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Making the Transition 1

Running Head: MAKING THE TRANSITION

Making the Transition: A Cultural Interview with a Filipino Immigrant

Jesse Rabinovitch

University of Calgary


Immigration is a challenging process that can present many novel challenges to any

groups or individuals who take on the feat. The issues addressed within the literature that will be

discussed throughout this paper are ones that immigrants commonly encounter throughout their

transition when they immigrate into a foreign culture. Acculturation, social and psychological

adaptation, employment difficulties, and intergenerational dilemmas are all significant stressors

that have been identified within the literature concerning immigration. Throughout this paper I

will discuss the implications of these issues in relation to the cultural interview that I conducted

with a Filipino immigrant. In addition, professional practice implications in working with

immigrant clients, as well as the personal learning that has transpired throughout the process of

completing this assignment will be considered. The scope of this paper and the major themes

addressed were selected based on the issues that arose in my interview regarding the

interviewee’s personal experiences with immigration.

Making the Transition: A Cultural Interview with a Filipino Immigrant

Throughout history, groups of individuals from all ethnic and racial backgrounds have

travelled over varying distances in order to make a home in new geographical and cultural

locations. With the current political climate, it is debatable that movements occurring for the past

decade have been more complex for individuals than ever before. Regardless of the reason for

one’s relocation, a predicament that all immigrants encounter is meeting the challenges presented

to them by their new cultural environment. Immigration is a process that promotes the

acquisition of a new culture and transition into an unfamiliar environment. For many people, this

adaptation may be accompanied by a high level of ambiguity (Walsh, Shulman, & Maurer,

2008). New immigrants’ beliefs and values regarding life in their new surroundings will play a

vital role in their ability to adjust to their new life. Their attitudes are formed by a process of


comparison between their life before and after immigration, and comparison between their

previous and currently acquired cultural surroundings (Sharlin & Moin, 2001).

Filipino immigrants are one of the fastest-growing Asian immigrant groups in North

America (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007). With this in mind, there needs to be a significant effort made

on the behalf of North American countries in order to facilitate their transition as much as

possible. With the help of acculturation services, these countries can ease the process of

immigration for these migrants by helping them to obtain employment, find a home, and

establish connections with other people. Such services will alleviate some of the pressure they

are faced with while adjusting to North American culture.

The interviewee who helped me to gather information for this paper is a middle-aged

Filipino woman. She was born in the rural regions of the Philippines, but was living in the city of

Manila before immigrating to Canada with her family. Angela is an alias chosen by the

interviewee to protect her anonymity. She is a well-educated woman, academically trained in

business administration, who has been living in Calgary for the past two years. The reason why

she moved to Canada was for her daughter. Angela informed me about the discrepancies

between life in the Philippines and life in Canada, which persuaded her to move here in order to

promote a better life for her family. A better education, more career opportunities, and individual

freedoms were the principal reasons that Angela and her family chose to relocate to Canada.

Although there have been struggles throughout these past two years, Angela has remained very

hopeful and believes that she has made the right choice for her family by moving to Canada.

Acculturation

When individuals immigrate to a new country, there are many factors that can ease the

adjustment into their new lives. Factors such as their worldview, their cultural identity, and their


desire to integrate into their new society will all play fundamental roles in their transition.

However, this is a process that is not only dependent on a groups own ambitions, it is also

contingent upon the multicultural ideology of the dominant group in the host country (Berry,

Kalin, & Taylor, 1977). Acculturation is the process of change that occurs when individuals

move to a new culture, where the majority group in society prescribes to an unfamiliar way of

life. This process is one that involves at least two groups and can bring about consequences for

both; however, the consequences have a much more profound impact on the non-dominant group

(Berry, 2001). Factors that serve to familiarize immigrants with their new culturally defined

position, such as language proficiency, level of education, and political views can play an

integral role in the acculturation process (Ben-Shalom & Horenczyk, 2003). The notion of

psychological change that immigrants may experience at the individual level as a result of their

transition is referred to as psychological acculturation (Berry, 2001).

Acculturation Strategies

Immigrants of a foreign country must deal with the issue of accepting and honouring the

values of the new dominant culture. Berry (2001) posits that there four acculturation strategies

that will be explored form the point of view of the non-dominant group. The assimilation

strategy is defined when immigrants look to only interact with members of the dominant culture,

and thus reject their own cultural identity. When immigrants act in the opposite manner and

choose to honour their native culture while avoiding interactions with other cultures, the

separation strategy is defined. Immigrants engage in integration when they show interest in

conversing with both members of the dominant culture as well as members of their own culture;

this form of acculturation displays immigrants’ enthusiasm to become an active member of their

new multicultural society. Finally, when immigrants show little interest in communicating with


either members of the dominant culture, or members of their own culture, this is defined as the

marginalization strategy.

In an ideal world, all immigrants would want to interact with members of the dominant

groups in society, and all habituated members of society would want to interact with the affiliates

of non-dominant groups. However, this is not the case, and the attitudinal positions outlined

above indicate that immigrants have the freedom to choose how they want to socialize in

intercultural affairs (Berry, 2001). Ward and Rana-Deuba (1999) have demonstrated the effects

of the four attitudinal positions that have been associated with acculturation styles among

immigrants. Their research illustrates that individuals who employ attitudes of separation or

marginalization tend to experience the most stress. Individuals who engage in assimilation

strategies tend to experience moderate levels of stress, and immigrants who engage in integration

strategies tend to experience the least amount of stress associated with their cultural transition.

Adaptation

Social and psychological attitudes that develop in response to the environmental demands

of an unfamiliar culture can also play a large role in the immigration process. Berry (1997)

defines adaptation as the changes that take place among individuals and groups of people as a

reaction to coping with the foreign stresses placed on them by their new cultural milieu. Several

factors can serve to facilitate the immigration of individuals in their new surroundings. Such

factors are: previous knowledge of the host culture, age of entry into the foreign country, and

intergroup attitudes (Abouguendia & Noels, 2001). The literature breaks adaptation down further

into psychological and socio-cultural adaptation (Arthur & Merali, 2005). Psychological

adaptation is a measure that can be “optimized if immigrants perceive a match between the

demands for linguistic, cultural, or social change placed upon them and their ability to meet these


demands” (Arthur & Merali, p. 340). Social adaptation refers to the ability of immigrants to

adjust to the demands of daily life in their new society. Many immigrants move to Canada with a

high level of education and professional qualifications, but lack the social capabilities to fully

integrate into society (Berry, 2001). While these two categories of adaptation differ in theory,

they mutually serve to facilitate the process of immigration. It is much easier to meet the

demands of a new society when one feels capable. The general finding is that immigrants’

experiences of optimistic communications with members of the dominant culture enhance their

personal sense of well-being (Ataka & Berry, 2002).

Research has established a significant correlation between positive adaptation and

acculturation strategies. Integration and assimilation are demonstrated to be the most positive

acculturation strategies in that they lead to positive adaptation. Separation is the least successful,

and marginalization is cited as being intermediate (Ward & Kennedy, 1994). The integration and

assimilation strategies are perhaps the most effective methods of acculturation because they

promote the notion that best way for immigrants to adjust to a new culture is by interacting with

individuals already familiar with that culture.

Acculturation, Adaptation, and Filipino Immigrants

In the past, Canada has not been an overly welcoming place for immigrants of South

Asia. This may be partly a result of the unfair political implications that go along with accepting

immigrants who are not from a Caucasian background. However, with the implementation of the

Canadian multiculturalism policy in 1971, which reinforced the preservation of all traditional

cultures among Canadians, the national viewpoint has taken on a progressively more welcoming

attitude. There is some evidence documented in the literature suggesting that South Asian

immigrants may find acculturation to be an easier process than other Asian immigrants (Naidoo,


2003). Reasons for this are: (a) South Asian’s experience with the English language, (b) their

high levels of education, and (c) the abundance of socio-cultural associations in Canada that are

geared towards assisting them with the process of immigration.

In speaking with Angela, it was clear that she is a very open minded person who is eager

to participate in the new Canadian culture presented to her, but at the same time wants to

maintain her cultural identity as a Filipino woman. With reference to the article written by Berry

(2001), she chose the acculturation strategy of integration, and made an effort to become an

active member of Canadian society. She felt that both her native and foreign cultures had

positive and negative aspects, and she chose to pursue her life in Canada based on its principles

of freedom, safety, and opportunity. While maintaining the practice of Filipino cultures inside

her private residence with members of her immediate family, Angela made a conscious effort to

participate in Canadian society in every way that she was able to. She further expressed the fact

that her high level of education and proficiency in the English language have helped her to

become acculturated into Canadian society.

In Angela’s native homeland of the Philippines, there is an immigration agency that is

associated with Calgary Catholic Immigration Services, that was able to prepare Angela and her

family for their immigration to Canada. This organization was able to set Angela’s family up

with a representative working at the agency in Calgary, who helped them to become accustomed

to life in Calgary upon their arrival. Angela expressed a great sense of appreciation for this

person, indicating that the agency representative facilitated her family’s adjustment to Calgary

by familiarizing them with the necessities of life here. Another factor that proved extremely

beneficial to Angela was her current place of work. Currently working as an intake counsellor at

Calgary Catholic Immigration Services (CCIS), Angela has observed that families do not all


make the transition to Canada as easily as she did. This is because of their unfamiliarity with

English, low levels of education, and reluctance to openly participate in Canadian culture.

Angela demonstrates an understanding of the importance for her to be culturally sensitive while

interacting with clients from diverse backgrounds. Angela’s experience with communication is

similar to that of the majority of immigrants from South Asia previously mentioned by Naidoo

(2003).

Although Angela has only called Canada home for the past two years, she has played a

very proactive role and thus established an excellent support system that has aided her in the

transition she has made to Canada. Overall, she feels that she did not have to make a lot of

changes in terms of her worldview, but she did, and is still getting used to what she liked to refer

to as the “individualistic life style of Canada”. Angela insinuated that she felt Canadian life to be

very routine compared to the life she lived in the Philippines. She stated that for her, this is a

negative aspect of life in Canada that contrasts to its many positive features. Angela’s choice to

maintain an optimistic attitude and blend into the Canadian mould of living has allowed her to

experience a positive adaptation. This confirms and supports the findings regarding the

relationship between acculturation strategies and positive adaptation as outlined above by Ward

and Kennedy (1994).

Immigrants and Psychological Well-Being

Economic, political, health-related, or personal reasons may all provide sufficient causes

for immigration. Regardless of the cause, numerous studies have addressed the fact that

immigration presents the risk of psychological trauma to all individuals (Leu, Yen, Gransky,

Walton, Adler, & Takeuchi, 2008; Walsh, Shulman, & Maurer, 2008). Literature on the issue

suggests that anticipatory efforts to deal with the stresses connected to the cultural ambivalence


that is a part of immigration only further advances anxiety related issues among immigrants

(Walsh et al., 2008). In order to ease these psychological issues that immigrants encounter, it is

important that immigrants strive to create stable relationships with individuals in foreign

countries, and also work on establishing strong familial and marital relationships (Leu et al.,

2008). Positive relationships can help immigrants to manage the obstacles and changes they

encounter in the new culture, whereas problematic relationships promote their psychological

distress.

Employment

The inability of immigrants to fully integrate into the work force is likely to result in not

only psychological problems, but also adaptation difficulties (Aycan & Berry, 1996). Numerous

skills can present economic barriers to immigrants who are seeking employment. Issues such as a

lack of competence in English, lack of Canadian work experience, and over qualification for

menial position all qualify as legitimate barriers for immigrants seeking employment (McIsaac,

2003). Employment difficulties can add to the stress that immigrants’ experience throughout

their immigration process, and without efforts to link the cultural differences between workers,

employment opportunities will continue to present considerable obstacles for immigrants

(Arthur, 2000). Difficulties with attaining work, especially for well-educated immigrants can

significantly affect their self esteem and lower their self confidence. Furthermore, the longer that

this absence from the work force continues, the deeper the impact it has on an immigrant’s

ability to form new relationships outside of their family and interact with people in their new

cultural milieu. For immigrants, employment has a much greater significance than merely

providing them with an income to support their family. It can give them confidence in their


social abilities, and play a fundamental role in creating relationships in their new environment

(Aycan & Berry, 1996).

When Angela first arrived in Canada, she was very optimistic about her ability to find

work. Due to the fact that both she and her husband are well-educated, she was confident that

Canadian employers would want to hire them. Despite the fact that they both had masters

degrees in business administration, they were not so fortunate as to find work right away.

However, Angela was able to secure a job working in the deli at Safeway, which she spoke of

very fondly. This job provided her the practice she needed to self-assuredly participate in

Canadian Society. While working at Safeway, she was offered a position as a receptionist at

CCIS, which eventually turned into her current position there as an intake counsellor. Although

already having a high level of education, Angela informed me that since moving to Canada, one

thing that has brought her great joy is her ability to help others like her. Due to her new found

passion, she informed me that she plans on attending school in Canada to receive a degree in

social work. Currently, Angela is working full time at CCIS, and one day per week at Safeway,

not because she needs the money but rather because she enjoys staying busy and looks forward

to the opportunity to communicate with habituated Canadians that this job provides her with.

Angela’s husband was unable to secure a job as quickly as her, but she helped him remain

hopeful that something good would come along. Eventually he secured a job at Telus, and has

been working there for the past eight months. Both Angela and her husband’s employment

difficulties support the findings in the literature regarding economic barriers for immigrants.

They are currently both very happy with their work and are enjoying the challenge that working

in Canada presents to them. This demonstrates the findings in the literature regarding the

importance of employment and it’s relation to psychological well-being among immigrants.


Intergenerational Differences

Further adding to the list of stressors that immigrants may encounter are those relating to

intergeneration differences. Intergenerational conflict is defined as the rupture in parent child

relationships that can occur as the result of family member’s differential levels of acculturation

into the new society (Baptiste, 1993). The literature on this issue suggests that intergenerational

conflicts can result in several different consequences for immigrant families. First, they can

create opposing expectations for behaviour among adolescents at home and in social situations

(Arthur & Merali, 2005). This further complicates the already confusing stage of development

that immigrant youth are faced with. Second, it is likely that children and adolescents will

integrate into the host culture at a faster rate than their parents. Thus the different generations

will have opposing viewpoints regarding certain practices. This can result in a variety of negative

emotions for parents, ranging from parental inefficiency to feelings of uncertainty regarding how

they should go about educating their children on the practices of their native culture (Arthur &

Merali). Ultimately, intergenerational differences can lead to a sense of deteriorating family

cohesion among group members due to their disagreement regarding what is appropriate within

certain environments.

Lee and Chen (2000) stress the importance of communication among diverse generations

of immigrants. The researchers demonstrate that international immigration can result in

considerable confusion regarding different aspects of life among different generations of

migrants, and that communication is essential among family members in order to deal with these

pressures. Through communication with both family members and habituated members of the

host culture, the issues that may arise due to intergenerational conflicts can certainly be avoided.


Angela’s comments relative to the different levels of social and psychological adjustment

experienced by her and her daughter reflects what is mentioned by the literature. Angela is a

strong proponent of verbal communication and double-checking her behaviour with others when

she is unsure of what is appropriate. Angela indicated to me that whenever she was not sure of

how to act while in public with her daughter, she would simply take her aside and ask. As far as

educating her daughter about her family’s Filipino culture and heritage, Angela informed me of

some rules she has laid out to aid her with this. First, while at home, they speak the national

language of the Philippines, Tagalog. This helps all of the members of her family to maintain

their proficiency in Tagalog. Another cultural practice that Angela is fond of maintaining is that

of Filipino food. She indicates that they rarely go out to eat, unless it is for a function, and most

often cook traditional Filipino dishes at home. This helps her to maintain a sense of pride and

cultural identity that is distinctly Filipino. Although it is difficult at times, Angela uses

communication to familiarize herself with Canadian culture and continues certain practices that

allow her to maintain her Filipino cultural identity, promoting this life style for her teenage

daughter.

Professional Practice Considerations

Literature reports that the mental health services that have been established to help

individuals in need, such as immigrants, are not being fully taken advantage of in Canada.

Reasons postulated in support of this finding are that the lower rates of use likely reflect cultural

and linguistic barriers to care (Kirmayer, Weinfield, Burgos, du Fort, Lasry, & Young, 2007).

Furthermore, research indicates that conventional approaches to clients have faced the criticism

that they do not meet the needs of foreign clients (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007). A result of this

insensitivity that mental health services have become known for is the high termination rates that


are evident among immigrant clients who do make the effort to seek counselling (Arthur &

Merali, 2005). It is of significant importance that counsellors strive to meet the needs of their

foreign clients so that a beneficial therapeutic alliance may be formed.

Simich, Beiser, Stewart, and Mwakarimba (2005) indicate that cultural sensitivity in

counselling needs to be seriously considered in order to “help close the gap between the promise

of citizenship and the reality of exclusion that impacts unequally the health and well-being of

newcomers” (p. 266). They emphasize the responsibility of the host culture to learn about the

conflicts and influences of biculturalism. Subsequently, counsellors must be familiar with the

culture of their clients in order to be able to understand the bicultural influence and the issues

associated with acculturation in counselling immigrants. Recognition of the acculturation

dimension in the assessment process of counselling is essential with immigrants. This allows

counsellors to achieve an understanding of the client’s perception of themselves, their reaction to

the dominant culture, and how this reaction compares to their sentiments regarding their own

culture (Sanchez & Gaw, 2007). In cases of acculturation difficulties, the role of the counsellor is

to familiarize the client with his or her new environment and build upon the skills that the client

already has that can serve to facilitate his or her transition.

Practice Considerations with Filipino Immigrants

Counselling is largely a product of Western culture, and tends to promote individuality

among the population rather than a collective social identity for people. This was something that

Angela made clear throughout our interview and noted as a significant difference between

Canada and the Philippines. The notion of individualism was quite alien to her and something

that she had to become accustomed to as she made the transition from a Filipino to a Filipino-

Canadian. Angela further commented that among Filipinos, the notion of seeking psychological


treatment encompasses a large negative stigma and is frowned upon. It implies that if people are

seeking mental health services, than this means they have some sort of psychological ailment.

For this reason, many Filipinos do not engage in professional counselling services. This

association that Angela made reference to is something that is noted within the literature.

Sanchez and Gaw (2007) report that because Filipinos are used to discussing illness and other

important matters within their family environment, a large culturally bound barrier to accessing

professional psychological services exists for them. Although Angela has never received

professional counselling, literature indicates that in general Filipinos are a shy culture and will

not readily demonstrate a lack of understanding regarding psychological issues. Embarrassment

may prevent them from questioning things that they do not comprehend (Sanchez & Gaw).

Counsellors should not accept a shy expression of acknowledgement from their clients. They

must make the extra effort to explain their intentions in a clear and understandable language so

that what they say to their clients is not misunderstood. The use of visual cues, written words,

and the use of collaborative language (i.e. “our aim is...” and “we are working on this...”) can

serve to increase the comfort level of Filipino’s within counselling (Sanchez & Gaw). Since

Filipinos are unfamiliar with the notion of mental health services in a North American context,

counsellors must take the extra steps required to ensure their comfort and understanding.

Personal Learning

Working on this assignment has required me to take a deeper look into the issues that

affect immigrants. I had never thought of immigration as such a daunting task, but am now

informed of the many challenges that go along with it. Through the cultural interview that I

completed, I was able to gain firsthand experience of the issues that come up for immigrants

from Southern Asia and relate them to the theoretical perspectives outlined in the literature.


Learning about the cultural pressure on immigrants’ lives has helped me understand the

association between psychological concerns and social concerns. I attempted to incorporate the

plentiful amount of facts referred to in the literature regarding Filipino immigrants prior to

speaking with Angela. This proved to be a very helpful action taken on my behalf because it

allowed me to recognize and further discuss many of the theoretical issues Angela brought up in

our interview. I felt more confident in my ability to engage Angela in conversation regarding her

immigration to Canada as a result of reading numerous articles on the subject. Despite the fact

that I feel my indulgence in the literature allowed me to be prepared for the issues discussed by

Angela, I think that it is dangerous to generalize her experiences to all Filipino immigrants in

Canada. I do not think that every Filipino immigrant’s experiences are uniform and reflective of

what is said in the literature. I have become very cognisant of the fact that every immigrant is a

unique individual and will have gone through his or her own diverse set of experiences

throughout the process. As a result of the knowledge I have gained from this assignment, I am

aware of how important it is to use the literature for preparation to counselling and as a

complimentary source of information regarding immigrants’ experiences. Published research

addressing immigration issues in conjunction with immigrants personal narratives will assist me

as a counsellor to effectively deal with the issues immigrants seek help for. Furthermore, I must

be vigilant in keeping myself up to date and well-informed about the cultural norms among the

clients I counsel, as well as the experiences they confide in me about.


References

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