Team ___________________ _________ Answer Key___________ Team Number _________________________

Names_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Anatomy and Physiology2017 Gopher Invitational (Division B)

Instructions● This exam is worth 109 points and consists of 2 sections. Questions are 1 point unless otherwise noted.

Points are earned for correct responses and partial credit may be awarded for the longer response questions. Show your work for all calculations. The tiebreaker questions will be used only in the event of a tie and each has a value of 0.1 points. If further tiebreakers are needed, they will start at the end of the test, and work backwards.

● You may separate the pages of the test, but make sure to reattach the test before turning it in. Otherwise, you risk the test getting separated.

● You have 50 minutes to complete the test. Completion will not be used as a tiebreaker, so make the most of it and plan your time wisely!

● Any cheating, ringing cell phone, or use of electronic device aside from your calculators will result in immediate disqualification.

Section Points Possible Points Earned

Multiple Choice 70

Free Response 39

Tie Breakers 0.5

Multiple Choice and Matching

1. Which of the following is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone?a. Somatotropinb. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)c. Calcitonind. Luteinizing Hormonee. All of the above are anterior pituitary hormones

2. Which of the following disorders is a result of Hypersecretion?a. Cretinismb. Grave’s Diseasec. Myxedemad. Addison’s Diseasee. None of the above

3. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the neuropil?a. Are found in concentrations of nervous tissuesb. Consist of myelinated nerve fibersc. Are the most common in the braind. All of the above are right regarding the neuropil

4. Which of the following is a function of adrenal cortex hormones?a. Complement the actions of the Sympathetic Nervous Systemb. Affect the activation of Vitamin D in kidneysc. Mobilize fatd. All of the abovee. None of the above

5. Which of the following is FALSE regarding amine hormones?a. First created as inactive hormonesb. Composed of chains of amino acidsc. Synthesized by removing a molecule of CO2

d. A and B onlye. B and C only

6. Which of the following is a steroid hormone?a. Norepinephrineb. Oxytocinc. Cortisold. Melatonin

7. Which of the following classes of neurons is found in the retina of the eye?a. Unipolarb. Bipolarc. Tripolard. Multipolare. None of the above

8. Which of the following is a function of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)? a. Inhibits neurons

b. Regulates blood pressure c. Assists in digestiond. Both A and Be. Both B and C

9. Most of the cells in the Pancreas ________, while a small percent in the Pancreatic Islets _________.a. Produce hormones; generate proteinsb. Produce digestive enzymes; produce hormonesc. Produce digestive enzymes; generate proteinsd. Generate proteins; communicate sensese. Communicate senses; produce digestive enzymes

10. Goiter is caused by the deficiency of which of the following?a. Iodineb. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormonec. Irond. Both A and Be. None of the above

11. Parkinson’s Disease is a result of lack of which neurotransmitter?a. Glutamateb. Endorphinsc. Acetylcholined. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)e. None of the above

12. Which of the following is an effect of the hypersecretion of Human Growth Hormone?a. Gigantism b. Acromegalyc. Increasing chance of Diabetes Mellitusd. A and B onlye. All of the above

13. A common feature of action potentials is that they… a. Cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarizeb. Can undergo temporal and spatial summationc. Are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the thresholdd. Move at the same speed along all axonse. Require the diffusion of Na+ and K+ through ligand-gated channels to propagate

14. The most common class of hormone isa. Aminesb. Peptidesc. Steroidsd. They are all equal in number

15. Which of the following is FALSE regarding water-soluble hormones?a. They are bound to transport proteins

b. They need a Second Messenger in order to act on a target cellc. They are derived from amino acidsd. All of the abovee. None of the above

16. Which of the following conditions stimulates the release of Human Growth Hormone?a. Increased fatty acids and decreased amino acids in bloodb. Decreased fatty acids and increased amino acids in bloodc. Rapid eye movement sleepd. Low levels of thyroid movement

17. Where are neurotransmitter receptors located?a. The myelin sheathb. The nuclear membranec. The postsynaptic membraned. Synaptic vesicle membranese. The Nodes of Ranvier

18. Which of the following is a function of prolactin?a. Dominant in milk production in the mammary glandsb. Stimulate the ejection of milk from the mammary glandsc. Both A and Bd. None of the above

19. All of the following are probable causes of myopia EXCEPT: a. The shape of the eye is elongated from front to backb. Light rays entering the eye focus on a point in front of the retinac. Decreased thickness of the lensd. The cornea is too curved for the length of the eyeballe. All of the above answers are probably causes of myopia

20. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) FALSE?a. An interruption of blood flow to the brain for even 20 seconds may impair brain functionb. Glucose supply to the brain must be continuousc. Neurons in the brain rely almost exclusively on aerobic respiration to produce ATPd. Both A and Be. Both B and C

21. The difference between presbyopia and hyperopia is that: a. Presbyopia is associated with farsightedness while hyperopia is associated with nearsightednessb. Presbyopia is associated with old age while hyperopia can be associated with all agesc. Presbyopia is caused by a loss in elasticity of the lens while hyperopia is caused by an irregular eye

shape. d. Both b and c are acceptable answerse. Both a and c are acceptable answers

22. Hypoglycemia triggers the release of which hormone?a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

b. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormonec. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormoned. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)e. Prolactin-Releasing Hormone

23. Which of the following mechanoreceptors are associated with fine touch?a. Pacinian corpuscles b. Meissner’s corpusclesc. Ruffini’s endings d. Merkel Disks e. Both a and d

24. All of the following are activities controlled by the vagus nerve EXCEPTa. Activation of the cerebral cortexb. Control of the rate of heartbeatc. Smooth muscle contraction in certain blood vesselsd. Regulation of breathing activitiese. All of the above are activities controlled by the vagus nerve

25. List the order of the meninges that protect the brain and spinal cord from internal to externala. Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Materb. Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Dura Materc. Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater, Dura Materd. Pia Mater, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater

26. The fovea is:a. The focus of peripheral vision b. The area of highest concentration of retinal rodsc. A small elevation in the retina in which visual acuity is the highestd. The area of highest concentration of retinal conese. A small depression in the retina in which visual acuity is the lowest

For questions 27-31, match each hormone below with the gland from which it is released

A.) ThyroxineB.) OxytocinC.) InsulinD.) MelatoninE.) Adrenaline

27. Pancreas __________28. Pineal _________ 29. Posterior Pituitary ___________ 30. Adrenal Medulla __________ 31. Thyroid __________

32. A disease that destroys myelin in the spinal cord will directly affect which of the following cells? a. Astrocytes

b. Schwann Cellsc. Microgliad. Oligodendrocytes

33. All of the following are true about the nervous system EXCEPT: a. Dendrites are sensory b. Axons carry an impulse away from the cell bodyc. The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with fight-or-flight d. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord e. The interneuron is located in the spinal cord

34. The vascular tunic is contains which components?a. Choroid, ciliary body, irisb. Choroid, ciliary body, retinac. Ciliary body, retina, pons d. Ciliary body, retina, iris e. Iris, lens, fovea

35. All of the following are functions of the neuroglia EXCEPT: a. Guiding the development of neurons b. Providing physical support for neuronsc. Sending electrical impulses to transmit informationd. Supplying nutrients to neurons

36. The integrative function of the nervous system is directly involved in the a. Monitoring oxygen levels in the bloodb. Making conscious decisionsc. Contracting muscles in the leg d. Touching an object e. More than one of the above

37. Which of the following neurotransmitters is usually excitatory? a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Glycine d. More than one of the above e. None of the above

38. Which of the following will cause an increase in the speed of propagation of an action potential?a. Myelination b. Small axon diameterc. Higher temperaturesd. More than one of the abovee. None of the above

Questions 39-42 involve the EEG below. Match each waveform with the correct part of the diagram

Image adapted from McGill Medicine: http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/biomed_signals/EEG_n.htm

A.) AlphaB.) BetaC.) DeltaD.) Theta

39. _____________

40. _____________

41. _____________

42. _____________

Question 43 pertains to the steps in the signal transmission of a chemical synapse.

I. A nerve impulse arrives at the synaptic end bulb of a presynaptic neuron. II. Increase in concentration of calcium ions, exocytosis of synaptic vesicles III. Depolarization opens voltage-gated calcium ion channels IV. Action potential is triggered in the axon of the postsynaptic neuronV. Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft and bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cleft. VI. Ligand-gated channels open and particular ions can flow across the membrane. VII. Flow of ions causes a change in membrane voltage (postsynaptic potential)

43. Place the steps I-VII in the order in which they occur.a. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VIIb. VII, VI, V, IV, III, II, Ic. I, III, II, V, VI, VII, IV d. I, IV, V, III, II, VII, VI

44. Multiple Sclerosis is a degenerative condition that appears primarily in people ages: a. 20-40 b. 30-60c. 40-50d. 45-65

45. All of the following are true about cerebral palsy EXCEPT:a. 80-90% of cerebral palsy cases are congenital

b. Low birth weight is a risk factor for cerebral palsy c. Acquired CP is often associated with infection such as meningitis d. Children born as a result of fertility treatments are less susceptible to CPe. More than one of the above are untrue

46. Glial cells include which of the following?a. Astrocytesb. Schwann Cells c. Ependymal Cells d. Microglia e. All of the above

47. The cerebellum:a. Is composed mostly of white matterb. Is responsible for language processingc. Coordinates complex skeletal movementsd. Regulates sleep e. Both a and c

48. The main function of the corpus callosum is: a. To form the neural connections between the left and right cerebral hemispheres b. As the attachment point for the pituitary gland c. To regulate the hormonal secretions of the anterior pituitary gland d. To process auditory stimuli e. More than one of the above is correct

49. Which of the following is the relay station for ascending sensory impulses coming from the CNS? a. Ponsb. Medulla Oblongata c. Thalamusd. Hypothalamus e. Broca’s Area

50. Which of the following best describes the order of spinal regions from top to bottom?a. Sacral, thoracic, cervical, lumbarb. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacralc. Sacral, lumbar, thoracic, cervical d. Lumbar, thoracic, sacral, cervical e. Thoracic, lumbar, cervical, sacral

51. The thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from the lumbar and cervical vertebrae because of: a. Increased flexibility b. Thinner intervertebral disks c. Thicker spinal canal d. Both a and b e. Both a and c

52. Bundles of axons generally travel together as:a. Nerve fibers

b. Dendritesc. Neurilemmasd. Microglia

53. Neurons that conduct nerve impulses from receptors to the central nervous system are: a. Motor neuronsb. Efferent neuronsc. Interneurons d. Intersensory neurons e. None of the above

54. The symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus may include all of the following EXCEPT… a. Excessive thirstb. High glucose content of the urinec. Abnormal mineral absorptiond. Frequent urinatione. All of the above are right regarding symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

55. The hormone antagonistic to insulin is… a. Follicle-Stimulating Hormoneb. Glucagonc. Vasopressind. Both A and Be. Both B and C

56. What is the name for the changing of the shapes of lens?a. Consformationb. Morphorationc. Transderivationd. Accommodatione. Desquamation

57. Which of the following is true about the auricle? a. It is a flap of rigid cartilage b. The center of the auricle is called the helixc. It is shaped like the flared end of a trumpetd. It is attached to the head via cartilage e. None of the above are true

58. All of the following are causes of a perforated eardrum EXCEPT: a. Middle ear infectionb. Pressure from a cotton swabc. Loud noisesd. Severe trauma to the heade. All of the above are possible causes of a perforated eardrum

59. Which of the following describes how the parts of the ear work to keep the body in balance?a. The utricle and saccule respond to linear changes in head position

b. Semicircular canals respond to linear changes in head position c. The utricle and saccule respond to rotational changes in head position d. The vestibular system monitors rotational changes while the limbic system monitors linear changes e. None of the above are true

Questions 60-63 pertain to sensory receptors. Match the description to the correct receptor

A.) MechanoreceptorB.) Thermoreceptor C.) Chemoreceptor D.) Nociceptor

60. Stimulated by chemicals released by damaged tissues _________________

61. Taste cells and olfactory cells are classified as this kind of receptor __________

62. Proprioceptors are this kind of receptor ______________

63. Located in the hypothalamus and skin ________________

64. Which of the following is true about taste? a. The brain surveys the overall pattern of incoming impulses and gives a weighted average as the perceived taste b. Taste buds close at a taste pore in response to a stimulationc. The gustatory cortex interprets only sour tastes d. Taste cells are the only sensory receptor that do not contain microvilli

65. Which of the following is true about the mechanism of smell? a. 60% of what is perceived as taste is associated with smellb. Chemoreceptors are located low towards the opening of the nasal cavity c. Each olfactory cell has only one of around 1000 different types of receptor proteinsd. A single odor is composed of only one kind of molecule e. None of the above are true

66. Which of the following is true about the retinaa. It is filled with vitreous humorb. It contains only conesc. The optic nerve is formed from sensory nerve fibers around the retina d. Both a and c e. Both a and b

67. Which of the following best describes the eye when focusing on an object? a. When focusing on a distant object, the ciliary muscle is contracted. b. When focusing on a distant object, the suspensory ligament is relaxed. c. When focusing on a near object, the ciliary muscle is relaxed. d. When focusing on a near object, the suspensory ligament is relaxed. e. Both c and d are true

68. Which of the following is true about the organ of Corti?

a. The tip responds to low pitchesb. The base responds to low pitches. c. The tip responds to high pitches d. The base responds to high pitches e. More than one of the above are true

69. The most common form of color blindness is: a. Red-green color blindness b. Blue-green color blindnessc. Blue-yellow color blindnessd. Purple-gray color blindnesse. Total color blindness

70. Which of the following describes Otitis Media?a. An inflammation of the outer earb. May cause loss of visionc. May cause hearing loss d. An inflammation of the inner ear e. An inflammation of the lens of the eye

Free Response

1. List the 5 types of cells of the anterior pituitary, with at least one hormone each secretes. (10 points)

2. List the steps of the actions of water-soluble hormones and explain why they are different from lipid-soluble hormones. (7 points)

3A. Strokes, also known as Brain Attacks, are the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S. as well as one of the top causes of adult disability. Please list and explain the 2 types of strokes. (4 points)

Questions 3-10 pertain to the following diagram of the brain. Label each part according to its category.

Image sampled from Pearson Education (2011)

3. ________________________________ 4.________________________________

5. ________________________________ 6. ________________________________

7. ________________________________ 8. ________________________________

9. ________________________________ 10. ________________________________

For questions 11-15, label each part of the eye. Then, explain the function of each. (2 points each for a total of 10 points)

Image sampled from: http://healthlifemedia.com/healthy/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Eyes-anatomy.jpeg

11. ____________________________________ 12._______________________________________

Function ____________________________ Function _____________________________

_______________________________________ __________________________________________

________________________________________ ___________________________________________

________________________________________ ___________________________________________

13. ____________________________________ 14._______________________________________

Function ____________________________ Function _____________________________

_______________________________________ __________________________________________

________________________________________ ___________________________________________

________________________________________ ___________________________________________

15. _____________________________________

Function________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Tiebreakers* (0.1 point each)

1. Which sensory distinction is NOT encoded by a difference in neuron identity?a. Spicy and coolb. Loud and Faint

c. Salty and sweetd. White and rede. Red and green

2. What happens when a resting neuron’s membrane depolarizes?a. The equilibrium potential for K+ (Ek) becomes more positiveb. There is a net diffusion of Na+ out of the cellc. The cell’s inside is more negative than the outsided. The neuron’s membrane voltage becomes more positivee. The neuron is less likely to generate an action potential

3. Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?a. The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channelsb. The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axonc. Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one directiond. The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one directione. Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction

4. How many weeks into pregnancy does the cerebrum begin to develop?a. About 6 weeksb. About 13 weeksc. About 19 weeksd. About 28 weekse. About 35 weeks

5. Shortly after ingesting a big plate of carbohydrate-rich pasta, you measure your blood’s hormone levels. What results would you expect, compared to before the meal?

a. High insulin, high glucagonb. Low insulin, high glucagonc. Low insulin, low glucagond. No change in insulin, high glucagone. High insulin, low glucagon

Acknowledgements:Some questions sampled from Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (10th Edition), McGraw Hill Biology E/M SAT subject test (2016), Barron’s Biology E/M SAT Subject Test (2008), Willey Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (14th Edition), Campbell Biology (9th Edition), Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (13th Edition), Barron’s E-Z Anatomy and Physiology, and City College of San Francisco.