Shanxi Water Conservation Project II

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,

Chinese Academy of SciencesSeptember 30th, 2010

E2566 V1 rev

TABLE OF CONTENTS1 Generals.................................................................................................................4

1.1 Background...............................................................................................................41.2 Compliance with Relevnat Master Plan....................................................................41.3 Application EA Regulations and Standard................................................................51.4 Assessment component, focal point and environmental protection goal...................5

Assessment component.....................................................................................................5Assessment focal point.....................................................................................................6Objectives of environmental protection............................................................................6

1.5 Assessment level.......................................................................................................61.6 Assessment principles...............................................................................................71.7 Assessment scheme and program..............................................................................7

2 Project Description................................................................................................92.1 Project situations.................................................................................................................9

Project name, character and components..........................................................................9Project scale and investment.............................................................................................9Project objectives............................................................................................................11Project area distribution..................................................................................................11

2.1 Project components.................................................................................................12Water Source Works........................................................................................................12

2.1.1.1 Field irrigation works...............................................................................15Agriculture Intensification & Support............................................................................15Wind Barriers..................................................................................................................16Management water saving measures...............................................................................16

2.2 land occupation and immigration allocation planning............................................172.3 Project analysis.......................................................................................................17

Analysis on the impact of irrigation component on environment...................................18Analysis on the impact of agricultural component on environment................................19Environmental impact of construction process...............................................................19impacts on water utilization, social and economic development....................................19

2.4 Identification of environmental impact factors.......................................................203 Environmental conditions of project area.........................................................22

3.1Geography..........................................................................................................................22Topography.....................................................................................................................22Climate............................................................................................................................22Soil and plants.................................................................................................................22River system...................................................................................................................23Hodrogeography.............................................................................................................23

3.1 Socio-economy.......................................................................................................24Populations......................................................................................................................24National economy...........................................................................................................24Agricultural production...................................................................................................24

3.2 Main Problems in Agricultural Irrigaiton................................................................25Main Problems in Irrigation’s Water Source Works........................................................25

Main problems in Irrigation Area....................................................................................254 Present status of environmental quality............................................................26

4.1 Pollution sources...............................................................................................................264.2 Soil quality..............................................................................................................26

Soil fertility.....................................................................................................................26Soil heavy metal..............................................................................................................26Soil salinization...............................................................................................................27

4.3 Present situation of surface water environment quality...........................................274.4 Present Situation of Groundwater Quality..............................................................274.5 Present Situation of Air Quality..............................................................................284.6 Present Situation of acouostic Quality....................................................................28

5 Environmental impact assessment.....................................................................285.1 Project positive impact on the environment......................................................................285.2 Impact of water saving irrigation on water utilization and groundwater level........29

impact of water saving irrigation on water utilization.....................................................29Impact of water saving irrigation on groundwater level.................................................30

5.3 Impact of fertilizer application on soil and water environment...............................31Impact of fertilizer on groundwater................................................................................31

5.4 Impacts of pesticide on soil and groundwater.........................................................36Application of pesticides in project areas.......................................................................36Behavior of pesticide in soil and groundwater................................................................36Impacts of pesticide on groundwater and its control after project..................................37

5.5 Environmental impact analysis for main water conveyance component.................395.6 Environmental impact during construction.............................................................39

General impacts during construction..............................................................................39Impacts during construction of Jiexue Subproject..........................................................40Impacts during construction of water conveyance pipeline............................................41Impacts during construction of Longmen canal diversion works....................................41

5.7 Social impact assessment........................................................................................42Alleviation of regional conflicts between water supply and demand..............................42Impact on rural production pattern after project.............................................................42Impact on agricultural economy......................................................................................43Impact of industrial and residential water use.................................................................43

6 Alternative analysis.............................................................................................436.1 General comparative analysis with or without project......................................................436.2 comparative analysis of water conveyance pipeline...............................................43

7 Environmental benefit analysis..........................................................................447.1 Project financing...............................................................................................................447.2 Economic benefit analysis.......................................................................................45

Adjusting planting structure............................................................................................45Output of new-increased agriculture and Wind Barriers product....................................45

7.3 Social benefit analysis.............................................................................................46Disaster alleviation and prevention.................................................................................46Mitigation of water right conflicts..................................................................................46

Accelerate regional economic development...................................................................46Promote social stability...................................................................................................46

7.4 Environmental benefit analysis...............................................................................46Environmental benefit of Wind Barriers.........................................................................46Environmental benefit of water conservancy..................................................................47

8 Environment management plan.........................................................................478.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures........................................47

Measures to alleviate impact during construction...........................................................50Measures to alleviate impact during operation period....................................................50

8.1 Monitoring plan......................................................................................................508.2 Environmental management plan............................................................................53

Institutional Establishment and Responsibilities.............................................................53Environmental management during construction............................................................54Environmental management during operation................................................................55Establishment of environmental monitoring and reporting system.................................55Environmental Management Training and Consulting Services.....................................56

9 Public participation................................................................................................579.1 Survey objects and method...............................................................................................579.2 Survey results....................................................................................................................57

10 Conclusion and recommendation......................................................................5910.1 Conclusions of Current environmental situation assessment..........................................5910.2 Main impacts and countermeasures........................................................................5910.3 Conclusions and recommendations.........................................................................61

ANNEX 1: General Guidelines for Construction Management............................62ANNEX 2：Integrated Pest Management Plan......................................................65

1 Generals

1.1 Background Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly serious problem, especially in the northern China. The increasing demand from water users in agriculture, urban and industry can no longer be met by the expansion and construction of water storage and reservoir infrastructure. In North China Plain and in other northern areas groundwater overdraft is becoming an increasing problem. Current extraction rates are not sustainable. Another factor impacting on water availability is water pollution problems from industry and cities.The north and northwest regions of China are key grain production areas. Production is reliant on irrigated agriculture to achieve high sustainable yields. Although large areas of these provinces have irrigation and drainage systems, land development and agricultural services, large tracts of land remain to be improved. Many of the irrigation and drainage systems are old, and have suffered from inadequate maintenance due to lack of resources, and are now in need of rehabilitation. Consequently, the performance and efficiency of these systems is gradually declining. In addition, many were built to relatively low design and construction standards. Relatively modest investments in system improvements can yield high returns. Critical needs include: (a) irrigation infrastructure rehabilitation and improvement in water use effficiencies; (b) conjunctive use of ground and surface water; (c) drainage and salinity control; (d) on-farm land improvements and irrigation and drainage system improvements; and (e) improvements in agricultural services such as high quality seed development, improved mechanization and improved agricultural extension.While China has been successful in increasing agricultural production and improving grain yields, there are still opportunities to improve production through improving irrigation water use efficiency, and developing the low and medium yielding land. Developing water saving irrigation is an important way for increasing the utilization efficiency of irrigation water, the comprehensive agricultural productivity and farmer’s income and promoting the sustainable utilization of water resources and the sustainable development of agriculture, which is of great significance in water short areas. In order to raise enough funds, the state planed to borrow loan from the World Bank to develop water saving irrigation projects in Shanxi province.

1.2 Compliance with Relevnat Master PlanShanxi Water Conservation Project II plan to use an integrated approach to support sustainable agricultural water management and irrigated agriculture development. It will finance three broad categories of water saving interventions: engineering (or physical) measures, agronomic measures, and management measures needed to achieve the project development objectives. The project Components is in compliance with the requirement of “The national water-saving irrigation plan” and “The Shanxi

water-saving irrigation plan ”.

1.3 Application EA Regulations and Standard Applications EA regulations and Stadarnds mainly include (1) Some relevant laws and regulations of environmental protection“Environmental Impact Assessment Laws of PRC” (9th Sep. 2003)“Water Laws of PRC” (5th Sep. 1987)“Water Pollution Control Laws of PRC” (1th June 2008)No. (98) 253 of the State Council “Environmental Protection Rules for Construction Project”“Notice for Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment in International Financial Organization Loan Project” 1993 324 issued by the State’s Environmental Protection Bureau, the Planning Commission, the Financial Ministry and the People’s Bank of China

“The World Bank Operational Manual — Operation policies” （OP4.01）”“Instructions for Environmental Impact Assessment” (HJ/T 2.2~2.3-93)(2) Some relevant documents and reportsThe entrustment book of environmental impact assessment for the WB Financed Water Conservancy ProjectThe Project Implementation Plan of the WB Financed Water Conservation Project IINo. (2010) 630 of the state development and reform Committee“Reply of the project proposal of Water Conservation Project II”

“Standard for Field Irrigation Water Quality” （GB5084-92）“Standard for Surface water quality”(GB3838-88)“Standard for Groundwater Quality” (GB/T14848-93)“Standard for Soil Environment” (GB15618-95)The above standards can be carried out according to the zonation of environment role in different project areas

(3) The World Bank Safeguard Policies.

1.4 Assessment component, focal point and environmental protection goal

Assessment component• Environmental Baseliney•Impact of water resources utilization on water •Analysis on the impact of pesticide and fertilizer on soil and water •Impacts during construction period•Impact on social economic development

•Public Consultaiton• Mitigation Measures•Investment for environmental protection and profit analysis•Program for environmental management and monitoring

Assessment focal pointThe project will mainly involve water body environment, and it won’t have atmosphere and solid waste influence by and large except there are some partial and periodic light machinery noises and dust. Therefore, the main impact the project involves is water environment.There are no sensitive environmental protection objectives in these project areas according to the regional environmental function division and environmental protection planing. These project areas are located in the water-lacking areas of North China where groundwater has shown a tendency of overdraft, the continuous descent of groundwater level and the continuous expansion of funnel area are the main regional environmental problems. If the implementation of the project will aggravate the shortage of water resources, especially in areas where groundwater is the main irrigation water sources, if the implementation of the project will lead to or aggravate the continuous descent of groundwater level is the focal point of the assessment.

In order to increase the yield of agricultural production, it’s anticipated that the applied amount of pesticide and fertilizer will increase for the regulation of planting structures, if pesticide and fertilizer will pollute the soil and water environment is another assessment focal point.

Because the project focuses on increasing the utilization factor of water resources, the implementation of the project will exert positive impact on the rational use of water resources and the socio-economic development in the beneficiary areas. We will focally analyze the positive impact of the implementation of the project on resources, environment, society and economy.

Objectives of environmental protectionThere is no special object for environmental protection in the project area. There is also no surface return flow in the project area on the whole under water saving conditions, the main object for environmental protection is the groundwater environment which can be detailed as follows:The implementation of water saving irrigation should balance water resources supply and demand and needn’t result in the continuous descent of groundwater level and the continuous extension of funnel area.Adopting effective measures to apply pesticide and fertilizer rationally and ensuring not to aggravate groundwater and other environmental pollution.1.5 Assessment levelThere is no special object for environmental protection in the project area. There is also no return water of farmland irrigation in the project area on the whole under water saving conditions, the main object for environmental protection is the groundwater environment which can be detailed as follows:The implementation of water saving irrigation should balance water resources supply

and demand and needn’t result in the continuous descent of groundwater level and the continuous extension of funnel area.Adopting effective measures to apply pesticide and fertilizer rationally and ensuring not to aggravate groundwater and other environmental pollution.1.6 Assessment principlesThe environmental impact assessment of the project is in compliance with national EA laws, reguations and relevant standards, as well as the World Bank Safeguard policeis.

Analyzing the project’s possible environment impact according to the feasibility study report from each project area, carrying out assessment through typical investigation, analogy, reasoning and conclusion etc. methods and demonstrating the feasibility of the project and the rationality of the drafted environmental protection measures in view of environmental protection.

1.7 Assessment scheme and program The assessment planing and working procedures of the project is shown in chart 1.7-1..

Chart 1 assessment program

Accept the entrustment for assessment

Survey and collect data

Solicit opinions from some relevant departments

Determine the assessment standard and method

Compile EIA program

Review and revise EIA program

Project analysis

Investigate and assess environmental status

Environmental impact

assessment

The public participation

Project general situations

Preparation of some key environm

ental issues

Investigation on the status of soil environment

Investigaion and assessment on the status of groundw

ater environm

ent

Investigation and assessment on the status of surface w

ater environm

ent

Analysis on the influence of irrigation w

orks to groundwater level

Analysis on the influence of irrigation w

orks to groundwater quality

Analysis on the influence of pesticide and fertilizer to w

ater environm

ent

Analysis on the influence of the construction process to the

environment around

Analysis on the influence on social econom

ic development

Countermeasures to the disadvantageous influence on environment

Compile EIA report

2 Project Description

2.1 Project situationsProject name, character and components

Project name: Shanxi Water Conservation Project IIProject character: agricultural infrastructure constructionProject liable department: Shanxi Water Conservation Project II OfficeProject components: the water conservation project will include the following

components in the light of the World Bank’s objectives and in association with the actual conditions of the project areas:

• Irrigation: mainly include developing canal lining, low pressure pipe irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation four water saving irrigation works.

• Agriculture: agricultural water saving measures, such as soil improvement, quality seed production, extension of agricultural technology and training, pest and disease control and agro-machinery and service station etc. will be adopted.

• Wind Barriers and environmental protection: Wind Barriers and environmental protection works such as planting of trees in irrigated area as wind barriers and monitoring of groundwater level, water quality and soil in order to improve the ecological environment are planed.

• Institutional development and support: mainly include technical assistance, training, study tours, applied research, SIDD and MIS in order to coordinate with the water conservation and agricultural water saving measures, strengthen the water saving management measures in the project areas and improve the scientific irrigation management level.

Project scale and investmentThe project is going to develop 10291.34 ha of water saving irrigation area in line with local conditions. The project covers a total 6 project areas in five counties , Yushe county, Jiexiu, Lin county, lishi county , jiaocheng county.

Table 2.1-1 Planned Areas in the Project Areas

City Project areairrigation area （ha）

Jinzhong city

Yushe county yunzhu reservoir irrigation area

2000

jiexiu city xingdi irrigation area

1180

jiexiu city Diversion works of rubbery dam

1333.33

Lvliang city

Lin countyYangpo Reservoir irrigation area

3366.7

lishi district project area 411.3jiaocheng county project area 2000

total 10,291.3

The total investment of the project is 412.69 million RMB yuan, of which, the

World Bank loan is 30 million US dollars, and the counterpart funds from different levels of local government is 208.09million RMB yuan.

chart2-1 The location map of project area

晋中市项目区包括榆社县和介休市 2个项目县

吕梁市项目区包括临县、离石区和交城县3个项目县

Table 2.1-2 Project investmentFunds source Amount of money

(Ten thousand yuan)% of total invest

total 40576.97 100.0

1.WB Loan 20460 50.4

2.Counterpart Fund 20116.97 49.6

Project objectivesThe overall objectives of the project are to increase the utilization factor of① irrigation water; to increase the capability of comprehensive production of② agriculture and farmers’ income and to promote the sustainable use of water③ resources and the sustainable development of agriculture.According to “Technical Standard of Water Saving Irrigation”(SL207-98) and the characteristics of the project and the specific technical requirements raised by the World Bank, the following main technical indicators for the water conservation project have been decided:· The utilization factor of irrigation water should be greater than 0.6, and the

utilization factor of canal water should be greater than 0.65. The utilization factor of water for irrigated area of rice should be greater than 0.95, and the utilization factor of water for irrigated area of drought crop should be greater than 0.90.

· The productivity of crop should be increased at least by 15% . The output raising of industrial crops reach 30% and the cereal productivity of water should be increased at least by 20% ,per unit ET cereal productivity should be higher than 1.2 kg/m3.

· The ET of the cultivated land in the project district is reduced by 10-20%;· The target of revenue increase of farmers: The per capita average net revenue

should be increased by 200 RMB Yuan.· EIRR should be greater than 8%.

Project area distributionThe project involves 5 counties from two municipalities, i.e Jinzhong and

Lvliang. The name of each project county is shown in Table 2.1-3.

Table 2.1-3 Basic conditions of WB Water Conservation Project

No. city Project Name Project Area(Townships, Town)

irrigation

area

（ha）

1Jinzhong

city

Yushe County Yun Zhu

reservoir irrigation area

Yunzhu,Bei Village,

Qiaojiagou,Taoyang,dongzhuang,beituhua,nan

mahui,shangshiguai,xiashiguai,han

cu,jiagou,baizhuang

2000

Jiexiu City Xingdi

irrigation area

Sijiangyao, Houbao Village,

Jilin-Nanjintun Village, Changle-Beiliangshi

Village.

1180

Jiexiu city Diversion

works Songgu, Chengguan 1333.3

2Lvliang

city

Lin county yangpo

reservoir irrigation areaBoth sides of Qiushui river 3366.7

Lishi District Irrigation

areaBoth sides of Dadongchuan River, huangtutai 411.3

Jiaocheng county

Irrigation area

Chengcun ,xi fenyang ,dongfenyang ,liang ji

zhuang ,hongxiang ,xianchengbei ,xiajia

ying ,wangcun ,yangqu ,yiwang ,jiajiazhai

2000

total 10,291.3

2.1 Project componentsAccording to the objectives, planning principles and technical standards of the project, the project which will extend and apply advanced, high efficient and practical water saving technology, conduct further comprehensive agricultural development focusing on improving the medium-and-low-yield farmlands and establish a group of high standard water saving and yield increase demonstration areas combining with the agricultural strategy of high yield, high efficiency and best quality. Comprehensive improvement of water, soil, farmland, Wind Barriers and roads will be conducted in the project considering irrigation as the main part and integrating with agricultural and Wind Barriers measures. Meanwhile, institutional development and support, scientific and technical training should be advanced and farmer’s scientific farming and irrigation management level should be promoted.

Water Source Works

The project won't include construction of large-scale water source works, but small scale water source works to transfer water to irrigation area. It includes water conveyance pipleliens, pumping stations, small water storage structures inlcuidng a 3 meter high rubber dam, to increase the assurance factor of irrigation water and realize the rational allocation of surface water resources and the efficient use of precipitation.

Summary of water source works in Shanxi project area is showed in table2.2-1.

Table 2.2-1 Water Conveyence in Shanxi Province

City/County/ Proposed Water Conveyence Schemes Main AcitivitesYushe To convey 7.13 million m3/a water from Yunzhu

Reservoir to the downstream Yushe County, of which 1.5million m3 is for non-agricultural use(e.g. villages and towns, industry), and 5.63 million m3 for agricultural use.

-main pipelines. 23km(DN800-600mm) and associated facilities (e.g. check wells, culvert etc). -Secondary pipeline: 37km(DN200mm).

Jiexiu To convey 5.53 million m3/a water from Xingdi Village to Jiexiu City, of which 3.01million m3 is for non-agricultural use(e.g. villages and towns, industry) and 2.52 million for agicultures uses.

-Renovation of 5 boreholes. -a water tank (1000m3)-main pipelines. 21km(DN350mm) and associated facilities(e.g. wells),-secondary pipelines 4km(DN200)

Jiexue To convey 3.06 million m3/a water from Fen River for agricultural use.

-a rubber dam(length 150m, height 3 m)- a pump station(9m*6m)

Linxian To convey 9.5 million m3/a water from Yangpo Reservoir to the downstream Irrigation area.

-Main pipleline: 26.9km (DN800-600mm),- secondary piple18.8km(DN200mm)

Lishi To convey 1.18 million m3/a water from Wucheng Reservoir to the downstream Wucheng Irrigation Area

- a pump station, - a water tank(2000m3)- water main pipeline: 2.7km(DN350mm)-secondary pipeline: 13km(DN200mm)

Jiaocheng To convey 10.25 million m3/a water from Wenyuhe River via Longmeng channel, of which 3.87 million m3/a is for non-agricultural use(e.g. villages and towns, industries) and 6.38 million m3 for agricultural use.

-water main pipleline: 18km(DN1000mm)-secondary pipeline: 22.89km(DN500-100mm)

A due diligence has been conducted for the upstream reseveroirs confirming that there is no legacy of environemtnal issues(Tbale. 2.2-2)

Table2.2-2 Summary of water sources in Shanxi project area

Municipalit

y

County

Water Source Water sources location Decription of the Water Sources Construction of

project

Any legacy of environmental issues(Y/N)

Jinzhon

g

Yushe Yunzhu reservoi

r

Located at the foot of Haijin hill, 25 km to the SW of Yushe County, and 2.5 km away from Yun city.

Yunzhu Reservoir is built at the confluence of two upstream tributaries-Shipan River, Qingxiu River. The main function of the reservoir is for flood control, aquaculture, irrigation and electricity generation. Reservoir storage volume is 87 million m3

with an annual flow of 28.64 million. The reservoir can provide 15 million m3 water for industrial use, and sufficient water for downstream irrigation( 2,000 hectares). The downstream water allocated for ecological purpose is 0.05 m3/s

Existing，started operation in

June1960.no

jiexiu

Xindi irrigation area

At Xindi Villagenty in the foot of the Mianshan Mountain.

The project will renovate five boreholes at Xindi Village and Changshou Village.and supply water for project area. Existing no

Jiexiu rubbery

dam

at the North of Xianzhan Village, Songgu City

Fen river originates in Xinzhou city Ningwu county, flow through Lan Village of Taiyuan, Hongtong County, and Hejing.

The subproject will buid a rubber dam(150 meters long, 3 meters high) at Fen River to store upstream water during the irrigation season. The rubber dam can hold 1.2 million m3 Water for irrigation purpose.

New N.A

Lvli

Lin county

Yangpo Reservo

ir

Yangpo reservoir is located at the Yangpo Village at the boarder between Lin County and Fanshan.

Qiushui River originates in Xin County, flows through Xin county, Lin county, and enters into the Yellow River at Moraine Mouth Town of Lin County. Its main stream length is 122km.

Yangpo Reservoir is for flood control, aquiculture and irrigation.

Existing，Started building on April 1,

1958, came into operation in 1960.

no

ang

Reservoir storage capacity is 17.6 million m3. The reservoir only provide partial water for downstream irrigation area at present.

Taiping Reservo

ir

Taiping reservoir is located in the mouth of Taiping Ditch at middlestream of Qiushui River .

Taiping Ditch lies at middle stream Qiushui River in Lin county. It is about 13km away from the county town. Taiping reservoir is a small reservoir with main function for flood control and irrigation. Reservoir storage capacity is 5.36 million m3with a drainage area of 40km2.

Existing，Started building on October,

1972, came into operation in July1975.

no

Lishi district

Wucheng

Reservoir

Wucheng reservoir is located at the middlestream Dongchuan River of Sanchuan Tributary of the Yellow River, 31km away from Lishi district of Lvliang city

Wucheng Reservoir lie at middlstream the Dongchuan river, its drainage area is 220km2 . The Dongchuan river is a tributary of Shsnchuan river of the Yellow River Basin, the length of the river is 67km and its drainage area 951.6km2.

Wucheng Reservoir is for flood control, aquculture. Reservoir storage capacity is 12.44 million m3. The watershed length reaches 17km.

Existing，Started building in October of 1972, retained water in July of 1975, the main project finish in

1978.

no

Jiaocheng

Longmen-

chanal diversion works

Water intake is located at the Longmenke of Shagou village in jiaocheng county, about 6.5km upstream Wenyuhe Reservoir.

The Wenyu River rises in Jiaocheng County, above sea level 2831m, the main river is 158km long, drainage area is 4076 km2. the river flows through Jiaocheng, Wenshui, Fenyang, Xiaoyi county, enters the Fen river in Xiaoyi city. The subproject plans to convey water from the Longmenkou water intake at the middlestream of Wenyu River.

New，EIA has been

approved by local EPB

N.A

2.1.1.1 Field irrigation works

The irrigation component is to conduct canal lining, pipe irrigation, and drip irrigation etc.. It includes development, utilization and rational allocation of water resources and promote on-farm water saving technology.

Table 2.2-3 Water Saving irrigation Area(ha）City/County Subrpoject

Irrigation Area（ha）

Water Saving Technology

Jinzhong

Yushe 2000 Pipe

Jiexie Xingdi 1180 Pipe

Jiexiu

300 Pipe

33.33 Micro-Irrigation

1000 Canal Lining

Lvliang

Lin County

1000 Canal Lining

400 Pipe

100 Micro-Irrigation

1866.7 Canal Lining

Lishi400 Pipe

11.3 Micro-Irrigation

Jiaocheng

266.67 Pipe

200 Canal Lining

1533.33 Canal Lining

Total 10291.3

Agriculture Intensification & SupportRelevant agricultural technologies are to be adopted according to natural features and crop types in different areas:

· Moisture retaining technologyDeep ploughing or non-tillage technology is planed to be adopted timely according to the characteristics of crops and soil. Non-tillage in dry season can reduce the evaporation of soil and infiltration loss of irrigation water. Deep ploughing in rainy season can increase the infiltration of precipitation and the capability of soil moisture retaining. The lands should be ploughed deeply once every 3~5 years and the ploughing depth should reach 25~30 cm.

· Temperature increasing and moisture retaining technology such as wheat stalk shredding and plastic film coveringThe covering of stalk or plastic film can not only increase the ground temperature, but also greatly reduce the evaporation loss of soil and increase the utilization factor of water. Stalk covering can be completed together with field

stalk shredding machine and harvester.· Comprehensive management technology of water and fertilizer

According to water and fertilizer demand, the method of applying fertilizer appropriately through soil measuring are to be adopted. Deep applying and increasing the utilization ratio of fertilizer are recommended.

· Rationally regulating the planting structures of cropsAccording to the requirements of industrialized agriculture and in order to meet social demands and achieve the optimum economic and ecological benefits, planting structures of crops should be regulated rationally to increase multiple crop index. In the areas where advanced irrigation technologies have been adopted and the assurance coefficient of irrigation is higher, the planting proportion of cash crops should be enlarged to increase economic benefits and farmer’s revenue.

· Seed selection and cultivation technology of drought-resistance cropsSeed base will be established to select and cultivate fine varieties of drought-resistance and high yield seeds and realize the ratio of fine varieties in the project areas reaching at least 95%. Advanced cultivation technology, in association with moisture retaining technology should be adopted to realize biological water saving.

Table 2.2-4 Agricultural components in the project areaitem Unit total

1.water-saving agriculture and soil improvement Land leveling hm2 5439.1 Wheat stalk shredding hm2 4982.11 Plastic film hm2 4131.3 Moisture retainer t 12.82. Balance Fertilization hm2 42653. Pest Management(IPM) 10,000yuan 92.624.Development of seeds farms hm2 40355. Facilities agriculture(greenhouse) unit 2206.Renovation of roads in Farmland km 602Wind Barriers

In order to improve the ecological environment of farmlands, tree shelter belts are to be improved in the project area for the comprehensive management of water, soil, farmlands. The investment in tree planting as wind barriers is mainly used for improving the existing shelter belts and planting a few fruit trees and nurseries.

Management water saving measuresThe main management measures include establishment of SIDD and MIS and the design, extension and training of high-efficient water saving irrigation program.In order to change the management mode that the state construct water conservancy works and the masses can use water without payment under the planing economic system, SIDDs mode, including WUAs and WSOs, which manage by itself and assume sole responsibilities for its loss and profit to maintain and manage the operation of the irrigation system, are planed to be established in the project area.

Their aims are carrying out management system reform, improving management of water resources, increasing irrigation costs recovery, autonomous management capacities of irrigated areas and irrigation efficiency of the whole project.MIS, which will produce various diagram reports for analysis and decision making, is mainly used in computer system for design, construction, management, supervision and assessment of the project,The design of high-efficient water saving irrigation program should be carried out according to the actual conditions of project area and the design of irrigation and the analysis of water balance should be performed with the theory of “real” water savings. Meanwhile, engineering water-saving measures and agricultural water-saving measures will be adopted to work out high-efficient water-saving irrigation program. Technical training should be carried out in the farmers to enable them to grasp the scientific irrigation technology.2.2 land occupation and immigration allocation planning

The project plans to occupate 130.49hm2 land，of which 38.82hm2 permanent

occupation of land，91.67hm2 temporary occupation of land. There is no immigration

.

Table 2.3-1 land occupation Unit：ha

Project area land type permanent occupation temporary occupation totalYushe

countyyunzhu reservoir

irrigation area

Cultivated land 0.02 3.01 3.03Desolate meadow 17.37 17.37

field Road 10.5 10.5total 10.52 20.38 30.9

jiexiu cityxingdi

irrigation area

Cultivated land 0.15 2.43 2.58Desolate meadow 15.62 15.62

field Road 6.3 6.30total 6.45 18.05 24.50

jiexiu city diversion works of

rubbery dam

Cultivated land 0.2 2.05 2.25Desolate meadow 3.65 3.65

field Road 0.2 5.7 5.90

yangpo reservoir

irrigation area

Cultivated land 0.04 22.45 22.49Desolate meadow 0.08 4.77 4.85

field Road 7.88 7.88total 8.00 27.22 35.22

lishi district

Cultivated land 0.23 0.5 0.73Desolate meadow 4.24 4.24

field Road 2.17 2.17total 2.4 4.74 7.14

jiaocheng county

Cultivated land 0.05 2.17 2.22Desolate meadow 13.41 13.41

field Road 11.2 11.2total 11.25 15.58 26.83

2.3 Project analysisWater saving irrigation is the center of the project and agricultural, Wind Barriers

and management measures are also given consideration in order to achieve the goal of

saving water, promoting the agricultural development, the sustainable utilization of water resources and increase the farmers’ revenue. It had been demonstrated from theories and practices that advanced water saving irrigation technologies and their relevant agricultural measures will exert an important impact on agricultural production in economic, social and environmental benefits. As to the water saving project itself, it won’t produce any waste gas, wastewater and waste residue during construction and belongs to non-pollution project. However, water resources reallocation process does exist in water saving irrigation and may produce certain impacts on the environment. Moreover, the improvement of irrigation conditions, regulation of planting structures of crops, increase of multiple crop index and pesticide and fertilizer application and the construction process for yield increase will also produce certain impacts on the environment.

Analysis on the impact of irrigation component on environmentIrrigation components include water diversion and allocation works and field works etc. many parts, their main impacts on environment are as follows:

(1) Impact of on water resources utilizationThe project area of Shanxi Province is located in the North China where water resources are inadquate, groundwater is the main water sources for industrial and agricultural development and domestic water use, with the development of social economy, water demand will increase year by year. The continuous descent of groundwater level has occurred in some areas, if the construction of the project will aggravate or alleviate the descent of groundwater level is the key point of the environmental impact assessment. In order to protect the groundwater, each project county has already developed groundwater protection plan. All the water resources activities under the project are in compliance with the relevant govenermant’s master palns. So it’s predicted that the contradictions between regional water resources demand and supply will be alleviated after the implementation of the project.

The upper reservoirs which provide water supply are existing reservoir. It is estimated that the project will have no impact on the reservoirse funcations.

Table 2.4-1 Connection between upper reservoir and this projectNo

.reservoir Relation with the project

1Yunzhu

Reservoir

Reservoir annual mean flow is 28.6 million m3, The requirement of the project is 5.63

million m3/a. The project, which is in line with relevant Master Plan, have no much

influence on the funcatoin of the Yunzhu Reservoir.

2 Yangpo

Reservoir,and

Taiping

Reservoir

Yangpo Reservoir annula mean flow is17.9 million m3, and Taiping Reserovoirs’s

annual mean flow is 2.24 million. The project uses 9.5 million m3/a, There will be

sufficient water amount for the downstream base water 5.88 millionm3/a. The project,

which is in line with relevant water reousrce master paln, have no much influence on

the funcation of the Yangpo Reservoir.

3Wucheng

Reservoir

Wucheng Reservoir is an existing reservoir,and its water supply pipe is passying

through the project area. The project can extract water from the No 9 Distribution Well

for the irrigation purpose. The project, which isin line with relevant water resources

master plan, have no much impact on the funcation of the Wucheng Reservoir.

(2). Impact of water saving irrigation on soil and groundwater qualityAccording to the water environment zoning and the initial investigation on irrigation water quality, the irrigation water quality is generally up to the standard. And after the implementation of the project, the volume of water seepage will be reduced, so the anticipated impacts of irrigation water quality on soil environment and the quality of water body will be less.

Analysis on the impact of agricultural component on environment Planting structures will be adjusted and the multiple crop indexes will be changed in order to increase the yield of cereals. The application of fertilizer may be increased to a certain extent, and the quantity of pesticide will be the same as the present or reduced a little. Fertilizer may pollute groundwater after being leached by irrigation water. Moreover, other agricultural measures will also produce certain impact on water environment, soil and ecology.The adjsutment of planting structures will be beneficial to developing high efficient agriculture and utilizing lands effectively, meanwhile, selecting less water consumption crops is also an agricultural measure. The use of fertilizer is an important method to increase soil fertility and crop yield, however, the impact of fertilizer on water environment is also a widespread concerned issue. The loss of nitrogen and phosphorous in field is the main factor in water environment pollution and it will result in the pollution of rivers, lakes and reservoirs, particularly result in the high nutrient content of lakes and reservoirs and NO3-N pollution of groundwater. Because the project is a water saving irrigation project, little irrigation return flow will be generated, and the balancing fertilizing measure will be beneficial to increasing the utilization factor of fertilizer, it’s anticipated that the project will not aggravate the surface water pollution. However, even though the recharge of irrigation return flow to groundwater will be reduced, there is still some infiltrating into groundwater. Whether the application of fertilizer will result in NO3-N pollution of groundwater or not is the main concerned issue after the implementation of the project.

Environmental impact of construction processWater conveyence works, construction of associated culverts and roads and land leveling etc. earthworks are involved in the construction period. These on-farm works, agricultural earthwork and mechanical construction will result in on-site and temporary impact, such as waste spoil, noise and the loss of water and soil.

impacts on water utilization, social and economic developmentThe project anticipates to increase the utilization efficiency of water resources, reduce

agricultural water waste, promote the regulation of planting structures for the improvement of irrigation conditions, increase the farmers’ revenue and accelerate the regional social economic development. It’s anticipated that the construction of SIDD will change the management patterns of water resources and raise the farmers’ management level.

2.4 Identification of environmental impact factorsBecause the involved areas in the assessment scope is scattered, the impact of regional natural geographic conditions, irrigation water sources and irrigation patterns and according to the project component, character, scale, regional location and construction etc. characters, two series of matrixes should be listed in tables to differentiate and determine the environment impact factors. Then analyze these factors, prepare the main factors relevant with the project and determine the key points and scope of assessment.The Project is to reduce the waste of water resources, it won’t discharge any pollutant and won’t give rise to any social issues. The project has huge social, economic and environmental benefits from a long-term point of view, however, it will exert some adverse impacts on the environment for the utilization of water resources, application of fertilizer and pesticide and the construction of the project.Base on the components of the project and consultation with some experts of water conservancy, agriculture and environment, we selected some environmental impact factors from its positive and adverse impacts on the environment and society, impact degree, impact time and impact scale during the construction and operation of the project. The project’s main adverse impacts were primarily determined as follows:

•soil and water loss and noises of machines etc. environmental issues during the construction period of the project.

•whether the water diversion of the project will aggravate the continuous descent of groundwater level in the northern water short districts or not.

•whether the application of fertilizer and pesticide will aggravate soil and water pollution or not.

•Impact of other agricultural measures on the environment.

Table 2.4-2 Determination of environmental impact factors

Impact level Natural level Social environment

Surface

volume

Surface water

qualitySoil quality

Groundwater

volume

Groundwater

qualityTopography Economy

Land

utilizationSociety Crowd’s health

D D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S D D E S d D E S d D E S d D E S

works

Constru

ction

period

Water source works － － － － O S L L O S L L － － － － － － － － O S L M P S L L N L L L O S L M O S L L

Canal lining － － － － O S L L O S L L － － － － － － － － O S L M P S L L O L L L O S L L O S L L

Irrigation facilities － － － － O S L L O S L L － － － － － － － － O S L L P S L L O L L L O S L L O S L L

Land leveling O L L L O S L L P L L H O L L L O S L L P S L H P S L L P L R H O S L L － － － －

Operati

on

period

Water saving

irrigationP L L H P L R L P L R H O L L H P L R L － － － － P L R H P L R H O L R L O L R L

Pesticide － － － － L L R L N L R H － － － － N L R H － － － － P L R M O S R H O S R L N L R L

Fertilizer － － － － N L R L O L R H － － － － N L R H － － － － P L R M O L R H O S R L N L R L

Regulation of

planting structureO L R M O L R L O L R M P L L M P L R L O L R M P L R H P L R M O S R L P L R L

Wind Barriers P L R M P L R L P L R M P L L M P L R L P L L R P L R M P L R H O L R L P L R L

P-positiveS-short-

termL-partial H-high

Note: d role N-adverse D deadline E scope： S Serious degree： M*-medium

O-mediumL-long-

termR-region L-low

“—”：no impact

3 Environmental conditions of project area

3.1Geography Topography

Jinzhong Municipality is topographically high in the SW, and low in the NW. To the East is Taihang Mt., south Taiyue Mt., and West a plain area. From the SE to the NW are the rock area, loess hills area and the alluvial plain area. The elevatioin is generally above sea level of 850-1200m.

Lvliang Municaplity is at the middle reach of the Yellow River in North China. Lu Liangshan Mt. travses the Municipality from the North and East to South and the West. The Kuan Ti is Lu Liangshan's highest peak, occupying in the middle part of the mountain range, above sea level 2831m.

Climate

（1）Jinzhong city

Jinzhong city locate in temperate zone, belong to monsoon influence continental half arid climate. Average precipitation 484.5mm 70% precipitation concentrates in June – September. The precipitation is decreasing progressively from the east to west. Temperature change relatively heavy, the whole city for being most hot, maximum temperature 38.2 all in July, and being coldest, minimum temperature -32.1 ,℃ ℃ the average temperature of the whole year is 6.7-10.7 , the average evaporation capacity 1030mm (60cm evaporates wares) .℃

（2）Lvliang city

Lvliang city is in the eastern monsoon climate area, featuring a clear distinction of four seasons, i.e. arid and windy Spring, hot Summer, rainy Autumn, and little snowy Winter. Average temperature of the whole year of the city is 6.8-10.5 with the highest temperature of 39.9 and℃ ℃ the minimum temperature of - 30.5 Celsius. the depth of Frozen soil layer generally about 1m. Frost season is from mid-September/October to

April/May..Precipitation is not extremely even in the area with average precipitation about for 695mm. Soil and plants

The natural vegetation type of Jinzhong city is mainly deciduous foliage forest, coniferous trees, The deciduous shrub forest of wide mixed forest of needle.The soil of Jinzhong city is divided into 8 kinds of soil, i.e grassy marshland soil, brown earth, brown soil, stone quality soil, thick bone soil, tide soil, solonchak and rice soil.

The foresarea of Lvliang is 7.75million mu. coverage rate is up to 24%. It also has obvious vertical areas that the forest is distributed, 2780-2500m above sea level takes for the high grassy marshland of shrub forest, 2500-1600m is a forest belt of conifer leaf, 1700-950m is a broad leaf forest belt of low mountain. The soil of Lvliang various in style, brown soil, dust, mountain region grassy marshland soil, tide soil, silk floss soil, red clay,etc. mainly, the soil area in the whole city is 1,780,000 hectares, accounts for 85% of the whole area in the whole city. Soil distribution situation, brown soil distribute on Lu Liangshan east slope, mountain region grassy marshland soil distribute on highest peak south Yangshan and area of gentle slope of the platform of mountaintop of the area of town of Xihua of Liangshan Lu, Liangshan Lu as dust, tide soil distribute on river, 3 Sichuan river river valley area, district of plain and water of Qiu, yellow silk floss soil distribute in the gully districts of hills of loess extensively, is the important agricultural soil in the west, red clay is distributed on the bottom of hills gully of western loess.

River systemThe river in the project area is Zhangbeiyuan, Fen river, Qiushui river, Dongchuan river, Wenyu river and Ciyao river .

Fen river originates in Ningwu county of Xinzhou city, and flows through Taiyuan Municiapality, Jinzhong Municipality, Hozhou City, Linfen city, Yuncheng city, and then pours into the Yellow River at Hejing. It is catchment area is 39,471km2 with a total length of 694km.

Qiushui River originates in Xin county, flows through Xin county, Lin County, pours into the Yellow River in Lin County. Its main stream is 122km long with a cathcment area of 1989 km2 . It mainr stream has a 6.50‰ of slope on average. There are reservoirs in the upper reaches of

the main stream with a storage capacity 17,400,000m3. Taiping Reservoir is on the tributary with a storage capacity 5,360,000m3。

The Dongchuan river is a tributary of Shanchuan river of the Yellow River Basin, the length of the river is 67km with a catchment area of 951.6 km2. Wucheng Reservoir lies in the middling of river at the Dadongchuan river, and its catchment area is 220km2 .

The Wenyu river originates at the NW of Kuanti mountain in Jiaocheng county, above sea level 2831m. The main river is 158km long with a catchment area of 4076 km2. The river flows through Jiaocheng, Wenshui, Fenyang, Xiaoyi county before pouring into the Fen river in Xiaoyi city . The ciyao river originates in Yangtianchi, flows through jiaocheng county, Qingxu, Wenshui, Fenyang, Pingyao, Xiaoyi, Jiexiu, enters Fen river in jiexiu city. Its catchment area is 568 km2.

HodrogeographyStratum of Jinzhong city have the Archean Erathem, the Great Wall department, the Great Wall department in front of the yuans of ancient circle, department, stone charcoal department, Cambrian system of Paleozoic group and pottery of, change the department two times, the Mesozoic Erathem three change department, Jurassic system, new born circle the third system, the fourth system.

The groundwater can be divided into in Jinzhong city: Fluffy rock hole water, carbonic acid saline crevice water, clastic rock insert carbonic acid saline crack karst water, clastic rock crevice water, crevice water of hole and rock of base. Because the ground form unit that it is in of fluffy rock hole water, water-bearing stratum rock and groundwater power property with divide layer dive under water, hills, Taiwan Yuan district loess dive under water moisture diving under water and artesian water for river valley alluviation again, it is the shallow in basin area for layers of water and in deep for water.

Stratum of Lvliang is complete, except lack pottery tie interconnected system, stone charcoal department lay interconnected system and Jurassic system, appear and reveal from the Archean Erathem to new born circle, the old stratum mainly appears to reveal in north and the Lu 's, China, take the place of stratum distribute in the east side and the west side, it distribute area north old stratum account for area greater than the south in Liangshan Lu newly, form one from mountain range axle parts of old stratum to new stratum overall arrangement that carry out the transition in the east side and the west side.

Lvliang has metamorphic rock, clastic rock crevice water, carbonate rock karst crevice water, fluffy rock hole water, base on the division of groundwater types and water-bearing stratum types. Among them regard carbonate rock karst crevice water and fluffy rock hole water as the main moisture rock group.3.1 Socio-economy

PopulationsAccording to the statistic data in 2006, the conditions of population in the project areas of 5 counties of the Shanxi province are detailed in table 3.2-1.

table 3.2-1 Populations in project areas

itemTotal populations (ten thousand )

Agricultural populations

(ten thousand )

Ratio of agricultural populations

Number 220.571 215.133 97.5 National economy

The conditions of national economy in project areas are detailed in table 3.2-2.Table3.2-2 National economy in project areas

itemTotal output value of

agriculture and industry (108 yuan)

Agricultural output value

(108 yuan)

Net revenue per capita

Quantity 21.6912 2.8116 2383.2 Agricultural production

The whole area of land of the project district is 576.99km2, of which cultivated area is 27595 hm2, irrigation area 5828hm2. The cultivated land per family is 0.50 hm2, per capita cultivated land is 0.13 hm2. The service system of agricultural technology is sound. The forest land area is 6329.2hm2 in the project district, the coverage rate of forest is 10.97%. The project district relies mainly on cereal crops while making industrial crops such as the vegetables, fruit,etc. subsidiary, will carry on the rational adjustment of the pattern of farming after the project is implemented, cereal crops and industrial crops will be developed simultaneously, in order to save the water and increase economic efficiency.

3.2 Main Problems in Agricultural Irrigaiton The provinces and municipalities of the project area had invested many manpower and material resources to construct water conservancy works and irrigation and drainage works since 1950’s, these works had played an important role in resisting natural disasters and ensuring the high and stable yield of agriculture.

Main Problems in Irrigation’s Water Source WorksAgriculture depends on irrigation to a great extent in the project area for the uneven distribution of precipitation and it has become the biggest water demander and water consumer. At present, its water consumption makes up approximately 72% of the total amount.The main problems confronted during the development of irrigation are as follows:·Irrigation water resources are scarce. With the development of industrialization and urbanization, more and more irrigation water has been

occupied by industrial and urban use and it’s difficult to reverse the tendency of changing agricultural water resources use to non-agricultural water resources use.

·Water storage and allocation works are inadequate. Most of the water sources for irrigation in the project area are not single one, they are not only surface water, but also groundwater and the surface water include the water in reservoirs, rivers, ponds and the sewage water drained from cities. Because the scarcity of water storage and allocation works, many separate water sources can’t be utilized.

·The utilization factor of irrigation water is low., the irrigation technique is backward and the development of water saving irrigation can’t catch up with the development of agriculture.

·The management level is low. They are lack of perfect management system for water resources and irrigation and some relevant policies, laws and regulations are not perfect.Main problems in Irrigation AreaMost of the present irrigation facilities were built in 1950’s-1970’s, their construction standards were very low, most of the works aged seriously, decreased in benefit and short of funds for modification after many decades of operation. At present, approximately 43% of the cultivated lands have no irrigation conditions and the utilization factor of irrigation water is very low in the cultivated lands where there are irrigation conditions, its average is only 0.4. All of these result in that the assurance coefficient of irrigation water on most of the farmlands is low and can’t ensure harvest in drought and flood years.

·Backward in irrigation techniques and installations. At present, the traditional surface irrigation is usually adopted in most of the project areas. The irrigation efficiency is low and increase water demand and lead to the non-beneficial loss and percolation of irrigation water for

unreasonable size of border checks (furrows) and poor land leveling.·Irrigation facilities damaged seriously for poor management and can’t bring the efficiency of motor-pumped wells into full play.

4 Present status of environmental quality

4.1 Pollution sourcesEven though industrial and domestic pollution sources exist in some counties in view of administrative regions, most of the sub project areas are distributed in the extensive rural areas, the impact of the industrial and domestic pollution on these areas is very low. Moreover, pollution had also been controlled well with the state’s closing down, stopping, transforming and merging the “fifteen small industries”, therefore, there will be no large industrial pollution sources in the project areas, the industrial pollution sources in some project counties can’t produce any impact on the construction of the project area. The main impact on soil and water environment is agricultural pollution sources.4.2 Soil quality

Soil fertilityThe conditions of soil fertility is the basis for the improvement of low yield field, it’s an important component during the construction of the project and relates with the application of fertilizer, therefore, we assessed the soil fertility in various districts according to the reference index provided in table 4.2-1.

Table 4.2-1 Reference index of nutrient content for different soil fertilityLevel of

soil

fertility

Organic

matter

%

Nitrogen

%

Full

Phosphorous

%

Effective

Phosphorous

PPm

Effective

Potassium

PPm

No2-N

PPm

Hydro Nitrogen

mmg/100g soil

First level >2.5 >0.2 >0.25 >50 >250 >20 >20

Second

level2.0-2.5 0.1-0.2 0.15-0.25 25-50 150-250 10 15

Third

level1.0-2.0 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.15 5-25 50-150 5 10

Fourth <1.0 <0.05 <0.05 <5 <50 <3 <5

level

The conditions of soil fertility in each project area are provided in table 4.2-2

table4.2-2 Conditions of soil fertility in the project areas

Project areaOrganic matter Nitrogen Effective

Phosphorous Effective Potassium

(%) (%) (ppm) (ppm)Jinzhong city irrigation area

Yushe county 1.36 0.086 16.3 212.3jiexiu city 2.26 0.096 13.9 142

Lvliang city irrigation area

Lin county 0.584 0.031 7.34 99.71lishi district 1.19 0.105 11.9 158

jiaocheng county 2.33 0.094 9.4 124Average 1.54 0.08 11.77 147.20

The average soil fertility in project area is nitrogen 0.08%， effective phosphorous 11.77ppm， effective Potassium147.2ppm， organic

matter1.54%,the soil fertility is the third level. Soil heavy metal

The measured contents of heavy metals of soil are shown in the following table. The table show it can be seen that the contents of Cr, Hg, As in the soil has not exceeded the soil quality standard type II of the state .

table4.2-3 Content of soil heavy metal in project area Unit:mg/kgProject area Sampling place PH Pb Cd Cr Hg As

Jinzhong city irrigation

area

jiexiu irrigation

area8.2 23.28 0.146 67.68 0.070 10.92

Lvliang city irrigation areaJiaocheng

irrigation area8.1 22.08 0.128 70.72 0.079 11.47

Average -- 12.68 0.137 69.2 0.075 11.19

soil quality standard type II

of the state7.5 350 1.0 250 1.0 20

Soil salinizationThe mineralization of groundwater in the range of irrigated area is below 1.0g/L . As the soil in the irrigated area is relatively thin, the groundwater is easy to excreted to the riverbed and low reaches. There is no salinization location in Jinzhong city irrigated area and Lvliang city irrigated area range at present.4.1 Present situation of surface water environment qualityThe river in the project area is zhuozhang, fen river, qiushui river, dongchuan river, wenyu river and ciyao river . The monitoring results of surface water quality of the project area shown in table 4.3-1 and table 4.3-2. According to the Quality Standard for Surface Water Environment (GB3838-2002), the water quality of surface water in project area can reach the quality standard except zhuozhang river .

table4.3-1 Present situation of surface water quality in project areaproject area Surface water Planed class of water

quality Monitoring results

Jinzhong cityYushe county

yunzhu reservoir irrigation area zhuozhang river Ⅲ Not reach the drinking water quality standard

jiexiu city irrigation area fen river V reach the quality standard

Lvliang cityLin county yangpo reservoir irrigation area qiushui river Ⅲ reach the quality standard

lishi district project area dongchuan river Ⅲ reach the quality standardjiaocheng county project area wenyu river Ⅲ reach the quality standard

table4.3-2 monitoring results of surface water quality in the project area

Water body pH DO CODCr BOD5 NH3-N Total phosphorus Sulphide Fecal coliform

yunzhu reservoir 8.57 7.8 9.00 1.00 0.484 0.02 0.26 <2fen river 7.9 1.64 106.09 22.19 26.9 1.15 0.414 1241727

yangpo reservoir 8.25 4.7 15.7 3.54 0.5 0.14 0.14 nodongchuan river 8.21 - 5 2 0 - 0.02 -

wenyu river 6.7 8.96 6.17 3.81 0.786 0.14 0.003 53988Class of standardⅢ 6-9 ≥5 ≤20 ≤4 ≤1.0 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤10000

4.2 Present Situation of Groundwater QualityThe monitoring results of groundwater quality in Jinzhong city irrigation area and Lvliang city irrigation area are shown in Table 4.4-1. The

main factors that influence groundwater quality are Cl and SO42. The quality of groundwater quality in Weining irrigation area and Qingtongxia

irrigation area can meet the requirements of Class III of Groundwater Quality Criteria (GB/T14848-93), and also can basically meeting the standard for agricultural irrigation water quality.table4.4-1 groundwater quality in Jinzhong and Lvliang irrigation area Unit：mg/l

Area pH total hardness SO42- CL- NH3-N NO2-N As F- Cr-6

Jinzhong city Yushe 8.2 235 23 16 8.56 0.004 0.0001 0.03 0.002jiexiu 7.15 239.9 25.4 8.6 4.87 ＜0.001 ＜0.05 0.2 ＜0.05

Lvliang city Lin county 7.2 264 34 23.7 1.65 -- ＜0.01 0.3 0.004

Lishi 7.95 329 - - 19 -- 1.7 0.6 0.03Ljiaocheng 6.8 210.18 40 20 0.5 -- ＜0.01 0.4 ＜0.05

Class III of Groundwater Quality Criteria 6.5-8.5 450 250 250 20 0.2 0.05 1.0 0.05

4.3 Present Situation of Air QualityThe project area is in the rural area, there are no enterprises with heavy pollution and intensive residential blocks around the project area, air quality is good.4.4 Present Situation of acouostic QualityThe project area is in the rural area, there are no enterprises with heavy pollution and intensive residential blocks around the project area, acoustic environment is good.

5 Environmental impact assessment

5.1 Project positive impact on the environmentIncreasing the utilization efficiency, improving the on-farm ecological environment, increasing the yield of cereals and promoting the coordinated development of agriculture, the utilization of water resources and environmental protection is the main objectives of the project, so the project is an environmental improvement project to a great extent. The main positive impacts are shown in table5.1-1.

Table 5.1-1 Positive impacts on environmentProject Project components Environment Positive Impacts

Irrigation component

Water diversion works: canal lining, piping

Reduce the seepage of canal, increase the utilization efficiency of water resources and alleviate the descent of groundwater level.

Field works: drip irrigation

Increase the utilization coefficient of irrigation water and the assurance rate of irrigation.

Agricultural component

Wheat stalk shredding Increase the content of organic matter of soil, improve the soil moisture, increase the soil capacity of water retention, water storage and water supply, reduce ineffective evaporation and regulate the field temperature.

Film covering Increase the land temperature, keep soil moisture, promote the growth of crops and reduce ineffective evaporation.

Deep plouing Increase the soil water storage capacity and the seepage depth of soil moisture, accept more precipitation and irrigation water, combining deep plouing and applying fertilizer in layers can improve the nutrient situations of root system.

Moisture retainer Keep water, save water and restrict the evaportransporation of crops.Pest Managemnt Restrict plant diseases and insect pests

Balanceing Fertilization

Improve the soil nutrient situations.

Regulation of planting structure

Save waste, reduce land pollution and improve the field ecological environment.

Wind Barriers

Tree shelter belts Prevent wind, stablize sand, conserve soil and water, improve field microclimate and reduce soil evaporation and crop evaportransporation.

Management component

Combined dispatch of surface water and

groundwater

Increase the utilization factor of precipitation and surface water and increase the recharge volume of groundwater.

SIDD Improve water resources managementMIS system Raise the management level of resources and environment.

5.2 Impact of water saving irrigation on water utilization and groundwater level impact of water saving irrigation on water utilization

The supply and consumption analysis of water resource in Shanxi irrigation area is showed in table 5.2-1. Except that the Jiexiu City and jiaocheng County project area are a little short of water supply in the current situation, the annual water supply of every level in other project area has surpluses . It shows the potential to increase water supply through adjusting the crop planting structure.

The real water saving amount in each project area after the project is implemented is showed in table 5.2-2. The real water saving amount in

whole Shanxi project area will be 6.77 million m3。The project design adopted comprehensive and high efficient water saving measures, focusing

on improvement of irrigation system and combining with counterparts of irrigation works/technology, agricultural cultivation mode, agricultural water saving technology, rainfall collection and water interception. It aims at reducing non-efficiency ET and loss of local surface runoff to maximum extent subject to ensuring high-yield of crops, and intercepting and using passing runoff as much as possible. It is expected to relax the imbalance between supply and demand of regional water resource to some extent after the project is implemented.

table5.2-1 Balance of water resources supply and consumption in project counties

project countiesevapotranspiration

ET 综Available water

W 可供Surplus shortage

mm 104m3 mm 104m3 mm 104m3 mm 104m3

Yushe county

yunzhu reservoir

Irrigation area

2006 412.49 3093.70 512.87 3846.50 100.37 752.80

2015 405.47 3041.00 586.27 4397.00 180.80 1356.00

2020 398.86 2991.42 585.73 4393.00 186.88 1401.58

jiexiu city

xingdi Irrigation

area

2006 410.50 2438.36 397.65 2362.02 12.85 76.34

2015 405.46 2408.44 505.88 3004.91 100.42 596.47

2020 394.70 2344.53 488.87 2903.91 94.17 559.38

jiexiu city

Rubbery dam

division project area

2006 442.48 893.81 359.24 725.66 83.24 168.15

2015 425.57 859.65 391.00 789.82 34.57 69.83

2020 390.72 789.26 376.15 759.82 14.57 29.44

Lin county

Yangpo reservoir

Irrigation area

2006 360.45 9115.03 468.44 11845.94 107.99 2730.90

2015 356.69 9020.09 502.81 12714.97 146.11 3694.87

2020 353.21 8932.09 501.70 12686.97 148.48 3754.88

lishi district

Project area

2006 375.71 2058.87 484.53 2655.24 108.83 596.37

2015 373.76 2048.19 505.72 2771.32 131.96 723.13

2020 372.32 2040.30 505.35 2769.32 133.03 729.02

jiaocheng county

Project area

2006 349.65 4010.82 240.42 2757.91 109.22 1252.91

2015 345.09 3958.50 380.17 4360.91 35.08 402.41

2020 334.01 3831.42 335.10 3843.91 1.09 12.49

Table5.2-2 real water saving amount in each project area with project and without project

Project areaWithout project（104m3） With project（104m33） real water saving amount（104m3） Water-saving rate （%）

Yushe county yunzhu reservoir Irrigation area 1058.7 956.42 102.28 9.66

jiexiu cityxingdi Irrigation area 605.76 511.94 93.82 15.49

jiexiu city rubbery dam division project area 683 582.59 100.41 14.70

Lin county Yangpo reservoirIrrigation area 1859.07 1676.14 182.93 9.84

lishi district Project area 213.88 195.3 18.58 8.69 jiaocheng countyProject area 1046.4 867 179.4 17.14

total 5466.81 4789.39 677.42 12.39

Impact of water saving irrigation on groundwater level The exploit coefficient of groundwater is smaller than 0.8 in Yushe County Yunzhu Reservoir irrigated area, Lin county Yangpo Reservoir irrigated area and Lishi district project area. It shows that the exploit potential of groundwater is still exist in these area. The exploit coefficient of groundwater is more than 1.2 in Jiexiu Cityproject areas.These areas are serious ultra exploiting field of groundwater. The exploit coefficient

of groundwater is 1.0～1.2 in Jiaocheng county, it is of general ultra exploiting field of groundwater.

The continuous descent of groundwater level is one primary issue for groundwater environment in Shanxi project area . Although most project areas are not located in the center of the regional drawdown funnel, the descent of groundwater level is very evident. The depth of groundwater in the beginning of 1980’s was three to five meters, at present, it is about ten to thirty meters. Table5.2-3 shows that the exploitation of groundwater will be reduced remarkably after the implementation of the project, it will not only further alleviate the descent of groundwater

level, but will ascend the groundwater level to a certain extent.

table5.2-3 Variation of mean annual groundwater level with or without the Project

year With or without project Unit

Name of project area

Yushe countyjiexiu xingdi irrigation

area

jiexiu city rubbery dam division

project areaLin county lishi district jiaocheng county

2006 Without project m -0.259 0.473 -1.204 -0.100 0.082 -0.178

2015 With m -0.191 -1.67 -1.342 -0.235 -0.235 -0.287

2020 With m -0.175 -1.100 -1.216 -0.218 -0.222 -0.274

5.1 Impact of fertilizer application on soil and water environmentThere is little irrigation return flow after adopting water saving measures, the project impact on surface water environment is relatively little, and the main impact is pesticide and fertilizer on soil and groundwater.

Generally speaking, phosphorous is easily depositing in soil and not easily moving, and phosphorous pollution in groundwater is very little. The main pollution of fertilizer to groundwater is nitrate; therefore, the assessment will focus on the impact of nitrogenous fertilizer application on groundwater.

Impact of fertilizer on groundwater (1) Assessing theory and method

Stream is the carrier of nitrate in crop root zone moving to groundwater. It has been demonstrated from some researches that the leached loss of NO3-N has evident positive correlation with the quantity of seepage under certain soil quality. Water saving irrigation will increase the utilization factor of water resources and reduce the quantity of seepage. It’s predicted that the impact of the applied nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution will be reduced under water saving irrigation. However, the natural conditions and nitrogen applied conditions differ much in different project area, the impact of these factors on groundwater NO3-N pollution must be taken into account during assessment.

There are many methods to assess the impact of nitrogenous fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution, such as balance calculation, mathematic model, drawing with GIS, and etc. At present, there is no comprehensive assessing method at home that can be referred on how to assess the impact of the application of fertilizer on groundwater NO3-N pollution in view of region zones and analyze these factors’ action on the moving and transforming of nitrate in groundwater. Therefore, we will refer to the nitrate pollution index assessing method put forward by American expert Ramolino on the basis of fully utilizing the present data. Nitrate pollution index was put forward by American expert on the basis of analyzing 22 different cropping conditions (including climate, soil type, planting structure, applied fertilizer type, applied quantity and time and the conditions of NO3-N in groundwater) and dividing into eight potential influencing factors, which are the applied intensity of fertilizer, volume of irrigation water, soil type, embedded depth of groundwater, crop type, depth of well, confined water or shallow water and aquifer environment etc. Four essential influencing factors was concluded after further synthesis, i.e. the applied intensity of nitrogenous fertilizer, soil structure, net recharging quantity from precipitation and irrigation water and the embedded depth of groundwater level. The nitrate pollution index was put forward finally. 269 field groundwater pilots had been tested, analyzed and demonstrated the relations between the groundwater nitrate pollution in field environment and pollution index and achieved good results in application. This method is easy, useful for assessing the possibility of potential pollution in field environment and suit for scattered pilot assessment.

Weight determination of influencing factors

The influencing degree of the above-mentioned four comprehensive factors to groundwater is not all the same, so the weight of each factor should be determined so as to assess its impact correctly. The weight is determined according to document data and profession and is giving risk mark to the potential impacts of the four factors on groundwater pollution, the given values are shown in table 5.3-1.

Table 5.3-1 Risk mark of the impact of the factors on groundwater pollution

Risk degree high high-medium medium Medium-low low Much lowerGiven value 10 9 7 5 3 1

The risk analysis conditions of the impact of each factor to groundwater pollution is synthesized in table 5.3-2. The total mark indicates the relative importance of the impact of each factor on groundwater pollution in field environment.The weight of each influencing factor is allocated according to the risk marking results. The weight value of the maximum of the average of each factor is 5, the weight values of other factors can be allocated according to ratio of their average and the maximum average, the external weight

results are shown in table 5.3-3.

Table 5.3-2 Risk analysis matrix

Fertilizer Net recharging quantity Soil structure

Embedded depth of

groundwater

Total mark

Excessive fertilizer

Equivalent with crop demand

Greater thanFC*

Equal to FC

Good draining

conditions

Poor draining

conditionsshallow deep

Fertilizer

Excessive fertilizer -- 10 10 10 30

Equivalent with crop demand

1 9 7 17

Net recharging quantity

More than FC 10 -- 10 10 30

Equal to FC 1 -- 5 5 11

Soil structure

Good draining conditions 9 10 -- 10 29

Poor draining conditions 1 1 -- 7 9

Embedded depth of

groundwater

Shallow 9 10 9 -- 28

deep 1 1 5 -- 7

Table 5.3-3 Weight determination of influencing factors

FactorInfluencing

markWeight* Description

Nitrogenous

fertilizer

17-

30（23.5） 5.0The application of nitrogenous fertilizer is the most important factor

to NO3-N groundwater pollution in field environment.

Net

recharging

11-

30（20.5） 4.5

Irrigation and precipitation is the motive force for the movement of

NO3-N, if there is no enough water volume, the capacity of NO3-N

transforming from root zone is very weak.

Soil structure 9-29（19.0） 4.0

Soil structure not only influence the movement of soil moisture, it

also influence the circle of soil gas and the chemical and biological

transformation of nitrogen.

Embedded

depth of

groundwater

7-28（17.5） 3.5

The embedded depth of groundwater indicates the spending time of

pollutant entering into groundwater, the density of NO3-N has

correlation with the moving and transforming of nitrogen in

aeration zone.

Grade of influencing factors

Each index should be further graded in concrete project area, and the grading accordance and methods can be refereed to the relevant documents.

Table5.3-4 Applying scope and grading coefficient of nitrogenous fertilizer

Applying scope of fertilizer gradeExcessive applying fertilizerEquivalent to crop demand

Not applying fertilizer

1061

Table 5.3-5 Scope and grading coefficient of net recharging quantity

Scope of net recharging quantity (mm) Grade0-5051-75

12

76-100101-125126-150151-175176-200201-250

>250

34567810

Table 5.3-6 Types and grading coefficient of soil structure

Types Grade

Soil with good drainability（sand to loam sand）Soil with medium drainability (loam to loam silt loam)

Soil with poor drainability (silt clay to clay soils)

1062

Table 5.3-7 Scope and grading coefficient of the embedded depth of groundwater

Scope of the embedded depth of groundwater (m) Grade0-1.51.5-45-9

10-1516-2223-30>30

10975432

The grading method and accordance are mainly refereed to a large quantity of documents, e.g. the influence of net recharging quantity is

according to the American DRSTIC method.

Nitrate pollution index

According to the above-mentioned method, the nitrate pollution index (NPI) is:

Of which, F, R, S, D is the weight of applied nitrogenous fertilizer, net recharging quantity, soil structure and embedded depth of groundwater

respectively, fi、ri、si、di is the grading index of the above-mentioned four influencing factors respectively.

The above-mentioned model can be used to determine the potential possibilities of groundwater NO3-N pollution under different geographical conditions, the more of the indexes, the more of the NO3-N polluting possibilities.

Even though we can’t get the one-by-one corresponding value between pollution index and NO3-N density through the above-mentioned relations, we can get the influencing scope of the applied fertilizer to groundwater pollution.

. (2) Analysis on the impact of the implementation of the water saving irrigation project on groundwater NO3-N pollution

The applied quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer will be increased after the implementation of the project, however, the moving and transforming of nitrogenous fertilizer in soil–water–crop system depends on many factors. The change of soil moisture conditions and crop planting structure and the appropriate fertilizer have great relations with the utilization factor of nitrogenous fertilizer, the above-mentioned measures can all increase crop absorption to nitrogen. It’s difficult to determine the utilized quantity of nitrogenous fertilizer, the possibilities of the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to groundwater potential pollution are also considered in assessment under the disadvantageous conditions (i.e. excessive fertilizer) and adopting appropriate fertilizer applying measures and applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility.

The influencing characteristic factors and the seeping and recharging groundwater conditions of precipitation and irrigation return flow are

iiii DdRrSsFfNPI

shown in table 5.3-8. It shows from table 5-9 that after the implementation of the project, because the evident reduce of field water duty, the seeping and recharging quantity of irrigation water to groundwater will also reduce with water saving both in surface water and groundwater irrigated area. As a result, the possibility of NO3-N infiltrating with water body will also reduce to a certain extent. The nitrate pollution index reduced remarkably after adopting water saving irrigation and appropriately applying fertilizer in comparison with before and after the implementation of the project, i.e. the possibility of groundwater pollution caused by fertilizer will be less than that of the present situation after the implementation of the project.Even though we can’t get the one-by-one corresponding value between the application of fertilizer and the groundwater NO3-N pollution, it’s clear that the implementation of the project will reduce the impact of fertilizer application on groundwater potential pollution. Appropriately applying fertilizer, applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility and the increase of the rational coordinating technology of water and fertilizer will all be beneficial to reduce the leached quantity of NO3-N.

table5.3-8 Grading assessment on groundwater NO3-N pollution in project area

Without project

Risk factor

Yushe county

jiexiu xingdi

irrigation area

jiexiu city rubbery dam division project area

Lin county

lishi district

jiaocheng county

Net recharge by preciptation and irrigation（mm） 15.3 109.4 131.2 28.6 5.5 143.4

Grading 1 4 5 1 1 5

Soil drainabilityloam、sand

loamSub

clay、sub sand

clay、sub clay、sub sand

loam、sand

loam loam

Grading 10 10 6 10 6 10

Embedded depth groundwater 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-7 2-5 5-10

Grading 9 9 9 9 9 7Applied quantity of Nitrogenous

fertilizerExcessive equal the same as the left

Grading 10 6 the same as the left

With project

Net recharge by preciptation and irrigation（mm） 15.3 109.4 131.2 28.6 5.5 143.4

Grading 1 4 5 1 1 5

Soil drainabilityloam、sand

loamSub

clay、sub sand

clay、sub clay、sub sand 土

loam、sand

loam loam

Grading 10 10 6 10 6 10Embedded depth groundwater 2-5 2-5 2-5 2-7 2-5 5-10

Grading 9 9 9 9 9 7Applied quantity of Nitrogenous

fertilizerExcessive equal the same as the left

Grading 10 6 the same as the left

table5.3-9 Index of the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to groundwater NO3-N pollution in project area before and after water saving irrigation

NPI Yushe county

jiexiu xingdi

irrigation area

jiexiu city rubbery dam

division project area

Lin county lishi district

jiaocheng county

Without

project

Excess

fertil111 124.5 113 111 95 122

Appro

fertil97 110.5 99 97 81 108

With

project

Excess

fertil111 124.5 113 111 95 122

Appro

fertil97 110.5 99 97 81 108

5.2 Impacts of pesticide on soil and groundwaterEven though pesticide investment isn’t involved in the project, however, the applied amount of various pesticides have been increased in order to alleviate impacts and hazards of plant diseases and insect pests on crops and increase cereal yield, therefore, the impact of pesticide on environment is also a focal point of the assessment. A pesticide survey by American National Environment Protection Agency indicates that

there are more than 100 types of pesticides and their derivatives. While studies in this field are not adequate and there are no detailed statistics available in China. Study on pesticide behavior to the environment is still in the theoretical stage at present due to the various types of pesticides and their complicated chemical compositions. Many aspects are still unknown. It is very difficult to accurately determine the impact of pesticide on environment when the results of theoretical study and survey are not perfect, and emphasis is on the prevention in the actual application. Therefore, macro-assessment of impacts of pesticides on environment is done with reference to theoretical study results of United States and European Union, and measures of pesticide application have been proposed in view of control of groundwater pollution.

Application of pesticides in project areasTable 5.4-1 shows the application of pesticides in project areas. There are quite differences of pesticide application for different crops. As regard to application of pesticide, China has issued “Standard for Safety Application of Pesticide”(GB4245-89).

table5.4-1 Pesticide used for different crops in project areasCrop name pesticide

Spring maize pyrethrin、chlorine pyrethrin

wheat Rogor oxide, rogor, pyrethrin

vegetable Laifuling oxide, Kuaishaling oxideFruit tree Wanmeiling

paddy Duojunling, Baijunqingjowar Dibaichong

Behavior of pesticide in soil and groundwaterThere are many factors affecting pesticide movement and inversion in soil, which is related not only to physical-chemical characteristics but also to soil characteristics. Generally speaking, the lower the soil moisture content, the stronger the adsorptive capacity, and the less the mobility; when temperature rises, the adsorptive capacity will decrease and the mobility will increase; the higher the clay soil content and organic content, the higher the adsorptive capacity. The change of pH value has much impact on mobility of pesticides, especially of organic phosphorus pesticide, whose mobility will remarkably increase in the soil with high pH value. High organic content in soil is helpful to the degradation of pesticides. All these features will affect velocity and residues of degradation, and behavior of pesticide in water and soil such as leaching, volatilizing and utilization of organisms. The key factor for assessing potential mobility of pesticide in soil is to assess the solid-liquid allocation in soil solution. Adsorptive coefficient, Kd, one of remarkable parameters, is the ratio of pesticide content adsorbed in soil to pesticide

concentration in soil solution. Studies indicate that Kd is well correlated to organic content in soil, therefore Kd is the function of organic content (Kom) or organic carbon content (Koc)：

Kom=100Kd/(% organic content)（cm3g-1） Koc=100Kd/(% organic carbon content) （cm3g-1）

It is usually expressed as Koc in references, known as adsorptive coefficient of organic carbon. Studies indicate that it is regarded as strong mobility if the Koc is lower than 50，medium mobility if Koc among 150-500，mini-mobility if Koc higher than 2000.Another parameter for pesticide degradation in soil is on-farm half-lift period (T0.5), which is a comprehensive index and includes all processes of degradation such as degradation of organisms and non-organisms, volatizing, leaching and plant adsorption. It is also related to soil, climate, activities of `microbes in soil.

Gustafson studied 22 pesticides and proposed mobility index GUS (Ground Ubiquity Score) based on T0.5 and Koc.

GUS = lg(T0.5)(4-lgKoc)

GUS can be used for classification of leaching probability. When GUS is higher than 2.8, this pesticide is leaching-prone; when 1.8≤GUS≤2.8, medium leaching pesticide; when GUS<1.8, low leaching pesticide.No adequate study on pesticide behavior in soil has been done in China and no conclusions have been drawn theoretically. The assessment will focus on prevention measures for controlling pesticide pollution to soil and groundwater after project, with reference to available studies abroad.

Impacts of pesticide on groundwater and its control after projectIt can be known from above theoretical analysis that mobility of pesticide to groundwater relies on its physicochemical characteristics, soil and water flow. Pesticides used in China include weedicide and insecticide. Insecticide can be classified as four types of organic chlorine, organic phosphorus, carbamic acid ester and pyrethrin. Most of organic chlorine has been forbidden due to its very slow degradation in soil, for example DDT. Organic phosphorus is the most popular pesticide in project area, such as methamidophos, rogor, methyl-1056, 1065 etc. T0.5 of this kind of

pesticides is short, and it is degradation-prone. So it is generally regarded as short detention period in soil and less probability of pollution to groundwater. Table 5-19 shows the chemical characteristics and mobility of some pesticides.

Table 5.4-2 Chemical characteristics and mobility of pesticides in soil

Pesticide solubility(g/l)

Vapor pressure (Pa)

Henry constant T0.5(d) KOC

(cm3/g)GUS

Methamid-ophos 790 2.3e-4 5.2e-8 3 2 1.80Rogor 0.023 1.1e-3 1.1e-4 7 20 0.83

Dibaichong 120 2.1e-4 1.7e-6 29 29 3.71Duojunlin 0.008 9e-5 - 5.2 129 3.24

Long-effect Phosphorous Liquefiable 2.9e-4 30 1 5.9

It can be seen that GUS of methamidophos and rogor are lower than 1.8, so they are difficult leaching pesticides. GUS of trichlorfon is 3.71 and that of Long-effect phosphorus is 5.9>2.8, which belongs to easy leaching pesticide. Trichlorfon has strong leaching feature and easy immigrating feature in soil, and its higher solubility which increased risk for groundwater polluted. However, the half-life of trichlorfon and Long-effect phosphorous is short, on the basis of strictly obey of Safety Standard of State Pesticide Application and irrigated water, it is possible to avoid or reduce pollution to groundwater through their own decay.GUS of methyl-1065 and 1065 are not known because of inadequate data, but studies show that half-life period of 1065 is 7.8 days in neutral to slight-alkalinity soil. It dissolves rather quickly in soil and will not be accumulated in soil. The content and T o.5 of methyl-1065 in soil relies on pH of soil. In acid soil, methyl-1065 may remain more than five months in soil, while in alkalinity soil, it is unstable and will be degraded by 95% with the role of microbes within 7 days. Soil in northern regions of China is slightly alkalinity. It is expected that the use of above pesticides has small impacts to soil and groundwater. However, it is found in some studies that pesticide residue is high in irrigated cotton field. Therefore, residue of pesticide in soil is affected by many factors, and accurate conclusion is difficult to draw at present. Pyrethrin has been used in some project areas. Theoretically speaking, it has characteristics of more effectiveness, lower-poison and lower residue comparing to organic phosphorus. Impact of pyrethrin on environment is lower than that of organic phosphorus. It is difficult to assess the impact of Shennongdan pesticide used in the project areas since there are no reference materials available. The application of pesticides in the project areas will follow the principle of high efficiency, low poison and low residue. Efforts will be made to reduce the threat of pesticide to soil and groundwater.Adopting water-saving irrigation will reduce irrigation water volume, and groundwater recharge from irrigation return flow will also be reduced at the same time. In particular when drip and micro irrigation is used, water will not seep into ground and basically no impact will be resulted in. Water flow is the power of pesticide mobility. Probability of pesticide movement into groundwater for sprinkler and surface irrigation is much smaller than that of traditional irrigation, but possibility still exists, especially in sandy soil.

Measures such as stalk shredding in the project areas are good for pesticide degradation. The impact of stalk shredding is the increase of organic content in soil. As discussed above, high organic content is good for adsorption and degradation of pesticides.From the point view of water saving and agricultural measures, the project will reduce the potential pollution possibility to groundwater comparing to the traditional agricultural conditions without project, but behavior of pesticide to environment is still unknown in many aspects. The efforts in countries are focusing on the prevention of pesticide pollution. The whole process monitoring should be carried out in amount, methodology of application and residue of pesticide after project, strictly following the principle of high efficiency, low poison and low residue.

5.3 Environmental impact analysis for main water conveyance componentThere are two proposed projects for main water conveyance pipeline project in the Shanxi project area: Jiexiu city diversion work, Jiaocheng county Longmen canal diversion works.The environmental impact assessment report for proposed Jaocheng County Longmen canal diversion works has been reviewed by the local EPB.The requirements for environmental protection such as the alternative analysis of water intake, site selection for storage of material pile, the minimum perturbation and change of the environment as much as possible is considered in the project design. Jiexiu city diversion works is to build a 3m high rubbery dam to retain the abandon water releasted from the upstream 3th reservoir in Fen river during irrigation season, and convey the water to nearby Fen river irrigated area. There is generally no water flow downstream of the 3th reservoir in Fen river in non-irrigation season. The 3th Reservoir, located at the 33km upstream of the rubber dam, will release water only during

irrigation season. The proposed project does not increase the flooding area，has little impact to the River.

5.4 Environmental impact during construction General impacts during construction

Some temporary and on-site environmental impacts will occur during construction . The main impacts are as follows.(1) Spoiled materialsSpoiled materials are from civil works of water delivery canals, bridges and culverts, land leveling, rural roads, etc and concrete of canal lining. Average earth excavation per project area is relative small due to extensive distribution of project scopes. Many works, such as pipe laying, are excavated immediately followed by back filling, which produce less spoiled materials. Land leveling, water and soil conservation, and improvement of medium and low yield land belong to optimized use of land.

The sand/silt removed from the irrigation canal/channel is non-toxic which is confirmed by relevant test. The disposal of sand/silt will follow the Annex II-Guideline on Construction Management.

(2) DustTheoretically speaking, construction of the civil works may cause dust in local areas, especially in windy dry period of Spring. But the construction areas are located in rare populated land, which has less impact on people. Construction in strong wind climate should be avoided.(3) Water and soil lossMost lining is implemented in the existing canals, and only small part of canal excavation will damage local vegetation. Construction in rainy season may cause some water and soil losses.Construction of field pathway in farmlands may result in severe water and soil losses if in rainy season or improper construction method used. In rainy season, if drainage is not good, roads are prone to damage, which will have adverse impacts on nearby land in flood season.(4) NoiseMachine excavation, aggregate processing and concrete mixing is the constant source of noise and vehicle causes temporary noises. Constant noise will not affect people’s life since the construction sites are far from density-populated residential areas. Vehicles at night may produce small noises to residential areas.

The detail mitigation measures have been reflected in the Annex I-General Guidelines for Construction.Impacts during construction of Jiexue Subproject

(1) environmental impacts

Major adverse environmental impacts that may be caused by the construction of Jiexiu city diversion works (rubbery dam) will be mostly in the following aspects: soil erosion, vegetation damage, common environmental issues during construction, and environmental issues in camps. In addition, attention will be paid to other environmental issues to be encountered in the placement of embankments: soil erosion in borrow areas, spoil areas and quarries, and flood safety during construction.

(2) mitigating measures

Design Period

Avoid building dams higher than 3 m in Fen River,

Construction period

The mitigation measures are in Annex. The following measures should be emphaisezed

Preparation of construction schemes: prepare detailed construction schemes by the Contractors prior to the start of construction, avoid construction in the rainy season and irrigation season, keep camps, borrow areas and stockpile areas from floodways.

Soil erosion control: perform in compliance with the “Specifications for Comprehensive Soil Conservation” (GB/T1654.3-1996).

Vegetation preservation: control the range of construction areas, limit the scope of construction equipment operation, ban willful excavation and surface vegetation damage, forbid any vegetation damaging and tree cutting actions and activities other than as necessitated by construction, plant local species of trees as planned, and forbid to introduce foreign species.

Common environmental issues: supervise construction and control dust, wastewater and stockpile as per the “Environmental Management Rules for Construction Period”.

Selection of borrow areas and spoil areas: purchase soil materials from available borrow areas wherever possible, optimize the site selection of borrow areas and spoil areas.

Personnel management: arrange centralized physical examination for personnel before their mobilization into the site, ensure them of basic living conditions.

Impacts during construction of water conveyance pipeline (1) environmental impacts

dust, noise and other common impacts during the construction of pipelines;

Sanitary sewage, waste gas and house refuse from camps.

(2) mitigating measures

Work areas: Control and supervise dust, wastewater and stockpile according to the “Environmental Management Rules for

Construction Period”;

Camps: Discharge wastewater to municipal sewers, collect house refuse and send to landfills;

Spoil materials: Deliver spoil materials resulting from pipe sewer excavation to designated spoil areas nearby.

The details measures is included in the Annex 1.

Impacts during construction of Longmen canal diversion works Major adverse environmental impacts that may be caused by the construction of Jiaocheng Longmen Canal diversion works will be mostly in the following aspects: soil erosion, vegetation damage, common environmental issues during construction, and environmental issues in camps. In addition, attention will be paid to other environmental issues to be encountered in the placement of embankments: soil erosion in borrow areas, spoil areas and quarries, soil erosion due to river diversion, and flood safety during construction.

Mitigating measures for construction impacts are as following:

Perform in compliance with the “Specifications for Comprehensive Soil Conservation” (GB/T1654.3-1996) for Soil erosion control.

Control the range of construction areas, limit the scope of construction equipment operation, ban willful excavation and surface vegetation damage, forbid any vegetation damaging and tree cutting actions and activities other than as necessitated by construction.

Supervise construction and control dust, wastewater and stockpile as per the “Environmental Management Rules for Construction Period”.

Purchase soil materials from available borrow areas wherever possible, optimize the site selection of borrow areas and spoil areas.

5.5 Social impact assessmentAlleviation of regional conflicts between water supply and demand

The project is located in serious water shortage areas, water saving irrigation will not only improve the agricultural water efficiency but also alleviate the conflicts of agriculture water use and industrial and domestic water use to some extent.

Impact on rural production pattern after projectImpacts of the implementation of the project on rural production pattern are as follows:· Water saving irrigation promotes the adjustment of planting patterns

Construction of water conservancy works and improvement of medium and low yield farm land, turning flooding irrigation into advanced irrigation such as micro-irrigation, are of advantages to the adjustment of planting patterns and farming system. The adjustment with the combination of local characteristics will make the planting patterns more reasonable, increasing crops with low water consumption and high economic returns.

· Bases construction and extension of high quality seed The project areas have established high quality seed bases and seed companies of main some crops, such as wheat, paddy, maize, cotton, soybean and rape, with the consideration of their own crop structures. Seed service systems at all levels will promote the use of high quality seeds. The coverage of high quality seeds of grain, cotton and rape seed will increase after project, and unified seed supply of the main crops will reach 85% from present 60%. Seed companies will guarantee the quality of seeds. All these have optimized planting patterns in the project areas and protected farmer’s benefits.

· Agricultural mechanization enhancedAgricultural machinery will be procured in the component of agricultural technology and machinery service systems in the project areas. These include large harvester, paddy planter, seeder, thresher, tractor, fertilizer deeper and stalk shredding machine, etc. the use of these machines will enhance agricultural mechanization, increase the productivity, reduce farmer’s labor forces and shorten working time in the project area. In particular, the use of stalk shredding machine and fertilizer deeper has changed the farming method in the project area.

· Improve scientific farming and on-farm management levelThe extension of agricultural technologies after the implementation of the project will improve scientific farming, which is of advantages to proper use of fertilizer, pesticide and agricultural film. In general, the project will improve the agricultural production conditions and enhance farming method, turning the individual contract economy to larger scale agricultural mechanization and improving from extensive on-farm management to scientific management. Yield and income increase is expected and project areas will become the production bases of cereal, cotton and oil.

Impact on agricultural economyOutput of grain, oil crops, vegetable, cotton and fruit is expected to be increased in varying degrees due to the improvement of irrigation facilities and adjustment of planting patterns after the implementation of the project, which will promote the development of agricultural economy.

Impact of industrial and residential water use The industrial wastewater treatment facilities is sound for meeting the requirements of national and local environmental protention authority. But the sewage treatment facilities for town and village residential area is not so good Some subprojects(e.g Yunzhu, Jiexiu, Jiaocheng) will transfer water not only for irrigation, but also for non-agricultural use,.e.g. industrial and domestic water use through the proposed water pipelinet. As the project plans to replace the existing groundwater use with the available surface water reousece, it will not increase the quantity of industrial and residential water use in project area, nor will it increase the quantity of wastewater produced by industrial and residential use. So the project will not have m impact on the local wastewater treatment system.

6 Alternative analysis

6.1 General comparative analysis with or without projectThe general environmental impact comparative analysis with or without project is showed in the table6-1. accorging to the table6-1 ,the adverse environmental effect with project is much smaller than that without project.

Table6-1 general environmental impact comparison with or without projectitem with project without project

positive impactsReduce the seepage of canal, increase the utilization efficiency of water resources and alleviate the descent of groundwater level.

·no impacts caused by project construction

negative impacts·land occupied by construction temporarily ·temporary pollution caused by project construction

·low utilization efficiency of water resources, high ineffective evaporation·descent of groundwater level.·The ecological environment further degraded

impact comparison The project can improve water and soil environment to a great extent with less negative environmental impacts. The adverse environmental

effect with project is much smaller than that without project

6.2 comparative analysis of water conveyance pipeline The general environmental impact comparative analysis of water conveyance pipeline route is showed in the table6.2-1. accorging to the table6.2-1 , The adverse environmental effect of Route 1 is smaller than that of route 2 without project in general.

table6.2-1 comparative analysis of water conveyance pipeline route

scenarioRoute 1：pipeline cross throught the irrigation

field

Route 2：pipeline go along with the original

irrigation channel

positive·short pipeline，lower cost；·easy to build and manage

·need not occupy the other land

·low pressure pipeline，lower requirement

for pipe ability to bear the pressure

·lower loss of water；

negative·need to occupy the other land

·high pressure pipeline，higher requirement for

pipe ability to bear the pressure

·long pipeline，more cost；·difficult to build and manage

comparative analysis

The adverse environmental effect of Route 1 is smaller than that of route 2 without project in general.

7 Environmental benefit analysis

7.1 Project financingIn table 7.1-1, the investment of environmental protection include the cost of Wind Barriers measures implemented for ecological environment protection and the cost of monitoring equipment and monitoring cost carried out for environmental monitoring which are 19.436 million RMB yuan totally. Details on environmental protection investment are shown in table7.1-2.

table7.1-1 Investment statistics in the project areas

Amount In total investment104yuan ％

Irrigation component 24241.20 59.74

Agriculture component 4883.21 12.03

Management water saving 1794.30 4.42

Environmental protection and EMP 1976.90 4.87

Survey, design & management (Independent expenses) 2450.75 6.04

Prepareation fee 3534.65 8.71

Bacsic Prepareation 38881.01 95.82

Price differential Prepareation 0.00 0

Interest in construction period 1695.96 4.18

Interest 1644.82 4.05

one time start fee 51.14 0.13

Total project costs 40576.97 100

Table7-2 Environmental protection investment Unit：104yuanitem Amount

1 .Environmental management plan 369.30

(1) planting trees as wind barrier 295.44

(2)other

2. Water and soil conservation 73.88

( (1) engineering measures 781.17

( (2) Plant protection 596.75

(3)other 184.41

3. Land requisition total 793.16

7.2 Economic benefit analysis Adjusting planting structure

The irrigation conditions in the project area will be improved and the assurance rate of irrigation water will be increased after the implementation of the project. Meantime, multiple crop index will be increased through the establishment of agricultural support and service system and counterpart of Wind Barriers measures. Especially the enhancement of farmer’s cultural level and establishment of management system will be benefit for the adjustment of crop planting structure, increasing the harvested area of cash crops with high yield, good quality, high efficiency and high extra revenue.

Output of new-increased agriculture and Wind Barriers productYield increase level of cerealsWith the development of water saving irrigation works and in combination with agricultural and Wind Barriers measures, the yield of agricultural products in the project area will be increased year by year and reach steady production level within 2-3 years after the

implementation of the project. Vegetable will reach steady production level in the same year. Cereals and cash crops will be increased by 15～20% and 10～15% respectively. The total yield increase of cereals is 72103 tons, oil crops is 3055 ton, cotton is 2685 tons and melons and

vegetables is 898818 tons.Yield increase level of wood and fruit treesThere is a longer cutting period for forest wood about 15 years with 120-130 square meters per ha. The normal cutting period for firewood is 10 years with 25-35 square meters per ha. There is great difference for different variety of fruit trees such as apple, peach and grape. The total incremental fruit products in this project are 48339 tons.Calculated with current financial price, the output value will be increased by 133.4694 million yuan and the net income will be increased by 660.8671 million yuan.

Typical Households and Income ImpactsIn order to correctly inflect real information on household income and expense, sampling method is adopted for investigation. Three kinds of households are selected in each project area according to different irrigation ways as representative of various income level. The items of investigation include population, labor force, cultivated area, seeded area of various crops, income of agricultural by-products, income of tertiary industry, input of production and worker payment.

7.1 Social benefit analysis Disaster alleviation and prevention

Drought, flood and waterlogging are the main natural disasters affecting production in the project areas. The counterpart standard of on-farm irrigation and drainage works can be enhanced after the implementation of the project, the assurance factor of irrigation water can be improved and the impacts of drought and flood disasters on agricultural production can be alleviated after the implementation of the project. The implementation of comprehensive agricultural measures and the extension of drought resisting and wind resisting high quality varieties can enhance disaster resistance and prevention abilities of crops. Implementation of Wind Barriers components, such as tree shelter belt and trees planting around farmlands, will reduce the damages of sandstorm, beautify environment and preserve soil and water resources.

Mitigation of water right conflictsThe project will reduce water losses, enhance the effective use of water resources, easy up the conflicts among industrial, agricultural, domestic and different administrative regional water uses and promote social stability.

Accelerate regional economic developmentThe World Bank loan is used to develop water saving irrigation projects and improve agricultural productive level, which not only brings great development for agriculture but also promotes development of Wind Barriers, husbandry, sidelines and fishery. Development of these sectors offers large amount of raw materials for processing industries and promotes the development of transportation and township enterprises. Subsidize agriculture with industry and advance regional economic development through the value increase of processing industries. Economic development in the project areas will contribute a lot to the realization of local strategic goals.

Promote social stability With the development of regional economy and decrease of water conflicts, the relationship between people, their living conditions, infrastructures and cultural and recreation facilities will be improved which can increase employment opportunities, enhance their cultural levels and promote social stability.Establishment of SIDD, WSO and WUA will change the management mechanism and improve water resources management. They are responsible for project construction, operation and management, supplying water according to the cost and recovering investment cost of water resources, preserve the value of fixed assets of water resources and promote sustainable development.7.2 Environmental benefit analysis

Environmental benefit of Wind BarriersConstruction of tree shelter belt and development fruit trees can evidently achieve biological benefit of wind prevention, sand consolidation and

climate improvement. According to data from Changli Agricultural Division Office, wind velocity with fruit trees is 25％～35％ lower than that

without fruit trees, and temperature decreases in summer and increases in winter by 1～2℃，evaporation decrease by about 20％. Tree shelter

belts are the major component of bio-agriculture construction. Natural environment will be improved after completion of Wind Barriers component.

Environmental benefit of water conservancyWater conservancy projects can make the development and utilization of water resources more reasonable, mitigate disasters of drought, flood and alkalinity and lead to many environmental benefits.Development of water saving irrigation projects can increase the utilization efficiency of regional water resources, reduce the volume of groundwater overdraft, ease up water conflicts among various water use departments, realize the good recycle of biological environment and achieving the maximum benefits of water resources.Implementation and extension of water saving irrigation turns the single household land irrigation into large-scale land irrigation, which makes the scientific and in time irrigation possible and is of advantages to scientific allocation of surface water and ground water and effectively control groundwater level, deterioration of soil phisicochemical character and the loss of fertilizer. All these not only saved valuable water resources, but also preserve the good bio-environment of farmlands.

8 Environment management plan

8.1 Summary of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Summarized below in Table8.1-1 are the environmental impacts identified as part of the EA and the basic information for developing detailed environmental mitigation measures.

Table 8.1-1 Summarized Project Impacts and Mitigation MeasuresAcitivtie Major Impact During Construction Major Mitigation Measures

Irrigation Component

Spoil As construction scatters in th province, most of the spoil will be reused .

Spoil and waste will be collected and sent to designated sites for disposal.(Refer to Annex I)

Solid WasteA small amount of contrusction waste and rubbish will be generated.

The waste will be collected and reused where appropriate before being sent to the designated sites fro disposal.(Refer to Annex I)

Dust Constutrion will be in rurual area. Dust from construction wlll be site specific and temporary.

Avoid construction in windy days, and water the construction regularly.(refer to Annex I)

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion may occure from the canal lining and pipe laying etc..

Avoid construction in rainy days, and re-vegetate construciotn sites timely(refer to Annex I). Construction for Jiexiu subproject should avoid irrigation season.

Noise Noise will be generated from constrcuion -limit truck speed in the vicinity of residential area. (refer to Annex I)Wastewater

Small amount of wastewater will be generated from construction sites

Wastewater will be treated by sedimentaiton tanks and reused where possible.(refer to Annex I)

Agricultureal Measures

Land leveling

Damage matured earth on soil surface Maintain matured earth and recover it on the surface

Film Residue

It will have scenic impact as well as negative impact on soil

-Use easily decomposed film;-Recycle the spent mulch-Educaiton on farmers to properly use and recycle mulch

Moisture Preservation Agent

Inappropriate use of moisture preservation agent -The environmental soundness moisture preservation agent should be selected by screening.-Education to farmers.

Pesticide & fertlizers use

Agricultural area pollution source IPM promotion to minimize the use of pesticidesBalanceing fertilization to use fertilizer appropriately. -IPM training for local farmers.

-Utilize the existing institutions for the Pest Management

Activities Major Impacts during Operation Major Mitigation Measures.Irrigation Works

Surface WaterQuality

Little irrigation water return flow will be generated in the project area after the introduction of water saving technologies. As such, the project will not have much adverse impacts on surface water.

Regular monitoring on surface water quality

GroundwaterQuality

The project will reduce fertilizer impact(e.g. N) due to the introudcation of water saving technology and adjustment of crop planting structure; The project will reduce pesticides use after the introduction of IPM and the water saving technologies and associated agro-measures.

-implemenation of balancing fertilizeation and introduction of IPM which is an integral part of the project.

Groundwater level

The project will achieve real water saving of 6.77 million m3, and alleviate the droppiong of ground water level in project area.

Regular monitoring on groundwater level

Soil The project will not have adverse impacts on soli alkaline, given that the irrigation water quality is good and the groundwater level is relatively low.

Regular monitoring on soli

Measures to alleviate impact during construction The major environmental elements to be affected by construction will include: surface water, ambient air, acoustic environment, ecological environmental, solid waste and public health. A detailed guidelines for project construction has been developed by the provincial project management office and attached as Annex 1 of the EMP.

Measures to alleviate impact during operation period For the application of nitrogenous fertilizer, such measures as balancing

fertilization, soil monitoring, and timing should be taken, which is good for alleviation of leaching.

· Application of pesticide should strictly follow the national standard “Standard for safety use of pesticide”.

· Application of pesticide should be under the guidance of experts, to ensure the application of safety, high efficient, low poison and low residue pesticides.

· Control of pesticide pollution to groundwater should focus on the prevention of pollution, which may refer to the study by EU. Careful application should be paid with understanding of basic features of pesticide.

· Typical areas should be selected to monitor amount, timing and residue in soil of pesticide application.

8.1 Monitoring planBecause the project involve many components and they are all located in the widespread villages where the monitoring conditions are much poorer, typical project area in each county are selected to be monitored focally, and the monitoring focus on groundwater, surface water and soil monitoring, the purpose is to survey the applied quantity of fertilizer and pesticide is to strengthen management.

8.2.1 Principle of monitoring points selection· Groundwater level: using subproject area as basic unit and selecting typical

observation well on the basis of hydrogeological conditions, regular points of monitoring should be used as far as possible; Each county should has a monitoring point at least.

· Monitoring of water environment (water quality): using the regular sampling points as far as possible and properly adding some sampling points according to the conditions of pollution source;

· Soil monitoring: adding some new necessary points on the basis of the existing sampling points of agricultural environment at county level.

8.2.2 Environment monitoring planWater environment monitoring plan includes the monitoring of surface water volume and quality, groundwater level, volume and quality and soil.· Surface water monitoring Monitoring points should be located in the main rivers and intakes of irrigation water of reservoirs in the project areas.Monitoring should be done Biannual during irrigation r.Monitoring on water quality is detailed in Table 8.2-1.· Ground water monitoring

Monitoring points should be located in the intake wells of water saving irrigation system and observation well every 20 km2 in the project area.Monitoring should be done Biannual in flood and drought period of a year.Monitoring components are groundwater level, quality and volume and the monitoring of water quality should be carried out in accordance with the “Quality standard for groundwater” (GB/T14848-93) and “Quality standard for Irrigation

Water” (GB5084－92).

· Soil monitoring

Monitor points should be located in the project every 10km2 and monitoring of 0－20cm surface soil is the focus.Sampling time: monitoring once at the end of planting period should be carried out and added properly according to requirement.Essential monitoring factors: detailed in table 8.2-1.

The application of pesticide and fertilizer should be performed according to crops, and the monitoring of pesticide in soil should be carried out selecting representative pesticide.8.2.3 monitoring method, sampling method The monitoring method, sampling method and monitoring analysis method of environment should be carried out according to the standard issued by the State Environmental Protection Agency.8.2.4 Monitoring task undertaken

Monitoring task should be undertaken by special qualified units such as provincial hydrologic station, provincial or municipal water resources bureau and the Monitoring and Evaluation Center of Water Environment entrusted by provincial project office.

Environmental monitoring costs are shown in table 8.2-2.

Table8.2-1 Environmental Monitoring Program for the Projectcategary Monitoring item Parameters Frequencies Monitors Responsible Agency

Water level Groundwater level Groundwater level Biannual monitoring Monitoring institute County/City PMO

water

quality

irrigation water quality Pb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, pH, CODmn Biannual during irrigation Monitoring institute County/City PMO

Return water qualityPb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, 、 ammonia-

nitrogen、pH、CODmn、NO2-NBiannual during irrigation

Monitoring institute County/City PMO

Groundwater qualityPb, Ca, Cu, Zn, Hg, Ag, Full Phosphorous

,NH+4-N, pH、CODmn、NO2-N

Biannual during irrigationMonitoring institute County/City PMO

soil quality

Soil pollution Pb, Ca, Hg, Ag,, pH Annual during irrigatino Monitoring institute County/City PMO

Soil Fertility

pH、organic matter、Nitrogen、Hydro

Nitrogen

, Effective Phosphorous,Effective Potassium

Annual during irrigatinon

Monitoring institute County/City PMO

impact

during

construction

Air pollution, waste

water ,waste

solid,noise

Environmental protection measures required

in environmental reglation and law

environmental supervision and

management by ESE

ESE (Environmental

Supervision Engineer)

EMO(Environmental

Management Office)

table8.2-2 Environmental monitoring costs Unit：ten thousand yuan

Soil monitoring 133.1

Surface water monitoring 99.5

Groundwater level and quality monitoring 136.9total 369.5

8.2 Environmental management planInstitutional Establishment and Responsibilities

Special unit of environment protection management should be set up and operates under the guidance of Provincial Water Resources Bureau during the construction and operation period of the Water Conservation Project. It should formulate implementation regulations on environmental protection and establish project management information system to monitor key environmental elements of project prefectures and counties. System management is used in data collection, compilation and report and all of the found issues should be solved in time to achieve the integration of the project’s social, economic and environmental benefits.Duties of environmental management institutions are as follows:Implementing the policies and regulations for environmental protection of the state; protecting water and soil environment cooperating with water resources and environmental protection sectors; promoting environmental awareness among the masses in the construction areas; being responsible for organizing and implementing environmental monitoring and records and analyzing the project impacts on environment; being responsible for the statistics and report to the higher level of report forms and managing archives of environmental protection.To effectively implement this EMP during implementation, the Project Office will provide an EMO to be exclusively responsible for implementing. The EMO will consist of 2 persons, including an engineer and a staff member. Each County Project Office will establish an Environmental Management Group (referred to the “EMG” hereinafter), to be exclusively responsible for implementing this EMP and the resettlement action plan within its jurisdiction. The EMG will comprise a director and a staff members to take charge of environmental management.When the EMO is in place, the ESE, environmental monitoring agencies and individual consultants will be engaged, on a contract basis, to undertake the environmental management work assigned by the EMO. The environmental management agencies and their counterpart contract parties will form an environmental management framework with the EMO as a key actor as shown in Chart 8.2-1 below.

Chart 8-1 Environmental Management Framework

Environmental management during constructionAttention should be paid to the management environmental behavior caused for production and living construction site, full-time environmental protection staff should be provided in the construction units participating in the project to be responsible for pollution control. The management and supervision departments in each project county should establish report system of environmental quality and establish environmental management and simultaneous examination and approval system, promote environmental awarenees and education and strengthen the constructors’ consciousness of environmental protection. Of which, the important issues to be paid attention to are solid waste from construction, vegetation protection and noises of machines. A detailed guidelines for project construction has been developed by the provincial project management office and attached as Annex 1 of the EMP. In order to ensure actual implementation of the guidelines, based on successful practices in other World Bank financed projects in China, following steps are to be taken:

i) The guidelines will be translated into contractual clauses and form an “Environmental Management Rules in Project Construction Period (Rules)” ;

ii) The Rules will be formally put into effect by PMO before project bidding;iii) The Rules will be included in project bidding documents. Each construction

contractor shall promise through construction contracts to follow the Rules;iv) An environmental professional team, environmental supervision engineers

Provincial PMO

EMOConsultant

County EMGESE

Construction Areas / Project Affected Areas

Monitoring Institutes

(ESE), shall be employed by the EMO to supervise on spot the implementation of the Rules (measures) by the contractors.

v) The management office of the project of city or county level should assign staff to the construction sites of the project for supervision and inspection irregularly.

Environmental management during operationEach water supply department in the project area should ensure that the quality of water source conforms to the quality standard for relative functions of water body. It is forbidden to discharge waste water to the drainage system in the project area. When irrigation water is found polluted, it should be reported to environmental management department immediately and disposed in time. The main environmental issued to be paid attention to after the implementation of the project is the descent of groundwater level and the impacts of pesticide and fertilizer on water environment. Therefore, environmental protection departments should find these issues in time and put forward countermeasures to alleviate them on the basis of monitoring.

Establishment of environmental monitoring and reporting system Environmental monitoring and reporting system is an effective measure for environmental management.· Monitoring stations at all levels compile environmental monitoring report according

to the monitoring plan.· All subproject areas collect the monitoring results to county project management

offices (PMOs), thus report to provincial PMO by county PMOs.· Environment protection bureaus at city level summarize the county environmental

monitoring reports, put forward proposals on environmental monitoring and management according to the state of local environmental protection laws and regulations and make them known to the environmental protection department at lower level.

· The above-mentioned monitoring report and proposals of environmental protection bureaus at city level will be reported to CPMO. PMOs at all levels should adjust and implement the monitoring plan under the guidance of CPMO.

Environmental monitoring and reporting system is an effective measure for environmental management.· Monitoring stations at all levels compile environmental monitoring report according

to the monitoring plan.· All subproject areas collect the monitoring results to county project management

offices (PMOs), thus report to provincial PMO by county PMOs.· Environment protection bureaus at city level summarize the county environmental

monitoring reports, put forward proposals on environmental monitoring and management according to the state of local environmental protection laws and regulations and make them known to the environmental protection department at lower level.

· The above-mentioned monitoring report and proposals of environmental protection bureaus at city level will be reported to CPMO. PMOs at all levels should adjust and implement the monitoring plan under the guidance of CPMO.

· The central project management office( CPMO) reports the situation of carrying out EMP wth relevant environmental monitoring data to the World Bank twice every year.

Environmental Management Training and Consulting Services (1) Environmental TrainingIt is necessary to train the Project management staff, which is not familiar wiyh the World Bank’s environmental policies and the Project-specific environmental management requirements and management procedures.It is proposed to provide the following 2 types of training: environmental staff in provincial and counties (districts)level, ESE.(1) Training of environmental management in provincial and counties (districts)levelThis part of work will be performed by the PMO after the World Bank’s Project appraisal and before the Project implementation. It is expected to train 20-30 persons, including the PMO’s environmental officials, all EMO staff, county (district) EMG staff, and representatives of Project engineering management staff. The topics of training include:1) China’s applicable environmental laws, regulations, standards and specifications;2) Environmental management mode of World Bank-supported projects;3) EMP;4) Experience and lessons from other World Bank-supported projects in China;5) Preparation of environmental management reports.In addition, the EMO will send chief environmental managers to other World Bank-supported projects in China, to learn from their experience in environmental management.(2) Training of ESETraining of the ESE will be arranged by the EMO prior to implementation of the Project, with an estimated number of about 15-20 persons, including the ESE’s total staff, PMO’s environmental officials, total EMO staff, county (district) EMG’s staff, representatives of project engineering management. and the Engineer’s representatives. They will be trained in the following topics:1) China’s applicable environmental laws and regulations;2) Environmental management mode of World Bank-supported projects;3) The EMP;4) Objectives, components, procedures and methods of environmental supervision;5) Experience and lessons from other World Bank-supported projects in China;6) Preparation of environmental supervision reports.(2) Consulting ServicesEnvironmental consultants will be invited as necessary by the EMO, regularly or irregularly, to provide technical support for environmental management under the Project.(3) Training for farmers to implement the mitigation measures in the EMP. In the project areas, it is the farmer who will implement the mitigation measures to reduce the use of pesticide and fertilizers. It is important to provide farmers with trainings on the following

- Training on the EA regulatons and policies;- Training on Annex I-General Guidelines for Construction. - Training on Annex II- Integrated Pest Management- Training on use and recycle of mulch membrane;- Training on the screening of moisture preservation agents.

The training for farmers will be offed by the county PMOs, or be delivered by the Water User Association.

table8.3-1 Budget for Implementation of Environmental Management PlanItem Budget

Mitigation measures(e.g. Wind barrier, soil conservation)

1113.52

Envionrmental Monitoirng 36.95Capacity Builidng, inlcuidng envionrmental training* 73.51 Total 1223.98

9 Public participation

Water saving irrigation will play a positive role in local rural social and economic development and the improvement of farmer’s living standard. The public participation is very necessary, we should give the public participation and supervision into full play, eliminate and alleviate the adverse impact during the construction and operation of the project, realize the coordinated development of economic construction and environmental protection and guarantee the numerous mass’s benefits.9.1 Survey objects and methodSurvey objects: include farmers in the project area, local governmental officials, administrative personnel of the project and water conservancy, agricultural, environmental and forest experts, etc., sex, age, educational level, occupation and revenue were all taken into account.Survey method: granting “questionnaire for the public participation” to the numerous farmers and carrying out sampling survey are the majority, and concurrently holding symposium and experts’ consultation.9.2 Survey resultsIt shows from the survey to experts that all of them think that water saving irrigation is the most important way to solve the water shortage in the project area. They also stressed that the state should devote great efforts to water saving irrigation and control the irrigation project that will exploit new water sources. They recommend that appropriate fertilizer application, applying fertilizer according to the measurement of soil fertility and at proper time should be implemented in fertilizer use. High effective, low noxious and low left over pesticide type should be extended in use and meanwhile their manufacture should be supervised.We conduct survey by the means of selecting representative masses, holding

symposium and granting questionnaire for comments. We recovered 97 questionnaires from this survey, the participants can be divided as their professions: 66 farmers who made up 68.1% of the total participants, 7 workers who made up 7.2% of the total, 12 administrative staffs who made up 12.4% and 4 others who made up 4.1%.It can be shown from the above-mentioned investigation that the public support the project, however, they also have some doubt and comments:· There is 87.6% of people who know about this project and they all think that it’s

important or very important of irrigation development to agricultural development. 95.8% of them agree on the project construction and 77% of them think that the project is beneficial to themselves.

· As to assessment on local water resources, 49.5% of the masses think that local water resource is normal and 46.5% think that they are scarce or much scarce. 99.5% agree that this project will be beneficial to utilization of water resources, soil amelioration, yield increase and adding employment.

· As to water saving irrigation way, 57.4% are agree on sprinkler irrigation, and 20% and 22% agree on dripping irrigation and canal lining respectively.

· As to impacts of the project on environment, there is a scattered result, 29.1% think that it will have no impact, and 10-26% think that it will produce impacts on surface water, groundwater, soil and crops.

chart9-1 project information disclosed in the internet

chart9-2 project information disclosed in the newspaper

10 Conclusion and recommendation

10.1 Conclusions of Current environmental situation assessment· The nutrient content of soil in the project area is at the third level under the present

applied quantity of fertilizer and cropping pattern. Content of heavy metal in soil belongs to Class I natural background value scope. There is no basic monitoring data as to pesticide pollution in project area.

· The present quality of surface water environment in the project area is polluted mainly by organic matter and nitrogenous fertilizer basically and its quality can meet the demand for farmland. There is no large quantity of return flow from farmland irrigation in the project area, so data on water quality from farmland drainage has not been collected.

· According to the classification standard for groundwater quality, the groundwater body can meet the water quality standard, its major influencing factors are hardness and NO3-. Generally groundwater in the project area is fresh water. The degree of groundwater mineralization is less than 2g/l that can meet the quality demand for farmland irrigation.

· The shortage of water resources in varying degrees exists both at present condition and in the future without the project.

10.2 Main impacts and countermeasuresMain positive impacts

· Development of water saving irrigation, such as sprinkler, drip, pipe, chute irrigation and canal lining, will raise water resources utilization efficiency from 0.4~0.65 with traditional flood irrigation to 0.70-0.85 and reduce crops’ irrigation quota.

· Water saving irrigation is implemented according to water demand of crops in different growth periods. It is uniformed and easy for crop adsorption. These techniques are more reasonable and scientific, while reducing losses of infiltration and evaporation.

· Water saving irrigation is good for easing up intense of water resources in project areas. It will not intensify the trend of groundwater level descent and on the contrary, it may enable groundwater level rise to some extend.

· Scientific irrigation method, together with such agricultural measures as balancing fertilization, soil temperature and moisture preservation and stalk shredding is of advantageous to the evenly convey of moisture and nutrient into crop roots and improves soil structure and fertilizer efficiency.

· Water saving irrigation helps land leveling and reduces soil and water losses. Development of forestry and vegetation protects farmland. It is convenient for machinery operation after land leveling and labor can be saved. All these are good to sustainable environment development.

· The Project accelerates extension and popularization of science and technology and enables farmers learn scientific production and management skills, which not only enhances farmers scientific and cultural level but also improves rural social environment.

· Water saving irrigation techniques promote extension of agriculture technology and increase per unit area yield. It also promotes economic development in the project areas.

· SIDD changes management mode and enhances farmers’ scientific use and management of water, which is favorable for increase of water resources utilization efficiency and maintenance of irrigation facilities.

Main adverse impacts and countermeasures

· Water saving irrigation, together with agriculture and management meausres has reduced potential adverse impacts of pesticide and fertilizer on soil and groundwater compared to traditional irrigation and farming method, but their impact still exist.

· Prevention of fertilizer and pesticide pollution is the focus of management. Measures should be taken during their application.

-- For the application of nitrogenous fertilizer, such measures as balancing, soil monitoring, and timing should be taken, which is good for alleviation of leaching.

-- IPM should be promoted in project area to reduce the pesticide use. --Application of pesticide should strictly follow the national standard “Standard for

safety use of pesticide” and the Annex 2-Pest Management Plan, -- Under the guidance of experts, to ensure the application of safety, high efficient,

low poison and low residue pesticides.-- Control of pesticide pollution to groundwater should focus on the prevention of

pollution, which may refer to the study by EU. Careful application should be paid with understanding of basic features of pesticide.

-- Typical areas should be selected to monitor amount, timing and residue in soil of pesticide application.

· Earth excavation and use of machinery may result in noises, dust, soil and water loss, which can be alleviated by strengthening environmental management. Measures are as follows:

-- Spoiled materials produced in construction should be disposed of in time and transported to the designagted sites.-- Construction should be avoided implementing in rainy season, and re-vegetation of construction sites should be carried out to prevent soil loss.-- Construction vehicles should slow down when travel through residential areas, and no tooting is allowed. Try to avoid moving through residential areas at night.

8.3 Conclusions and recommendations In summary, the project is a project of improving irrigation systems, increasing water resources utilization efficiency, promoting local social and economic development and improving local environment. In general, the project is of advantage to environment, and its social, economic and environmental benefits are optimistic.

In general, this project is the one that will improve irrigation facilities, increase utilization rate of water resources, promote local social and economic development in village and improve environment. After implementation of the project, it will obtain great social, economic and environmental benefits.

It is suggested that, during implementation of the project, enabling balance between water resources supply and demand, especially to groundwater, the exploitation amount should not be greater than its mean annual recharge, which safeguards to keep steady groundwater level continuously. The IPM should be carried out in the project area to reduce the use of pesticide.

ANNEX 1: General Guidelines for Construction Management

The major environmental elements to be affected by construction will include: surface water, ambient air, acoustic environment, ecological environmental, solid waste and public health. Specific mitigating measures are proposed as follows:

1) Surface water protection(1) Drainage from foundation pits will be mostly underground seepage and

rainfall. Such water relatively good in quality will be directly discharged after sedimentation, provided that it is not mixed with any other wastewater. This will not cause surface water pollution.

(2) The wastewater stemming from concrete mixing and curing systems and aggregate washing activities will be collected, mixed and sent to sedimentation tanks after the pH value is reduced. The size of tanks will be adequate to ensure a retention time longer than 6 hours. Treated wastewater will be totally used for aggregate washing or concrete mixing and curing purposes.

(3) Repair and washing of construction equipment and vehicles will be performed by taking advantage of the available repair plants nearby, with the replacement of parts considered in site. The oily wastewater resulting from equipment maintenance and washing will be treated by making use of the available oil separators installed in the repair plants, with treated wastewater reused wherever possible rather than drained.

(4) Construction will be mostly performed in outskirts or rural areas, with camps established by taking advantage of the available amenities in neighboring villages. In consideration of the reality there, excreta will be used as manure. Camps not based on available living amenities will be furnished with simple latrines, with excreta regularly removed and used as manure.

(5) Camps will be equipped with sanitary sewage treatment facilities, with this part of sewage will be treated properly rather than drained into water courses directly.

(6) The Contractors must implement production/sanitary sewage treatment measures to ensure discharge up to standards.

(7) River diversion schemes, if any, shall be planned well in account of the receiving capacity of water courses, not to deteriorate the water environment in the surroundings. In the process of diversion, strict management and supervision of construction will be practised to prevent adverse impacts by willful diversion.

(8) Every effort will be tried to save water, which will be reused wherever possible.

(9) Construction management will be enhanced, with water leakage from construction equipment controlled strictly.

(10) Environmental education of construction workers will be strengthened to raise their environmental awareness, without littering solid wastes and sewage.

2) Air protection(11) Raw materials will be piled properly in stockpile areas, to reduce the area

exposed to winds. Cement and other dust-prone materials, if kept temporarily, must be provided with windproof measures, e.g. wetting or covering with tarpaulin appropriately.

(12) Batching plants must be provided with dustproof measures, to meet the applicable environmental requirements.

(13) Houses being dismantled will be watered and covered properly.(14) Each construction area will be equipped with 1-2 spraying cars to meet the

need of dust removal.(15) Watering and other measures will be provided for stockpile areas when there

is gale or dry air, to reduce fugitive dust.(16) The surface of soil materials piled temporarily will be often watered to

maintain appropriate moisture.(17) Fuel equipment and vehicles must be operated in good conditions and

equipped with tail gas purifying, smoke/dust removing and other devices, as necessary, to ensure emission up to standards. Such devices will be tested and maintained regularly.

(18) Equipment management will be strengthened.(19) Soil, cement and other materials being transported will be covered with

boards and tarpaulins, and trucks will not be overloaded, so as to avoid falloff due to shocks.

(20) Operators will be equipped with necessary appliances for protection.(21) Attention will be paid to watering where construction is performed in urban

areas or outskirts and in towns or villages quite close to water courses.3) Acoustic environmental protection(22) The Contractors will properly arrange schedules, which will be submitted for

registration, and provide necessary noise reduction measures.(23) Rigid requirements will be provided for the management of work rates,

equipment, operators and instructions, with mufflers provided for hauling trucks as necessary.

(24) Low-noise equipment will be used wherever it permits. Construction equipment will be maintained carefully to maintain them in good conditions and to reduce noise.

(25) Concrete vibrator noise will be reduced, with low-frequency vibrators applied in lieu of high-frequency ones to achieve noise reduction.

(26) Noise monitoring will be performed as planned in all work areas during construction, to monitor noise levels day and night, and, on the basis of monitoring results, adjust construction schedules as necessary.

(27) Field workers, such as concrete mixer and other high-noise equipment

operators, will be provided with necessary noise reduction appliances. Their work time will not be longer than 6 hours/day.

(28) Where work areas are located in the vicinity of towns and villages, work time will be arranged properly, with high-noise activities suspended from 21:00 pm to 7:00 am wherever possible.

(29) It is advisable to drive at a limited speed and forbid to use tweeters when passing through residential areas, to avoid disrupting residents.

(30) Temporary sound-proof walls will be provided where construction is performed in the range of 50 m away from villages.

4) Solid waste management(31) The sand/silt removed from the irrigation canal/channel will be disposed of at

designated sites. Spoil soil and debris from construction will be piled in spoil areas as planned. Spoils in piles will be watered regularly to prevent dust. Attention will be given to controlling the height of stockpiles, with fences and other measures provided to prevent loss due to erosion.

(32) Spoil areas complying with Level B of the “Standard of Soil Environmental Quality” (GB15618-1994) may be recultivated. It is recommended that restored spoil areas be monitored and then handed to farmers when confirmed free from damages to crops.

(33) Scrap iron and steel bar among other salvageable materials will be colleted for reuse.

(34) Debris from demolition will be piled by types, with salvageable parts recovered for reuse. Waste materials from reconstructed buildings will be crushed and incorporated into new buildings as fillers wherever possible, or used as road building materials.

(35) Dustbins will be provided in work areas and camps, often sprayed with aminocarb and other pesticides to prevent the breeding of flies and other vectors. Full-time jobs will be provided for cleaning and local sanitation authorities engaged in removing solid wastes regularly. Production and house refuse will be sent to landfills nearby.

(36) When construction is finished, site clearing will be arranged promptly for batching plants, laydown areas and warehouses, to remove debris from demolition and sorts of foreign materials. This will be done also for house refuse, latrines and sewage pits, which will be sterilized with quick lime and acidum to make ready for restoration.

5) Other aspectsSoil conservation, public health, cultural relic preservation and ecological

protection measures are discussed separately as special topics.The environmental protection measures mentioned above will be included as

environmental clauses in the “Environmental Management Rules for Construction Period”, which will be prepared as arranged by the EMO and published and put into force prior to the start of construction. The Contractors will promise in contracts to implement such measures.

ANNEX 2：Integrated Pest Management Plan

It’s anticipated that the applied amount of pesticide and fertilizer will increase to some extent for the regulation of planting structures to increase the yield of agricultural production.In order to promote healthy development of the agriculture ecosystem and safeguard ecological safety, an Integrated Pest Control Program has been prepared, on the basis of the available pest control and management system in the Project area, by the Project Office, who will be responsible for implementing this Program.

1） Main Crop Diseases and Insect Pests in the Project Area

Main crop diseases and insect pests in the Project area are in 3 categories: crop diseases, crop insects and crop smootherings.Crop diseases: Common diseases mainly include wheat rust, full rot, root rot, snow mold leaf blight; broad bean droop, red spot; pea downy mildew; head smut, potato late blight, ring rot, black shank; rape black spot, white spot, sclerotiniose; cucumber downy mildew; and cabbage soft rot, etc.Crops insects: Underground crop insects are wireworm, grub, cutworm, mole cricket and rootworm, wheat head noctuid, hullsse barley spike fly, wheat-straw bee, wheat-straw fly, malt aphid; rape stem Culculionid, yellow-stripe flea beetle; pea leaf miner, broad bean aphid; apple yponomeutid, pear star caterpillar, diamondback moth and cabbage caterpillar, etc.Crop smootherings: Main crop smootherings are Avena fatua L., Chenopodium serotinum L., wild mustard, potherb and other weeds.

2） Major Pests and damage degree

The emergence of crop diseases and insect pests exists regionally with seasonality, Occurrence of insect pest is of variety. The crop diseases and insect pests that occurred in recently years were mostly middle-leveled.

(1) Wheat pestsWinter wheat yellow rust and rot rust：middle level.    Wheat stem sawfly: middle level, heavy in some area. Wheat stripe rust：middle level, popular in some areas.Wheat midge: middle level in some areasEar miner moth: middle level.Barley stripe and leaf blotch：middle level.

(2) maize pestsRed mite: middle level.underground pest: middle level.

(3)Rape pestsRape Sclerotia: light level with rotation between rape and wheat, otherwise middle level.Phyllotreta striolata and Rape Ceuthorrhyncus: middle level, heavier in some areas.Meligethes aeneus F. and diamondback moth: middle level.

(4) OthersPotato pests: ring rot and late blight, middle level, heavier in some areas.Vegetable pests: grey mould, frost mildew, powdery mildew and early and late blight being usual; aphid, South American leaf miner, diamondback moth, Mamestra brassicae L., and Agrotis ypsilon Rottemberg middle level.Underground pests: middle level, heavier in river bottomland

3） Status of Crop Disease & Pest Control(1) Organizations and responsibilities for Crop Disease & Pest Control

The Bureau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of each project area has established an Agrotechnology Popularizing Station, which includes a plant preservation team. Each county has set up its own agrotechnology popularizing center, which includes a plant preservation station.The plant preservation team at Agrotechnology Popularizing Station takes the full responsibility for crop disease & pest control, plant quarantine and pesticide market administration in the whole city. The county plant preservation station is responsible for such work within the boundary of the county.

(2) Main activities Crop disease & pest monitoring Routine quarantine Crop disease & pest forecasting and warning Dissemination and training Prevention and control with pesticides

(3) Outstanding problems Over-dependence upon chemical control, but less developed biological and agricultural control measures; Lack of necessary instruments and means of transport, making it difficult to apply and spread up-to-date forecast, control and quarantine techniques; Inadequacy of human resources; Lack of timely and adequate access to information, resulting in improper

use of pesticides by farmers.

4） Pest Management Measures Design

(1) PrincipleThe pest resistance abides by the principle of “prevention preference and integrated resistance.” The integrated resistance consists of agricultural, biological, physical and chemical methods, with the aim to optimize agricultural ecological system and promote agricultural sustainable development.

(2) Methods① Wheat pests resistance

Strengthen quarantine and prohibit breeding seeds in areas with diseases or pests. In recent years, wheat gaeumannomyces graminis has been becoming heavier. The disease was caused by seeds. So, wheat from the fields in which wheat diseases occurred in the last year can not be used as seeds. The diseases should be mitigated or can disappear through irrigation and non-irrigation methods. Agricultural resistance. Select seeds with high production and high disease resistance; rotate seeds regularly; adopt better cultivation techniques and balanced fertilizer; remove all weeds. Biological resistance. Use middle- and low-poison chemical pesticide to avoid that natural enemies, such as ladybug, syrphid flies and parasitic wasps to be killed by them and thus to prevent aphid and wheat armyworm; and use biological pesticides to resist gaeumannomyces graminis, jinggang mycin to resist sheath blight, Ningnan mycin to resist powdery mildew, and Avermectins to resist gree wheat mite and armyworm. Physical resistance. A frequency trembler grid lamp pro three to four wheat land.

Vegetable pests resistance② Agricultural resistance. Rational rotation; healthy seedbed for seeds; resistant, high-production seeds; sanitize seeds; remove weeds; reduce land humidity. Physical resistance. Remove weeds by using plastic films; adjust temperature and reduce humidity by using plastic canopy and daylight greenhouses; trap and kill aphid by yellow board; Use frequency trembler grid lamps to trap and kill greenworm, diamondback moth and Helicoverpaassulta. Biological resistance. Protect ladybug, green lacewings, cabbage butterfly, and Apantelesplutellae; use B.t emulsion, Avermectins, matrine, chaconine, Fructus Cnidii. Medicament resistanceSeedbed period. Mix copper sulfate with 2.5% Deltamethin and 1500 times water to

spray to resist seedling blight, anthracnose, cataplexy disease, and Agrotis ypsilon.Seedling period. Use 5% metalaxgl mancozeb with 1000 times water to spray to resist grey mould, frost mildew, early blight and late blight.Bloom period. Mix Trichloroiso Cyanuric Acid with 5% fipgonil with an amount of 50 ml to spray to resist soft rot disease, anthracnose, grey mould, cotton bollworm, Helicoverpaassulta and Bemisia tabaci.Weed remove. Use plastic films or use 40% Hsrness with 800 times water to treat soil.

Potato pests resistance③ Agricultural resistance. Land management: much cultivation, deep cultivation, high earth-up among individual potato, ridges after irrigation; discharge water in case of furrow irrigation and low-lying land to reduce land humidity; resist late blight disease. Remove of disease plant in time: examine to remove the plants with diseases. Medicament resistance: when disease plants appear at Begin Bloom Day, use Metalaxyl to spray to resist late blight disease, with 45 kg water by hand or 10 kg water by machine, one time per seven to ten days and for two times.

5） Rational use and control of chemical pesticides

(1) Kinds of pesticidesIt is prohibited in the project area to use the pesticides that are not allowed by the state. The integrated resistance is preferred and the pesticides must be used safely. High efficient, low-poison and low-remnant pesticides should be used, including the following ones: Insecticide: dimehypo, Monosultap, phentriazophos, Avermectin, B.t emulsion, imidacloprid Regent, decis, high efficient cypermethrin.Bactericide：validamycin A, Ningnanmycin, Trichloroisocyanuric Acid, triadimefon, Carbendazim, Metalaxyl, Tricycloazole, Shi Bai Keon, Mancozeb.Herbicide: acetochlor, Paraquat, isoproturon, butachlor, bensulfuron methyl, Pumasuper, tribenuion-methyl, Fluroxypyr Starane (2) Amount controlStrengthen monitoring of plant diseases and insect pests, relax properly resistance standards, improve medicament usage techniques, use pesticides rationally, enhance efficiency, reduce use time and amount, prohibit to use pesticide at safety periods.

6） Disease & Pest Management Measures

(1) Management Measures The amount of chemical fertilizers will be controlled, without applying

any high-toxic and high-persistent pesticides. Microorganism fertilizers and no-tillage technologies will be spread for the purpose of better soil

quality. Strengthen the capacity building of farmer groups and relevant

organizations in the Project area and ensure good quality of training, for them to be capable of solving problems and organizing community activities.

Adopt sustainable farming measures collectively by improving the know-how and skills of farmers, to achieve the improvement of environment, health and standard of living.

Establish institutional linkage between local farmers and external technical supporters, to ensure good quality of training and implementation.

(2) Monitoring and Prediction regularly monitoring the crop diseases and insect pests and field general

survey . Launch the trend prediction, fully utilize medias such as the TV, message

of cell phone,etc. to release the information of crop diseases and insect pests to the public in the project area. The prediction system of agricultural crop diseases and insect pests of project area is sound, it will offer basis for the integrated control of crop diseases and insect pests.

Routine quarantine work will be conducted. Census of plant diseases & insects: Professional persons will be engaged

in a special census of Cydia pomonella L. and Leptinotarsa decemlineata S. in the Project area each year.

Procedures will be established for inspecting and taking over by sequences.

(3) Training Training of technical and management staff Training of farmers, which will be combined with the trainings offered by

the Water User Association and institutions.

7） Budget

The budget for Disease & Pest Management in Shanxi project area is about RMB 1,000,000.

Budget for IPM Impelementaiton (ten thousand Yuan)Item Cost

IPM Promotion Measures. 55

Technical Services 20Raise awareness(e.g. training) about Code of Coduct on pesticides

25

Total 100