Vini, Vidi, Vici

Divide et Impera

Iacta Alea Est

Draco dormiens nunquam titilandus

Involved Julius Caesar Pompey (not Pompeii, that is a city) Crassus

Crassus dies in the battle of Carrhae Caesar’s daughter Julia dies (why is this

important?) Civil war breaks out between Caesar and

Pompey The Senate backs up Pompey and tell Caesar

to disband his army and give up Gaul Caesar crosses the Rubicon river setting of a

civil war (why is the Rubicon important) stream bounding his province, to enter Italy

 Marc Anthony and Cassius aid Caesar Civil war lasts for five years Caesar finally defeats his enemies and

takes control of Rome as sole ruler He chases Pompey all the way through

Egypt and into Greece where he meets…

In Rome he pardoned all his enemies Took the money from the coffers of the Senate

and gave it to the people Reformed the living conditions of the people by

passing agrarian laws and by improving housing accommodations (bread and circuses)

drew up the elaborate plans (which Augustus later used) for consolidating the empire and establishing it securely

In the winter of 46 B.C.–45 B.C. he was in Spain putting down the last of the senatorial party under Gaeus Pompeius, the son of Pompey

He returned to Rome in Sept.45 B.C.E., and was elected to his fifth consulship in 44 B.C. same year he became dictator for life and set

about planning a campaign against Parthia (Persia), the only real menace to Rome's borders.

His dictatorial powers aroused great resentment was bitterly criticized by his enemies, who

accused him of all manner of vices. conspiracy was formed against him, however, it

was made up of his friends and protégés, among them Cimber, Casca, Cassius, and Marcus Junius Brutus.

On Mar. 15 (the Ides of March), 44 B.C.E., he was stabbed to death in the senate house

His will leave everything to his 18-year-old grandnephew Octavian- later Augustus

After Caesar’s assassination= civil war ensued

Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Marc Antony and Lepidus in 43 BCE and divided the Republic between them (sealed with a marriage between Octavian’s sister and Marc Antony)

Lepidus was pushed from power

Marc Antony met and married Cleopatra in 36 BCE, but Octavian defeated Marc Antony at the battle of Actium and Anthony and Cleopatra committed suicide

Octavian was left as master of Roman world

Octavian claimed he would return control of republic to the Senate (really gave Senate power over provinces with weak military, while he kept provinces with large armies for himself)

He was given semi-divine name of Augustus and portrayed he was a descendant of Venus

Augustus changes his coins to mention Deius filius “son of god”

Expanded his power by becoming Tribune to the People to bridge the gap between the rich and poor

Only took the title of Princeps (first among the equals or First Citizen) but was in fact Rome’s first emperor

Emperors were the commander in chief of the army and head of the priesthood

Senate continued to exist to suggest and approve the Emperor’s decisions

Period of Augustan peace called Principate

Flourishing of “Romanity” (arts, religion, civil service, literature, state sponsored architecture, mosaics and sculptures ie. 82 temples)

Had an imperial force of 9000 men known as Praetorian Guard to protect Rome

A great statesman and his system of bureaucracy lasted for 200 years

Massive building program that turned Rome from a ‘city of brick to a city of marble’ (2 circuses, 2 amphitheatres, 4 gladiatorial schools, 11 imperial baths, 926 private baths, 2000 fountains, 700 public pools and 37 monumental gates)

Estimated Rome population grew from 180 000 inhabitants in the Republic ( c. 270 BCE) -375 000 (130 BCE) to 1 million people under Augustus

At its peak, there could have been as many as 54 million people within the Roman empire (based on Roman census taken every 5 years as a basis for taxation)

Step-son of Octavian/Augustus Capable military leader Tiberius succeeds Augustus as an

emperor after his death Tiberius started out well, but greed and

paranoia stepped in He spent most of his time on the Isle of

Capri where he lived in depravity with Caligula

Son of General Germanicus Real name Gaius Germanicus Raised with the army and given

nickname “little boots” Germanicus, his wife and older sons

killed by Tiberius while Caligula watches Tiberius raises Caligula on Capri

(needless to say, Caligula did not have a normal childhood)

Caligula becomes emperor for a short while, attacks the sea then dies.

Was the only heir left after the death of Tiberius and Caligula (friend)

Seen as weak because he had a limp and speech impediment (stutter)

Made the senate angry by having trials in private and for allowing lower class Greek men into his administration

Undertook the conquest of Britain He visited the island for 16 days, to

preside over the capture of Colchester, the capital of the new province, and then returned to Rome in triumph

Claudius added Mauretania (Morocco), Thrace (the Balkans) and Lycia (part of Turkey) to the Roman Empire

Agrippina niece, wife, mother of Nero Dies October 13 54 AD due to poison

Kills his mother… new emperor paid more heed to his

advisors Burrus and the philosopher Seneca

Burrus dies and Seneca retires much of Rome was destroyed in a fire,

for which Nero was blamed diverted blame from himself by accusing

the Christians - then a minor religious sect - of starting the fire, leading to a campaign of persecution

Helped Romans made homeless by the fire and set about the necessary rebuilding of the cityappropriating a large area for a new palace

for himself  68 AD, the Gallic and Spanish legions,

along with the Praetorian Guards, rose against Nero and he fled Rome

The senate declared him a public enemy and he committed suicide on 9 June 68 CE and said “oh what an artist the world loses”

Vespatian Trajan Marcus Aurelius Nerva Hadrian Diocletian (ca. 280-ish) Constantine the Great Honorius

Remember “divide et impera, amicci meum)