Provincial Exam Review: Earth Science

Section 10.1

1. What does the kinetic molecular theory explain? 2. Define temperature. 3. Define thermal energy. 4. Define heat. 5. Compare a boiling hot cup of tea to an iceberg floating in the ocean.

(a) Which has greater thermal energy? (b) Which has particles with the highest average kinetic energy? (c) Which has more potential energy? (d) If placed together, would heat flow from the tea to the iceberg or from the iceberg to the tea?

6. What are the names of the three ways that heat flow can occur?7. Which kind of heat flow can occur when two solids come in contact?8. Which kind of heat flow needs no contact and can even occur in empty space?9. Which kind of heat flow involves the motion of a fluid from one place to another?10. Which phrase below best describes thermal energy?

A. the transfer of heat from one object to anotherB. the total energy of all the particles in a solid, liquid, or gasC. the random movements of all the particles in a sample of matterD. the average kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample of matter

11. What form of heat transfer does not require the presence of particles?A. Radiation B. convection C. conduction D. All heat transfer requires particles for transmission.

12. At which of the following temperatures does water change from liquid to solid?A. 0°C B. 0 K C. 0°F D. all of the above

13. Many homes are heated by a forced air furnace, from which hot air is pumped into a room through a vent, and the cold air is then forced out of the room through a cold air return. What type of transfer of heat is happening in this situation?A. Radiation B. convectionC. conduction D. There is no heat being transferred in this process.

Use the image of a container of boiling water below to answer questions 14 and 15.

14. What type of heat transfer is represented by X?A. Radiation B. convection C. conduction D. Boiling

15. If you were to grab the sides of this hot container, what form of heat transfer would you experience?A. Radiation B. convection C. conduction D. Boiling

16. Which of the following has particles with the greatest average kinetic energy and the least amount of thermal energy?A. a boiling pot of water B. a bath tub full of lukewarm waterC. the flame of a candle D. a lake with a layer of ice on its surface

17. Why does a piece of metal expand when it heats up?A. The particles vibrate faster and move farther apart.B. The particles vibrate slower and move farther apart.C. The particles get larger and take up more volume.D. The particles break their bonds and begin to slide past each other.

18. Put the following systems in order of least thermal energy present to greatest thermal energy present.I a boiling kettle at 98°CII an ocean at 10°CIII an ice cube at −4°CIV a swimming pool at 28°C

A. II, IV, I, III B. III, I, IV, II C. III, II, IV, I D. IV, I, II, III

19. Which of the following is a good thermal insulator?A. a soft drink can B. a piece of glassC. a piece of foam D. a copper-bottomed pot

Section 10.2

1. Which two gases make up about 99 percent of the atmosphere?2. Are air particles closer together on a mountain top or at sea level?3. What two sources of energy cause the air in the troposphere to keep mixing?4. What happens when Earth’s surface absorbs radiation?5. What is Earth’s energy budget a balance between?6. What role do convection currents play in creating weather?7. (a) What is atmospheric pressure?

(b) What instrument is used to measure atmospheric pressure? 8. Is air pressure greater on a mountain top or at sea level? 9. Why does warm air have a lower pressure than cool air? 10. What causes wind? 11. Why do high pressure air mass systems often bring clear skies? 12. Why do low pressure air mass systems often bring precipitation?13. What are the prevailing winds in southern British Columbia? 14. How can hills and forests affect surface winds? 15. What is the name of the sea breezes that occur when warm air over the water rises and

draws in the cool air from over the land? 16. What is the name of the sea breezes that occur as the warm air over the land rises and

cool air from over the water is drawn inland?17. What is the Coriolis Effect? 18. List the three major global wind systems in the order in which they occur from the

equator to the poles.19. What is a weather front? 20. What causes extreme weather events? 21. List three kinds of extreme weather.

22. Which of the following definitions best describes the term “atmosphere”?A. a partly molten layer of Earth’s upper mantle

B. constant layer of dry air that has virtually no cloudsC. the layer of gas that extends above a planet’s surfaceD. a dense layer of gases that extends anywhere from 6 km to 16 km from the surface of Earth

23. What are the four most abundant components of Earth’s atmosphere?A. hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygenB. hydrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxideC. nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and argonD. nitrogen, oxygen, ozone, and carbon dioxide

24. Which of the following forms of heat transfer contribute to global wind patterns?

A. I only B. III only C. I and II only D. I, II, and III

Use the following image to help answer question 25.

I convectionII conductionIII solar radiation

25. If you live in Dakar, on the west coast of Africa, what would you expect the wind to be like on a warm summer evening?A. an offshore breeze (from land onto the water) with a northeast trade windB. an offshore breeze (from land onto the water) with a prevailing westerlyC. an onshore sea breeze (from water onto the land) with a southeast trade windD. an onshore sea breeze (from water onto the land) with a prevailing westerly

26. What is the reason for the Coriolis effect?A. the rising of hot air masses at the equator and then falling at 30° latitudeB. the cooling of land masses faster than oceans that they borderC. atmospheric pressureD. rotation of Earth

27. The usual direction of wind in the southern interior of British Columbia is in a western direction. What would you call this type of wind?A. a local wind B. a prevailing wind C. an onshore breeze D. an offshore breeze

28. What is the most likely reason why flights from Vancouver to Toronto take less time than flights from Toronto to Vancouver?A. Pilots take advantage of the high pressure systems that form on the coast of British Columbia to push them east.B. Pilots have to deal with large amounts of turbulence as they leave the Great Lakes heading west.C. Pilots are flying in the direction of Earth’s rotation when they are flying east.D. Pilots can take advantage of the jet stream when travelling east.

29. You are watching the weather station and the meteorologist informs you that there will be a high pressure system in your area tomorrow. What type of weather would you predict?A. a storm B. clear skies C. precipitation D. unstable weather

30. Which of the following is the term used to describe a change in the direction of moving air, water, or objects due to Earth’s rotation?A. pressure differential B. prevailing winds C. Coriolis effect D. jet stream

31. Which of the following are key features of a tornado?I high-altitude, horizontal windsII accompanied by a thunderstormIII may have wind speeds of 400 km/hIV results from an exchange of thermal energy in the

tropics

A. I only B. I and II only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV

Section 11.1

1. What is meant by the term “climate”? 2. List three kinds of evidence that can be used to study climate changes that have

occurred in the past.3. What is the natural greenhouse effect? 4. How much cooler would Earth be on average without the natural greenhouse effect? 5. List three types of motion that influence Earth’s climate.6. Which type of Earth motion is responsible for seasons?7. Which greenhouse gas is most abundant in Earth’s atmosphere?8. What two factors affect the density of ocean water?9. What is a thermocline?10. How is an El Niño event different from a normal year?11. (a) What are two examples of where carbon is stored?

(b) What are three sources that release carbon into the atmosphere?12. How can volcanic activity cause cooling of Earth’s surface? 13. How can a large comet strike cause cooling of Earth’s surface?

14. Which of the following types of evidence might a paleoclimatologist use to study climate change?

I ice cores from glaciersII ocean wave patternsIII tree-trunk ring studiesIV plant fossils

A. I only B. I and III only C. I, III, and IV only D. I, II, III, and IV

15. Which of the following best defines the term “climate”?A. the temperature readings for the past 30 years or moreB. the specific weather patterns for a local region or cityC. the weather patterns that are occurring right nowD. the average conditions of the atmosphere for a large region for the past 30 years or more

16. Earth’s temperature is regulated by the greenhouse effect. What statement best describes how the greenhouse effect works?A. Greenhouse gases act like a greenhouse, which absorbs and retains solar energy, thereby increasing Earth’s temperature.B. The Sun’s radiation is amplified by Earth’s oceans.C. The greenhouse effect is caused by human activity.D. Greenhouse gases create thermal radiation.

17. Which of the following events may have been catastrophic enough to have caused mass extinctions in the past?A. a volcanic eruption B. a meteorite strike C. an earthquake D. a tsunami

Use the following satellite photograph to answer question 18.

18. The picture above is a NASA photo of Lake Manicouagan, a scar left in northern Quebec. What is the most likely cause of this massive scar on Earth?A. a glacier B. a volcano C. an asteroid D. an earthquake

19. What affect does the phenomenon known as El Niño have on coastal British Columbia winters?A. cooler than usual B. warmer than usualC. no change D. more extreme weather events

Use the following diagram to answer question 20.

20. What season would people be experiencing at A?A. Spring B. summer C. fall D. winter

Use the following graph to answer question 21.

21. What is the result of the changes indicated in the graph?A. stronger deep ocean currents B. increased deforestationC. global warming D. an El Niño event

22. Carbon dioxide is kept in balance by the natural patterns of the carbon cycle. Which of the following would not be considered a carbon sink or store?A. deep oceans B. precipitation C. dead vegetation D. new growth forest

23. How can a large comet collision impact on Earth result in global climate change?A. Debris scatters into the atmosphere, reflecting sunlight and causing global cooling.B. Debris scatters into the atmosphere, capturing sunlight and causing global warming.C. Heat from the impact causes global warming.D. Cooling from the ice in the comet causes global cooling.

Section 11.2

Use Table 11.1 (p. 484) to answer questions 1 to 3.

1. Compare the global warming potential of equal amounts of CFCs and CO2.2. After water vapour, which greenhouse gas is the most responsible for the greenhouse

effect?3. What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?4. What is the beneficial effect of ozone in the stratosphere? 5. What is the harmful effect of ozone near the surface of Earth? 6. Snow-covered areas are said to have a high albedo. What does this mean? 7. How does the melting of sea ice increase the amount of sunlight that Earth absorbs?8. List six potential negative global effects of climate change.9. List six ways Canadians could positively affect climate in Canada.

10. What is the basic difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change refers to the long-term change of the whole planet, and global warming refers to the increase in regional temperature.B. Climate change refers to the average temperature change on Earth, and global warming refers to the long-term change in temperature for a region.C. Climate change refers to the long-term change in weather patterns in a region, and global warming refers to the increase in the average global temperature.D. Climate change refers to the long-term change in temperature in a region, and global warming refers to the increase in global weather change.

Use the diagram below to answer question 11.

11. What greenhouse gas is represented by the X in the above diagram?A. Ozone B. water vapour C. nitrous oxide D. carbon dioxide

12. Which of the following chemicals linked to global warming has the highest global warming potential (GWP)?A. methane, CH4 B. nitrous oxide, N2OC. carbon dioxide, CO2 D. chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs

13. Scientists have discovered evidence that Earth has gone through global warming and cooling before. Why are people concerned about it this time?A. The demand on air conditioning will increase.B. Climate change may happen too quickly for the biosphere to adapt.C. All scientists agree that humans are responsible for global warming.D. Most scientists think that global warming will have no effect for at least 100 years.

14. Above is an image of non-vertical or “drunken” trees in the subarctic. Which global phenomenon is the most likely cause of these crooked trees?A. melting permafrost B. increased precipitationC. a hole in the ozone layer D. increased insect infestation

15. Which has the lowest albedo?A. Clouds B. glaciers C. forests D. Oceans

16. Why is ozone important to the environment?A. It is a greenhouse gas at low altitudes.B. It screens out ultraviolet light at high altitudes.C. It breaks apart to form oxygen gas.D. It is a poison.

17. What effect does melting polar ice in the Arctic have on Canadian polar bears?A. Their ability to hunt is reduced.B. They migrate south earlier in the year.C. Their body temperatures are increasing.D. There is an increased number of seals to feed on.

18. Which of the following is not a strategy to address climate change?A. Introduce alternative fuels.B. Find new sources of fossil fuels.C. Promote worldwide reforestation.

D. Research and develop renewable energy sources.

19. Which of the following statements about albedo and its effect on global warming is true?A. As the snow and polar icecaps grow, a decrease in albedo will result and more solar energy will be reflected from the ice.B. As the snow and the polar icecaps melt, a decrease in albedo will result from the oceans reflecting more solar energy.C. As snow and polar icecaps melt, a decrease in albedo will result in the oceans absorbing more solar energy.D. As the snow and polar icecaps grow, an increase in albedo will result in the ice absorbing more radiation.

Section 12.1

1. What did Wegener notice about the shapes of continents that led him to suggest that continents were able to move?

2. List three forms of evidence besides continent shape that gave support to the idea of continental drift.

3. Why were Wegener’s ideas about continental drift originally rejected? 4. Explain the implications of evidence from each of the following areas.

(a) mapping the sea floor (b) analyzing ocean rock and sediments (c) paleomagnetism

5. How did the Hawaiian Islands form? 6. What does the theory of plate tectonics state?

7. Which of the following observations represent evidence provided by Wegener to support his theory of continental drift?

I the “jigsaw fit” of the continentsII matching geological structures and rocks on different

continentsIII matching fossils on different continentsIV paleoglaciationV sea floor spreading

A. I, II, III, and IV only B. I, II, III, IV, and VC. II and III only D. II, III, and IV only

8. Which of the following is not evidence of tectonic plate movement?A. The pattern of the magnetic striping is the same on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.B. Rock samples taken near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are much younger than those taken near the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America.C. Stripes of rock from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge have alternating magnetic polarities.D. There is more sediment along the continental shelf than on the ocean floor.

9. Which of the following statements best defines Pangaea?A. an underwater ocean rangeB. a supercontinent that used to exist on EarthC. the fossil that represents evidence for continental driftD. the weak spot in the plate that created the Hawaiian Islands

Use the following map to answer question 10.

10. The Hawaiian Islands are continuing to form as a tectonic plate passes over a stationary hot spot. The only island that still has an active volcano is the big island of Hawaii. What direction is the plate travelling that is responsible for the formation of the Hawaiian Islands?A. Southeast B. northeast C. northwest D. Southwest

11. Which of the following represents why the sea floor is relatively “young” compared to the continents?I The sea floor is continually being generated at mid-ocean

ridges.II Earth was once covered by a massive continent.III The sea floor is continually being destroyed.

A. I only B. I and II only C. I and III only D. I, II, and III

12. Why was Wegener’s theory of continental drift difficult for the scientific community to accept when the theory was proposed?A. Paleoglaciation points to common glacial evidence on many continents.B. Wegener could not explain what could cause the continents to move.C. Unique geological features can be found on opposing continents.D. The shapes of continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

13. Which of the following is not true of the evidence of sea floor spreading provided by magnetic striping?A. Earth is like a large bar magnet and has two poles.B. Earth’s magnetic poles reverse over hundreds of thousands of years.C. Rocks with magnetic striping, alternating bands of normal and reverse polarity, surround ocean ridges.D. The pattern of magnetic striping is different in rocks on either side of an ocean ridge.

14. What force pushes magma to the surface at ocean ridges and ultimately drives the movement of tectonic plates?A. continental drift B. earthquakesC. volcanic eruptions caused by a hot spot D. convection currents in the magma

15. What is a tectonic plate?A. a large, flexible slab of rock B. a large, rigid slab of rockC. a lava flow D. a continent

16. What evidence was discovered that helped to explain how continents are capable of moving?A. fossil remains that matched across large oceanic platesB. tropical plant fossils in non-tropical areasC. a solid crust on top of a fluid mantleD. magnetic striping of the sea floor

Section 12.2

1. Name the four layers of Earth, in order from the inside out.2. What is the difference between the densities of oceanic crust and continental crust? 3. What is the source of energy for convection currents and hot-spot activity in Earth’s

mantle?4. In terms of the crust and the mantle, describe:

(a) the lithosphere (b) the asthenosphere 5. What is a mantle plume? 6. How does a rift valley form? 7. What happens in subduction?8. List three kinds of plate interactions. 9. Identify the geographical features that are typical of

(a) two oceanic plates converging (b) an oceanic plate and a continental plate converging (c) two continental plates converging (d) two continental plates diverging (e) two oceanic plates diverging

10. What is the relative motion that occurs between two plates that meet at a transform boundary?

11. What is the difference between the focus of an earthquake and the epicentre of an earthquake?

12. What are three kinds of earthquake waves and how do they differ?13. List three types of volcanoes and state where each is found.

Use the photograph below to answer question 14.

14. The picture above is a part of the San Andreas Fault. What term best describes the San Andreas Fault?A. oceanic plate boundary B. divergent plate boundaryC. transform plate boundary D. convergent plate boundary

15. What type of plate boundary has created the Himalayan Mountains?A. continental-continental plate convergence B. oceanic-continental plate convergenceC. oceanic-oceanic plate convergence D. divergent plate boundary

16. If an earthquake occurred on the opposite side of Earth from you, what type of seismic wave might you experience?A. L-wave B. P-wave C. S-wave D. S-wave and L-wave

17. Why is the inner core of Earth solid?A. The inner core rotates more slowly than the outer core.B. The immense pressure keeps it solid.C. The inner core of Earth is very cold.D. Earth formed from a rocky mass.

18. What type of seismic wave travels the fastest?A. L-wave B. P-waveC. S-wave D. both the P-wave and the L-wave

Use the photograph below to answer question 19.

19. The photo above is of Mount Taranaki in New Zealand. This volcano was made famous in the movie The Last Samurai posing as Mount Fuji. What type of volcano are both Mount Taranaki and Mount Fuji?A. Rift B. shield C. oceanic D. composite

Use the map below to answer question 20.

20. Off of the south coast of British Columbia, we can find three different types of plate boundaries. In the image above, what are the plate boundaries located at A, B, and C, in that order?A. transform, convergent, divergent B. divergent, convergent, transformC. convergent, divergent, transform D. transform, divergent, convergent

21. Which of the following layers are components of the theory of plate tectonics?

A. I only B. I and II only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV

22. Which of the following are associated with an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary?I volcanic island arcII suture zonesIII earthquakesIV ocean trenches

A. I and III only B. I, II, and IV only C. I, III, and IV only D. II, III, and IV only

I lithosphereII asthenosphereIII troposphereIV stratosphere