vikrant project

8/2/2019 Vikrant Project

1/35

PROJECT REPORT ON

PNEUMATIC CRANE

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

PROJECT GUIDES

MR. ARUN KUMAR (ASSOT. PROF.)

MR. SATISH KUMAR (LECT.)

SUBMITTED TO:-

H.O.D. MECHANICAL ENGG. SUBMITTED BY:-

MR. N. K. BATRA SHASHI AZAD (11082484)

VIKRANT (11082459)

SHARV MOHIT (11082478)

SUMEET SHARMA (11082460)

MAHARISHI MARKANDESHWAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE

MULLANA


2/35

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The concept of Project work, being a part of the engineeringcurriculum is of great use to the students. They get an opportunity to

work and gain much practical experience and exposure while working

with the equipments in the field of project.

We consider ourselves extremely fortunate that we will get the

opportunity to gain this valuable practical knowledge during the course

of our project work and we would be enabling our potential and

innovation to bring in practical.

we express our sincere gratitude to Mr. N.K. BATRA (H.O.D.

Mechanical Engg.) and our project guides MR. ARUN KUMAR

(Assot. Prof.) & MR. SATISH KUMAR (Lecturer) for standing by

our side to guide us through the project and make our project meaningful

experience.

In this project we will show the working, basic parameters and

mainly the basic innovation we are trying to show and implement our

practical knowledge.

I also thanks for all those persons in other departments too who

provided me valuable information that I required in my project work.


3/35

CONTENT

SR.NO TOPIC

1 INTRODUCTION

2 OBJECTIVE

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4 ABSTRACT

5 CLASSIFICATION

6 COMPONENTS

7 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

8 PROBLEMS

9 CONCLUSION

10 BIBILIOGRAPHY


4/35

OBJECTIVES

1) To construct an arrangement using disc base rotation by DC gearmotor.

2) To fabricate a crane front panel with pulley arrangement that helpto rotate the string and to lift the material from the base area using

another DC gear motor.

3) To construct and install an electromagnet fitted at the stings openend at base.

4) To link both motors and electromagnet using power supply usingswitching arrangement.

5) To construct and install a cylindrical hydraulic setup to the arm at

a suitable place.


5/35

BLOCK DIAGRAM


6/35

ABSTRACT

Any of a diverse group of machines that not only lift heavy

objects but also shift them horizontally. Cranes are distinct from hoists,

passenger elevators, and other devices intended solely or primarily for

vertical lifting and from conveyors, which continuously lift or carry bulk

materials such as grain or coal. Cranes have come into their present

widespread application only since the introduction of steam engines,

internal-combustion engines, and electric motors, beginning in the 19th

century.

The most prominent component of that class of cranes known as

derrick cranes is the jib, or boom; this is a long beam that is structurally

reinforced so that it will not bend. The jib is supported or held aloft by

guy wires running from its top to a vertical mast, or pillar, that is itself

stiffly braced; the guy wires set the angle at which the jib leans. Along

the entire length of the jib runs a pulley system whose cables or chains

are wound and unwound around a drum, or cylinder, that is placed at the

jib's base and is turned by a motor. The cable dropping from the top of

the jib is attached to loads and lifts them vertically. The loads may also

be moved from side to side by having the jib pivot, or rotate, on its base

around the mast.

A traveling jib crane is one in which the pulley system is

suspended from a trolley, or wheeled carriage, moving along the length

of the jib.

Such traveling cranes usually have lifting capacities of from 5 to

250 tons. A potentially more powerful derrick is the floating crane,

which is built on a barge for such purposes as constructing bridges or


7/35

salvaging sunken objects. The Musashi, a large crane of this type built in

Japan in 1974, can lift a 3,000-ton load.

Problems in maintaining stability always arise with jibcranes, and in the case of larger cranes that lift heavy loads at long

outreaches, special care has to be taken to avoid tipping of the crane. For

this purpose, besides the usual practice of mounting the hoisting

machinery in such a way as to counterpoise part of the load on the boom,

special ballast weights must be added to ensure that the crane will not be

overturned.

The cantilever crane, a type much used in the construction ofships and tall buildings, has a horizontal boom that rests upon and can

rotate about a vertical mast. The load is suspended from a trolley that

can move along a track on the boom.

During the erection of a building of many stories, the mast of

a cantilever crane may be extended upward repeatedly as the height of

the building increases.

Bridge cranes comprise another important class of cranes

in which the pulley system is suspended from a trolley that moves on

tracks along one or two horizontal beams, called the bridge, that are

supported at both ends. In most cases, the bridge itself can move along a

pair of parallel rails, so that the crane can serve a large rectangular area.

A circular space can be served by a rotary bridge crane, in which one

end of the overhead beam is supported by a central pivot while the other

end moves on a circular rail on the periphery of the area. The overhead

traveling crane, a bridge crane for which the rails are mounted above the

level of the ground or floor, has the advantage of causing no obstruction

of the working area. Overhead traveling cranes are commonly used


8/35

indoors, where their rails can be attached to the columns that support the

roof.

If the construction of overhead rails is impracticable, the ends

of the bridge can be attached to upright towers that move on rails at theground level; such cranes are called gantry, or goliath, cranes. A

commonly used type of small movable crane is the truck crane, which is

a crane mounted on a heavy, modified truck. Such cranes frequently use

unsupported telescoping booms; these are made up of collapsible

sections that can be extended outward like the sections of an old nautical

telescope or spyglass. The extension of the boom is usually managed

hydraulically. Truck cranes make up in mobility and ease of transportwhat they lack in hoisting capacity.


9/35

Mobile Derrick Crane

A crane lifts materials for the construction of a research

center at the South Pole in 1992. The derrick crane moves heavy objects

through the use of a motor, which winds cable around a winch, and a

system of pulleys.


10/35

CLASSIFICATION

Any of a diverse group of machines that not only lift heavy objects

but also shift them horizontally. Cranes are distinct from hoists,

passenger elevators, and other devices intended solely or primarily for

vertical lifting and from conveyors, which continuously lift or carry bulk

materials such as grain or coal. Cranes have come into their present

widespread application only since the introduction of steam engines,

internal-combustion engines, and electric motors, beginning in the 19th

century.

The most prominent component of that class of cranes known as

derrickcranes is the jib, or boom; this is a long beam that is structurally

reinforced so that it will not bend. The jib is supported or held aloft by

guy wires running from its top to a vertical mast, or pillar, that is itself

stiffly braced; the guy wires set the angle at which the jib leans. Along

the entire length of the jib runs a pulley system whose cables or chains

are wound and unwound around a drum, or cylinder, that is placed at the

jib's base and is turned by a motor. The cable dropping from the top of

the jib is attached to loads and lifts them vertically. The loads may also

be moved from side to side by having the jib pivot, or rotate, on its base

around the mast. A simple pivoting hand-operated jib crane is depicted

in Figure 1.


11/35

Fig: 1

A traveling jib crane is one in which the pulley system is

suspended from a trolley, or wheeled carriage, moving along the length

of the jib, as illustrated in Figure 2. Such traveling cranes usually have

lifting capacities of from 5 to 250 tons. A potentially more powerful

derrick is the floating crane, which is built on a barge for such purposes

as constructing bridges or salvaging sunken objects. The Musashi, a

large crane of this type built in Japan in 1974, can lift a 3,000-ton load.


12/35

Fig: 2

Problems in maintaining stability always arise with jib cranes, and

in the case of larger cranes that lift heavy loads at long outreaches,

special care has to be taken to avoid tipping of the crane. For this

purpose, besides the usual practice of mounting the hoisting machinery

in such a way as to counterpoise part of the load on the boom, special

ballast weights must be added to ensure that the crane will not be

overturned.

The cantilever crane, a type much used in the construction of ships

and tall buildings, has a horizontal boom that rests upon and can rotate

about a vertical mast. The load is suspended from a trolley that can


13/35

move along a track on the boom. A cantilever crane used in shipyards is

depicted in Figure 3. During the erection of a building of many stories,

the mast of a cantilever crane may be extended upward repeatedly as the

height of the building increases.

Fig: 3

Bridge cranes comprise another important class of cranes in which

the pulley system is suspended from a trolley that moves on tracks along

one or two horizontal beams, called the bridge, that are supported at both


14/35

ends. In most cases, the bridge itself can move along a pair of parallel

rails, so that the crane can serve a large rectangular area. A circular

space can be served by a rotary bridge crane, in which one end of the

overhead beam is supported by a central pivot while the other end moveson a circular rail on the periphery of the area. The overhead traveling

crane, a bridge crane for which the rails are mounted above the level of

the ground or floor, has the advantage of causing no obstruction of the

working area. Overhead traveling cranes are commonly used indoors,

where their rails can be attached to the columns that support the roof.

This type of crane is depicted in Figure 4. If the construction of

overhead rails is impracticable, the ends of the bridge can be attached to

upright towers that move on rails at the ground level; such cranes are

called gantry, or goliath, cranes.

Fig: 4

A commonly used type of small movable crane is the truck crane,

which is a crane mounted on a heavy, modified truck. Such cranes


15/35

frequently use unsupported telescoping booms; these are made up of

collapsible sections that can be extended outward like the sections of an

old nautical telescope or spyglass. The extension of the boom is usually

managed hydraulically. Truck cranes make up in mobility and ease of

transport what they lack in hoisting capacity.


16/35

COMPONENTS

The key components of pneumatics are:

Pneumatic pump There are three versions of the pump. The old

Generation 1 pump, the new Generation 2 pump (both of these are

spring-loaded) and the small pump without a spring (designed for use

with motors). The Gen. 1 pump is red, while the Gen. 2 pump is yellow

and has a larger contact pad at the top of the pump.

Pumps are the primary source of air in a pneumatic circuit.

Pneumatic cylinder

Cylinders look like pumps, but they are the outputs of the energy, rather

than the inputs. There are five versions of cylinders. The Generation 1

cylinders came in two lengths, only had one input and thus were limited

in how they could be used. The Generation 2 cylinders have 2 inputs

(and come in studded, studless, and small versions), and allow pushing

and pulling, depending on which input air is pumped into.

Pneumatic switch

Switches have three ports on them, and a Lego axle which controls

which of the ports are connected to each other.

Switch Left Port Middle Port Right Port

Left position OpenConnected to

Right

Connected to

CenterMiddle

PositionClosed Closed Closed

Right positionConnected to

Center

Connected to

LeftOpen


17/35

When a port is "open", that means it is like an open tire valve; all the air

will leak out as fast as it can. When a port is closed, no air can enter or

leave that port. When ports are connected, air will freely travel through

the switch between those two ports.

Pneumatic tubing

Tubing is simply the means by which air power is transferred through

the circuit. Tubing can connect to a switch, air tank, T-junction,

cylinder, pump, distribution block, or flex-hose.

Flex-hoses aren't actually considered pneumatic pieces; they were

designed as part of the Technic system for a different purpose, but fans

have discovered that pneumatic tubing actually fits over flex hoses

pretty well, so many people use them as tubing extenders whenever they

are needed. Flex hoses are more rigid than tubing.

Pneumatic tubing almost always comes with sets in an uncut form, and

are required to be cut into smaller pieces using scissors. On the 8049

technic tractor and log loader and the 8110 Unimog U400, the tubes are

already cut to size.

Pneumatic T-junction

A T-junction is a very small piece that allows three pieces of tubing to

connect into one junction, essentially splitting (or joining) airflow from

two hoses into one. These only allow 1:2 branching, but by combining

T-junctions, any number of branches can be achieved (ie: one tube can

branch into three by using two T-junctions).

Air tank

Air tanks are an important piece to most larger pneumatic designs, as

they allow air power to be easily stored for later retrieval.


18/35

Pneumatic distribution block

These pieces used a special kind of one-way valve inside of them, and

three ports on the outside. The leftmost port could only have air going

into it, no air would ever come out. The middle port could have air goingin or out. The right port could only have air coming out of it, no air

could go into it.

Using these, it was possible to make the Generation 1 cylinders pull

down as well as push up, however the pulling wasn't as strong as the

pushing, and this prompted.

Pneumatic principles

Pneumatic projects usually include a compressor made from a

combination of a electric motor and pneumatic pump, together with a

pressure switch which will activate the motor when greater pressure is

required.

The pneumatic elements are most commonly used to resemble and take

the function of hydraulic cylinders in appropriate models, actuating a

digging arm or crane, for example. They can, however, also be used to

build a pneumatic engine, which converts air pressure into rotary motion

using the same principles as a steam engine. However, the cylinders are

not optimised for this purpose, and such engines tend to be slow and

lack power unless the cylinder inlets are enlarged.

Because a slight delay is involved between increased pressure and

cylinder movement, various feedback loops can be used whereby one

pneumatic component can activate another in a series of mechanical

events.

Pneumatics can be configured in such a way that electronic circuits can

be replicated. These circuits can then be combined to create digital

computers


19/35

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Pneumatic subsystem


20/35

The above diagram shows the schematic of one pneumatic cylinder.

Pneumatic cylinder

diameter = 30mm

piston rod diameter = 12mm max. extendable length = 300mm

Valve

5/3 valve, closed in neutral position simple on/off type, non proportional nominal width = 5mm nominal throughput = 350 ltr/min min. time to switch = 20ms to control the movement of the piston the valve is switched at a

high rate, shifting the switch ratio to cause motion in the desired

direction at the desired speed

Supply pressure manifold

holds all six valves including the silencers/dampenersSilencer/Dampener

adjustable dampener to control the outgoing airflowTubing

tubes inner diameter = 4.5mm

Filter/Regulator

filters primary air supply allows for regulating the primary pressure (currently adjusted to 5

bar)


21/35

Primary air supply (compressor)

max. pressure = 2 bar (29 psi) power = .4 Kw(approx) airflow max. 25 to 35 ltr/min tank volume = 24 ltr

Status

The pneumatic hardware is operative, only one cylinder can be used at

the monent.

There are three major considerations in the design of cranes. First, the

crane must be able to lift the weight of the load; second, the crane mustnot topple; third, the crane must not rupture.


22/35


23/35

Status

The pneumatic hardware is operative, only one cylinder can be used at

the monent.

There are three major considerations in the design of cranes. First, the

crane must be able to lift the weight of the load; second, the crane must

not topple; third, the crane must not rupture.

Lifting capacity

Cranes illustrate the use of one or moresimple machinesto

createmechanical advantage.

Thelever. A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever)pivoted about a point called thefulcrum. The principle of the lever

allows a heavy load attached to the shorter end of the beam to be

lifted by a smallerforceapplied in the opposite direction to the longer

end of the beam. The ratio of the load's weight to the applied force is

equal to the ratio of the lengths of the longer arm and the shorter arm,

and is called themechanical advantage.

Thepulley. A jib crane contains a tilted strut (thejib) that supports afixed pulley block. Cables are wrapped multiple times round the fixed

block and round another block attached to the load. When the free

end of the cable is pulled by hand or by a winding machine, the

pulley system delivers a force to the load that is equal to the applied

force multiplied by the number of lengths of cable passing between

the two blocks. This number is the mechanical advantage.

Thehydraulic cylinder. This can be used directly to lift the load orindirectly to move the jib or beam that carries another lifting device.

Cranes, like all machines, obey the principle ofconservation of energy.

This means that theenergydelivered to the load cannot exceed the

energy put into the machine. For example, if a pulley system multiplies

the applied force by ten, then the load moves only one tenth as far as the

applied force. Since energy is proportional to force multiplied by
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_advantagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_machine


24/35

distance, the output energy is kept roughly equal to the input energy (in

practice slightly less, because some energy is lost tofrictionand other

inefficiencies).

The same principle can operate in reverse. In case of some problem, the

combination of heavy load and great height can accelerate small objects

to tremendous speed . Such projectiles can result in severe damage to

nearby structures and people. Cranes can also get in chain reactions; the

rupture of one crane may in turn take out nearby cranes. Cranes need to

be watched carefully.

Stability

For stability, the sum of allmomentsabout any point such as the base of

the crane must equate to zero. In practice, the magnitude of load that ispermitted to be lifted (called the "rated load") is some value less than the

load that will cause the crane to tip (providing a safety margin). Cranes,

the stability-limited rated load for a crawler crane is 65% of the tipping

load.

But the stability-limited rated load for a mobile crane supported on

outriggers is 85% of the tipping load accordance with US standard.

These requirements, along with additional safety-related aspects of crane

design, are established by the American Society of MechanicalEngineers in the volume ASME B30.5-2007Mobile and Locomotive

Cranes.

Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore platforms are

somewhat stricter because of the dynamic load on the crane due to

vessel motion. Additionally, the stability of the vessel or platform must

be considered.

Stress within the base must be less than the yield stress of the material or

the crane will fail.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction


25/35

Hydraulics vs Pneumatics

There are almost no significant differences between hydraulics andand for non-engineers but if you examine further, there are lots of

technical uniqueness in each system. By definition alone, hydraulics is very different from pneumatics

because it is used in controlling, transmitting and harnessing power

using pressured fluids. The latter is dealing more on studying the

impact of pressurized gases and how it influences mechanical

movement. Hydraulics is frequently used in the concepts of dams,

rivers, turbines and even erosion whereas pneumatics is applied in

various fields of dentistry, mining and general construction among

others.

The material or substance used differs between the two. Inhydraulics, the substance used is an incompressible fluid medium

wherein the most common example is oil. Pneumatics, on the

contrary, makes use of a very compressible gas like air itself or an

appropriate puregas.

Another difference between the two when applied is the strength ofthe pressures used in their applications. Hydraulic systems use agreater amount of pressure compared to pneumatic applications. In

pneumatics, only 80-100 psi (pounds per square inch) of pressure

is used for its industrial applications. Hydraulic-based applications

frequently use pressures that range from 1,000-5,000 psi.

Nevertheless, other more advanced hydraulic systems even use

pressures of up to 10,000 psi. Because of this high power demand,

hydraulic systems chiefly use bigger components while pneumatic

systems use smaller ones in most applications.

With regard to the control of applications, pneumatic systems aredeemed to be simpler and easier to handle than hydraulic systems.

Most operators say that using pneumatics is just like the light

switch that makes you choose between two simple choices of on
http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-gas-and-diesel/http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-gas-and-diesel/http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-gas-and-diesel/http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-gas-and-diesel/


26/35

or off. This is true because most pneumatics is designed with

simple cylinders and standard components only. An exception in

the simplicity of either a hydraulic or pneumatic device would

come if the entire system is automated.

Summary:

1. By definition, hydraulics is used in controlling or harnessing

power with the use of pressurized fluids whereas pneumatics

studies how pressurized gases influences mechanical motion or

movement.

2. Hydraulics uses an incompressible fluid medium like oil

whereas pneumatics uses a compressible gas like air.3. Hydraulic applications demand greater pressures during

operations that reach thousands of pounds per square inch whereas

pneumatic applications only require 100 psi pressures more or less.

4. Most hydraulic applications generally use bigger components

that pneumatic applications.

5. Hydraulic systems are generally more difficult to operate

compared to pneumatic applications.


27/35

Worksheet

Capacity*

APPROX

KILOGRAM

.10-25

Type of Crane*

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM BASED

Span (Center to Center

of rail)*

__

Mtr.

__

Height of Lift*

UPTO

Mtr.

0.70

Minimum Speed

Maximum Speed

__

__

Mtr./Min. __

Mtr./Min. __

Power supply

Air Comperssor

A.C Source

3000 -4000 r.s


28/35

Tubing 1000 -1500 r.s

Pneumatic cylinder

4000 -6000 r.s

Jib and Hook 3500r.s

Bearings and

fabrication

2500 -4500 r.s

*

Accessories

3000 r.s

Wooden block 1000 r.s

Electric motor 4000- 6000 r.s


29/35

CONCLUSION

At last we came to a conclusion while working on the synopsis and

market survey for our pneumatic crane we faced many difficulties and

now find ourselves prepared enough to face the heat of stress in

upcoming of our project in working.

We owe to our guides and ourselves that we will work hard and

use best innovation of our mind to make our project happen.


30/35

Biliography

Random article Market survey details about components www.referenceforbusiness.com www.howstuffwork.com www.netsuite.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Randomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Randomhttp://www.referenceforbusiness.com/http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/http://www.howstuffwork.com/http://www.howstuffwork.com/http://www.netsuite.com/http://www.netsuite.com/http://www.netsuite.com/http://www.howstuffwork.com/http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random


31/35

Alternative pneumatic system

There are similar pneumatics system for robotic and control technology

hobbyists. This system includes an electrically activated air solenoid, a

feature not available in the pneumatic range.

A number of hobbyists have also constructed additional components

such as larger air tanks and solenoids to complement the standardpneumatic components.


32/35

Sizing a Cylinder

To determine the size cylinder that is needed for a particular system,

certainparameters must be known. First of all, a total evaluation of the

load must be made.This total load is not only the basic load that must be

moved, but also includes anyfriction and the force needed to accelerate

the load. Also included must be the forceneeded to exhaust the air from

the other end of the cylinder through the attachedlines, control valves,

etc. Any other force that must be overcome must also beconsidered aspart of the total load. Once the load and required force characteristics

are determined, a working pressure should be assumed. This working

pressure that is selected MUST be the pressure seen at the cylinder's

piston when motion is takingplace. It is obvious that cylinder's working

pressure is less than the actual systempressure due to the flow losses in

lines and valves.With the total load (including friction) and working

pressure determined, thecylinder size may be calculated using Pascal's

Law. Force is equal to pressure beingapplied to a particular area. The

formula describing this action is:Force = Pressure * AreaForce is proportional to pressure and area. When a cylinder is used to

clamp or

press, its output force can be computed as follows: F = P * A

P = pressure (PSI (Bar) (Pascal's))

F = force (pounds (Newtons))

A = area (square inches (square meters))


33/35

Pneumatics Problem #1Application:Finished parts are accumulating on the end of a conveyor. The parts

need to be

transferred on to a connecting conveyor that carries them to the final

inspection

and packaging stations. The technician needs to be able to activate and

then

release a transfer device powered by a pneumatic cylinder.Objective:

To be able to design and assemble a circuit that extends and retracts a

single

acting, spring return cylinder.

Circuit Problem:Using the given components and layout, design a schematic circuit

which will operate a spring return cylinder with a two position, spring

offset, three-way valve.

Pneumatics Problem #2Application:Parts need to be clamped for a drilling operation. The technician needs

to activate

and deactivate a pneumatic clamp that holds the part in a fixture on the

drilling

machine. The clamp must be activated before the drilling cycle begins

and

deactivated at the end of the drilling cycle.

Objective:


34/35

To be able to design and assemble a circuit that extends and retracts a

double

acting cylinder.

Circuit Problem:Using the given components and layout, design a schematic circuit

which will operate a double acting cylinder with a two position four-way

valve.

Alternative pneumatic system

There are similar pneumatics system for robotic and control technology

hobbyists. This system includes an electrically activated air solenoid, a

feature not available in the pneumatic range.

A number of hobbyists have also constructed additional components

such as larger air tanks and solenoids to complement the standard

pneumatic components.


35/35

Pneumatic Transmission of Energy

The reason for using pneumatics, or any other type of energy

transmission on a machine, is to perform work. The accomplishment of

work requires the application of kinetic energy to a resisting object

resulting in the object moving through a distance. In a pneumatic

system, energy is stored in a potential state under the form ofcompressed air. Working energy (kinetic energy and pressure) results in

a pneumatic system when the compressed air is allowed to expand. For

example, a tank is charged to 100 PSIA with compressed air. When the

valve at the tank outlet

is opened, the air inside the tank expands until the pressure inside the

tank equals the atmospheric pressure. Air expansion takes the form of

airflow.

To perform any applicable amount of work then, a device is needed

which can supply an air tank with a sufficient amount of air at a desired

pressure. This device is positive displacement compressor.

vikrant project

Documents