Vincent A. Billock, Ph.D. 1418 Maple Leaf Court, Dayton, OH 45440-4045

937-848-6013; billock.3@osu.edu RESEARCH INTERESTS

Vision – psychophysics & theoretical/computational neuroscience. Color vision; spatial vision; sensory integration & biological information fusion; nonlinear neural dynamics; retinal/cortical disorders & color vision deficiencies. EDUCATION 1983 – 1987 Ph.D. Sensory Biophysics Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1981 – 1983 M.S. Physics Miami University, Oxford, OH. 1977 – 1981 B.S. Physics Miami University, Oxford, OH. PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS 2013 – present Research Associate Professor, College of Optometry, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 2013 Long-Term Visiting Scholar, Mathematical Biosciences Institute, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 2010 – 2013 Senior Associate, National Research Council at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. 2002 – 2010 Lead Scientist, General Dynamics, Inc., WPAFB, OH. 1997 – 2002 Senior Research Scientist, Northrop Grumman, Inc., WPAFB, OH. 1996 – 1997 Senior Associate, National Research Council, AFRL, WPAFB, OH. 1994 – 1996 NIMH National Research Service Award, Center for Complex Systems & Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton. 1992 – 1994 Research Associate, National Research Council, U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, AL. 1989 – 1992 Senior Scientist, UES, Inc., USAARL, Fort Rucker, AL 1988 – 1989 Research Associate, College of Optometry, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1987 – 1988 Research Associate, Ophthalmology Department, Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH.

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ADJUNCT FACULTY APPOINTMENTS AND OTHER UNIVERSITY AFFILIATIONS 2013 – present Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ohio State University 2008 – present Center for Visual Sciences at Miami University, Oxford, OH. 2004 – 2005 Department of Psychology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH. Twice taught Psych 471/671: Advanced Topics in Perception - Vision, a four credit hour course. 2002 – present Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH. Service on graduate student committees. OTHER TEACHING AND TRAINING APPOINTMENTS 1986 – 1987 Graduate Teaching Assistant, School of Engineering, The Ohio 1983 – 1984 State University, Columbus, OH. Taught 13 sections of a three credit hour introductory computer programming (FORTRAN) and numerical analysis course for engineers. 1984 - 1987 Graduate Research Assistant, Carl R. Ingling’s laboratory, Biophysics Program, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1986 Graduate Teaching Associate, Biological Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Taught introductory Biology laboratory. 1982 - 1983 Graduate Research Assistant, T. William Houk’s laboratory, Physics Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH. 1982 Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Physics, Miami

University, Oxford, OH. Taught lab portions of Introductory Physics. SERVICE Topical Editor (Vision and Color), Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering, Marcel Dekker. Editorial Board, Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonics Engineering, Taylor & Francis. Ad hoc Reviewer for: Applied Optics, Behavioral & Brain Sciences, Biological Cybernetics, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Documenta Ophthalmologica, Human Factors, IEEE Virtual Reality, J. Autism & Developmental Disorders, J. Mathematical Psychology, J. Neuroscience, J. Optical Society of America A, J. Theoretical Biology, J. Vision, Optics Express, Perception, Physics Essays, Physics Letters A, PLoS Computational Biology, PLoS ONE, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Spatial Vision, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, and Vision Research. Book reviewer for Nature, Science, Lancet Neurology, and Optometry and Vision Science. Book proposal reviewer for Springer-Verlag and MIT Press. Proposal reviewer for the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Ohio State University Research Foundation.

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GRANT AND CONTRACT EXPERIENCE AS PI OR CO-PI “Hue, saturation and brightness: Cortical emergence and modeling of color percepts.” Funded by the National Science Foundation. $296,281 in direct costs ($456,272 total) for 2015-2018. “Perceptual causality violations: Using time-delay adaptation in a virtual reality environment to induce an illusion of precognition of an avatar’s horrific fate”. New Agendas for Time / Templeton Foundation. $2500 (direct expenses) for 2013-2015. With Lynn Olzak. “A novel nonlinear dynamic fusion mechanism that could underlie many sensory and cognitive processes”. National Research Council – U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, $365,600 (direct expenses) for 2010-2013. "Analysis of fractal, dynamic and self-organizing properties of visual contrast perception". National Research Council – U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, $63,000 (direct expenses) for 1996-1997. "Interactions between hue and luminance in the parvocellular channel". National Research Council - U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, 1991.

$99,000 (direct expenses) for 1992-1994. "Expert system development and verification of a visual mathematical model: An image analysis approach". Contract No. DAMD17-86-C-6215 (UES, Inc.), at the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory. $1,191,750.00 (direct and indirect) for 1989-1991. GRANT AND CONTRACT EXPERIENCE AS CO-INVESTIGATOR “Implementation of hyperstereopsis for improved target detection” (with B. Tsou). U.S. Special Forces Command. $995,000 for 2004-2006. "fMRI study of flicker-induced cortical pattern formation" (with S. Lee, K. Jung & B. Tsou). U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, $50,000 for fiscal 2002. "Functional imaging via near-infrared spectroscopy of spatiotemporal differences in brain activation during working memory tasks" (with Y. Hoshi & B. Tsou). U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research, $50,000 for 2001-2002. NERD GENEOLOGIES & INDICIES

Johannes Müller→Herman von Helmholtz→Wilhelm Wundt→Edward Titchner→John Nafe→Clarence Graham→Lorrin Riggs→Robert Boynton→Carl Ingling→Me. Hirsch Index = 14 (based on Google Scholar)

Erdös Number = 4 (like the Kevin Bacon Game for mathematicians).

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PROFESSIONAL CERTIFICATIONS, AWARDS, HONORS, ETC.

Diplomate: Binocular Vision, Perception & Pediatric Optometry. American Academy of

Optometry, 2014-present.

Long-term Visiting Scholar, Ohio State University (funded by NSF for mathematical

neuroscience), 2013.

Senior Associate, National Research Council, 2010-2013.

Secret Clearance, Defense Security Service, reinvestigation 8/2009; currently inactive.

Fellow, Ohio Academy of Science, 2006-present.

Medal Paper Award (best paper of 2004), General Dynamics, 2005.

Medal Paper Award (best paper of 2003), General Dynamics, 2004.

Visiting Scholar, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 2002.

Visiting Scholar, University of Alabama Vision Science Center, 1998.

Senior Associate, National Research Council, 1996-1997.

National Research Service Award, NIMH in Scott Kelso’s lab, 1994-1996.

Civilian Technical Expert, U.S. Army, 1994.

Associate, National Research Council, 1992-1994.

Fellow, American Academy of Optometry, 1990-1996; 2009-present.

Sigma Pi Sigma (national physics honorary), 1981-present.

INVITED INSTITUTIONAL LECTURES

Army Research Office, Durham, NC.

David Sarnoff Research Center (SRI International), Princeton, NJ.

Florida Atlantic University (Psychology Dept. and Center for Complex Systems).

Florida State University (Psychology Dept.), Tallahassee, FL.

Kenyon College (Neuroscience Program), Gambier, OH.

Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (EE Dept.), Daejeon, ROK.

Miami University (Physics Dept.), Oxford, OH (three times).

Miami University (Psychology Dept.), Oxford, OH.

Miami University (Biology)

Navy Medical Research Unit, Dayton, OH.

Ohio State University (College of Optometry) Columbus, OH (many times prior to

appointment at OSU).

Ohio State University (Mathematical Biosciences Institute), Columbus, OH.

University of Alabama, Birmingham (Visual Sciences Center), Birmingham, AL.

U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Ophthalmology Dept., WPAFB, OH.

Wright State University (Psychology Dept.), Dayton, OH (several times).

Wright State University (Complex Systems Group), Dayton, OH.

Yale University (Neurobiology Dept.), New Haven, CT.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOK Billock VA (2017) Chaos Reigns when Vision Fails: Complexity and Catastrophe in the Perception of Color and Contour. Contracted with Springer-Verlag. ARTICLES IN REFEREED JOURNALS/BOOKS (with IFs for primary journals) 1. Gray WA & Billock VA Developmental neurotoxicity and autism: A potential link

between indoor neuroactive pollutants and the curious birth order risk factor. Submitted to Environmental Health Perspectives.

2. Billock VA (2016) Visual hallucinations. Commissioned book review. The Lancet Neurology 15, 143-. Impact factor=21.82

3. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2015) Vision: Nonlinear dynamic approaches. In Hoffman C &

Driggers RG (Eds) Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering (pp. 3278-3289), Taylor & Francis: NY. Note: Revised and republished from Billock & Tsou (2003).

4. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2015) Visual information processing: Neuronal strageties,

limitations and tradeoffs. In Hoffman C & Driggers RG (Eds) Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering (pp. 3297-3309), Taylor & Francis: NY. Note: Revised and republished from Billock & Tsou (2003).

5. Ermentrout GB & Billock VB (2015) Flicker-induced phosphenes. In Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience (R Jung, Ed.). Springer: Berlin. Note: On-line version copyrighted 2014 / dead tree version copyrighted 2015.

6. Tsou BH & BillocK VA (2015) Human vision and color. In Hoffman C & Driggers RG

(Eds) Encyclopedia of Optical and Photonic Engineering (pp. 925-935), Taylor & Francis: NY. Note: Revised and republished from Tsou & Billock (2003).

7. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2014) Bridging the divide between sensory integration and binding theory: Using a binding-like neural synchronization mechanism to model sensory enhancements during multisensory interactions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, 1587-1599. Impact Factor = 4.69

8. Billock VA (2013) Hallucinations. Prearranged book review. Optometry and Vision

Science 90, e124-125. Impact Factor = 2.04 9. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2012) Elementary visual hallucinations and their relationships

to neural pattern forming mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin 138, 744-774. Impact Factor = 14.39

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10. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2011) To honor Fechner and obey Stevens: Relationships between psychophysical and neural nonlinearities. Psychological Bulletin 137, 1-18. Impact Factor = 14.39

11. Billock VA (2010) Neuroscience: Patterns from the brain. Invited review of

Mathematical Foundations of Neuroscience. Nature 468, 630-631. Impact Factor = 42.35

12. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2010) Seeing forbidden colors. Scientific American 302 (2),

72-77. 13. Billock VA, Cunningham DW & Tsou BH (2010) What visual discrimination of fractal

textures can tell us about discrimination of camouflaged targets. In Human Factors Issues in Combat Identification (DH Andrews, RP Herz & MB Wolf, Eds.), pp. 99-112. Ashgate Publishing, Williston, VT.

14. Tung WW, Hu J, Gao J, Billock VA (2008) Diffusion, intermittency, and noise-sustained metastable chaos in the Lorenz equations: The effects of noise on multistability. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, 1749-1758. Impact Factor = 1.02

15. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2007) Neural interactions between flicker-induced self-

organized visual hallucinations and physical stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 8490-8495. Impact Factor = 9.81 Note: A method of inducing specific (rather than random) hallucinations. First evidence of stochastic resonance in perceptual pattern formation.

16. Billock VA, Ditzinger T, Kelso JAS & Tsou BH (2006) Fechner-Benham subjective

colors do not induce McCollough aftereffects. Spatial Vision 19, 161-172. Impact Factor = 1.04. Note: Reprinted in Pinna B. (2006) Color, Line and Space: The Neuroscience of Spatio-Chromatic Vision (pp. 59-70) VSP Publications: Leiden.

17. Gao JB, Billock VA, Merk I, Tung WW, White KD, Harris JG & Roychowdhury VP

(2006) Inertia and memory in ambiguous visual perception. Cognitive Processing 7, 105-112. Impact Factor = 1.36

18. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2005) Sensory recoding via neural synchronization: Integrating

hue and luminance into chromatic brightness and saturation. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 22, 2289-2298. Impact Factor = 1.45 Note: The first plausible model of saturation and brightness processing in human vision and a method for doing neural calculations with nonlinear coupled oscillators (which yields Stevens' power law as an emergent bonus).

19. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2004) What do catastrophic visual binding failures look like?

Trends in Neurosciences 27, 84-89. Impact Factor = 14.35 Note: A systematic demolition of the textbook models for stabilized image and equiluminous color perception.

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20. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2004) A role for cortical crosstalk in the binding problem:

Stimulus-driven correlations that link color, form, and motion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, 1036-1048. Impact Factor = 4.69 Note: A testable theory of how the cortex solves some binding problems.

21. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2004) Color, qualia and psychophysical constraints on the

equivalence of color experience: Continuing Commentary. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, 164-165; references on 168. Impact Factor = 14.96

22. Billock VA (2003) A framework for vision’s bag of tricks. Invited review. Science 300,

742-743. Impact Factor = 31.48 23. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2003) Vision: Nonlinear dynamic approaches. In Driggers RG

(Ed.), Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering (pp. 2917-2928), Marcel Dekker, Inc.: NY. 24. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2003) Visual information processing: Neural strategies,

limitations and tradeoffs. In Driggers RG (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering (pp. 2936-2948), Marcel Dekker, Inc: NY. Note: This article provided the underlying organization for a 4 credit hour 400/600 level vision course I taught in 2004 and 2005.

25. Hoshi Y, Tsou BH, Billock VA, Tanosaki M, Iguchi Y, Shimada M, Shinnba T, Yamada

Y & Oda I (2003) Spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic changes in the human lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks. NeuroImage 20, 1493-1504. Impact Factor = 6.13

26. Tsou BH & Billock VA (2003) Human vision and color. In Driggers RG (Ed.),

Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering (pp. 748-759) Marcel Dekker, Inc: NY. 27. Billock VA, Cunningham DW, Havig PR & Tsou HP (2001) Perception of spatio-

temporal random fractals: An extension of colorimetric methods to the study of dynamic texture. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 18, 2404-2413. Impact Factor = 1.45

28. Billock VA, de Guzman GC & Kelso JAS (2001) Fractal time and 1/f spectra in

dynamic images and human vision. Physica D 148, 136-146. Impact Factor = 1.83 29. Billock VA, Gleason GA & Tsou BH (2001) Perception of forbidden colors in retinally

stabilized equiluminant images: An indication of softwired cortical color opponency? Journal of the Optical Society of America A 18, 2398-2403. Impact Factor = 1.45 Note: An experimental method for violating color opponency and the first nonlinear dynamic model of color opponency. The article elicited considerable published debate among philosophers and it inspired the name of the Canadian rock group “The Forbidden Hues”.

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30. Cunningham DW, Billock VA & Tsou BH (2001) Sensorimotor adaptation to violations of temporal contiguity. Psychological Science 12, 532-535. Impact Factor = 4.43 Note: A technique for inducing perceptual causality failures.

31. Billock VA (2000) Neural acclimation to 1/f spatial frequency spectra in natural images

transduced by the human visual system. Physica D 137, 379-391. Impact Factor = 1.83 Note: First strong psychophysical evidence that humans are adapted to the 1/f statistics of natural images.

32. Ditzinger T, Billock V, Kelso JAS & Holtz J (2000) The Leaning Tower of Pisa effect:

An illusion mediated by colour, brightness and motion. Perception 29, 1269-1272. Impact factor = 1.11

33. Billock VA (1997) Very short term visual memory via reverberation: A role for the

cortico-thalamic excitatory circuit in temporal filling-in during blinks and saccades. Vision Research 37, 949-953. Impact Factor = 2.38

34. Billock VA (1996) Consequences of retinal color coding for cortical color decoding.

Science 274, 2118-2119. Impact Factor = 31.48 Note: Mixed cone surrounds explain the curious discrepancy between cone weights for r-g and r+g measured for P-cell mediated vision.

35. Billock VA & Harding TH (1996) Evidence of spatial and temporal channels in the

correlational structure of human spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity. Journal of Physiology 490, 509-517. Impact Factor = 4.54

36. Billock VA (1995) Cortical simple cells can extract achromatic information from the

multiplexed chromatic and achromatic signals in the parvocellular pathway. Vision Research 35, 2359-2369. Impact Factor = 2.38 Note: A model that explains how the cortex extracts information from P cells, using the existing structure of spatial frequency channels, also explains why high spatial frequency chromatic stimuli are visible but appear achromatic.

37. Billock VA (1995) The spectral sensitivity of the acuity criterion: Effect of nonlinear

summation of psychophysically isolated parvocellular receptive field centers. In Drum B (Ed.), Colour Vision Deficiencies XII (pp. 259-265), Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

38. Billock VA, King-Smith PE, Vingrys AJ, Grigsby SS & Benes SC (1995) Opponent

colour detection threshold asymmetries in subjects with optic nerve abnormalities. In Drum B (Ed.), Colour Vision Deficiencies XII (pp. 53-61), Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht. Note: Discovery of an unexpected color vision defect, now under study in other labs.

39. Kotulak JC, Morse SE & Billock VA (1995) Red-green opponent channel mediation of

control of human ocular accommodation. Journal of Physiology 482, 697-703. Impact Factor = 4.54

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40. Billock VA, Vingrys AJ & King-Smith PE (1994) Opponent-color detection threshold

asymmetries may result from reduction of ganglion cell subpopulations. Visual Neuroscience 11, 99-109. Impact Factor = 1.68 Note: First psychophysical confirmation of De Valois & De Valois' (1993) hypothesis of rectified pools in human color opponent channels.

41. Billock VA (1991) The relationship between simple and double opponent cells. Vision

Research 31, 33-42. Impact Factor = 2.38 Note: First theory of cortical color cells construction from P cells. Received experimental confirmation from Conway & Livingstone, J. Neuroscience (2006).

42. Billock VA & Leguire LE (1990) Phase channels and the square-wave illusion. Spatial

Vision 5, 43-50. Impact Factor = 1.04 43. King-Smith PE, Vingrys AJ, Benes SC, Grigsby SS & Billock VA (1989) Detection of

light and dark, red and green, blue and yellow. In Kulikowski JJ, Dickinson CM & Murray IJ (Eds.), Seeing Contour and Colour (pp. 381-391), Pergamon Press: London.

Ph.D. DISSERTATION & M.S. THESIS Billock VA (1987) Hue and Luminance Multiplexing in r-g Type I Cells. University Microfilms: Ann Arbor, MI. Ph.D. dissertation, Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Carl R. Ingling, Jr., Advisor. Billock VA (1983) Analysis by Moments of Multi-Exponential Fluorescence Decays. M.S. thesis, Physics Department, Miami University, Oxford, OH. T. William Houk, Advisor. CONFERENCE PAPERS 1. Billock VA (2016) Visual amplification via sensory integration in rattlesnakes, cats and

humans. Invited paper. Presented at the 41st Annual Interdisciplinary Conference, Breckenridge, CO.

2. Billock VA (2015) Visually triggered discomfort/seizure syndromes and neural hyper-excitability. Annual Winter Meeting of Optometric Educators, Inc., Columbus, OH.

3. Billock VA (2015) Soft-wiring color perception: Seeing forbidden hues and modeling vulnerable hue opponency. OSU Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences Annual Retreat, Deer Creek Lodge, OH.

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4. Olzak LA, Hodgson E & Billock VA (2015) Combining body ownership illusions and time delay adaptation in virtual reality environments. Annual meeting of the European Conference on Visual Perception, Liverpool, UK. Perception 44 (suppl.), 305.

5. Billock VA (2015) Treating color vision as a sensory integration problem: Application of nonlinear integration and amplification mechanisms to chromatic brightness and yellowness. Annual meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, St. Petersburg, FL. Journal of Vision 15, 261.

6. Billock VA (2014) Amplification of weak stimuli in vision: Lessons from rattlesnakes, cats and humans. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, Denver, CO. Optometry and Vision Science 91, E-140026.

7. Billock VA (2014) Sensory amplification. OSU Center for Cognitive and Brain

Sciences Annual Retreat. Mohican State Park, OH.

8. Billock VA (2014) Rate coding in human color vision: The curious nearly cubic relationship between neural spike rates and psychophysical color sensitivities. Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, St. Petersburg, FL. Journal of Vision 14, 980.

9. Billock VA (2014) Using binding theory to understand visual amplification via other sensory inputs in rattlesnakes, cats and humans. MODVIS 2014, the Annual Meeting of the Workshop on Computational and Mathematical Models in Vision. St. Petersburg, FL.

10. Billock VA (2013) Elementary hallucinations: Clinical manifestations and neural significance. Annual Winter Meeting of Optometric Educators, Inc., Columbus, OH.

11. Billock VA (2013) Forbidden colors and hidden aspects of perceptual opponencies. Sensory Systems and Coding Workshop of the NSF’s / OSU Mathematical Biosciences Institute’s Year of Mathematical Neuroscience, Columbus, OH.

12. Billock VA (2013) Not just for binding anymore: Using neural synchronization to

understand sensory integration and sensory enhancement in rattlesnakes, cats and humans. Annual meeting of the Midwest Cognitive Science Conference, Columbus, OH.

13. Billock VA (2012) Information recombination in human color vision resembles sensory

integration. Cognitive Neuroscience Workshop of the NSF/OSU Mathematical Biosciences Institute’s Year of Mathematical Neuroscience, Columbus, OH.

14. Billock VA (2012) A binding-like neural synchronization model of sensory integration

in modulated unisensory neurons. Mathematical Challenges in Neural Network Dynamics Workshop of the NSF’s / OSU Mathematical Biosciences Institute’s Year of Mathematical Neuroscience, Columbus, OH.

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15. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2012) Using neural synchronization models to bridge the gap between sensory integration and sensory binding theory. Annual Meeting of the Society for Mathematical Psychology, Columbus, OH.

16. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2012) Nonlinear integration of multispectral information:

Human color vision analogs to sensory integration in rattlesnake. MultiSense 2012, the annual meeting of the International Multisensory Research Forum, Oxford University, UK, June 2012. Seeing and Perceiving 25, S179.

17. Billock VA (2011) Not just for binding anymore: Using neural synchronization to

understand sensory integration in rattlesnakes, cats and humans. Invited talk, the Michael Posner Symposium, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL.

18. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2011) Oscillatory synchronization can predict intensity-

dependent enhancement: A bridge between sensory binding theory and multisensory integration. MultiSense 2011, the annual meeting of the International Multisensory Research Forum, Fukuoka, Japan. I-Perception 2 (8), 888.

19. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2011) A model for the enhancement and multimodal

integration of multi-spectral information in rattlesnake. Annual meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, Naples, FL. Journal of Vision 11, 790a.

20. Billock VA (2010) Plenary Lecture (Keynote Address). Pushing the perceptual

envelope: Inducing specific hallucinations and forbidden colors. Annual meeting of the Society of Plastics Engineers, Color and Appearance Division, Nashville, TN.

21. Billock VA (2010) Rectified cortical cell model for the human r-g color vision channel.

Annual meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, Ohio Northern University, Ada, OH. Ohio Journal of Science 110, A10.

22. Billock VA (2009) Modeling the formation of a cortical color opponent channel in many

observers. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, Orlando, FL. Optometry and Visual Science 86, e-abstract: 095069.

23. Billock VA (2009) A nonlinear dynamic model for the neural basis of yellowness.

Annual meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, Wittenberg College, Springfield, OH. Ohio Journal of Science 109, A6.

24. Billock VA, Cunningham DW & Tsou BH (2008) What visual discrimination of fractal

textures can tell us about discrimination of camouflaged targets. Joint workshop: Human Factors Issues in Combat Identification and Image Analysis Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Mesa, AZ. See: http://www.cerici.org/workshop/2008Workshops/Fractal_BCT%20BILLOCK.pdf

25. Billock VA (2007) Hue, saturation and brightness: Fundamental percepts of human

vision considered as emergent properties of nonlinear dynamic interactions between known cortical mechanisms. Coordination: Neural, Behavioral and Social Dynamics.

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Festschrift in honor of J.A. Scott Kelso, Boca Raton, FL. 26. Billock VA (2006) Characteristics of neural pattern formation in geometric visual

hallucinations driven by flicker, apparent motion and fractal (1/f) noise. Annual meeting of the Ohio Academy of Science, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH. Ohio Journal of Science 106, A46.

27. Billock VA (2005) Missing links: Some examples from color vision on how binding

theory may fill gaps in theoretical frameworks for perceptual phenomena. Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, Sarasota, FL. Journal of Vision 5, 281a.

28. Gao JB, Tung WW & Billock VB (2004) Power law sensitivity to initial conditions in a time series. Festschrift for Prof. Zheng Zhemin at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-AGLU200409006054.htm

29. Tsou BH & Billock VA (2004) Visual information capacity and bottlenecks: How the

visual system deals with them and how we can bypass them for better performance. DARPA Workshop on Visual Information Capacity, Washington, D.C.

30. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2003) A special case of the MacKay effect generates

geometric hallucinations: Stochastic resonance in pattern formation driven by fractal (1/f) noise. Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, Sarasota, FL. Journal of Vision 3, 350a.

31. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2003) Flicker induced hallucinations and enhanced MacKay

effects. Visual Sciences Society Visual Demonstrations Bazaar, Sarasota, FL. 32. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2002) Hue, saturation and brightness: Fundamental properties

of color vision derived from dynamic interactions between cortical neurons. Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, Sarasota, FL. Journal of Vision 2, 155a.

33. Billock VA & Tsou BH (2002) Hue, saturation and brightness: Nonlinear dynamic models of human color vision fundamentals. Invited talk, annual meeting of the Society for Mathematical Psychology, Oxford, OH. http://www.users.muohio.edu/thomasrd/abstracts.pdf

34. Hoshi Y, Tsou BH, Billock VA, Tanosaki M, Iguchi Y, Shimada M, Shinnba T, Yamada Y & Oda I. (2002) Spatiotemporal characteristics of hemodynamic changes in the human lateral prefrontal cortex during working memory tasks. Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, Sendai, Japan. Neuroimage 16, supp., 230.

35. Billock VA, Havig PR & Tsou BH (2001) Dynamic fractal (1/f) noise as a driving force

for hallucinatory pattern formation. Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, Sarasota, FL. Journal of Vision 1, 439a.

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36. Billock VA & Tsou PR (2000) Is chromatic saturation an emergent property of synchronized binding between chromatic and achromatic mechanisms? Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 41, supp, 808.

37. Cunningham DW, Billock VA & Tsou BH (2000) Spatiotemporal discrimination

thresholds for random fractal (1/f) dynamic textures. European Conference on Visual Perception, Groningen, The Netherlands. Perception 29, supp., 104.

38. Billock VA, Havig PR & Tsou BH (1999) Flicker color hallucinatory morphogenesis:

The nonlinear dynamics of self-organized pattern formation. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 40, supp., 355.

39. Beegan JA, Ingling CR, Jr., Billock VA & Tsou BH (1999) Nonlinear dynamics of

human color vision: Order effects in the spectral locations of unique hues are meaningful. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 40, supp., 981.

40. Billock VA, Havig PR & Tsou BH (1999) Simultaneous contrast in flicker induced

hallucinations and MacKay effects. Annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Miami Beach, FL. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 25, 1052.

41. Billock VA, Gleason G & Tsou BH (1998) Violations of color opponency for stabilized

equiluminant images: Implications for color and binding mechanisms. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 39, supp., 444.

42. Billock VA, Ingling CR Jr., Beegan JA & Tsou BH (1998) Nonlinear dynamics of

human color vision: Towards a unified theory of invariances, order effects, Hering’s law violations and self-organized pattern formation in color vision. Dynamics Days '98, Chapel Hill, NC. http://www.phy.duke.edu/~socolar/ddays.

43. Cunningham D, Havig P, Chen JS, Billock VA, Tsou HP (1998) Appearance and discrimination of spatiotemporal fractal textures. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 39, supp., 859.

44. Billock VA (1997) A chaos theory approach to some intractable problems in color

vision. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38, supp., 254.

45. Grigsby SS, Ingling CR Jr., Billock VA & Tsou BHP (1997) The role of P and M

pathways in the perception of afterimages. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38, supp., 893.

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46. Billock VA, de Guzman GC & Kelso JAS (1997) Adaptation of the human visual system to the fractal-like properties of the dynamic visual environment. International Conference on Complex Systems, Nashua, NH. ICCS Abstracts 1, 18-19.

47. Billock VA (1996) Fractal properties of natural images and spatial vision. Annual

meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 37, supp., 913.

48. Billock VA, de Guzman GC & Kelso JAS (1996) Fractal properties of dynamic images

and human vision. Annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Washington, D.C. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 22, 271.

49. Peterzell DH, Dougherty RF & Billock VA (1996) Spatiotemporal covariance channels.

Annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Rochester, NY. Optics and Photonics News 7, supp., 122.

50. Billock VA (1995) Rectifying the demultiplexing problem: Psychophysical

manifestations of cortical nonlinearities in the colour/luminance demultiplexing process. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 36, supp., 663.

51. Morse SE, Kotulak JC & Billock VA (1995) Red-green opponent channel and

accommodation. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 36, supp., 13.

52. Billock VA (1995) The close match between the power law scalings of spatial

information and contrast sensitivity. Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, Portland, OR. Optics and Photonics News 6, supp., 138.

53. Billock VA (1995) Power law scaling of temporal contrast processing in human vision. Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, Portland, OR. Optics and Photonics News 6, supp., 148.

54. Billock VA (1995) The neural basis of color and luminance interactions in human

vision. University of Central Florida Conference on Cognition, Perception, Sensation, Language, and Action, Orlando, FL.

55. Billock VA (1993) The spectral sensitivity of the acuity criterion: Effect of nonlinear

summation of psychophysically isolated parvocellular receptive field centers. Twelfth Biannual Meeting of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies, Tübingen, Germany. Daltoniana 79, 22.

56. Billock VA (1993) The formation of cortical cells sensitive to chromatic and/or

achromatic information from parvocellular neurons transmitting both chromatic and achromatic signals. Twelfth Biannual Meeting of the International Research Group on

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Colour Vision Deficiencies, Tübingen, Germany. Daltoniana 79, 22-23. 57. Billock VA, King-Smith PE, Vingrys AJ, Grigsby SS & Benes SC (1993) Opponent

colour detection threshold asymmetry: An indicator of optic nerve abnormality. Twelfth Biannual Meeting of the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies, Tübingen, Germany. Daltoniana 79, 4.

58. Billock VA & Harding TH (1992) Statistical independence of spatiotemporal contrast

thresholds as a function of frequency separation: Differences in spatial and temporal processing. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 33, 4, supp., 1344.

59. Billock VA & Harding TH (1992) A novel and robust method for analyzing visual

threshold data that appears to probe the properties of psychophysical channels. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, Orlando, FL. Optometry and Vision Science 69, supp., 83-84.

60. Billock VA & Harding TH (1991) The spatiotemporal tuning of temporal frequency

mechanisms. Annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, San Jose, CA. Optics and Photonics News 2, 9, supp., 94 (see also the OSA 1991 Annual Meeting Technical Digest, 167).

61. Billock VA & Harding TH (1991) The number and tuning of channels responsible for the independent detection of temporal modulation. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 32, 4, supp., 840.

62. Billock VA (1990) The temporal tuning of Fechner-Benham subjective color. Annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Boston, MA. Optics and Photonics News 16, 9, A-106, (see also the OSA 1990 Annual Meeting Technical Digest, 220).

63. Billock VA, Grigsby SS & King-Smith PE (1990) Temporal integration of equiluminous

color in megalopapilla and hypoplasia. Annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Boston, MA. Optics and Photonics News 16, 9, A-48 (see also the OSA 1990 Annual Meeting Technical Digest, 68).

64. Billock VA, Vingrys AJ, King-Smith PE & Benes SC (1990) Selective losses of spatial

and temporal contrast sensitivity in optic nerve hypoplasia. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 31, 5, supp., 187.

65. Billock VA (1989) Benham's top: An information theoretic approach. Annual meeting

of the Optical Society of America, Orlando, FL. Optics News 15, 9, 90A, (see also the OSA 1989 Annual Meeting Technical Digest, 211).

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66. Billock VA, Ingling CR, Jr. & Grigsby SS (1989) Demultiplexing the hue and luminance signals in r-g X-cells. Annual meeting of the Optical Society of America, Orlando, FL. Optics News 15, 9, 90A (see also the OSA 1989 Annual Meeting Technical Digest, 211).

67. Billock VA, King-Smith PE, Vingrys AJ & Benes SC (1989) Opponent color detection

threshold asymmetry - A novel color deficiency associated with optic nerve hypoplasia. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 30, 5, supp., 408.

68. Billock VA, King-Smith PE, Vingrys AJ & Benes SC (1989) Spatial, temporal and

chromatic losses of foveal vision in optic nerve hypoplasia. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, New Orleans. Optometry and Visual Science 66, 10, supp., 202.

69. Billock VA & King-Smith PE (1988) Asymmetries in detection thresholds for

equiluminous red and green. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, Columbus, OH. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 65, 62-63P.

70. Ingling CR Jr., Grigsby SS & Billock VA (1987) The Abney, Tyndall, Guth and Moeller

effects explained by B-cone input to the r-g channel. Optical Society of America Topical Meeting on Color Appearance, Baltimore, MD. Technical Digest Series 15, 54-57.

71. King-Smith PE, Vingrys AJ, Benes SC, Grigsby SS & Billock VA (1987) Detection of light and dark, red and green, blue and yellow. Third International Symposium of the Northern Eye Institute, Manchester, England. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of the Northern Eye Institute, K5

72. King-Smith PE, Vingrys AJ, Early MJ, Grigsby SS, Billock VA & Benes SC (1987)

Asymmetries in detection thresholds for equiluminous blue and yellow and for red and green. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 28, 3, supp., 212.

73. Ingling CR, Jr., Tsou BHP & Billock VA (1986) Nonlinearity of CFF as a photometric

criterion. Annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, FL. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 27, 3, supp., 73.

74. King-Smith PE, Billock VA & Loffing D (1984) Evoked potentials for black-white and

red-green checkerboards as a function of stimulus strength. Annual meeting of the American Academy of Optometry, St. Louis, MO. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 61, 27P.