vikrama simhapuri university: nellore department …

VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY: NELLORE

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

CBCS SYLLABUS

M.Sc (BOTANY)

With Effect From 2017

I SEMESTER

BOT – 101 : MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY

Unit – IGeneral characters and Classification of viruses, Ultra structure of viruses, Isolation andPurification of Viruses; Chemical nature, Replication, Transmission and Economicimportance of viruses.Phytoplasmas: General characteristics and role in causing plant diseases Principles ofImmunology – Antigen, Antibody interactions.

Unit – IIBacteria: Archaea;Eubacteria: general account, Ultra structure, Nutrition andReproduction.Biology and economic importance of Cyanobacterial – Salient features and biologicalimportance.

Unit – IIIMycology: General characters of fungi, Cell ultra structure, Unicelluar and Multicelluarorganization. Cell wall composition, Nutrition (Saprobic, Biotrophic and Symbiotic):Reproduction, (Vegetative, Asexual, and Sexual): Heterothallism: Heterokaryosis and Parasexuality.Classification of Fungi: Recent trends in Classification Phylogency of Fungi; Generalaccount of Myxomycota; Eumycota; General account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina,Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina.

Fungi in industry, Medicine and as Food.Fungal diseases in plants and humans.Mycorrihizae,Fungi as biocontrol agents.

Unit – IVGeneral principles of plant pathology : Infection, disease development symptomatologyand Epidemiology of plant diseases incited by fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Viroids andPhytoplasmas. Principles of plant disease control.

Suggested Readings1. Alexopoulos, C.J, Mims C.W and Blackwel, M. 1996. Introductory Mycology John

Wiley & Sons Inc.2. Mandahar, C.L 1978. Introduction to Plant viruses. Chand & Co., Ltd, Delhi.3. Mehrotra, R.S. and Aneja, K.R. 1998. An Introduction to Mycology. New Age

International Press.4. Mehrotra, R.S 1980. Plant pathology, Tata Mcgrw Hill, India.5. Rangaswamy, G. and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India (4th Ed)

Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.6. Sharma P.D 2000. Plant pathology Narosa Publishing House, India.7. Sullia, S.B. and Shantharam, S. 2000. General Microbiology. Oxford & IBH Publ, New Delhi.8. Webster, J. 1985. Introduction to Fungi. Cambridge Univ. Press.

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BOT – 102: BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF ALGAE, BRYOPHYTES AND PTERIDOPHYTES

Unit – I

Phycology: Range of Structure, interrelations in Evolution of different groups;Cyanophyceae; Chlorophyceae; Xanthophyceae; Bacillariophyceae; phaeophyceae andRhodophyceae.

Unit – II

General account of Algae; Algae in Diverse habitats (Terrestrial, Fresh water Marine andinvertebrate Association ): Thallus organization; Cell ultra structure Reproduction(Vegetative, Asexual and Sexual : Criterial for Classification of Algae; Plgments; Reservefood. Economic importance of Algae; Algal Blooms, Algal Biofertilizers, Algae as FoodFeed and Medicines; Algae in Industry; Algae as Bio-diesel.

Biology and Ecological importance of Lichens

Unit – III

Bryophytes; Origin, Distribution, Morphology, Structure, Reproduction, Evolution ofSporophyte; Life history; Classification .Fossil Bryophytes. General account ofMarchantiates, jungemaniales and polytrichales; Economic and Ecological importance .

Unit – IV

Pteridophytes:Origin, Morphology, Anatomy and Reproduction; Classification andEvolution of Stele. Heterospory and Origin of Seed habit; Apogamy and Apospory;Ecological importance, Chemical factors controlling Gametophyte; Antheridia,Archegonia.Strobilus and Evolution of Sorus.Fossil Pteriodophytes.Introduction topsilophytopsida, Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.

Suggested Readings

1. Kumar, H.D. 1988. Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-2. West Press, Ltd, New Delhi.3. Parihar, N.S. 1991. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.4. Parihar, N.S. 1996. Biology & Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.5. Puri, P. 1980. Bryophytes. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.6. Round, F.E. 1986. The Biology of Algae, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.7. Sporne, K.R. 1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes, B.I Publishing Pvt. Ltd.Bombay8. Stewart, W.N. and Rathwell, G.W. 1993. Paleobotanyand the Evolution of Plants. Cambridge University Press.

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BOT – 103 ; BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERMS ANDETHNOBOTANY

Unit – IIntroduction & Structure of Gymnosperms, Structure and Reproduction, Classification andDistribution of Gymnosperms.Structure and Reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales,Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and Gnetales.Evolution of Gymnosperms.

Unit – IIFossil Gymnosperms: Brief account of the families of Pteridospermales (Lyginopteridaceae,Medullosaceae, Caytoniaceae and Glossopteridaceae): General account of CycadeoidalesandCordaitales.

Unit – IIIEthnobotany: Scope and importance; Interdisciplinary approaches in Ethnobotany; Tribalsof Andhra Pradesh and their Traditional usage of plants in Medicine, Food and for otherpurpose.

Unit – IVScientific Evolution and Significance of some important Plant species discovered andConserved by the Tribals of India.Role of Indigenous people in Biodiversity Conservation through Faith, Tradition, SustainableAgricultural methods. Application of Ethnobotany in Modern Medicine, Phytomedicine.

Suggested Readings

1. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Mitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.2. Jain, S.K. 1968. Medicinal Plants. National Book Trust of India, New Delhi.3. Jain S.K. 1981. Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.,New Delhi.4. Rao, P.S. Venkaiah, K &Padmaja, R. 1999. Field Guide on Medicinal Plants. A.P. Forest Department.5. Singh, H. 1978. Embryology of Gymnosperms. Encyclopedia of Plant Anatomy. GerbruderBortrager, Berlin.6. Sinha, R.K. 1997. Global Biodiversity, INA Shree Publications, Jaipur, India.7. Sporne,K.R. 1974 (2nd Ed). The Morphology of Gymnosperms HutchinsonUniversity Library.8. Trivedi, P.C. 2002. Ethnobotany, Avishkar Publishers, Jaipur , India.

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BOT – 104 : TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

Unit – I

Systems of Angiosperm Classification: Historical development of phonetic versusphytlogenetic systems of classification. Merits and demerits of Bentham and Hooker, Englerand Prantle, Bessey, Hutchinson, Cronquist, Thorne, Dehlgren, and APG classificationsystems. Herbarium Methodology.Plant identification and Taxonomic keys.

Taxonomic hierarchy: The species Concept; Species, Genus, Family and other categories;Principles used in assessing relationships; Delimitations of Taxa and attribution of Rank.

Unit – II

Origin of Angiosperms: Origin and Evolution of Angiosperms. International code ofBotanical nomenclature: Salient features of Binomial Nomenclature; Rules of ICBNTypification, Rule of priority, Effective and Valid publication; Author citation; Retentionchoice and Rejection of names, Nomennudum and Nomen- Novo.

Unit – IV

Study of Magnoniales, Centrospermae, Tubiflorae, Amentiferae, Helobiales and Glum florae.

Suggested Readings

1. Bhattacharya, B. and Johri, B.M. 1998. Flowering Plants Taxonomy and Phylogeny.Narosa Publishing Hopuse, New Delhi.

2. Cronquist, A. 1981. An integrated system of Classification of Flowering plants.Columbia University Press, New York.

3. Davis, P.H and Heywood V.H. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy Oliver andBoyed.

4. Gifford, E.M and Foster, A.S. 1998. Morphology and Evolution of vascular plants. W.HFreeman & Co., New York.

5. Gurucharan Singh, 1989. Plant Systematics – Theory and Practice Oxford & IBHPublishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

6. Heywood, V.H. and Moore, D.M (Eds) 1984 Current Concepts in Plant taxonomy AcadPress, London.

7. Hutchinson, J. 1973. Families of Flowering plants (3rd Ed) Oxford Univ. Press, NewYork.

8. Jeffrey, C. 1982 An Introduction to piant Taxonomy. Cambridge. 9. Jones, S.B. Jr. and Luchsinger, A.E. 1986. Plant Systematics (2nd Ed) Mc. Graw. Hill

Book Co., New York.10. Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and Origin of Species. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.11. Pullaiah, T. 1997. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Regeency Publications, New Delhi.12. Red Ford, A.E. 1986. Fundamentais of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New York.13. Sokal, R.R and Sneath, P.H.A 1963. Priniciples of Numerical Taxonomy, W.H. Freeman

and Company, San Francisco. 14. Stebbins, G.L. 1974. Flowring Plants. Evolution above the Species level Academic

Press, London.

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PRACTICAL PAPER : BOT- 105 P

Suggested Laboratory Exercises related to BOT – 101

1. Symptomologyof some Diseased specimens: White rust Downy mildew, powderymildew, Rusts, Smuts, Ergot, Groundnut leaf spot. Red rot of Sugarcane, Wilts, PaddyBlast, Citrue Canker, Bacterial Blight of Paddy Angular Leaf Spot of Cotton. TobaccoMosaic, Little Leaf of Brinjal Sesame Phyllody, Mango Malformation, Canker.

2. Section cutting of infected materials of Albugo, peranospora, plasmopara, Sclerospora,Taphnna, Phyliachora, Physalospora, Claviceps, Xylaria, Peziza, Puccinia, Uromyces,Ravanelia, Ustilago, Tolyposporium, Macrophoma, Colletotrichum, Fusarium,Rhizoctonia.

3. Sterilization methods, Preparation of media and stains, Isolation and Maintence ofCultures, Gram Staining of Bacteria.


1. Micropreparations, culture identification, section cuttings of the members ofCyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae andRhodophyceae. Raising and maintenance of algal cultures.

2. External and internal morphology and identification of the members in Marchantiales,Jungermaniales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Funariales and Polytrichales.

3. External and Internal morphology, reproductive organs, anatomy of stem, root andfructifications of Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.

4. Examination of fossils.

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PRACTICAL PAPER ; BOT – 106P


Gymnosperms:

1. Comparative study of the anatomy of vegetative and reproductive organs of Cycas, Thuja,Cedrus, Cupressus, Araucaria, Cryptomeria, Taxodium, Podocarpus and Gnetum.

2. Study of important fossil Gymnosperms from prepared slides and specimens.

Ethnobotany

1. Visits to Tribal Habitats and Field study of Medicinal plants used by Tribal people.2. Recording Medicinal Practices and Herbal Formulations of Tribal Medicine3. Collection and Identification of Herbal Medicinal Plants.4. Preservation and submission of Herbal Medicinal Samples.5. Preparation and submission of Herbal Practice Centre Tour Report.6. Development of Medicinal plant Nurseries in Botanical Garden.

Suggested Readings for Laboratory Exercises BOT – 103

1. Jain, S.K. 1968. Medicinal Plants. National Book Trust of India. New Delhi.2. Rao, P.S. Venkaiah, K &Padmaja, R. 1999. Field Guide on Medicinal Plants. A.P. Forest

Department.3. Trivedi, P.C. 2002. Ethnobotany, Avishkar Publishers, Jaipur, India.

Suggested Laboratory exercises related to BOT – 104

1. Preparation of Floral Diagrams, Floral Formulae and Determination of Taxonomic Position of 30 local plants Up to Family level.2. Identification of Genus and Species following Dichotomous keys (“Flora of Madras

Presidency” By Gamble & Fischer)3. Construction of keys for Families, Genera and Species based on Morphological Characters.4. Nomenclature Exercises: Synonyms, Tautonyms, Basionyms.5. Numerical Taxonomic Methods.6. Botanical Study Tours, Peparation of Herbaria, Field Note Books & Tour Reports.

Suggested Readings for Laboratory exercises related to BOT – 104

1. Bailey, L.H. 1949 Manual of Cultivated Plants Macmillan, New York.2. Bentham, G & Hooker, J.D General Plantarum, London, 3 Volumes.3. Gamble, J.S & Fischer. 1957. Flora of Presidency of Madras. BSI Calcutta.4. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, Macmillan, New York.5. Mathew, K.M 1983. The flora of Tamilnadu Carnatic. Vol.3 Part 1 &2 Tiruchirapalli.6. Pullaih, T &SuryaprakashBabu, P. 1998. Flora of Andhra Pradesh. Vol. 1- 4

ScientificPublishers, New Delhi.7. Willis, J.C 1973. Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns. 8th Ed. Cambridge Univ.

Press, U.K.

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BOT -201 : TECHNIQUES IN CELL BIOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY

Unit – 1

Optical and Electron Microscopy: Basic Principles, Types and Applications; Chromatography– Basic Principles, Types – paper, Thin layer and Column Chromatography techniques andtheir applications. Tracer Techniques: Principles and Applications of Radio isotopes in Biology.

Unit – IISpectroscopy: Lambert and Beer’s law, Absorbance and Transmittance: Extinction Co-efficient.Centrifugation – Basic principles, Types and Applications: SDS-PAGE technique.

Unit – III

Structural Organization of plant cells: Cell wall structure and Function. Plasmodesmata-Structure andFunctions of plasma Membrane; Cytoskeleton and Cell mobility, stricture andFunctions of Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes and Peroxisomes:Structural organization of Chloroplast, Mitochondraia Ribosomes.

Unit – IV

Nucleus: Interphase Nucleus, Chromatin organization, Nucleosome organization, Molecularorganization of Centromore and Tolomere. Structural organization of Chromosomes. CellCycle and its Regulation.

Suggested Readings

1. Alberts, B.Bray, D,lewis, J.Raff, M.Roberts, K., and Watson J.D 1999. Molecular Biology ofthe cell. Garland publishing inc., New York.

2. Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W.And Jones, R.L.2000 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ofPlants. Amarican Soc. Of Pl. Physiologists, Maryland USA.

3. Deepesh Narayan, De.2000. Plant cell vacuoles: An Introduction. SCIRO Publication,Collingwood, Australia.

4. De Robertis, E.D.P and De Robertis E.M.F Jr.2001. Essentials of Cell and Molecular Biology,Holt lea and Febiger, New York.

5. Krishnamurthy, K.V 2000. Methods in Cell Wall Cytochemistry. CRC Press, Florida, USA.

6. Kleinsmith L.J. and Kish, V.M. 1995. Principles of cell and Molecular Biology( 2 nd Ed) HarperCollins College Publishers, New York, USA.

7. Lewin, B. @000. Genes VII Oxford University Press, New York.

8. Lodish, H.,Berk, A, Zipursky, S.L. Matsudaira, P. Baltimore, D. and Damell, J, 2000. MolecularCell Biology (4th Ed). W.H. Freeman and Co New York, USA.

9. Rost, T,etal. 1998. Plant Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., California, USA.

10. Upadyaya, A., Upadyaya, K., and Nath, N. Biophysical chemistry principles and Techniques.Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.

11. Wolfe, S.L. 1993. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Co., California.USA.

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BOT – 202 : GENETICSUnit – I

Eukaryotic Genetics: Mendellan Laws and Physical basis of inheri9tance; Multiple Alleles,Epistatic Gene interactions, Linkage and Linkage Groups, Mechanism of Crossing over,Gene Mapping. Cytoplasmic inheritance. Sex Determination Mechanisms in plants.

Unit – II

Genetics of prokaryotes: Phage phenotypes and gene mapping. Analysis of r ll locus.Tranformation, Conjugation, Transduction and Gene Mapping in Bacteria. Tetrad Analysisin Fungi.Mutations: Gene Mutations – Types physical and Chemical Mutagens, Molecular basis ofGene Mutations. Transposable Elements in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Mechanism ofTransposition. Site- directed Mutagenesis.

Unit – III

Structural and numerical alterations in chromosomes: Origin Melotic behavior ofDuplication, Deficiency, inversion and Translocatiokn, Structural Heterozygotes. Origin,Production and Melotic behavior of Haplolds, Autopolyploids, and Allopoluploids. Genomeanalysis of Allopolyploids Production. Meiosis and significance of Trisomics andMonosomics.

Unit – IV

Evolution and plant Breeding: Origin of life Species Concept Mechanism of Speciation.Phyletic Gradualism, Punctuated Equilibrium, Synthetic Theory, Natural Selection andAdoptive Radiation. Hardy – Weinberg Law.Centres of Diversity: Origin and Evolution of Wheat & Maize.Methods of Breeding and selection of self, cross pollinated and Vegetatively PropagatedPlants. Inbreeding Depression and Heterosis.

Suggested Readings

1. Allard. R.W. 1960. Principles of plant Breeding, John wiley & sons

2. Atherly, A.C. Girton, J.R and Mc Donald, JF 1999. The science of Genetics Saunders CollegePublishing, Fort Worth, USA.

3. Bumham, C.R. 1962. Discussions in Cytogenetics, Burgess Publishing Co., Minnesota, USA.

4. Chaudhary, R.C. 1997 Introduction to Plant Breeding Oxford & IBH New Delhi.

5. Elrod, S. and Stansfield, W. 2002. Genetics, Schaum’s Outlines. Tata Mc Graw Hill, NewDelhi.

6. Grififiths, A.J.F Miller, J.H. Suzuki, D.T Lewontin, R.C, and Galbert, W.M 2000. AnIntroduction to Genetic Analysis. W.H Freeman Publishers, New York.

7. Hard, D.L. and Jones. F.W. 1998. Genetics Principles and Anbalysis (4 th Ed) jones & BarlettPubl. Massachusetts, USA.

8. Khush, G.S 1973. Cytogenetics of Aneuloids, Academic Press, New York.

9. Poehlman, J. M and Borthakur, D. 1972 Breeding Asian Field Crops. Oxford and IBHPublishing Co., New Delhi.

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10. Rastogi, V.B. 1997. Organic Evolution. Pitambar Publishing India.

11. Russel. P.J. 1988. Genetics (5th Ed) The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Coinc. USA.

12. Singh, B.D., 2000 Plant Breeding Principles and Methods. Kalyani Pubilhsers, Ludhiana.

13. Snustad, D.P. and simmons, M.J. 2000. Principles of Genetics (2nd Ed) John Wilely & SonsInc., USA.

14. Stebbins G.L. 1971 Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Amold Ltd.London

15. Stebbins, G.L. 1973. Process of Organic Evolution prentice – Hall Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

16. Stickberger, M.W. 1990. Genetics Macmillan Company New York.

17. Sybenga, J. 1972 General Cytogenetics, Elsevier Publishing Co., USA.

18. Tamarin, R.H. 1999. Principles of Genetics. Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.

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BOT – 203 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS

Unit – 1

Structure and Replication of DNA : Structure of DNA, Polymorphism – A B & Z DNA.Biochemical and Physical properties of DNA. DNA replication in prokaryotes andEukaryotes. Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in replication. Q, D – loop , androlling circle models. DNA damage and repair mechanisms.

Unit – II

Organization of Genomes and Genes : Nuclear Genome content and C – Value paradox inplants. DNA kinetics and Cot curves: Satellite DNA and Moderately Repetitive Sequences.Fine structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genes – Promoters. Types of Genes – Splitgens, House keeping genes, Structural and Regulatory Genes. Polyproteins and Nestedgenes, r-RNA and –t-RNA genes, Multi gene families and Gene Amplification Organizationof Chloroplast and Mitochondrial genomes Bacterial Nucleoid organization. Concept and structure of Operon.

Unit – III

Gene Expression: Principles; Transcription – RNA polymerases and plant TranscriptionalFactors; Mechanism in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Post Transcriptional Modifications.RNA Transport and Stability.Translation : Elucidation of Genetic code. Role of rRNA and tRNA in translation.Mechanism of Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Post Translational Modificationsand Protein Folding Protein Targeting.

Unit – IV

Gene Regulation: Principles of Regulation. Prokaryotes – Organization of Lac andTryptophan operons; Negative and Positive Control and Attenuation mechanisms.Eukaryotes; cis-acting elements – Enhancers, Silencers, Insulators, Locus Control regions,MAR’s. Transacting factors, Activators, Co-activators, Suppressors and Co-suppressors andother Regulatory proteins. DNA Methylation and Gene Regulation: Chromatin Remodelingand histone code. Environmental and Developmental gene regulation. RNAi and GeneSilencing.

Suggested Readings

1. Adams, R.L.P., Knowler,J.T and Leader, D.P. 1994. The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids.Chapman & Hall.

2. Alberts, B, Bray., D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Watson, J.D. 1999 Molecular Biologyof the cell. Garland Publishing inc. New York.

3. Brown, T.A. 1999. Geneomes 3 . John Wiley & sons, New York, USA.

4. Buchanan. B.B Gruissem, W.and jones, R.L. 2000. Bio chemistry and Molecular Biology ofplants Am. Society of Plant physiologists, Maryland, USA.

5. David Frefielder. Molecular Biology. 1976. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, USA.

6. Kleinsmith, L.J. and Kish, V.M. 1995. Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology (2nd ). HarperCollins College Publishers, New York, USA.

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7. Lewin, B. 2006. Genes VIII . Oxford University Press, New York.

8. Lodish, H., Berk, A.,Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore. D. and Darnell. J. 2000.Molecular Cell Biology(4th Ed.) W.H. Freeman and Co..,New York, USA.

9. Robert F. Weaver, 2004. (4th Ed.), Molecular Biology Mc.Graw Hill.

10. Rost, T.L., Barbour, M.G., stocking, C.R., Murphy, T.M. 1998. Plant biology Wadsworth,Belmont, California, USA.

11. Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M, Losick R. 2004 Molecular biology of theGene ( 5th Ed.) Benjamin Cummings.

12. Wolfe, S.L. 1993. Molecular and Cellular Biology. Wadsworth Publishing Co.,

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BOT – 204 : PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM

Unit – I

Thermodynamic Concepts : Free energy, Chemical potential, Redox potential ; Translocationof Water and solutes: Plant cell water relations, Mechanism of water uptake and transport inplants ; SPAC concept stomatal movements, Pholem transport of organic substances –Pholem loading and unloading; Passive and active solute transport; Membrane transportproteins.

Fundamentals of Enzymology: General concepts, Allosteric mechanism, Mode of Enzymeaction, Regulator and Active sites, Isozymes.

Unit – II

Photosynthesis: General concept and historical background Photosynthetic pigments, Photosystems and light harvesting complexes; Photo oxidation of water – Oxygen evolvingcomplex, Water oxidation clock; Mechanisms of photosynthetic Electron and ProtonTransport; Photophosphorylation – ATPase; Carbon assimilation- Calvin cycle, C4 cycle andCAM pathway; Biosynthesis of starch and sucrose.

Unit – III

Respiration and Lipid metabolism: Over view of plant Respiration, Glycolysis. TCA cycle,Electron transport and ATP synthesis, Pantose Phosphate Pathway Structure and functions ofLipids Glyoxylate cycle, Fatty acid biosynthesis; Synthesis of Membrane, Structural andstorage lipids; Catabolism of lipids.

Nitrogen and Sulphur metabolism; Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Mechanism of Nitrateuptake and reduction, Ammonia assimilation; Sulphate uptake and assimilation.

Unit – IV

Plant growth Regulators and Elicitors: Physiological effects and Mechanism of Action ofAuxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisis acid, Brassinosteroids, polymines,Jasmonic acid and Salicylic acid.

Suggested Readings

1. Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L.2000 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ofPlants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland USA.

2. Dennis, D.T Turpin D.H., Lefebyre, D.D and Layzell, D.B.(Eds) 1997 Plant Metabolism (2nd

Ed) Longman, Essex England.

3. Galson, A.W. 1989. Life Processes in Plants. Scientific American Library, Springer Verlag.New York, USA.

4. Hooykass, P.J.J., Hall. M.A. and Libbenga, K.R (Eds) 1999. Biochemistry and MolecularBiology of Plant Hormones Elsevier, Amsterdam. The Netherlands.

5. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to plat Physiology. John Wiley & sons, Inc.,New York,USA.

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6. Lodish, H., Berk, A, Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D.d and Darnell, J. 2000.Molecular cell Biology (4th Ed) W>H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.

7. Moore, T.C 1989. Bio chemistry and Physiology of Plant Hormones (2nd Ed) Springer – Verlag,New York. USA.

8. Nobel P.S. 1999. Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Hormones (2nd E.d) AcademicPress, Sam Diego, USA.

9. Salisbury, F.B. and Ross, C.W. 1992. Plant Physiology ( 4th Ed.) Eadsworth Publishing Co.,California, USA.

10. Singhal, G.S., Renger, G. Sopory, S.K Irrgang, K.D and Govindjee 1999. Concepts inPhotobiology. Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.

11. Taiz, L and Zeigier, E. 1998. Plant Physiology ( 2nd Ed) Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers,Massachusetts, USA.

12. Thomas, B and Vince-Prue , D. 1997 Photoperiodism in Plants (2nd Ed.) Academic press, sanDiego, USA.

13. Westhoff, P. Jeske, H. Jurgens, G. Kloppstech, K. Link, G. 1998 Molecular Plant Developmentfrom Gene to Plant. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

PRACTICAL BOT – 205 P

Suggested Laboratory Exercises related to Bot – 201

1. Determination of mitotic index2. Study of Chromosomal Behavior during Mitosis in root tips of Onion.3. Study of chromosomal behavior during meiosis with special emphasis on prophase – 1 using

flower buds of Onion.4. Study on the effect of Colchicine on Mitosis 5. Study of Polytene chromosomes using Chiranomus larvae.6. Study on Structural hybrids in Rhoe discolor.


Genetics:

1. Study of Problems with specific examples in Genetics2. Study of Genetic Variability3. Follar Spray of Mutagens4. Genetic spotters5. Emasculation Techniques6. Pollination and Hydridization Experiments in Corn and Pennisetum

Suggested Readings for Labortory Exercises Bot -202

1. Elrod, S. and Stanfield, W. 2002 Genetics, Schaum’s Outlines. Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.2. Griffiths, A.J.F. Miller, JH., Suzuki, D.T., Lewontic, R.C, and Galbert, W.M. 2000. An

Introduction to Genetics (5th Ed) The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Co., Inc., USA.3. Russel, P.J 1998. Genetics (5th E.d) The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc, USA.

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Suggested Laboratory Exercises related to Bot – 203

1. Determination of Absorption Spectrum2. Detemination of A max of DNA and RNA.3. DNA denaturation and Preparation of Cot curves; Hypochromic effect.4. Isolation of DNA and its quantitation by aspectrophotometric method.5. Isolation of DNA and preparation of ‘cot’ curve.6. Isolation of RNA and quantitation by a spectrophotometric method.7. Assignments on DNA structure, Replication, Transcription, Genetic code and Transiation.

Suggested Readings for Labortory Exercises ( Bot -203 )

1. Becker J.M Caldwell, Zachgo . 1996. Biotechnology, A Laboratory Course, Academicpress,California, USA.

2. Glick, B.R, and Thompson, J.E. 1993. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

3. Glover, D.M and Hames, B.D (Eds) 1995. DNA cloning 1: A Practical Approach; CoreTechniques, (2nd Ed) PAS, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford.

4. Gunning, B.E.S., and Steer, M.W. 1996. Plant Cell Biology: Structure and Function. Boston,Jonesand Bartlett Publishers. MA, USA.

5. Hackett, P.B., Fuchs, J.A andMessing, J.W 1988. An Introduction to Recombinant DNATechniques: Basic Experiments in Gene Manipulation. The Banjamin/ Cummings PublishingCo., California, USA.

6. Hall, J.L and Moore, A.L. 1983. Isolation of Membranes and Organelles from Plant cells.Academic Press, London, UK.

7. Harris, N. and Oparka, K.J. 1994 Plant Cell Biology: A Practical Approach, IRL Press andOxford, UK.

8. Sadasivam, S& Manikam, A 1992. Biochemical Methods. Wiley Eastern Ltd.

9. Sawhney S.K. and Ranbir Singh (Eds) 2000. Introductory Practical Biochemistry, NarosaPublishers, New Delhi.

10. Shaw, C.H. (Ed) 1988. Plant Molecular Biology: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, Oxford.

Suggested Laboratory Exercise related to Bot – 204

1. Effect of Enzyme concentration on the rate of Enzyme reaction.2. Effect of Substrate concentration on the Activity of Enzyme and Determination of its

Km value.3. Effect of Solutes and Temperature on Membrane Permeability.4. Determination of Osmotic potential of Plant Cell Sap5. Determination of Plant Tissue water potential6. Determination of the Rate of Relative Transpiration7. Estimation of Chloride Content and its Accumulation Ratio in an Aquatic plant.8. Effect of Promoters and inhibitors on Stomatal Opening.9. Determination of the activity of Succinate Dehydrogenase and its sensitivity to

inhibitors. 10. Extration, Separation and Detemination of AbsorptionSpectra of Chloroplast Pigments.11. Assay of Chloroplast activity – Hill reaction.12. Estimation of Titrable acidity of plant material.

15

Suggested Readings for Laboratory Exercises ( Bot – 204)

1. Bajracharya, D. 1999. Experiments in Plant Physiology: A laboratory manual. Narsa PublishingHouse, New Delhi.

2. Cooper, T.G. 1977. Tools in Biochemistry John wiley New York, USA.

3. Copeland, RA. 1996. Enzymes . A Practical introduction to Structure, Mechanism, and DataAnalysis. VCH Publishers,New York.

4. Dennison C.1999. A guide to protein isolation. Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecint, TheNetherlands.

5. Devi, P. 2000. Principles and methods of plant molecular biology. Biochemistry andGenetics.Agrobios,Jpdhpur India.

6. Dryer, R.L. and Lata, G.G. 1989. Experimental Biochemistry, OxfordUniversityPress, NewYork.

7. Hames , B.D (Ed) 1998. Gel Electrophoresis of proteins: A practical approach (3 rd E.d) PASOxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

8. Harbone, J.B. 1981 Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysisChapman & Hall, London.

9. Meidner, H. 1984 Class experiments in Plant physiology George Allen & UnwinPublishers,Boston, USA.

10. Moore, T.C 1974 Research Experiences in Plant Physiology: A Laboratory manual SpringerVeriag Berlin.

11. Ninfa, A.J. and Ballou, D.P. 1998. Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry andBiotechnology, Fitzgerald Science Press, Inc, Maryland, USA.

12. Plummer, D.T 1988. An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry Tata Mc Graw Hill PublishingCo.Ltd, New Delhi.

13. Scott R.P.W. 1995. Techinques and Practice of Chromatography. Marcel Dekker Inc NewYork.

14. Wilson, K. and Goulding. K.H (Eda) 1986. A Biologists guide to principles and techniques ofpractical biochemistry Edward Amold London, U.K.

15. Wilson K.and Walker, J. 1994. Practical Biochemistry. Principles and Techniques, (4 th Ed)Cambridge University press, Cambridge, UK.

16

SEMESTER – III

BOT- 301 : PLANT DEVELOPMENT

Unit - I

Differentiation and Tissue Systems Growth, Differentiation and Morphogenesis Definition ofDevelopment and Differentiation with examples. Tissue Types and Tissue systems in Plants.

Unit – II

Root Growth and Development

The Root Apical Meristems: Cell division – Cell Expansion and Cell Elongation in the RootMeristem.

Differentiation of the Root; Vascular tissue, Root hair formation; Lateral Root FormationRegulation of Root Growth.

Unit – III

Stem Growth and Development

Organization of the shoot. Vascular tissue differentiation in the shoot apex Xylemregeneration in Stem intermodes, Call and isolated cells. Vascular Cambium and its activity.

Phloem differentiation; wood development in relation to Environmental conditions Abnomalsecondary growth with examples.

Unit – IV

Leaf and Flower development.

Development of Leaf, Histology, Specialized cells and Tissue differentiation.

Development and Anatomy of Flower including Transition to Flowering and ReproductiveShoot apex.

Suggested Readings:

1. Atwell, B. J. Krienedemann, P.E and jumbull, C.G.N (Eds) 1999. Plants in Action.Adaptation in Nature, Performance in cultivation. Macmilan Education, Sydney,Australia.

2. Burgess, J. 1985. An Introduction to Plant cell development. Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge.

3. Fahn, A. 1982. Plant Anatomy (3rd Ed), Pergamon Press, Oxford.4. Fosket, D.E. 1994, Plant growth and Development. A molecular approach. Academic

Press, San Diego, USA.5. Howell, S.H 1998. Molecular Genetics of plant Development, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.6. Jane, F.W. 1970. The Structure of wood Black London.7. Lyndon, R.F. 1990. Plant Development. The Cellular Basis. Unnin Hyman, London.8. Murphy, T.M. and Thompson, W.F, 1988. Molecular Plant Development, Pentice Hall,

New jersey.

17

9. PulliahT., Naidu , k.C.,Lakshminarayana, K. &HanumanthaRao, B. 2007. PlantDevelopment.Regency Publications, New Delhi.c

10. Aghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants, Springer-Veriag, NewYork.

11. Steeves, T.A. and Sussex, I.M. 1989. Patterns in Plant Development (2nd Ed) CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge.

12. Walsel, Y., Esnel, A and Kafkaki U.(Eds) 1996. Plant Roots. The Hiden Hall (2nd Ed)New York, USA.

18

BOT- 302 : PLANT REPRODUCTION

Unit – 1

Introduction:

History and Scope of Embryology; Reproduction: Vegetative options and Sexualreproduction; Flower development Genes Controlling Floral Organ Differentiation.

Male Gametophyte:

Structure of anther, Microsporogenesis, Role of Tapetum; Pollen Development, pollenGermination, pollen tube growth and Guidance; pollen storage; pollen allergy; Elements ofPalynology.

Unit - II

Female gametophyte:

Ovule – Structure and development; Megasporogenesis; Development and Organization ofthe mature Embryo Sac: Structure of the Enbryo Sac cells; Embryo Sac Haustoria.

Pollination, Pollen – Pistil interaction and Fertilization:

Floral characteristics, pollination mechanisms and Vectors; Breeding Systems; Structure ofthe Pistil; Pollen – Stigma interactions, Sporophytic and Gametophytic Self- Incompatibility;Double Fertilization.

Unit – III

Seed and Fruit Development:

Endosperm Development during Early maturation and Desiocation stages; Embryogenesis –Dicot types; Monocot embryo; polyembryony; Apomixis; parthenocarpy.Dynamicsof Fruitgrowth and Seed Development.

Unit – IV

Experimental and Applied Embryology:

In Vitro Pollination and Fertilization, Test tube plants; in vitro culture of Ovay, Ovule,Nucellus, Endosperm, Embryo and seed. Gametic transformations;

Suggested Readings

1. Bhojwani, S.S and Bhatnagar, S.P. 2000. The embryology of Angiosperms (4th Revised and Enlarged Ed) Vikas Publishing House New Delhi.

2. Faegri, K and Van der piji. L. 1979. The Principles of pollination Ecology. PergamonPress, Oxford.

3. Fosket, DE 1994. Plant Growth and Development. A Molecular Approach, AcademicPress, San Diego.

4. Howell, S.H. 1998. Molecular Genetics of plant Development Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge.

19

5. Leins, P. Tucker, S.C and Endress, P.K 1988 Aspects of Floral Development J. Cramer Germany.

6. Murphy, T.M and Thomopson, W.R. 1988 Molecular Plant Development Prentice Hall,New jersey.

7. Proctor, M and yeo, P. 1973. The Pollination of Flowers. William Collins sons, London.

8. Pullaih T., Lakshminarayana, K &HanumanthaRao, B 2008. Plant Reproduction. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur.

9. Raghavan, V. 1997. Molecular Embryology of Flowering Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

10. Raghavan, V. 1999. Developmental Biologyof Flowering Plants. Springer-Veriag, NewYork.

11. Salisbury, F.B and Ross, C.W 1992 Plant Physiology (4th Ed) Wardsworth Publishing, Belmont, California.

12. Steeves. T.A and Sussex, I.M 1989. Patterns in Plant Development (2nd Ed) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

13. Sedgely,M, and Friffin, A.R. 1989. Sexual Reproduction of Tree Crops. AcademicPress London.

14. Shivanna, K.R and Sawhney V.K (Eds) 1997. Pollen Biotechnology for CropProductionand Improvement Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

15. Shivanna, K.R and Rangaswamy, N.S 1992. Pollen biology. A Laboratory Manual Springer-Veriag, Berlin.

16. Shivanna K.R. and Johri, B.M 1989. The angiosperm Pollen: Structure and Function Wiley Eastern ltd, New York.

17. The Plant Cell. Special issue on Reproductive Biology of Plants Vol. 5. 1993. The American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA.

20

BOT – 303 - 304 (A): PLANT ECOLOGY

Unit – I

Soil, Climate and vegetation patterns:

Soil profile Types, Texture, Physical and Chemical properties, Organic matter and Microflora – Plant Association.

Major Climate Zones:

Concept Types of Tropical. Temperate, Alpine Grass land Aquatic and Desert Biomes.

Unit – II

Vegetation Organization and Development:

Plant Succession, Concept of Community, Community Coefficient. Intra and InterspecificAssociation, Competition, Predation, Mutualism, Insect Plant Interaction, figs- fig waps,Concept of Ecological Niches.

Unit – III

Ecosystem Dynamics:

Structure and Functions, Primary Production, Enegy Dynamics, Trophic Organization,Energy Flow pathways, Ecological Effciencies, Bio-Geo chemical Cycles of C,N,P,S andH2O.

Unit – IV

Environmental Hazards and Management:

Air, Water, Soil, Sound, Radiation, Heavy Metals and Atomic Pollutions, Effects on Plantsand Ecosystems and Control measures.

Climatic Changes: Green House Gases and Global Warning: Ozone hole, impact on Plant andEcosystem, Restoration.

Suggested Readings

1. Begon, M, Harper, JL and Townsend, C.R. 1996. Ecology, Blackwell Science,Cambridge, U.S.A.

2. Brady, N.C 1990. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Mac Millan.3. Chapman, J.L and Reiss, M.J 1988. Ecology; Principles and Application Cambridge

University Press. Cambridge U.K.4. Heywood, V.H and Watson, R.T 1995. Global Biodeversity Assessment Cambridge

University Press.5. Hill, M.K 1997. Understanding environmental Pollution. Cambridge University Press.6. Kormondy, E.J 1996 Concepts of Ecology, Prentice-Hall of India PVtLimted, New

Delhi.7. Kumar, H.D 1998. Modern Concepts of Ecology, Vikas Publishing New Delhi.8. Ludwig. J and Reynolds, J.F 1988. Statistical Ecology. A Primer on Methods and

Computing john wiley& sons.

21

9. Mason , C.F 1991. Biology, of Freshwaer Pollution Longman.10. Moldan, B and Billharz, S. `1997. Sustainability indications, john wiley& sons New

York.11. Mukherjee, B. 1997 Environmental Biology, Mc. Graw Hill, New Delhi.12. Muller-dombois, D and Ellenberg, H. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology,

Wiley, New York.13. Odum, E.P 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders, Philadelphia14. Odum, E.P 1953 Basic Ecology Saunders Philadelphia15. Smith R.L. 1996 Ecology and Filed Biology Harper Collins, New York.16. Treshow, M. 1985. Air Pollution and Plant Life Wily Interscience.

22

BOT -303 & 304 (B) : PLANT RESOURCE UTILISATION

Unit – I

Importance of plants to Mankind:

Origin and Development of Agriculture and Food crops: Cereals – Major and Minor Millets;Pulse crops, Oil seed crops; Fruits and Vegetables.

Unit – II

Non Wood Forest Products:

Rubber, Latex, Gums, Resins, Dyes, Tanning, Fibers, Apiculture, Bio-vitamins and Aromaticplants.

Unit – III

Commercial crops:

Spices and Condiments, Flavoring Products, Beverages, Fumigatories and Mastigatoreis,Narootics, Orchids, Ornamentals and Cut flowers.

Unit – IV

Silviculture:

Timber yielding plants; Conventional and Non Conventional Energy Resource Development.Bamboos, Ratoons, Generation of paper Industry Raw material.

Suggested Readings

1. Baker, H.G 1978. Plants and Civilization (3rd Ed) C.A. Wadsworth, Belmont2. Council of Scientific &Industrial Research 1986. The useful Plants of

IndiaPublicationsand information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.3. Fransworth, N,R. 1988. Screening Plants for New Medicines. National Acad. Press.

USA.4. Harborne, J.B. 1973 Phytochemical Methods. A guide to Modern Techniques of

PlantAnalysis Chapman & Hill London.5. Kocchar, S.L 1998. Economic Botany of the Tropics (2nd Ed) Macmillan India Ltd.

Delhi.6. Negi, S.S 1996 Biodiversity & Conservation, Indus Publishing New Delhi.7. Plant Wealth of India, 1997. Special issue of Proceedings Indian National Science

Academy B-63.8. Singh, M.P. Soma Dey. 2004. Natural Resources & Renewable Energy.

DayaPublications, New Delhi.9. Shama, O.P 1996 Hill’s Economic Botany, Tata McGrw –Hill: New Delhi.10. Thomas, P 2000. Tress Their National History Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.11. Wagner H, Hikino H and Farmswarth N. 1989 Economic and Medicine Plant Research

Vols 1-3 Academic Press, London.

23

BOT – 303 & 304 ( C ) : BIO DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Unit – 1

Concept and Importance of Biodiversity:

Status in India, World Centers of Primary Diversity, Types of Bio-diversity, Causes for Lossof Species and Genetic Diversity: Arborata, Palmata.

Unit – II

Status and Analysis of Species Diversity:

Remote sensing – Concept, Principles, Application and Role in Study and Identification ofPhyto Diversity and Natural Resources. GIS, Application of Microwaves and Radiation.

Unit – III

Principles of Diversity:

Concepts of Phyto Geography, Continental drift, Plate Tectonics of World and India,Endemism, Hotspots, Species rarity and Extinction, Red Data Book, Exploration, invasions,introduction of Species, Status of Species based on IUCN.

Unit – IV

Strategies for Conservation of Diversity:

In situ Conservation – Scantuaries, National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, MPCA, MPDA,Mangroves, Coral Reefs, Sacred Groves, Ex-situ Conservation – Botanical Gardens, GeneBanks, Seed Banks, Traditional Role of National and International Organizations – WWF,IPGN, LUCN, NBPGR, BSI, ICAR, CSIR, DBT, DST, NGOs.

Suggested Readings:

1. Chandel, K.P.S ,Shukla, G. and Sharma, N. 1996. Biodiversity in Medicinal andAromatic Plants in India: Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of PlantGenetic Resources, New Delhi.

2. Chaudhuri, A.B &Sarkar, D.D. 2002. Biodiversity Endangered. Scientific Publishers,New Delhi

3. Clive Hambler, 2004. Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK4. Frankel , O.H, Brown, AHD & Burdon, J.J. 1995. The Conservation of Plant Diversity,

Cambridge Univesity Press, Cambridge, U.K5. GobrielMelchias. 2001. Biodiversity and Conservation. Oxford IBH Publishers, New

Delhi. 6. Christopher, D., Cook, K. 1996. Aquatic and Wet Land Plants of India Oxford

Universtiy Press, New Delhi, India.7. Mehra, K.L. Arora, R.K. 1982. Plant Genetic Resources of India – Their Diversity &

Conservation, Vol III, Chapman Hall, U.K8. Manilal, K.S. 1988. Flora of Silent Valley Mathrubhumi Press, Calicut.9. Nayar, M.P. 1996. Hot Spots of Endemic Medicinal Plants of India, Nepal & Bhutan,

Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute, Palode, Tiruvananthapuram, Kerala. 10. Negi, S.S. 2005. Biodivesity& Its Conservation in India. Indus Publishing Company,

New Delhi.

24

11. Prasad, B.N 2000. Biotechnology & Biodiversity in Agriculture/Forestry. OxfordUnivesity Press.

12. Pullaiah, T. 2002 – 2005 Biodiversity, in india. Vol. 1 –IV. Regency Publications, NewDelhi.

13. Rajiv K. Sinha. 1996. Global Biodiversity, INA Shree Publications, Jaipur, India.14. Santapau, H. 1970. Endangered Plant Species and their Habitat Status. IUCN

Publications, Switzerland.15. Sinha, R.K. Biodiversity – Global Concerns. 1996. Commonwealth Publishers, New

Delhi. 16. SupriyaChakraborthy , 2004. Biodiversity. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.17. Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. 1998. 1997 IUCN RedList of Threatened Plants IUCN, the

World Consercation Union IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambidge, UK.

25

PRACTICAL BOT -305

Suggested Laboratory exercises related to BOT – 301

1. Representative types of roots – Diarch, Triarch, polyarch types – transvers, sections withdouble staining, ex Vlaoia,Ficus, Tinospoa (aerial root) vada (Velamen root).

2. Types of Stems: for transverse sections with double staining methods – showing Pimaryand Abnormal Secondary Growth. Ex. Aristolochia, Citrullus, Cucurbits. PolyanthusSorghum, Strychnos,Cocculus. Bignonia Amaranthus, Achyanthes, Piper, peperomia,Bougainvilla, Boerhaavia, Dracaena.

3. Maceration of wood: For observation in Individual Xylem elements with single staining.4. Leaf types; Dorsiventral leaf, Isobilatral leaf, Xeromorphic leaves – Muehlenbeckia,

Nerium, Casuarina, Peperomia, and Ficus leaves, Nymphaea, Typha leaves, Sorghum andsaccharum leaves for C4 anatomy.


1. Study of Microsporogenesis and Gametogenesis in sections of Anthers.2. Examination of Modes of Anther Dehiscence and collection of Pollon grains for

microscopic examination (Maize, Grasses, Cannabis sativa, Crotalaria, Tradescantia,Brassica, Petunia, Solanummelongene etc.

3. Tests for Pollen Viability using stains and in vitro Germination. Pollen Germinationusing Hanging drop and Sitting drop cultures, Suspension culture and Surface culture.

4. Estimation of Percentage and Average Pollen tube Growth in vitro.5. Study of ovules in cleared preparations; Study of Monosporic, Bisporic and Tetrasporic

types of Embryo Sac development through examination of permanent stained serialsections.

6. Field study of several types of flowers with different pollination mechanisms (WindPollination, Trips pollination, Bee/Butterfly Pollination, Bird Pollination)

7. Study of Nuclear and Cellular endosperm through dissections and staining. 8. Isolation of Zygotic Globular, Heart-shaped, Torpedo stage and Mature embryos from

suitable seeds.9. Polyembryony in Citrus, Jamun (Syzygium cumin) etc. by Dissections

Suggested Readings for laboratory exercises (Bot – 302)

1. Chopra, V.L. 2001. Plant breeding: Theory and Practice. Oxford IBH Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.

2. Chopra, V.L. 2001. Plant breeding: Field Crops OxfordIBH Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.3. Shivanna, K.R. and Sawhney, V.K. (Eds) 1997. Pollen Biotechnology for Crop

Production and Improvement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

26

PRACTICAL BOT -306 (IE)

Suggested Laboratory exercises related to Plant Ecology(BOT – 303 & 304 (A) )

1. To determine Minimum size and Number of Quadrants required for Reliable estimate ofBiomass in Grasslands.

2. To determine Soil Moisture content, porosity and Bulk density of Soils collected fromvarying depths at different locations.

3. To determine the Water Holding Capacity of Soils collected from different locations.4. To determine Percent Organic Carbon and Organic Matter in the Soils of Crop land,

Grassland and Forest.5. To estimate the Dissolved Oxygen content in Eutrophic and Oligotrophic water samples

by Azide modification of Winklers method.6. To estimate chlorophyll content in SO2fumigated and Un-fumigated plant leaves.7. To estimate Rate of Carbon Dioxide Evolution from different soils using soda lime or

alkali absorption method.

Suggested Laboratory Exercises Related to Plant Resource Utilization (BOT – 303& 304 (B))

1. Food crops : Morphology and anatomy of parts of Whear, Rice, Maize, Chickpea (BengalGram), Potato, Tapioca, Sweet potato Sugarcane used as food materials.

2. Forage / Fodder crops; Study of any five important crops of the locality (for examplefodder Sorghum, Bajra, Clovar gram bean, Flcus sp.)

3. Plant fibas : Textile flbs: Cotton Jute, Linen, Sunn hemp, Cannabis. Cordage fibres; Coir,Flbers for stuffing Silk cotton or Kapok. Morphology, Anatomy, Microscopic study ofwhole flbres using appropriate staining procedures.

4. Medicinal and Aromatic plants; Screening for secondary metabolites ofPapaversomniferum, Atropa belladonna, Catharanthusroseus, Adhatodazeylanica (Syn. A.Vasica). Allumsativum, Rauvolffia serpentine, withaniaSomnifera, Phyllanthusamarus(P. Fratemus). Andrographis particulate, Aloe barbadense, Menthaavensis, Rosasp.,Pogostemoncablin, OriganumvulgareVeitveriazizanioides, Jasminumgandflorum,Cymbopogon sp. Pandanusodoratissimus.

5. Study of live or herbarium speciments or other visual materials to become familiar withthese above resources.

6. Vegetable oils; Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean, Coconut, Sunflower, Castor, Morphology,microscopic structure of the oil yielding tissues. Tests for oil and lodinenumbe.

7. Gums, Resins, Tannins, Dyes: Perform simple tests for gums and resins. Prepare a waterextract of vegetable tannins (Acacia, Terminalia, mangroves, tea Cassia sp. Myrobalans)and dyes (Turmeric, Bixaorellana, Indigo, Buteamonosperma, Lawsoniainermis) andperform tests to understand their chemical nature.

27

Suggested Laboratory Exercises Related to Biodiversity & Conservation(Bot – 303 &304 (C) )

1. Study of the Species Diversity in Fields and Forests.2. Study of Bio-diversity of Identical areas.3. Study of Mangroves and Sacred groves.4. Study of Endemic, Rare, Extinct species of Seshachalam hill range.5. Genetic Diversity of species/ Varieties of Vinca, Oscimum, Gomphrena. Portulaca,

Plumbago, Amaranthus etc.6. Screening of Plant species for Secondary Metabolites.

28

BOT – 307 : ETHNOBOTANY AND HERBAL MEDICINES

Suggested Laboratory Exercises Related to Ethnobotany and Herbal Medicines (Bot -307)

Unit – 1

Ethno Botany:

Its scope and importance; Inter disciplinary approaches in Ethno botany; study of Medicinal,Edible and Miscellaneous plants used by the Tribes; applications of Ethno botany.

Unit – II

Phytomedicine:

Systems of Medicine (Breief) : Brief history, Origin and Scope of Plant Medicines;Identification of Locally available Medicinal plants.

Unit – III

Propagation and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants:

Methods of Collection, Processing and Storage of Plant Medicines; Plant Medicines, andtheir Trade, patent Rights and Marketing.

Unit – IV

Formulations and Dosage forms of Plant Medicines;

Study of the important Diagnostic features of Active constituents: Quality purity and Uses ofPlant Medicines; Herbal Cosmetics and Dietetics; Biologically Active Principles ofestablished Herbal Medicines.

Suggested Readings

1. Harborne, J.B. 1948. Phytochemical Methods (Ed) Chapman and Hall, London.2. Khare, C.P. 2000. Indian Herbal Therapies. Delhi Book Co., M-Connaught, Circus, New

Delhi.3. Kokate, C.K. Purohit, A.P. Gauchely. S.B. 1990. Pharmacognosy, NarialPakashan, India.4. Trease, G.E. and Evans, W.C. 1983. Pharmacognosy. (12th Ed) Bailine, Londong.5. Wallis, T.E. 1999. Text Book of Pharmacognosy, (5th Ed) CBS Publishers &

Distributions, New Delhi.

29

PRACTICAL BOT – 308

Suggested laboratory exercises related to Ethnobotany and Herbal Medicines(BOT – 307)

1. Identification of important medicinal plants and study of important morphologicalfeatures of the Medicinal plant parts.

2. Field trip to study and identify locally occurring Medicinal plants.3. Practical Methods of Cultivation, propagation, conservation and protection of important

Medicinal plants to develop familiarity.4. Practical demonstration of collection, processing and storage of Plant Medicines.5. Microscopic study of locally available Medicinal plant parts such as Leaves, Stems,

Underground parts, Flowers, Fruits and seeds (Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona.,Ginger, Clove, Fennel, Nux-vomica &Ipecauanha)

6. Demonstration of Drug Adulteration.7. Antibiotic sensitive test of crude dugs.8. Demonstration of drug Formulation and Herbal cosmetics.9. Organolepitic examination of Physical and Chemical properties of important Plant

Medicines.10. Visit to nearest Pharmaceutical Industry.

30

SEMESTER – IV

BOT – 401: PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE

Unit – I

Plant Cell and Tissue Culture General introduction, history, scope, Concept of Cellular. Totpotencyand Differentiation. Organization of Tissue culturelaboratories.Principles ofsterilization. Types, Composition&preparation of nutrient media. Role of Plant Growthregulators and factors governing in vitro behavior of cultures.

Unit – II

Organogenesis, Propagation and Embryogenesis: Fundamental aspects of Morphogenesis.Organogenesis = direct & indirect. Modes, Stages and Application of Micropropagation.Production of Pathogen free plants and their application.Clonal purity, origin andapplication of Somaclonal variation.

Somatic embryogenesis, role of physical and chemical factors in the induction; Syntheticseeds-production and uses.

Unit – III

Applications of Plant Tissue Culture: Production of Haploids and its significance in Cropimprovement. Secondary metabolite production through Cell and Organ cultures – Hairyroots.Shikonin production.Cryo preservation, methods and in vitro conservation ofGermplasm.

Unit – IV

Somatic hybridization: Protoplast isolation, Fusion and culture, Hybrid selection andCharacterization of hybrids. Symmetric and Asymmetric hybrids, Cybrids, SignificantAchievements and limitations of Protoplast research.

Suggested Readings

1. Bhojwani, S.S and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsovier SciencePublishers, New York, USA.

2. Bhojwani, S.S 1990. Plant Tissue Culture: Applications and Limitations.3. Collin, H.A and Edwards, S., 1998. Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, Uk.4. George, E.F. Vol – I (1986.) and Vol – II (1993) Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture.5. Jain, S.M. Sopory, S.K. and Velleux, R.S 1996 In vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants, Vols 1-5

, Fundamental Aspects and Methods, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.6. Kartha, K.K 1985. Cryopreservation of Plant Cells and Organs. CRC Press, Boac Raton, Florida,

USA.7. Primrose, S.B. 1986. Embryogenesis in Angiospems: A Developmentsl and Experimental Study,

Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.8. Rajdan, M.K. 1993. An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture (2ndE.d)Oxford IBH, New Delhi.9. Reinert J, Bajaj YPS (Eds). 1977. Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue, and organ

culture. Springer- verlag, New York.10. Vasil, IK and Thorpe, T.A 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The

Netherlands.

31

BOT -402 PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING AND GENOMICS

Unit – 1

Genetic Engineering History Basic concepts and scopePrinciples of Gene Cloning and Analysis : DNA isolation, Chemical synthesis, use ofRestriction Endonucleases, DNA and Modifying enzymes, Homo Polymers, Linkers andAdaptors used in Genetic Engineering. Cloning vectors – Plasmids, Phages,CosmidsPhagemids YAC’s and BAO’s

Host systems Bacterial transformation and Transfection.Selectable markers andReporteDenes.Genomic DNA and DNA Tibraries. Nucleicacid probes. ColonyandPlaquehybridization. Dot Blotting southern, Northern Western blotting. Analysis of cloned geneproduct.

Unit – II

Genetic Engineering of Plants: Aims and strategies Plant Gene isolation – Transposon & T– DNA tagging and map based cloning. Ti and Ri plasmids – mechanism of T – DNAtransfer, viral and other vectors. Physical methods of gene transfer. PEG mediated genetransfer, Electroporation, Biolistics, Microinjection and other techniques. Chloroplasttransformation Gene targeting. Optimizationof transgene expression. Stable and transientgene expression Regulations of Release and concerns of Genetically Modified Crops:intellectual Property Rights.

Unit – III

Applications of Transgenics : Engineering herbicide resistance, Disease resistance. Pestand Nematode resistance, Salinity and Drought tolerance improving nutritive value of seedproteins, Golden Rice, Seed oil quality Engineering biosynthesis of Flavonoids, Floralpigments, Biopharmaceuticals. Enzymes, Hormones, Edible vaccines, Plant bodies andBiodegradable plastics.Symbiotic and Non- symbiotic Nitrogen fixation, nif genes and engineering.

Unit – IV

Structural and functional Genomics: PCR variation and significance. DNA markersystems-RELP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR & SNP’ s,Molecular Genetic maps and physical maps.DNA sequencing, DNA databases.Genome and Gene Annotation. Bioinformatics Tools forGeneidentification and Function. Rice and Arabidopsis Genome Projects.

32

DNA Micro arrays and SAGE – functional analysis Proteome Analysis – 2D Electrophoresis,Mass Spectrophotometry and Sequencing. Yeast two hybrid and phage display – proteininteraction studies phylogenetic Trees.

Suggested Readings

1. Altman A. (Ed) 1998. Agricultural Biotechnology, Marcel Dekker, USA.2. Arthur M. Lesk 2002. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Oxford University Press, USA.3. Brown T.A 2001 Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis – An Introduction. (5th Ed).4. Brown, T.A 1999. Genomes John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd. Singapore.5. Callow , J.A Ford-Lioyd B.V and Newbury, H.J 1997 Biotechnology and Plant Genetic

Resources Conservation and Use. CAB international, Oxon, UK6. Chrispeels, M.J and Sadava, D.E 1994. Plants Genes and AgricultureJones& Bartlett

Publishers Boston USA.7. Copping L.G and Rodgers, P (Eds) 1989 Biotechnology and its applications to

Agriculture British Crop Protection Council.8. Durbin, R Eddy. S.R Krogh, A., Mitchison, G. 1998. Biological sequence Analysis:

Probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic acids. Amazon Publications,9. Glazer A.N and Nikaido, H 1995. Microbial Biotechnology, W.H. Freeman &

Company, New York, USA.10. Glick, B.R & pastemak, J.E 1994. Molecular Biotechnology. Principles and

Applications of Recombinant DNA Panima Publishing corporation, New Delhi.11. Gustafson, J.P 2000 Genomes Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers New York, USA.12. Henry, R.J 1997 Practical Application of plant Molecular Biology. Chapman & Hall,

London, UK.13. Jolles O and Jomvall, H (Eds) 2000 Proteomics in Functional Genomics, Birkhauser

Verlag Basel, Switzerland.14. Mount, D., 2004. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2nd Ed) Cold Spring

Harbor Laboratory press.15. Old R.W and Primrose S>B 1989. Principles of Gene Manipulation Blackwell

Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK16. Primrose, S.B & Twyman R.M 2003 Principles of Genomic Analysis and Genomics (7th

Ed) Blackwell Science.17. Sandhya Mitra 1996. Genetic Engineering principles and Practice Macmillan India Ltd.18. Shantharam, S and Montgomery, J.F. 1999. Biotechnology Biosafety, and Biodiversity

Oxford & IBH Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.19. Slater, A, Scott, N.W and Fowler, M.R 2003. Plant Biotechnology. The Genetic

Manipulation of Plants. Oxford University Press.20. Winnacker. E.L. 2003. From Genes to Clones – Introduction to Gene Technology.

Panima Publishing corporation, New Delhi.

33

BOT – 403 & 404 (A): MOLECULAR PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Unit – 1

Signal Transduction: Overview Receptors and G –Proteins, Phospholipid signaling role ofcyclic nucleotides, Calcium – Calmodulin Cascade, Protein Kinases. MPK and phosphatases,Specific Signalling Mechanisms – two components sector regulatory system in plants,Sucrose – Sensing mechanism Hormone Receptors. Signal Transduction and GeneExpression. Molecular changes associated with Leaf Senescence.

Unit – II

Molecular Biology of Photosynthesis: Regulation of PSI and PS II activities, Energy spillover mechanism; ATPase and photophosphorylation; RUBISCO activation and itsmechanism of action; Light Activation of Photosynthetic enzymes; Chloroplast ProteinPhosphorylation and enzyme regulation of Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation; mechanism,Regulation and significance of Photorespiration.

Unit – III

Molecular physiology of Flowering: Photoperiodism. Photoinduction and Evocation;Endogenous Clocks and Regulation; Physiological Signals of Floral Induction; Genetic andMolecularanalysis,Vemalization.

Unit – IV

Stress physiology: Plant Molecular Responses and Tolerance Mechanism to Abiotic Stresssuch as Water, Salt, Heavy Metal and High Temperature Stresses.

Suggested Readings

1. Buchanan, B.B Grussem, W and Jones. R.L. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Maryland, USA.

2. Dennis, D.T. Turpin, D.H., Lefebvre, D.D. and Layzell, D.B. (Eds) 1997. Plant Metabolism (2nd Ed) Longman Essex, England.

3. Galston, A.W. 1989. Life Processes in Plants. Scientific American Library, Springer-Verlag, New York, USA.

4. Hooykaas ,P.J.J Hall, M.A. and Libbeng, K.R.(Eds). 1999. Biochemistry and Molecularbiology of plant Hormones, Elsevier, Amsterdam. The Netherlands.

5. Hopkins, W.G. 1995. Introduction to plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, NewYork, USA.

6. Lodish, H, Berk, A, Zipursky, SL, Matsudaira, P., Baltimoe, D and Darnell, 2000.Molecular Cell Biology (4th Ed) W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, USA.

7. Moore, T.C. 1989. Biochemistry and Physiology of plant Hormones (2nd Ed) Springer-veriag, New York, USA.

8. Nobel, P.S. 1999. Physiochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology (2nd Ed)Academic Press, San diego, USA

34

9. Salisbury, F.B and Ross, C.W 1992. Plant Physiology (4 th Ed) Wads wroth PublishingCo, California, USA.

10. Sin gal, G.S. Renger, G.Sopory, S.K Irrang, K.D and Govindje1999. Concepts inPhotobiology: Photosynthesis and Photo morphogenesis, Narosa.

11. Taiz, L. and Zenger, E. 1998. Plant Physiology (2nd Ed) Sinauer Associate. Inc.,Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.

12. Thomas , B. and Vince –prue D. 1997. Photoperiodism in plants (2nd Ed) AcademicPress San Dlego, USA.

13. Westhoff, P. 1998. Molecular Plant Development; From Gene to Plant. OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford UK.

35

BOT – 403 & 404 (B) : APPLIED PLANT PATHOLOGY

Unit – 1

Symptoms and Diagnosis of Plant Diseases

Disease development: Stages in Disease cycle – inoculums, inoculums Potential, Penetration,infection, Invasion, Reproduction, Spread and Survival of the Pathogens. Susceptibility,Specificity. Toxins, Enzymes and Growth Regulators.

Plant Disease Epidemiology: Development of Plant Disease Epidemics, ModelingComputerSimulation of Epidemics.

Unit – III

Physiology of the infected plant

Changes in Respiration, Photosynthesis, Carbohydrate metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism,Nucleic acid metabolism and growth characteristics of plants.

Unit – III

Plant Disease Management: Physical, Chemical and Cultural.

Plant fungai and Bacterial Disease Control.

Bio-Control : Principles

(a) Biopesticides – Microbal, Fungal, Bacterial, Viral and Botanicals.(b) Integrated Pest Management – Integrated control in a Perennial Crop and integrated

Control in Annual Crops.

Transgenics

(i) Insect (pest) Resistant Plants (Bt – Cotton)(ii) Disease Resistant Plants (Virus Resistance)

Principles of disease resistance: Physical, chemical (Phytoalexins), HR, tissue culturemethods.

Unit – IV

Specific Plant disease: Symptoms, A etiology, Disease cycle and control of the followingdiseases.

Club-rot diseases of crucifers, Damping-off Vegetables, Late blight of potato, Green eardisease of Bajra, White rusts of Brassica, powdery mildew of Cucurbits, Ergot of Bajra, Lealspot of Turmeric, Groundnut rust, Whipsmut of Sugarcane, Leaf spot of Groundnut, Brownspot of Rice, Blast of Rice and Blight of Rice.

36

Suggested Readings

1. Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant Pathology, (4th Ed.), Academic Press, London.2. Bilgrami, K.S. and Dube, H.C.2000. A text book of Modern Plant Pathology, Vikas Pub. New Delhi.3. Mukerji, K.G. and Garg, K.L. 1993. Bio-control of plant diseases, Vol. I & II CBS Publishers & Distributions Delhi.4. Rangaswami, G, 1988, (3rd Ed) Diseases of Crop plants in India. Prentice-Hall of India.5. Schaad, N.W. 1990 Laboratory Guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria (2nd Ed) , APS (USA)6. Shama, P.D. 201 Plant Pathology7. Saples, R.C, and G.H Toenniessen 1981. Plant disease control resistance and susceptibility john Wiley & sons, New York 339 pp.8. Wood, R.K.S 1980 Specificity in Plant diseases.

37

BOT – 403 & 404 (c) : PHYTOMEDICINE

Unit – I

Origin, scope and source of Plant Medicines: Brief History, Origin and scope of PlantMedicines, Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathy, Study of Medicinal plants from the followinggroups; Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (Ranunculaceae, Leguminosae, Apocynaceae,Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Zingiberaceae, etc.

Unit – II

Cultivation, Multiplication, Collection, Processing and Marketing: Macro and Micropropagation and cultivation of medicinal plants; Multiplication of Medicinal Plants andproduction of Specific Biologically Active Molecules through Tissue culture; Methods ofcollection, Processing, storage, Market Potential and Trade of Plant Medicines. Adoption ofGATT, patent Rights for the plant medicines.

Unit – III

Adulteration, Identification and Substitutions: Macroscopy and microscopy of medicinallyusefull plant parts such as Leaves, Stems, Underground parts, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds(Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona, Ginger, Clove, Fennel, Nux-vomica&Ipecauanha)Plant Medicines – Adulteration, Identification and Substitutions. Abuse of plant Medicinesand Repercussions.

Unit – IV

Formulations, Diagnostic features and Biological activity of Plant Medicines: Formulationsand dosage forms of plant medicines; Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy; Study of theimportant Diagnostic Features of Active Constituents, Quality, Purity; and Pharmaceuticaluses of important Plant Medicines, Biological Active Principles of Established HerbalMedicines. Herbal Cosmetics and Dietetics.

Suggested Readings

1.Arber, A. 2008. Herbal Plants & Drugs. Agro Science Book Centre, New Delhi.2.Cutler. S. J. & Cutler. H.G. 1999. Biologically Active Natural Products Pharmaceuticals, Agro

Science Book Centre, New Delhi.3.Harborne, J.B 1948, Phytochemical methods. Chapman and Hall, London.4.Kokate, C.K. Purohit, A.P. Gauchely, S.B. 1990. Pharmacognosy, (NarialPrakashan)5.Khare, C.P. 2000. Indian herbal therapies Delhi Book Co., Connaught, Circle, New Delhi.6.Mukherjee, B. 1998. The Wealth of Indian Alchemy & its Medicinal Uses7.Nadkarni, K. M 2004. Indian plants & Drugs with their Medicinal Proporties Agro Sci. Publ. Centre,

New Delhi.8.Panda, H. 2003. Medicinal Herbs & Their Uses with Formulations. DayaPubli. House, New Delhi.9.Sharma, R. 2003. Medicinal plants of india – An Encyclopaedia.10. Trease, G.E. and Evants, W.C. 1983. Pharmacognosy (12th Ed), Bailine, London.11. Wallis, T.E. 1999. Text Book of Pharmacognosy, (5th Ed) CBS Publishers & Distributions, New

Delhi.

38


Suggested Laboratory exercises related to Bot – 401

1. Preparation of Stock solutions and media.2. Production of Aseptic seedlings3. Isolation and culture of embryos of Maize, Crotalaria, Cyamopsis etc.4. Induction of callus and histological/cytological studies of callus.5. Direct organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in Tobacco explants.6. Androgen sis and production of haploids from Datura buds.7. Establishment of cell cultures and determination of plating efficiency.8. Enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplasts.9. Fusion of protoplasts using PEG10. Preparation of synthetic seeds using sodium alginate11. Estimation of IAA using Salkowskl reagent12. Estimation of protein.

Suggested readings for laboratory exercise (Bot – 401)

1. Butenko R.G. 2000. Plant cell culture. University Press of Pacific.2. Collin, H.A and Edwards, S. 1998. Plant Cell culture, Bios Scientific Publishers,

Oxford, UK.3. Dixon, R.A.(Ed) 1987. Plant cell culture; A practical approach, IRL Press, Oxford.4. Gamborg, O.L & Philips, G.C (Eds) 1995. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture.

Fundamental Methods. Narosa Publishing House New Delhi.5. George, E.F 1993. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture, Part 1. The echnology (2nd Ed)

Exegetics Ltd, Edington, UK.6. George, E.F. 1993. Plant propagation by Tissue culture, part 2, In practice (2nd Ed)

Exegetics Ltd, Edington, UK7. Hall, R.D. (Ed). 1999. Plant Cell Culture protocols, Humana Press Inc, New jersey,

USA.8. Reinert, J. and Yoeman, M.M 1982. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture; A Laboratory

Manual. Springer – Verlog.9. Mascarenhas, A.F. 1991. Hand book of Plant Tissue Culture, ICAR Publications, New

Delhi.10. Smith, R.H. 2000. Plant tissue culture: Techniques and Experiments. Academic Press,

New York.

39

Suggested laboratory exercises related to BOT - 402

1. Isolation of genomic DNA; Purification and quantification by Spectrophotometry2. Restriction digestion of the Plant Genomic DNA3. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA and Southern Blotting:4. PCR amplification of DNA RAPD analysis5. Isolation of Yeast RNA and Quantification by Spectrophotometry. 6. Isolation of plasmid DNA7. Restriction digestion of the plasmid DNA8. Construction of Restriction Maps of Plasmid DNA9. Ligation of DNA fragments10. Bacterial Transformation and Identification of Tans formants.11. Co-cultivation of the plant material (e.g. leaf discs) with Agro bacterium and studyof

GUS activity histochemically

Suggested readings for laboratory exercises (BOT – 402)

1. Becker, J.M. Caldwell, G.A. Zachgo, E.A., 1990. Biotechnology - A LaboratoryCourse. Academic Press, New York, USA.

2. Gelvin, S.B and Schilperoort, R.A (Eds). 1994. Plant Molecular biology Manual (2nd

Ed) , Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.3. Flick, B.R. and Thompson, JE. 1993. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and

Biotechnology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Flordia, USA.4. Glover, D.M. and Hames, B.D (Eds) 1995. DNA cloning 1: A practical approach; Core

Techniques, (2nd Ed), PAS IRL Press, Oxford.5. Hackett, P.B, Funchs, J.A and Messing, J.W. 1988. An Introduction to Recombinant

DNA techniques. Basic Experiments in Gene Manipulation to Recombinant DNAtechniques; Basic Experiments in Gene Manipulation. The Benjamin/CummingsPublishing Co., Inc. Menio Park, California, USA.

6. Mick loss, D.A and Freyer. G.A 1990. DNA science. A First Course in RecombinantTechnology Cold spring Harbour Laboratory Press, New York, USA.

7. Shaw, C.H (Ed) 1988. Plant Molecular Biology. A Practical Approach, IRL Press,Oxford.

8. Sambrook, J. Fritsch, EF & Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular Cloning, A LaboratoryManual. (2nd Ed) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.

9. Schuler, M.A & Zielinski R.E. 1989. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology AcademicPress Inc. San Diego, CA, USA.

40

BOT- 406 PRACTICAL

Suggested laboratory exercises related to Molecular Plant physiology(Bot – 403 & 404 (A) ):

1. Extraction and Estimation of Chlorophyll pigments.2. Substrate Inducibility of the enzyme Nitrate Reductase3. Preparation of Standard Curve of Proteins and Estimation of Protein content in the

Extracts of Plant materials using Lowry’s or Brodfords method.4. Preparation of Standard Curve of Glucose and Estimation of Carbohydrate in the

extracts of Plant materials using Anthrone reagent.5. Studies on hormonal regulation of senescence.6. Effect of Salt and Water stress on the Accumulation of Proline.7. Seed viability test using Tetrazolium chloride.8. Temperature, Seed germination and Acid Phosphatase activity.9. Measurement of Photosynthetic CO2 Assimilation rate using IRGA10. De – repression of Dwarf Characters of plants by Gibberellins.11. Separation of isozymes of peroxidase by native polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.12. Extraction and separation of soluble plant proteins by SDS PAGE.

Suggested laboratory exercises related to Applied Plant Pathology(BOT- 403 & 404 (B) ):

1. Isolation of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacterial.2. Demonstration of Koch’s postulates – Citrus canker.3. Estimation of Rhizosphere, phyllosphere, Spermosphere microorganisms by Serial

dilution methods.4. Screening method of Antagonists against Pathogenic Micro Organisms.5. Isolation of Hyperparasites from Plant Fungal disease by Serial Dilution Methods.6. Screening of Antibiotics against Pathogens by paper Disc Method.7. Screening of Botanical Pesticides (plant extracts) against Fungal Pathogens by

incorporating in the medium.8. Submission of Plant Pathology Herbarium.

41

Suggested Laboratory Exercises Related to Phytomedicine(BOT – 403 & 404 (C))

1. Identification of important Medicinal plants and study of Morphological features of theMedicinal plant parts.

2. Field trip to study and identify locally occurring Medicinal plants.3. Practical Methods of Cultivation, Propagation, Conservation and Protection of

important Medicinal plants to develop familiarity.4. Micro-propagation of Medicinal plants and Production of Callus from different

Explants for Specific Biologically active ingredients. 5. Practical demonstration of collection, processing and storage of Plant Medicines.6. Microscopic study of locally available Medicinal plant parts such as leaves, stems,

underground parts, flowers, fruits and seeds (Senna, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona.,Ginger, Clove, Fennel, Nux-vomica & Ipecauanha)

7. Demonstration of drug adulteration, identification of locally available Plant Medicines.8. Antibiotic sensitive test of crude drugs9. Demonstration of drug Formulation and Herbal cosmetics.10. Organolepitc examination and physical and chemical properties11. Visit to nearest Pharmaceutical Industry.

42

VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY::NELLORE

M.Sc. BOTANY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

TIME: 3 HRS MAX MARKS: 70

SECTION - AAnswer any FIVE of the following

Each question carries equal marks 5 × 4 = 20 Marks

1. 2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

SECTION - BAnswer the following

Each question carries equal marks 4 × 12.5 = 50 Marks

(a) (OR) (b)

10. (a) (OR)(b) (a) (OR)

(b)

(a) (OR)

(b)

Note: 1. For section A, two questions are to be given from each unit.2. Section B must contain questions with internal choice from each unit.

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vikrama simhapuri university: nellore department …

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