destroy precision. It Is not possible to Ilstd such grammatical errorsIn this limited space, but e few examples wiB ~Iustrate what wary author ahould anempt to eliminate.

~e und ovlK'lylng the limestOl'le waa !!!Itt thick." CE!.!!!x Is dimensionless end add.nothing 01 value to the deseription of the outcrop. II the author had 8JlJImined theoutcrop, he should be eble 10 stale l'ftIether the und was alx Inches or six.leet thic:k.l

'Quantities 01 good rock are available along the rWer.· (Good is Interpretive, dependingupon the readllf's experiltllce. In this ease, perhapa the .uthor should have describedIhe rock's minlllf1lJogy. or othlll" physic:al features••lId then stated, "Quantities 01 rock ere.V11llable along the tiller that ere good lor rip-rap.'

A multivariate approaeh 10 optimizing the obluscatorial nature of all author'a ein:ultousrendition of a manuscript would probably be a J!2!!. Sequitur. (What more need be saidregarding this writing style?)

Buzz·words .lId bureaucratese ere prwalllfli in 81 types of written, spoken, and visualeommunll:ltlons. The "·Is.. syndrome Is evident eve1)'Wh...,: eostwbe, pl"ocecfurewise, optimize, and soon. 00 not append '-be' to 8/1)' other word.

•

The use 01 the flRt person Ilngular II dis.couraged: authors should tty to use the passive form.Instead 01"1 discovared thlt..... write, "ll. WIll dilcovered that....• In scienlilic writing whet ia discoveredor proposed Is usually more ImpO/Ulint than the discovelW.

It is good prllCtlee to devote the openlllg paragraph of each chapter or major section 10 Istatement of what the Ulction contains.

Avoid Intemal cross· references using page numbers. The correct page number Cllnnot bedetermined and Inserted until the final pagll-proofstage of typesetting. InflYltably, a numberwll be missedor In Incorrect number will be Inserted.

A company name, trademarl!, or other proprilllary materilll .hould not be used In FGS reportsunleu there ere compelling reasons to do so: and then only after p8fTllission to do so has been obtainedfrom the proPel" company authority. This rule appl~ also to photographs 01 a company's equipment,property, or operations that are Intended as Illustrations.

A convention that is followed by the FGS Is that both singular and plural names 01 gllOloglcallormations, geographical features. and counties are capitalized. For example: .... Ocala and SuwanneeUmestone:s..... •...St. Johns and Wlthlacoochee Rivers..... •...Leon and WakUlla Countl..... ."

West-to-east geological cross sections and topographic profiles should be constructed as thoughviewing from the south (west is on thelefl: side). NortMo-south cron se<:tions and topographic profilesshould be constNcted as though viewing Item the west (soulh Is on the right sIde).

Composite Englisn-metric bar scales must belnclucled on all maps, cross UlctiOnS, ortopographicprofiles. A north arrow must be shO'M'l on al Uluslfatlons, as appropriate.

In paleontological listings or refllOlnces th.formalgenonc and Ipe<:tnc names must be underlinedIn the text by the euthor. This Is necessary beeause these names will be typeset In italics. Supmgenericend englicized names are not ita~clzed, e.g.• the author would write: "Th. genus Splriler Is In the familySpiriferidae ...."ich Includes the true Ipirilers." It would be typeset al: "The genus Splrlf9f Is.....

EDITORIAl. REVIEW OF MANUSCRIPTS

Critical review plays a major role" lInsumg high quality of scientific reports. Review should bethorough and It should address au aspects of a manuscript

All manuscripts submitted to th. FGS for publication wli be reviewed by the FGS editorial reviewcommittee. Thll Survey Chief may requntl\lrthel" review by Iclentists or professionals outsIdll thll FGS.While pller revillw by FGS stan members is a pall 01 their normal duties, It is ~Iomary for the author toacknowledgll them In tha Acknowledgements section.

As thll last step In the review process the manuscript wlfl go to the FGS editor, who wi. martlltwith Instructions lor layout, format, or Ityill.

QUIOEUNES FOR CRlT1CAL REVtEWERS

The FGS has adopted a standard reviewel$' check listlhatls attached to each manuscrlpt priorto bIlgi,.,lng the ""house review process. This che<:k list Is to remain attached to the manuscript throughthe first and an subseqlWt\t phases of review, until final typesetting.

,

1. Draning is tim..c:omwming and c:ompktx. Changes 1n Klustrations should be made near the beglMlng01 the review proc:edufe. not during IInal proofing. For this r..son. e IIrst dran 01 an menosc:ripls. YAth eUproposed lIIusll1ltions or photographs. will be routed to dralllng stan IOf c:omments regarding layout. style,Of size. The authOf win be responsible IOf modillc:atlons belore clrc:ulatlng the next dran.

2, A erlUcal revlewer Is not a 'ghost writer," and no author should expect their report to be rewritten lorthem. Peer discussion prior to submission 01 the manusc:ript may generate newld..s and material, butc:ritlcal review should not be expec:ted to subst~ute lor such discussion.

3. All data and lactual InlormatiOfl must be presented clearly, cOflclsely. and unambiguously. WhileauthOf1: and rlYlewers may disagr.. on the conclusions which can be drawn !rom the data presented,there should be no disagreement about the dalll themselves.

4. AuthOfll may prasent new hypotheses or variations 01 previously accepted points 01 view. ReviewersmU$lensure tnat such hypothesIS are basad on and Ire reasonable Interpretations olthe dalll containedIn the report. In some caS" the facts may lend themselves to more than one c:onc:luslon, and the authorshOUld c:onslder presenting such altemative Interpretations. Critical reviewers have a duty to point outalternative Interpretations or hypotheses to authors. II the sc:ope of the report WBmlnts It. However, therevlew process is not the place to try to resolve all aspects of differing hypotheses. It Is not necessarythat author and revlower agree on a c:ommon c:oncluslon. The author Is entitled to state his preferenceamong different hypolheses, but he must also be prepared to slale the basis lor his prelerence. Hispreference should be supported by the data prllSented in the report.

5. DOllS the report present dalll or results that would be more suited to a different mode 01 publlc:atlon,perhaps in a technical Journal? II so. the revlllWllr should suggest to the author that this be considered.

6. II the author has made use 01 materialalreacly published, have proper relerences been given? Crossc:heck the relerence list. It Is the responsibility of the author to s..rch out complete references: all therevillWllf need do Is point out suspec:ted errors or omlnlons,

7. Is the report too long? Too short? The reviewer should have no hesillltion In c:ommenting on apparentwordiness Of nllKldless repltitlon. On the other nand. a more thorough disc:usslon of some topic may bemore enlightening to the reader.

II. Pay careful attention to scientific tenninology. Do all tenns. equations, or analytical proceduresconform to c:ummt, ac:c:epted standards? If in doubt. a relerence should be requested by the reviewer,It may be prudent lor the author to so relfienc:e the text.

g. The r~r should not hesltale to question the VlIlue 01 any Illustration. Perhaps the Inlormationcould be better shown in a tabular listing.

10. DOllS the author present data. locations. or other Important Inlormation in the text. which are nOlshown on thellluslI1ltlons? Are data shown on the flIustratlons which Ire not referenced In the text? TherevlllWllf should point out suspected incOflsislencl" lor the author to check.

STANDAAD FORMAT FOR PUBUCATIONS

One of the rnaln Idvantlgn 01 following a standard format for publications Is that it helps authOf1:to present their material In a logical and Ofderly mlMer. Authors should sludy rlC4lflt publications 01 theFGS in order 10 better understlnd the following disc:ussion•

•

METRIC SYSTEM

The National Metric Conversion Act of 1975 prOYidI'd lofth. orderty transilJon olthe United Slates'system 01 m",surement from English units to metric units. The metric system is also known" SI(Systeme International 0( International System).

The lollowing conveotions shOl,l!d be obsel'lllld in using and citing tha metric system.

1. Th. lymbols are always in Roman type.2. Symboll ere never pluralized, e.g., mlllirnetGl'l - mm, not mms.3. A period Is not used after a symbol, IIJlcept to end a sentence.4. When a symbol Is comprised 01 letters, a full space Is left between the numbllf and symbol, e.g.. 45

kg. An exception Is ...men a symbol such as the degree symbol directly follows I number, e.g.,3~C.

5. Symboll lor metric units should always be used: unit names should nol be writton 0U1 exc~ ingeneraltenns, such as •••.leveral meters ~t of .....

6. When a decimal traction oll..s than 1.0 Is used, a zero shOl,l!d amays be placed to thelelt 01 thedocimal point, e.g.. 0.78 kg.

In order to prevent much awkward duplication of parenthetical conversions 01 units within the text01 reports, the FGS has adopted the practice of inserting a tabular listi"ll of conversion fectors, lIS shownbelow. II the slandard tabla does not inClude every unil used In the menusClipl, the author must add theextra units to Ihe table. This table Is placed on the Inside lront cover 01 ell printed FGS publlcallons.

Tabl.1. Standard converalon factor table, locatad on the llUIlde fronl cover.

• • • •• Start of Table· ••••

CONVEflSION FACTORS and ABBREVIATIONS

This table 01 the most commonly !Bed converslon factors Is provided lor readers...mo may wamto convertEnglish units Into metric units.

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

inch (in) 25.' millimeter (mm)

Inch (in) 2.... centimeter (ern)

Inch (In) 0.0254 meter (m)

foot (Il) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (m!) 1.609 kilometer (km)

sq. foot (ft') 0.09290 sq. meter (m~

sq. mile (mp) 2.590 sq. kilometer (km2)

acre (ac) 0.4047 hectare (ha)

acre (Ie) 4047.0 sq. meter (m")

cubic foot (ft') 0.02832 cubic meter (m")

7

o;ublc yard (yd") 0.764(1 o;ublc melar (m")

gallon (gaij 3.785 I~ ... (l.)

gaQons ~r minute (gpm} 0.06300 liters per "cond (UI)

galonl per minute (gpm) 0.0022 cubit IIIHtVleeond (cb)

galonl per minute (gpm) 0._ cubic: melenJ-eeond (m")

t1JbIe leeVleeond (eIs) ... gaDonl par minute (gpm)

cubic: leeVleeond (eIs) 0.021132 cubit melarsheeond (m")

pound (Ib) 0."'" kilogram (kg)

lon, Ihort (2,000 Ibs) 0.9072 megagram (Mg)

lon, long (2.240 Ibs) 1.016 megagram (Mg)

Fahrenheit (F) 5/9 (F-32) Cenligrade

s.. Level: In this report, -lea level" rel~ to the National Geo<iGtie Vettieal Dalum 011929 (NGVD 011929) - a geodetle datum derived!Jom a general adiustmenl of the firsl-order level nets of both the UnitedStales and C.nada, formerty ealled ·Sea Level Dalum 011929" or "mean sea Iwel {MSl)."AIthough thedatum was dllltved !Jom the average sea lwei over a period of many years al 26 lide slations along theAllantie, Gull 01 Mexico, and Pacific coasts. it dOllS not nfleenarily repl"eunl loeaJ mean sea lwei al anypartieulat plae4l.

• '" '" '" '" end o'Tebl•• * *. *

CONTENTS

With the exceptions of map leries, post..... , and leaftets, all FGS publleatlonl have a lormal thatelosely loIlows the Ilenel'k Contents page Iliven below. Examples 01 cover, t~le page, eablnet listil'lllpag., lettlli'" 01 tnlnsmiltal, end publieation d.ta page are llustrated ., AppendiJ; A.

The generle example below shows the ordar 01 presentation.

CONTENTS

AeknowledgemenuAbstraet (II used)IntroduetionMain body 01 text

SubseetJons (list titles)

Summary or ConClusionsRelwences

•

Figures1 ... (list captions)2 •..

AppendicesA (lisl titles)B ..

TITlE OF REPORT

Authors need to choose the title 01 their report with ure, and in accordance with the loIlowingrequirements. explicit titles and headings ere necesury due 10 Increasing use 01 computerized Indexingand inlormation retrieval systems.

1. The title 01 the report should state conclsett the nalure, major discipline. Ind the location 01 the study.2. Chapter headings and SUbheadings should state III mljor concepts In their respectivl sections 01 the

report.

LETTER OF TRANSMlnAL

A IlItter 01 transmittal, to the Governor Irom the FGS Chief, Is included In III FGS publications.except open file reports. map serln. poslerll. and 1..lIets. It Is not an abstract. Its purposes are: 1) toInlroducethe report to the Govemor, who sits as Chlllmln ollhe Executive Board 01 the Department 01Natural Resources; and 2) to brle~ Indlcale the purpose and nature 01 the Btudy, Ind how the reporthelps to mlitGl FGS or departmental obJectivu. It Is the author's responsibility 10 provide I draft ollheIlItter lor fIlView by the FGS Chlel.

CONTENTS AND HEADINGS

The contenls plge Ilsls the headings 01 the main divisions 01 the report. Theluthor'l drall ollheconlents page ollhe manuscripl must show the hierarchy Ind the relalive importance 01 III sectionalheadings used. This Is done by successive Indentations, which will be used .s I guide In typesenlng, asshown by the lollowing generic example.

GEOLOGYPhysiography

Northern HighlandsTanahassee Hills

ACKNO~DGEMENTS

These should be collectivett It one place In the Ironl 01 the report. Assistance rendered bypersons regarding scientific contributions or Blgnlllcant editorial review should be acknowledged.Acknowledgemenl 01 review by FGS staff has been discussed above. In some caS", acknow1l1dgementmay be given to a co-avthor. as dlscusslld In the following sections on Joint Ind contrlbutld luthorshlp.

.EY!! Joint authorship. Each luthor namld should have made a substantial contribution, both 10 therlSearch and writing 01 the marnJscripL Nlmes may be arranged alphabetically. or may be by seniorauthor lirst, Iollowed by others. This might be cited as:

Johnson, J.G. and Smith, R.L. li67. Geology 01 leon Quadrangle: Florida Geological

•

Survey Bulletin X. 120 p.

Common sense must ptllMlU IIthere lIrl many jointalllhors. Ustings on the cover of a pUblicalion of morlthan three contributors creale ditl\cultillS lor libnuy catalogUeR and others W'ho wish to c~e Iha wor\(. Thastandard style of cilatlon lor mu~iple authors Is:

Hitch, W.T., al aI., 1978, ..•

Conlribyted authOBhip, Tha leader 01 a project is normally the senior author and has had Ihl majorresponslbqity !of' assembling the 11K\. In othar cases senior authorship mUll be dflClded by mUllJalconsent.

Th.e may be irlstances wh.e contributions 01 colleagues or Junior authors may warrant citationIn Mure relerences. For example, the senior author may wish 10 acknowledga significant contributiormby student assistants 10 r_tch ProJects, such as the compllallon or preparatlon of tables or analylicaldata (mineral analyses, lossU determinations, gravity charts, maps). The legend or caption for thecompllallon should clearly slatl wherelha WOr\( was dona, the compller'1 or experimenler's name. andthe method usad. Whera pOllible, such compilations should be grouped together in tabular 10IlTI or IIan appendix, prllarably II a leperala item at the and of tha report. The captlon should have the nameoltha penlon(.) responsible, so thaI it may be cited In other publications.

ABSTRACT

Abstracts ate useful lor hy-word cataloging, and to glvatha reader a quick review ollhe report'smain contents. !vi abstract should be included In Bullelins and Aeports of Investigations. Depending onIhe nature of the material, they may be approprlale for SpfIClal PUbUcations and Information Circulars,also.

If an abslract is included, iI should go before the Introduction on Ihe first page of the main text!vi abstract should be brief. as the name impU... It should stala the main concapt or hypolhKls, purposeand scope of thl study, and a short recapitulation of results or findings.

INTROOUCTlON

The first paragraph olthllntroduction should set Iorttt tha .tudy's objectives and how the studycontributes 10 the wor\( 01 the FGS or Departmenl of NaIUlllI Resourcas. The nature and scope ollhestudy should be described, as well as Investigative lechniquas used.

Other topics thai often are Included In this section aTe the location and Ilze 01 the Sludy area, anexplanation 01 the Iocallty and _II numbering system, and ref.ences to previous invtlStigationl.Depending on the nature 01 the Iludy, lome oIherlopicllhal may be included lire lransportation, climale,populalion, economics, geomorphic fllillturas, drainage, lind IIny Information that is of periph..... value 10the main sludy.

TEXT

The arrangement of the sections of the main body ollhe lext wiU vary due to the nalure of thereport In mOSI casu, howevef, successtv. sections of a report will pass logically from generalInlormation OntroductJon, Generat Geology, etc.), 10 specltk: loplcs, and back 10 general (Summary).

Thelargullubdivision of an FGS publication, the chapter, is designaled by a maJor heading, IIIlhown by the example In Ihl above lectlon on Contents and Headings. In the example, "GEOLOG'r is

10

,cllapterlltading. Also. not,llaw In tIlis eXllmple tile suc:cessw. subheadings go from gllnef1llllo moresp.clllc: topics.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In thll: sec:tlon 01 the report the .uthor brings tOlletllllf a' 01 tile notable polnlS or eonc:llltlons 01Ih. report. W'hlch have been sCllnered tIlroughout preceding sec:tlons.•nd.1n alOllIc:aJ mann.... US" tIlem10 emphaslza Important points or findings.

Thll: sec:tlon is not an abslrtlct to describe W'hy or haw tile study Wal don.; such informationsl\ould ~ put In til. Introduction.

REFERENCES, SELECTED BIBUOGRAPHV, OR BIBUOGRAPHY

Prop....nd complete references .nd acknowledgements ar.very Important parts of any acientlfic:paper. Every quotation or use of any part 01 another'a worl< lor raferance mual be acknowledged. It IslOegalto plagiartze. as well as a breach 01 prot.$$lonfll athlc:a. Til, •.cent tevlsions In copyright IllWlImake tills , potentlally more serious ollense than aver balore.

To cit, references irl the t.xt, tile FGS us.. the style with nam.t and dates iI'l parentheses, e.g"••..tIl. rocks _e found to be 15,000 yean: old {Rob.rts, at ,,,, l~e7)" However, IIlha author'a oame II:part 01 til. sentence. it should not ~ In parenthens. a.g" "Th, Floridan aquifer aystem. as defined byParl<er (1955). consists 01 ~mestonea.·

It is tIla tespOll$ibility 01 avlll)' author to completely acknowledge all sou~es of data. In c:lIS8'S

01 joint authorship, It is tile duty 01 the senior author to ..,sura that til.., r.cjulremenl$ atll mel

Nothing is more liable to arou.. tile ire 01 one's c:olleagun Of peera than 10 make a clumsy Ofnegligent erTQr In mlsql,lOting or misref...enclng tIlelr worl<, or 10 mlsspllli tIleir 08."'".

The FGS usn tile Geological Soc:laty of Am«lc:a's (GSA) formal for refenmc. lists orbibliogrtlphlet, a. shown by the following exampl_. SpaI out }Durnal titln. Note that only last nam.sara spelled out: aU oIhllr namas at,lnitialed. Re*ences are lIs~ alphabetic:aly by author'e eurnam,.For references 'Nith two authors, list alphabetlc:aly by first authOf and tIlen alpl\abeticaly by eecondauthor. For references 'Nith mora tIlan two authort, list aipl\abetic:ally by first authOf and til..,chronologically, ea~lest year first. For re!erences thaI do not match any 01 tile examples given below,write out dlrtformatlon that would h,lp a readar 10 locala til, reference.

Authors must eubmit thalr manuscripts with Ihe re!erences ananged accordingly, alphabttlicaJyand in tIlis format. 00 not expec:t others to r..nange tIlem as tIlis only promotes errofW 01 trwIsposltlon.

T1HI foIJowfng ullIl'¥'lu eta from tha GaoiogleM SOC:/fltyofAmerlca'oS broc:hutfj "Information For ConIribufanto PublicaJiom 01 tha GaoJog/CM Soc/ely 01 America.·

Alnt..ctBooth. M.C., l~n. CaJtlonalelonnaijon In Mars-tike environments [abs.]: EOS (Amarican Geophyalcal

Union Transac:tionej, v. 59. p. flO.Hattln, D.E.. 19n, Petrology 01 tI1a Smoky Hil Chalk Membllf. Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceoua}In Ih'

type arf/Ill, _tam Kansae: Geological SoeIE!ty of America Abstracts 'Nith Programe, v. ~. p. &03.

11

Bo.kla Bas, M.J.. lI~n. c.Jbonatll.e-nephallnlla volcanism, an African case hIstory: New Yon<, John Wdey &

Sonl, 347 p.

JoumIllCebull. S.E., and Rus.sel. LR" 1\179, Role of In. Melones fault lone in the structural chronology 01 the

North Yuba River ar., western Sierra N_da, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin.Part I, Y. go, p. 2250227; Part II. v. 110, p. $26-544.

BflIbb. E.E.. 15178, Pal~gen. eofI'''ted: Geotlme:s, Y. 23, no. 3, p. 20.Chrl.tllnlllll'1, R.S .. and Upman, P,W., li72, Cenozoic volcanism and plate tectonic lilvolution of the

_stem United Stain - Part II, Lat. Cenozoic: Royal Society 01 london PhilosophicalTransactiona, ler. A, v. 271, p. 24i-21S4.

Conllreulonal Report or LAwU.S. ConIlIllU, S.l\ale Committee on Intcmor and In$l,llar Attail'$. 1949. National resources policy,

Heerings: U.S. eat Congress, lst session. 470 p.U.S. Inter-Agency Committee on the Arkansas-Whll.e-Red River Basins, Minerals and Geology Wor\( Group.

H155, Mintlfala and Geology, Part 2, Seetion HI, 01 Arkansas-WM.Red River BasinS Report:U.S. 81st Congren, 2nd Session. section 205, Pub~e law 516.

Foreign PaparGodfrlaux, I., 1964, Sur la metamorphlsme dans I. zone pelagonlenne orientale (region d. L'Olym~,

Grece): Societe Geologique de Fl1I.nee, Bulletin, ser. 7, V. 6, p. 146-1152.

GuidebookSteams, D.W.. 1971, Mechanisms 01 dl1lpe folding in the Wyoming prOllinee: Wyoming Geological

Association. 23rd AMual Field Conference, Guidebook, p. 125-144.

In Pre..Ritter, D.F.. 1982, Complex river lenace development In the Nenana Valley near HPIy, Aleska: Geological

Society of America Bulletin. v. 93 (In press).

lntematlol'\lll Geologlul CongreuBUlek, P.J.. 1972, The paleogeographie pattern 01 Euro~ end North Anerica efOl.lnd the Pel-.Mesozole

bOl.lnda'Y end Its significance for initial rit1.ing in the North Atllntlc: Inteme.llonal GeologicalCongress, 24th, Montreal, Abstl1l.ets, p. 25&.

M.pBayley, A.W.. and Muehlberger. W.A., compliers, 1968, BasemWlI rock map oflhe Un1ted StlIIles, exelusNe

01 Alaska end Hawaii: U.S. Geological SUlVey, lcale 1:2.500,000, 2 sheets.Perry, RX., and others, 19n, Bathymetry of the Norwegian-Greenland end westam Barents Sees:

Geological Society 01 America Map and Chart Series M<;'21, leale 1;2,333,230 el IaI 71· N.W~liams, J.A., PIIWe, T.L., and Paige. RA, Hl59, Geology oflhe Fairbanks (d·l) quadrangle, Aleska: U.S.

Geological SUlVey Geologic Ouadrangla Map GQ·124, scale 1:63,360.ZIetz,I., Gilbert, F.. end KIrby, J.R., compUers, 15172, Aerom'5Inetlc map 01 New England: U.S. Geological

SulVllY Open-File Mep, seale 1:250.000.

No Author GivenOU and GIS Joumal, 1952, 'MI•• are those GUlf COIsI SlIIft domes?: v. 51, no. 14, p. 130, 133-134.

Open-File RaportDoe, B.R., 15178, L..d Isotope data bank: U.S. Geological SUlVey Open·File Report 76·201, 104 p.

"

Papn In a Govemmant or Unlvarslty Serl.ll PublicalionBalley. E.H.• and Blake, M.C., Jr., 11174, Major chemical characteristies of Mesozole Coast Range ophiol~e

In Calilom.: U.S. Geological SUroley Journal of Research, v. 2, p.637-o56.Hay, R.L" 11163, Slfatigraphy and zeolitic diagenesis of the John Day Formation of Oregon: Unlvttr'lity of

Calilomla PUblications In Geological Selenees, v. 42, p. 1\1902152.Phlllips. K.N., 1968, Hydrology of Crater, East, and Davis Lakes, Otegon, with It section on Chemistry of

lhe IalIH, by A.S. Van Denburgh: U.S. Geological Survtl'f Water-Supply Paper 1859-E, p. El-E&O.

Paper In a Muitlaulhor VolumaBowin, C., 1972, Puerto Rico Trench negative gnlVity anomaly be~, In Shagam, R., and othe~,

eds" Studies In Earth and space sciences: Geological Society 01 America Memoir 132, p. 1111·132.

Thayer, T.P., 1967, Chemical and stNctural relation 01 ullra-mafic and leldspathle rocklin Alpine intnlslvacomplex8$:, In Wylie, P.J., ed., U~ramafic and ralated rocks: New Yor1c, John Wiley, p. 222·239.

Procledlngs lrom a Symposium or Conferance (lncludl Ylu of conferencl " It differs frompubllc.tlon yeu)saar, C., 1972, Creep measured In deep potash mines VI. thooretical predictions, In Proceedings,

Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium, 7th, Edmonton: Ottawa, Canada, Department of Energy,Mintn and Resources. p. 23-n.

MacLeod, N.S., Walker, GW.. and McKee, E.H" 1ll76, Geothermal significance of eastward Increase Inage 01 upper Cenozoic rhyol~e domes In southeastern Oregon, In Proceedings. Second UnitedNations Symposium on lhe Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, San Francisco. May1975, Volume 1: Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing OffIce {Lawrence Berte....,.Laboratory, Unlvttr'llty of Califomla), p. 465-474.

S.cond Edition of a BookPress, F.. and Seiver, R., HI78, Earth (second edition): San Francisco, W.H. Freamen and Co., 649 p.

Single Paper Published In Separsle Part'Johnson, D.W" 1938 (v. 1), HI39 (Y. 2), Origin 01 submartne canyons: Journal 01 Geomorphology, v. 1,

p. 111-1211, 230-243, 324-~; v. 2, p. 42-60, 133-158, 21~236.

The'l'Saleeby, J.B., 11175, StnJcture, petrology al'lcl glIOChronoiogy oIlha KIngs-Kaweah maflc-uftramallc bd..

souttrwestem Siama Nevada foolhills, Califomia (Ph.D.lhesls): Santa BarbaI1l, Unlverslty 01Calilomla, 286 p.

Treetl..HanlZSChel, W., 1975, Tracelossb and Problematlca {second ed~ion), In Teichert, C., ed., Treatise on

Invertebrate paleontology, Part W, Miscellanea, Supplement 1: Boulder, Colorado, GeologicalSociety of America {and University of Kanus Press), 269 p.

Thl reference: section(s) follows the main body oflhetaxl and may be entitled either "Refer~ces:Of "Seleeted Bibliography: or "Bibliography: in accordance v.iththa following categories.

1. Every FGS publication requires a ref.enee section titled REFERENCES. Each pUblication lilted Inlhis section must have been referred to and ded at least oneeln lhelexl All citations referenced In lheteKl must belneluded In lhls section.

13

OplloMoI referenc, .ectiOllS may be appended .. noted below:

2. The term Selected Bibliography 1$ used when the author edd. to B 'References' list some otherpublicationl that arl dirlCtly releted 10 the subject of thl rlport, but which werl 1'101 e~ed in the repoll.

3. The teml Bibliography II Uled when thl luthor hall Inempted to list all references bearing on thesubject, even II' they only Indirectly rillte to the repoll.

Only material tha.t t\es been published or Is .... press' should be e~ed in a re/erenee Ii$t orbibliography. Theleml·... press' means that a manuscript has actually gone to a printer to be printed,and copies are lllCpected 10 be ready for distribution ... a short period of lime.

Unpublished material (W.T. Door, unpub6shed report, 1918) or personal communications (D.Crocken, pIlI'S. comm., liN) Ihould be identified .. such ... the text, but they afe not Included in thereference lisl

Material ollimiled cWculatlon (theses, open Ne reports, con.ullalll's reports, and thalike) may beIncluded, but ~ mU51 be staled where they may be obtained if a reader might desirtlto inspect the originalcitation.

II no author's name ill given lor a publication, thl aglill'lCY responsible for thl repoll should besubst~uted.

ILlUSTRATIONS

Illustl11tions include figures and plates, either of which may be line drawings or plldographs.Authon: should carefully eonsKlIlf the fiMoI sizes 01 their ligures during manuscript preparatlon and therough drafting siege. The section on 'Preparation o1lQustretiOlls" should be consulted for guidelines onplanning and layout 01 Illustrations.

AU individual photographs are referred to as 'Ftgures," except grouped photographl o1/ossils orgrouped microphotographs, which are called ·Plates.·

IQustration t~les listed on the Contents page should not be longer than two typed lines. figurecaptions that are longer than two typed lines in the manuscript should t\eve a condensed verslon for Itscontents listing.

Fold-outs, tip-Ins, and pock. material shOUld bl avoided. They are Ixpenslve to print and diffleultto prepare. Planning during manuscript preparation can generally provide alternate solutions, such asreduced sections or lacing·page Illustrations.

In cas. where an author uses an Qluslration that wei published previously, acknowledgementmust be clearly shown, either on theiliultration or In the caption. Copyright clearance may be necessary,... which case thl author must obtain it The loIlowing rules apply to acknowledgement 01 Ylustrations.An example of a citation Is: 'Adapted!rom GUiuly, lin:

elter:modified:adapted:

possible redrafting, but no cheng" In Inlonnationlome changes In Informationradical changes made to basic:: relerence

14

APPENDICES

An appendix Is the plaeelor detalled or voluminous inlormation that will not fit rNdily in the mainteKl. Sueh Information Ineludes analytical proeedures, lengthy strallgraphlc columns or descriptions ofmeasured sections, end tabulatlol\$ 01 numerical data.

INDEX

Certain publications may require an index, sueh as BUlletins or Special PUbllcalions. 11 an Indexis required, the author wig need 10 prepare one aftef seeond review 01 the manuseript. Commonlylnelud8'd subjects are personal names., geographic names, eompany namll, names of roeks and minerals,geolooglcal prOC:lllles, geologic:al unb, formations, or provine...

PREPARATION AND REVIEW OF IUUSTRATIONS

REVIEW PROCEDURE

The first drafts 01 aU reports are routed to the FGS cartographle section lor review and eomment.Any suggested ehanges should ba discussed 'lVith Ihe eallographef'l, and revised figures should beprepared lor eireulation v.ittI the second draft.

R....iewers should thoroughly eheek all maps and diagram. to make sure that aU captions. tlUes,legends. or lettering agrees with and is eonsistent with the text and tabla of eontents.

Manuseripls that are submitted 10 the FGS by outside authofl should nOl inelude final draftedfigures, but rather, figures thai are in a highly ftnlshed, prelmlnary state, and eonsistent v.ittI theseguidelines. This will allow lor review and eommant before the author has 10 produce final figur...Photographs should be unmounted, and .uggested erop-lines may belndlcaled In the margins with bluepeocll.

STANDARD OIMENSIONS FOR ILLUSTRATIONS

Dimensions of bound publlcatlons of the FGS are 8.5 by 11 inches. The layout and dimensionsfor a standard page are shown in Figure 1. The dimensions within the margins of a standard page ere6.5 by 9 inehes, vmleh aUowse on.lneh-IIoide margin on aW sides. All malerial- ineludlng captions· mustfit v.ilhln this field. To IIflsure that Mluslr1ltlons wi! ftt this format, authOR should plan the dlmensiont oftheir original a" bafore doing the fitst draft 01 any lIgure. If in doubt, an early eonsunation with the FGSeditor or cartographers wi! prec:lude later revisions. Legibility after reduetion should be a primaryeonsidefalion in planning aD ligures' dimensions and the inlormation 10 be ineluded.

Photographs may nlNd to be cropped or redueed. This does not need to be done lor the firstdraft, but the author should check with the editor or cartographers if dealing with oversize prints Of slides.

Remember, III figures and tables must have their own caption, to be placed outside the bordersof Ihe figure. A legend on a figure cannol substitute for a caption. Thlfelore, 1D000nee must ba madefor I caption within the margins of the field. Allow for I minimum height 01 on.half ineh, or more II thecaption will be lengthy.

"

~I" - II " I C I Ii

11'

,I

'"

J

..,:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:--:-:-,.,-,.,-:-:-:- - --- --,·. . . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ..· . . . . . .. . . . . ..... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . ...· .. . . . .. . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .·.. . . . .. . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ...· .. . . . ... . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ...·. . . . . . . . .. . . ..... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..·.. . . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ...·. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ..·.. . . . ... . . . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ..· . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..·.. . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ..·.. . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .·. . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..·. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ..·. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .·. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . . ..·. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .·. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .·. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .· . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... ....· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' ••••••••••••• ' ••••••• •••••••••••••• TEJ:! ••••••• ' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·....... .............. .............. oa ' ' .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• nCL'K£S ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I............................................· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I• ..••••.••...•••••••••••••...••••••••••••.••.· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..·. . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .· . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . .... . .· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .....·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ......·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .·. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ..... ..·. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .±....................................... .· .· .· .----------------

•"•<•

I L1.- L- ._'_'_"_._'"'__'_._'_'_'_"_'_'_~_'_'_'_f_,._._'_..__'_'_'_'_=_'_'_'_'_'_'_'_'_" -'

"

LOCAUTY AND WELL NUMBERING SYSTEM

Arrj publication that makes relenmceto localities or to weillocalion. mu.t Includ. th. standardexplanation of th.locality and -U numbering $}'stem used In Florida. Th'- s~tem '- shown In Figure 2,and the .tandard .xp.nation to b. un'll In the text is presented below in Its enlirety.

There are two numbering s~tems un'll In this report. One is a W'IIII numbering system based onsarnpI. number assignments. The Florida GllOlogicaJ Survey maintains a sampl. rlllpOtltory 01 drillcuttings /rom wells. Each weill. assigned a unique aCCllUion numbel'. such as W-1471~, which Is usedto Idenlily samples from that WIlli.

The .econd numbering system use<! in this repol1 is I ~Iand locality numbering system bawd on thelocation 01 the WIlli or locality. and uses the rllCtlnguiar system 01 section, township and range forIdentilk:ation (Figure 2). The number consists 01 six paM. Thes' 'r.: l' a prefix letter designating ,ltherL for locality, or W lor well, 2) a I;WQ.lelter county abbfeviltlon code, 3) Ihelownshlp, 4) the range, 5) thesection, and 6) the quarter/quarter location within 1M sKtion.

The basic reetangle is the township, which Isa m~llS on a .ldeand encompasses 36 square mUllS.It Is conslilCutlv,ry m..sured by lieB both north and south 01 the Florida Base Un., and an INlst·wesllin.that p..nsthrough Tallahassee, as Township north or south. This basic rKlangular Is also consecutiYelymeasured both east and wesl of the Principal MllI'idlan, a north-south lin. that passes throughTallahass.., .. Range IIIst or -.I. In recording the township and range numbe,.., It '- customaI)' 10l6ilve 011 the T 01 the township numbers and the R Is left oN 01 th. fling. numbers (e.g.. 7S, gW). Eachtownship is divided equally Into 38 on.mlr.sqU8.re blocks called section., and ar. numbered 1 through36, .. shown In Figure 2,

The sections ar. divided Into qual1ers wilt> the quarters labeled ·a·through ·d: In lum, nch 01thllSe one-qU8.l1er sections Is IUrther subdivided Into quarters with these quarter/quarter sections labeled..... through·cr in the same manner. The ·a· through·cr dll$ignalion may b. carried 10 any extenl needed.

As an example, thelOClltion 01_11 W.1471 iii (WGf.7S-1iIW·12cd) on Figure 2 would b. In th. centerof the southwest quarter oIth. southeast quarter 01 section 12, Township 7 South, Range iii West, GuNCounty.

• •••• End of Exampl••••••

GEOLOGIC MAPS, STRATIGRAPHIC COLUMNS, ANO CROSS SECTIONS

LEGENDS

1. North arrow,2. Cornposlt. bar selle of m~.. and kllomelefS, or other appropriate unlts 01 measure.3. A legend that shows the symbols used and that brielly uplllins th. map'slUnction, •.g., county roadmap, _II location map, or eross section location map.

Th. map'sillgend may b. nttCessarily brief due to .pacelimitatlons, In such cas. note that th.figure's caption does not simply rep8allhe map's legend, but Is used to expand and clarily the map'sIUnetlon.

17

A12W+ AlIW"" A10W.,.. A'W + A'W

i-.-~

•\

---•._ ........

•I,I

•r----- ---------7

I•I•

•••

•••

••

+

•

•"•+

+

• • I ••• •

"• •• •

W-,.71ll T1s-R1W-SEC. 12 cd

WGI·7 S-.W·12t:d

,"-"'"

% • • • • • ••~

, • • • " ••• • • • • • • .........i • • .. • .. ..% • .. .. .. .. ..•0 •• .. .. .. • ..

AANGI! t WEST

,,

/,•

l

!

•••

•••

•••+

+

+

F1gu", 2. locality and ""a numbering ayat.m \18K br the florida G«llo9lcal Su~r. EoIchnu",bel"t'd _lion Ia 0...",11e aqUII,..

IS

~.....-------,1>- ( -~...·.7..

II

• I .....· ..­~

MARION CO.

• "'11n"- " 1.W<-'1'I-111-1_

"-. '"·'''1B'

•

EXPlANATION

• WELL lOCATION

" OUARAY

- e- UNE OF CROSS SECllON

"

Figure 3 also demonstrates the maMerln which additionaJ informatiOl'l may be added 10 a locationmap to enhance lis value 10 Ihe reader. Locations of cross sections should be distinctively identified. IIIs suggested that township and range markings be added around the margins 10 facUitale locallng pointsof Interest.

In addillon tOlhe minimum Inlormation required In its tille and legend. a geologic map also shouldhave an explanation eolumn. An example oJ the eonvfl'I'ltionaJ tonnat lOf an axplanation eolumn toaccompany a geologIc map Is shown In Figure 4. This conv81lllonal fonnal also may be used onstratigraphic: columns Of cross sections.

UTHOLOGIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC SYMBOLS

Symbols and lettering used 0I'l Illustrations lOf FGS publications may be 01 three g_ral typ9s;computer generattd. commereially available press·on (commonly callilld ·zlp-a-tone'. Of mechanic:aDyproduced (such as MIIIf1In). F".hand lettering is unacceptable. Fre.hand drawinlJl may btl used Inspecial circumstances. but not lor technical UlustraliOl'ls.

CrlIeria used In choosirlg symbols. patlerJ'l$. and size of letters should be:

1. CLARITY. W~lthe lenera Of pattern drop-out if the figure is ntduced? For optimum clarity the luthorshould carefully consider the type 01 base map to be used, and how much geological, cu~ural. or otherdelllls are 10 be ijlustraled. Perhaps two or mOle Ylustrations would be beller than one clutlllflld map.2. STANDARDIZATION. Conventional symbols 101 common lithologies should be used. e.g.. the blockysymbol lOf limestone or the use 01 random dots lor sand, Do not Invenl new symbols 10r commonlithologies.

COlOR

Color Is a very effective way 01 depicting Information, to show distinguishing characleristles, or 10emphasize some aspect ole report or map. II an author proposes to use color. preliminary drawingsshould be submitted to the FGS editOf fOf r~. The following considerations should be used Inselecting colors.

If more than one colored diagram or map is to appear In a publicalion, the colOB should becoordinaled. For example, units 01 the same age or lithology on dillerant BluslnlliOl'ls should have thesame colOlS.

In selecting colOl1l, end In .pecifylng them to prinlers. prefer&nCe must be given 10 light,transparent, color values and to pastel.hades. Not only are they more aesthetically pleasing than dark,solid colors. but more Importantly, lighter colors Illow lor the relenlion of legIbility 01 overprinted legllr\ds,text, contoura, and other Inlonnation, Special care must be laken with color sBlectlon II Iny mlpinformation is to be printed In • light halftone,

FLORIDA SYSTEMS

LETTER SYMBOLS

Appendix B .h(I'NS th.letter Iymbols for the names 01 geological formations and members !hitIre In current usage by the FGS. Proposals lor 1'1_ gl'Ologlca1 nlmes or symbols must be approved bythe FGS, The FGS UI.. the crlaria ..lIb~shed by the North American Stratigraphic Code, publilhed bythe North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomlilflclature. as I guide lor nomenclallJral changes.

20

EXPLANATION

1'Io_"'~_

ClIGOCEHE

,~,

i•CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

........_-

TRIASSIC

u

I GJ 0.•• 1....

~ 1'1".,-

FlglH1l 4. Co""ntlo,,,,1 fo"",,1 lor In .xp"""Uon colulN' 10 ICCOmplny I V.-olovlc ITUIp, I.tr.tl9,.phlo column, or I cro....cllon. Th.... I pltt.m .xp"""llon, oro;lnlZlld by IV., Ind ..In llluatr.tlw ..cllon only. II" nol munt to "pA..nl III 1,,.Uv,.phlc unltl found In Floria IIIny IIlftn loeillon, which will Vlry with ..ch ,.port.

II an author nMds to Cfellle a n_lett... symbol, the lollowing guldelines should be IISed. Then_ symbol should be bawd on pllletieality. No symbol should Include more than four (4) letters.Important fllcton 10 be considered in coining a new symbol ere the nllmber oj units or members shownand the rock types of the Ilrea under discussion,

The lntletter ollhe symbol Is tha geologic age ojthe'orTTIIItion. The second letter ol'the .ymbolIs the fntletter of thelormation'. Mme, as in TI for Tamlaml Formation of Tertlaty age, tla Jormatlonname consists oj two or more words, such as Fort Thompson Formation 01 Oualvm.ry age, th.e is •choice olaymbols • in this example e~her on or 01, tI members oj the Fort Thompson Formation ereIT\Ilpped, thellr$t letter 01 thelormation Mme Is commonty usecl...tththe fin;t letter olthe member's name,1l.1n Olc, where 'c' stands for the Conee Mill HIlmmock M.-lIber 01 the Foil Thompson Form.tIon, Thismethod keeps the symbol from becoming too long lind un'Meldy. To disp. ponlble confusion in aomeeIlses, ~ IT\IlY be nee.Alty 10 un mare than one letter from each lonnalion or mvmber, as can be selinfrom the several memb.,. 01 the Tamiaml Formatlon, For clarity, symbols lor the Buckingham UmllSloneand the Bayshore Clay "lamb.,. use the Int letters oj both words 01 their names, nbl and nbc,_.

ABBREVIAOONS FOR FlORIDA COUNTY NAMES

When space Is at e premium, auch liS on IT\IlPS, graphs, charts, or tabular Iiltings, theconventional ebbreviations lor Florida county Mmes shown in Table 2 IT\IlY be used,

- ~ ....- '. ' do) .... U -- ~.... a ,,- ~ .... u .- ~... .. C rd., .. ~ u ...... "0- • ~ ~ ~ u ~. ~..... .. ...... ~ ... " ~ '"~ '" .... • .... u " .... •~- ~ II."....' ~ ~ ~

k """ •- 0 - ~ - ~ ....- •""' '" - .. - - k_ ..- 0 11oo,.odo • - - ..,...... ..Colo _ .. ....... " - ~ -- ~

0- " "- " - ~ - ~

~ " - ~ ClIo I . " ,.'" ".... " -- • o..ct_ " - ~

~ ~ -- ~ "'-- • ,- ~

Eo,,,,.. & .10".. ... , ,~ " w.~ ~w_

~w_~ w.

22

APPENDIX A

STANDARD FORMATS OF TYPICAL PAGESFOR

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBUCATIONS

\

DIVISION OF RESOURce MANAGEMENTJerBmy A. Cfaf'!, Dlr.ctor

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYWelter SChmidt. Stale Geologll/ and Chltt!

STATE OF FLORIDADEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Tom Gardnef, EJcecutfYl DirKtor

feCI

RONMeNT

\.~•r•<•r~~

~w-

Published lor the

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

-Tallahassee

""=-Figu,. A1. Coyer 1 (outside front eo"'r), wlth t/UB on .pl.... INote th.It the.. eumpl,.. 01Flgu,.. 1-11 _,. ttken lrom Spec181 Publlcilion 31, 1991. Peragn...' Mmel will need 10 bec!lllnged, el requl,.d.)

CONVERSION FACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS

This tabhil of the most eommonly used convlltSion factOR Is provided lor readen; who may prefer touse metric unlls InstNd of the Engli$h unitt given in this report.

MULTIPLY BY TO OBTAIN

inch (in) 25.4 millimeter (mm)

Inch (in) 2..... centimeter (cm)

Inen fin} 0.0254 meter (m)

loot (II) 0._ meter (m)

mile (mij 1.609 kilometer (km)

sq. lut (~ 0.09290 sq. meter (m~

sq. mile (mp) 2.590 sq. kilomfilter (km')

.ere (ae) 0.4047 hectare (ha)

aere (ae) 4047.0 sq. meter (m~

cubic foot (ft") 0.02832 eubic meter (m~

cuble yard (ycf) 0.754& cuble meter (m")

gallon (gaQ 3.785 liter(L)

gallons per minute (gpm) 0.06308 Iii. per seeond (Us)

gallons per minute (gpm) 0.0022 cubic feel/second (ets)

gallons per minute (gpm) O.ClOOO6309 euble melen;/Second (m·ls)

cuble leet per second (ets) .., gallons per minute (gpm)

cubic feet per second (ets) 0.02832 euble meters/second (m"ls)

pound (lb) a.453ll kilogram (kg)

ton, $/loft (2,000 Ibt) 0.~72 megagram (Mg)

ton, long (2,240 Ibt) 1.016 megagram (Mil)

fahrenheit (F) 5/9 (F·32) Centigrade

Se. Level; In this report, 'su. level' rell!r$ 10 the National GeodlllJc Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVO 011925l) - • geedlllie datum dltrived from • genenll Idjuslmenl of thl fil'$t·order level nets 01 both theUnited States and Canada, formetty eaUed 'Sea Levet Datum 01 HI29' or "mean sea levet (MSL).'Although the datum was derived from the average su. r.Yet over I period of many years at 26 tidestations along the Atlantic, Gull of Mexico, and Paelfic coasts, it does not necessarily represent localmean sea level It any particular place.

Agura A2. Cover 2 (ImIde front eoverj, eonve,..lon f.do,...

25

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY803 W. TENNESSEE STREET

TAllAHASSEE. FLORIDA 3?104-noo

p,ler M. OoUOlns, Admin. Asst.Jessie Hawkins. Custodian

waner Schmidt.. ChiefAllee Jordan. LibfariilnSandie Ray. Admin. SllCfetary

Vanessa AIlreel, Ubfary A$$t

GEOLOGICAL INVES'T1GA'T1OHS SECTlON

Thomas M. Seen. SenIor Geoiogisl/AdmlniSlralorJon Anhur, Pelrologlst Ted K/j)ef, cartographerPali,ne Bond, GeochenVsl: Nancy LaPlac•. Resellrch AssLDianne arlen, Research Ass!. Milena P"taceslch, Research Assl.Ken campbell, Sedimentologist Mel Martinez, Research As$l.Cindy Collier, Secretary Ted Maul. Research Asst.Mitch CoWIgton. aiostrallgrapher Robert Mince. Research Asst.Joel Duncan. Sect Petrologist John Monti. Drill"Bob Ashei', Research Asst. Larry Papeni. Research Asst.Rick GrlHlO, Research Asll AIbef'l Philips, Asst. DrillerMarie Gros,zO$, R!$$llrch Asst. Fnllr1k Rupert. PaleontologistKent Hartong, Research Aut. Ftank Rush. Lab Tech.Jim Jones, Cartographer Tom Sol. Research Ass!.Clay Kelly• .Research AssI.

MINERAL RESOURCE INVESTIGATIONSAND

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY SECllON

Jacqueline M. Uoyd, $enIor GeoIoglsl/AdmlniSlralorEel Lane. Env. Geologist Ron Hoenstine. Env. GeoIoglsl

SIeve Spencer, Ecouomlc Geologisl

OIL AND GAS SECllON

L Davicl Curry. AdministralorScan Hoskins. 01S1. CoordinatorBarbara McKamey. SecretaryMarycarol Re~y, GeologistKoren Taylor. Research Asst.

Charles H. Tooel,. Pel. Engineer

Brenda arackln. SecretaryRobert Caughey. Oist. CoordinatorJoan Gruber. SecretaryDon Hargrove. Engineer

flgu,.. A3. Co.... , 3 (In.ld. back co....,). FGS p.raonn.1 nal.

"

STATE OF FLORIDADEPARTMENT DF NATURAL RESOURCES

Tom Gardner, Elfecut/v. DlrKtor

DIVISION OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENTJeremy A. eralt, DIrector

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYWalter Schmidt. Stille Gllologist lind Chief

SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 31

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGYOF THE

OCALA AREA. FLORIDA

ByEd Lane and Ronald W. Hoenstlne

Published lor the

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Tallahassee"91

27

JIM SMITHSecretary of Slste

TOM GALLAGHERSts,e Tressurer

BETTY CASTORCommissioner ot Education

DEPARTMENTOF

NATURAL RESOURCES

LAWTON CHILESGovarnor

TOM GARDNERExecutive Director

FlgUN AS. CablMt It.tlng page.

'"

BOB BUTTERWORTHAttorney Gener.'

GERALD LEWISS,ale Complfoller

BOB CRAWFORDCommissioner of Agriculture

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEYTallahassee

June 1991

Governor Lawton Chiles, ChairmanFlorida Depanment of Natural ResourcesTallahassee, Florfda 32301

Dear Governor Chiles:

The Florida Geological Survey, Division of Resource Management. Oepanment of NaturalResources, is publishing as Special PublicatJon No. 31, Environmenrel Geology end Hydrogeologyof rhe Ocale Af8a. Florlde, prepared by staff geologists Ed Lane and Ronald W. Hoenstlne. This feponpresents data on the geology and hydrology 01 the Ocala area. which is one of the fastest growingurban areas In Florida. This repen Is timely because of the growth rate. and the informatlon will beof significant use to local. county, and state planners. as well as to the private seclor. The data willasslstlhese gtoups to develop end Implement long range plens to effectively menage this growth.

Respecl1ully,

Walter Schmidt. Ph.D.State Geologist and ChiefFlorlde Geologicel Survey

F1gUN All. LAn.r of t,.rnlmlttllr.

"III

Printed lor the

Florida Geological Survey

ISSN CJ085.064O

•

30

I,

CONTENTSPage

Acknowledgements ...••...............•.••••.••••.••....•••..•...•..•....••..••.. viiIntroduction and purpoae •• . . ••• . .• . . •••••••• . . ••••.••. . . . •••• . . . . ... . . .. • . .•• . • 1Location and transportation. . ••• . .• . . . . •••••••. . . . .. . . .. . . . .... ... . . 1Cl1mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .••. . .• . . ••. . . .. . . .. . . •••••.•. . . . . . . . . .. . ..•. . . . 1Map Coverage. . •• . . . . . ••• . •. . . •. .• . . . . . . . . •••. . . . . . •••• . . . . . . . . . . •••• . . . 1Well and locality numbering system '. . . •• . . . •. . . . . . . . ..• . . •• 4Previous Investlgatlons . . •. . . ••• . . •. . .•• . . . . . . ••••. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. •Geology 4

Geomorphology. .•• . . ..• . .• . . •• . . . •. . .•• . . . .. .••• •••. .•. . .•.• . .. . . •• . . . . . . •• . . ••• 4Geologic history.. . •••••• . . ••• .• . . . . ••• .• . . . •••.•••• . . . •••. •• . . . •• .• . . . .•.. .• . •• 11

Water Resources ..•.••.•.•..••..•....••..•...••••••••....••.••..••..•............ 16The Hydrologic cycle.... . . . .. . . ...• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 111Sunace water................................ •••••............................• 18Aquilers . . ••. ••• . . •• .• . . . •.• . .• . •••••• .•• . ••••••••. . . . . . .•• . . ••• . .• . . . •.. . .. . •. 23

Aondlan aquller system. •• . . .• . . •••• . .•• . ••••• .•• . . . . . . .•• . . . •• . .• . . . •••• .• . •. 23Intermediate aquifer system..... . ••• •••• . . . •. •••••. . . . . . •• . . . •. ••••• . ••. •••• . . . 26Sunlcial aquller system .•.•••...••..••••..•.••••...............•.••.•......... 26

EVOlution of karst terrain ......................•.••••.................•..••........ 26Chemical weathering of carbonate rocks •....••••••••..•..••••..•.••••...•.••....• 26Kar$! In the Ocala area. . . ••. . •• . . . . •. ••• . . ••••••• . . . ••. •..• . . . .. ... . . . .•. •• . . . •. 29

Water quality. .... . .. . ... . .. .. ••• . . •••. •• . . . ••.•••••. . •.. ....• . •.. .. . . . . ... .. . . •.. 29Potenllometrlc surface............................................................ 37Water usage ••.•••..••.••....•..............•••••.••..•................•••.....•. 37Minerai resources.... .•••...•...... ••..•. ••• •••••••••.. •••..•...••...•.. ••••.•. ••• 46

Umestone ..............•••.....••••..•...•••...••.••••..•..••...............•• 46Sand . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . .. . . . • • • • . • • . . . . . . .. . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . .• . . . 49Undlflerentlatlld resources.. . . . .. . •.•• . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .• . . .• . . . ... . .. . . .... . •. . •• 49

Land Use........................................................................ 49Environmental hazards associated with karst. . . . •. •••••. ••••••• . . ••. ••••• . . •. . •• . . . • . 60Solid waste disposal. ...• . .•. . . . .•. .• . . . . . •. •• . . . . ... ...•. ••.••.•• . . . .. . .. . . . . . 65Summary. . . . •.. . . . . .... . ... . . . ... ... . . . . . . .. ..... .... .... . . ... . . . . . .. . 69References. . . ••• . . . . •.. . . .•.... . . . .•. •• . . . . . . . ... . ...• •.•. •••• . . ••. •. . . ... . 10

FIGURES

Figure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figur. 4Flgur. 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 6Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11Figure 12Figure 13Figure 14

Location map ...••...•..••....•..••••..•....•••..•..•••......•••..•••••Transportation map lor Mltlon County •...•...•••.....••••......•••..•..••Average monUlly air temperature al OCala .....•......•..•.................Monlhly rainfall distribution lor OCala .Annual rainfall lor Ocala ...................•.•.•.................•......Topographic map coverege 01 Marlon County .Locality and well numbering sySlem .Geomorphology of OCala and Marlon Counly .......•......................Terraces and shorelines of Ocala and Marion County •.••••.•.•.•••.....•...SlraUgraphlc column •...••......•.....•...•••••••...••..•....•...•.••••.Croea secllon location map ....••.••••...•..•••••.•...••...•..•••.••••••.Cross secllons A·A' and e-S' .•.••••••...•..........••••...•..•••.••••.•.Hydrologic cycle .........•.......................................••....Surface wallr 01 Marlon County .•.••.....•................••.•••••••••••.

F1gUN AI. FlNt paga ot Contanu.

",

23,,78

•10

"",."""

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank the following people and Ofganlzatlons who gave Ireely of their timeand information. Their aulstance provided a firm foundatiOn for this study. Gary Maddox, Depart·ment of Environmental Regulation, who provided land use data and water quality data; EarlBlankenship, Solid Waste Administrator, Marlon County Board of Commissioners, lor InlormaUonon Ihe Marlon County landfill; Philip Cosson, Planner, City of Ocal., lor statlallcal dala for Ocala;Dennis G. Thompson, Planning Director. Division of Planning, Marion County Board of Commissioners.for statlstlcal data on Marion County; the Economic Development Council of OealaJar buSiness andeconomic Information; and G. C. Phelps, U.S. Geological Survey, lor inlormatlon on the aquifer systemsIn the Ocala area. In additIon, the authono appreciate the ellorts 01 Ken Campbell. Richard Johnson,Jim Jones, Ted Kiper, Jackie Lloyd, Frank Rupert, Walter Schmidt, Tom SCOIt. Sleven Spencer, andBill Yon In ,..,/jewlng this repart.

Fig UN Ag. Ac:knowllodllement.

",II

SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 31

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGYOF THE

OCALA AREA, FLORIDA

ByEd lane, P.G. ,,.1 and Ronald W. Hoen,l1ne, P.G. '57

A total 01 32 U.S. Geological Survey topo­graphic mapa are require<! to completely coverMarion County (Figure 8). Thl,. map" whiChwere used as base mapa to plOI field data, arl1'1t minute quadrangles drawn ,t a $Cale of

FIrst palll of tlltt.

",

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

Florida Is experiencing phenomenal populationgrowth. A signiflcanl part 01 this growlhls occur·ring In the Ocala area. whiel'lls one of llle fastestgrowing urban areas in the naUon. ac.Ja. whichhad a 1987 population of ....980. Is proJected tohave an annual growth rate of •.e.. percenlthrough 1995 rThompson. 19B8l. Rapid urtlangrowlh places unusual stresses on Ihe environ·ment due to the demands of energy, construc·tlon, transp<maUon, water supplies, and wastedisposal. This report Is designed to help localgovemments mltlgale me Impacts of society'spressures on tile environment.

The principal objectives of this rll?Ort are toInterpret and summarize available cUUurallnfor·matlOf\ and sclenlJllc o.ta. By Intagratlngcultural. cllmltologlCII1, geological. and hydro­logical dlta the repor1 willllluslrate the Impor·tance that geology plays In land-use planning forthe Ocala urban area. Graphics are emphasizedas a means of presenting data in I formal thatcan be readily used by the public. sclanllsts.plannars. waler managers, and public policymakers.

LOCATION AND TRANSPORTATION

The City of Oclll Is located In north"':lntralpeninsular Florida. Ipproxlmltely In thl centerof Marion County (Figure 1). Thl Ilr·mUI circleson Figure 1 show thlt Oclll liso illS aboutIquldlatlnl from both extremIs of thl state'sextent, from Pensacola In the We$lem panhandleto Miami near theaouthlrn tip oIlhe peninsula.

Thla centrll loeltlon mlklt OCIII a naturalhub of Marlon County's transportation ayatem(Figure 2). SIIveral of thl a'atl's major road'pallll near or through Ocala: Interstate 75. US 'D.US -41, US 4-.41. US 301. and State Hi(lhways.aand -475. A beltway Incircllng Ocala utilizingIxlstlng and nlW roada la currently being

FIgure 10.10.

consldere<!. CSX Transportltlon (formerly theSeaboard Cont Woe RaUroad) has ,everalroutes thaI branch out of ac.la. IVlntuaUyconnecting to Galnlaville, Jack$onvllla andpoints north. and south to Tampa. Orlando. andMiami. Several airline, have sct1Bduied serviceto Ocala Municipal Airport.

CLIMATE

ac.la·s loeatlon In nonh-eentral penlnaulerFlorida Is rellected in its humid, subtropicalclimate. Its annual average temperature IS71.1°F, varying from low averages of approx·Imatlly 58°F In December and January to highaVlrage, of aboul 82"F during July and August(Figure 3).

Ralnfan dlatrlbutlOll for Ocala ia shown InFlgurea 4 and 5. Summlf la thl ......." .. Hason,caused by an Incfease In thunderstorm activity(Figure 4). Figure 5 ahowa lJubatantlal fluctua·tlons above and below annual average rainfall.with the widest extremes for thl period occurrlngwithin two ylarsollach other. in 19B2and 1984.Thl high ralnlaU of 1982 was dUI mainly to aseries of April thunderstOfms that atruck nOr1hcentral Florida from Mlflon County aouthwardto Brevard Counly. Han the Slzl of golf bailScovered the ground In many areaa. On April 8.thunderstorms dropped up to 12 Inches of rainover Marion County, and additional reins ofApril 9 produced IJtorm tOlala up to 20 Inches,causing flooding and 150 sinkholes. wahtleavlesl damaglln the Ocala arIa (NOAA, 1~Thla Incidlnt la dl$Cl,lllSed In more detlJllin theEnvlronmlntal Huards section.

MAP COVERAGE

SPECIAL PUBUCATION NO. 31

RANGE 23 EASTI>- 6 5 4 3 2 1::>Cl

8V> 7 9 10 11 12

" 18 17 16 15 14 13-0- 19 20 21 22 23 24-IV> 30 29 28 27 26 25z::> 31 32 33 34 35 36Cl>-

,,~ L

\/lP-17S-l3£-80.J \/-176,2

Q b Q

~c d c d

Q b Q b

c d c d

SECTION 28

!-.-~ _0 _

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

SPECIAL PUeUCATION NO. 31

-~

-.--

---- ---

--

-•

" ./, I.

. •• ..j. '.-h

- ­.- .- --

- '-'.

-,'.

- . --

,

.. ....... _...-.- .•' '.. • 'r'-'" .------- .- :.-- --

Flgu,. 11. Ctty drain-. _I In bot1om 01, MIllholtI connedlng to 1M uPI»'" AoricI,n"QUII....ptem. TllIs type 01 ...1 18; uMd 10 control lloodlng by dl..rtll'lg urtl'n rvnollInto 1M Ui._. IImnt_ ~ulf.... Rcwtcla GI'OfogIuI Surwy phologr,ph..

KARST IN THE OCAI A AREA

Thet8 aNI • variel)' of karst I.'tur.. In ',he0caIII .... FIgur.- 22 snows tIM •....,,10 wllictllhe atH·. topogtaphy has been dJlMeted bykarlt I.. t...... 51"""" Springa I•• apeclaeul.rIllam~ 01 • ca.......-.ou. ~ng. II shown InFigur. lilt. II I. the IOUree 01 SIMI" Riv..-, and• major dlsc¥l.arge poInl lor wll'" from thefloridan aqull"'l)'Item, wittllIows ~Ing trom539 to 1.290 eubk: 1..1 per aeeond (83ot,OOO,OOO10 l,W7,ooo,OOO g.llon. p« day) (RoMn.u .t ,I~

1977). TheM quantltln of water can diMoNe.ndcany .w.V In solutlon.s much .. 5<11 ton. 01

One 01 these well, I. located west 01 the elt)'01 oe.l•. at the Ocala Airport (Hellon 19b,Townlhlp 155, Rangti 21 E). Thl. alx~neh_iliadrilled to a depth oleo fNt below land 'urlaeeInlo the ul)plf FlorIdan aquifer .vltern. T.bIe 3lilt. the apeelliC paramtt.. ,nal)'Zed.nd theirra.peetlYe v.lues lor Ihl. _II. All 01 the v,luesare within etll.blished U.S. EnvironmentalPrDleetlon Agency (EPA) unlt. for potable wiler.

In addition 10 the tmb/erl1 ntItwork w,lll, OERand the SI. John. AI¥trW't,r M,n,g'lntInl 01..trlet (SJAWMD) ,,. Intn.~.. olnt.bllahlng,Very Intense Study Ar•• (VISA) nltworlt within1111 city of oeel'. Thl, VISA ,.loeIted In tIM...t·c.ntr.1 p.tt 01 th' lIudV .r,. {Agur, 27) .nd I,

..

A A'

.--/ ......_,..,--

-_....

8'

ii~_L_,I'--L_;I~ .-..ua , Q.OWil:lns

.",.

----.';: ..._,..,--

Figur. 12. CrOll ..etlon, A-A' and 8·8'.

.-

-- --, /... ,._,...--

("~\J.)i-{:.t Uit-IU-2't-'

--

8

.-

.-

__UI_ - 1.-.,__ IJS_JI(_,)<~

.-.na

_a

rUf/lo£ltllS- •

•o.

a

-• •

o.

fUl/WtlU1- .

• •

_I. -:10

·0.

~•••-•I•f!~•

" Z• •••3,•l•,•i•••,

APPENDIX B

LETTER SYMBOLS FOR NAMESOF

FLORIOA GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS

APPENDIX B

LE I I Eft SYMBOLS FOR NAMES OF flORIDA GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS

SYSTEM FORMATION or MEMBER LETTER SYMBOL._._._._-

RECENT or PLEISTOCENE

>- undifferentiated units aoa:

'" Lake Flirt Marl auz Pam6co sand a.a: Anastasia Formation a,"w!;; Miami Umestone ami::> Key Largo U~tone ak!0 Fort Thompson Formation Of

Coffee Min Hammock Member OfoOkaloakoochH Member Ofo

_.

PUOCENE

CaloosaiUotchee Formation ToAyers Landing Member T~

Bee Blanch Member TobFort Denautl Member Tcl

Cypresshead Formation To'>- Citronelle Formation Tola: Miccosukee Formation Tm

~ Jackson Bluff Formation TlbTamiaml Formation Tt

W Ochopee Umestone Member Tt.l-PinecrllSt Sand Member TipBuckingl'lam Umestone Member Ttt;ANa Clay Member T~o

laBelle Clay Member TUOrtona Sand Member Tt~

Murdock Station Member TlmsBayshore Clay Member Ttbc

"

PUO • MIOCENE

Intracoastal Formation TilRed Bay Formation T..Yellow River Formation T"Alachua Formation T"Hawthorn Group TO

Statenville Formation T"Coosawhalchle Formation Too

Charlton Membllr To"Marks Head Formation Tm'Penney Farms Formation TpPeace River Formation Tp,

Bone Valley Member TplbvArcadia Formation T.

Tampa Member T"Nocatee Member Too

Torreya Fonnatlon T.Dogtown Member T"Sopchoppy MemblBf T"

BruCll Crll'llk Umestone TboPensacola Clay Formation Tpo

Escambia Sand Member Tpce> Shoal River Fonnation T"a:

" Oak Grove Member Tsro

lr Chipola Formation ToW St. MaI1<s Formation T.m>- Chaltahoochee Formation Too

OUGOCENE

Suwannee Umestone T.Duncan Church beds '"Byram Formation TbBucatunna Clay Member Tbb

Marianna Umestone Tm'Chickasawhay Umestonll To'

EOCENE

Ocala Umestonll (or Group) ToC~stal River Formation T"

BumpnllSll Member To"Steiflhatchee Dolomite member Tm

(inlormaOWil~ston Formation T.Inglis Formation n

Avon Parll Formation T.pUsbon Formation nlake City Formation (now combined 'Nith no

Avon Palk Formation)

..

'"::>",0wW.. U

g;~

'"U

Ul::>

",0WW;o~St:;

'"u

Tallahalta FonnationHatch&tigbee Fonnation

Bashi Mart MemberOldsmar Formation

PALEOCENE

Cedar Keys FormationMidway Formation

Selma GroupPine Key fonnationlawson UmestoneEutaw FormationAtklnsOfl FormationTuscaloosa fonnation (or Group)

Pilot Sandstone MemberUp.Pfl memberMiddle memberLower membllrMassive Sandstone Member

Big Cypress GroupDollar Bay FormationGordon Pass FormationMarco Junction Formation

Ocean Rile! GroupRattlesnake Hammock FormationLake Trafford FormationSunniland Umestone

Glades GroupPunta Gorda AnhydriteLehigh Acres Formation

Able MemberTwelve Mile MemberWest felda Shale

Pumpkin Bay FonnalionBone Island FonnationFt. Pierce FormationHosston Formation

Cotton Velley GroupHaynesville FonnationBuckner Anhydrite (Lower Haynesvine Fm)Smackovll( FormationNocphlet Fonnation (or Sandstone)Louann SaltWem\ll' AnhydriteWood River Fonnation

41

T.Th.ThobTo

T,kTm

K"K,KIK.K.K.K~,

KwKbnK'Kbn.

Kb<Kb<'Kb<,Kb<mKoKomKo'K"K,KgpK"K,.K,.KglsK,KbiKipKh

J~

JhJb.J.J,JIJwo>M

Eagle Mills Formation T~

Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks are known from a lew wells, but their ages and systemic affinities havenot bgen establlshed, In these cases, the author may assign them standard systemic letter symbols asresearch data indicates, in accordance with the section entitled "Letter symbols for geologic systems,"

42