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British History Timeline

c. 250,000 BC Swanscombe Man (actually a woman), the oldest known human remains in Britain.c. 26,000 BC Cave-dwelling Upper Paleolithic peoples in Britain.c. 10,000 BC Last Ice Age ends.c. 8300 BC Mesolithic period begins. c. 6500 BC English Channel forms, separating Britain from the mainland. c. 4000 BC Neolithic period begins in Britain, introducing the first agriculture.c. 3000 BC First henge monuments.c. 2600 BC Main phase of construction at Stonehenge begins, replacing earlier wooden and earthen works. c. 2300 BC Arrival of the Beaker People in Britain.c.2300 - Construction begun on Britain's largest stone circle at Avebury.c. 1800 BC Wessex culture brings bronze-working to Britain.c. 1600 BC Last construction at Stonehenge. c. 1400 BC Wessex culture replaced by more agrarian peoples; stone circles and early hillforts produced.c.1200-1000 - Emergence of a warrior class who now begins to take a central role in society. Some believe that these people, also known as the Urnfield civilization, are the "proto-Celts."c. 800 BC Celts bring iron working to Britain; Hallstatt Culture.c.600 - Iron replaces bronze, Iron Age begins; construction of Old Sarum begun.c. 400 BC Parisi tribe from northern France settle in Yorkshire. First brochs constructed.c. 330 BC Pytheas of Massilia circumnavigates Britain.c. 300 BC La Tene artwork introduced from northern France.c. 100 First wave of Belgic invaders settle in the south-east, establishing the Catuvellauni and Trinovantes tribes. First coins introduced.c. 80 BC Second wave of Belgic invaders settle in Sussex, Berkshire, and Hampshire, establishing the Atrebates and Regnenses tribes.55 BC Commius, chieftain of the Atrebates, captured by British after serving as an envoy to Rome. 26 Aug - Caesar lands between Deal and Walmer, wins skirmishes against British, and frees Commius. 31 Aug - Britons in war-chariots defeat the Romans. Romans return to Gaul.54 July - Caesar invades Britain and defeats the Catuvellauni under Cassivellaunus. Sep - Tribute fixed, and peace agreed between the Catevellauni and the Trinovantes, allied with Rome.54 BC-43 AD - Roman influence increase in Britain during this time, result of trade and other. 50 BC Fleeing to Britain after a failed revolt in Gaul, Commius becomes chieftain of Atrebates.34 BC Octavian makes an alliance with the Atrebates and Trinovantes.c. 25 BC Tincommius, leader of the Atrebates, issues Roman-style coinage.AD5 - Rome acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain7 Cunobelin of the Catuvellauni defeats the Trinovantes, and establishes a capitol at Colchester.9 Cunobelin becomes king of the Catuvellauni.39/40 Cunobelin's son Adminius flees to court of Emperor Caligula in Rome. 40 Caligula plans an invasion of Britain but turns back before reaching the coast of Gaul.42 death of Cunobelin, sons Caratacus and Togodumnus expand Catuvellauni territory into Atrebates, driving out king Verica, travels to Rome to appeal Claudius to help him regain his throne.43 May Roman legions invade Britain, landing near Richborough. General Vespasian captures the River Medway and forces Britons back across the Thames. Sep Claudius brings reinforcements and captures Colchester; Britons surrender. Aulus Plautius becomes the first Roman Governor of Britain. Foundation of London.44 Construction of Watling Street, Ermine Street, Stane Street, and Fosse Way begins. Conquest of south-western Britain and Isle of Wight begins. Vespasian captures Dorset hill forts.47 Aulus Plautius is received as a hero in Rome. Roman allies Iceni ordered to surrender weapons by new Governor Ostorius Scapula. Some tribesmen resist and are quickly put down. Prasutagus takes over as king of Iceni at about this time.48 Romans defeat the Deceangli tribes of north-eastern Wales.49 Silures tribes of southern Wales attack the Romans, but are held back by newly constructed forts. Roman citizen-colony is founded at Camulodunum (Colchester).51 Caratacus leads the Ordovices of north-western Wales against the Romans, but is defeated and captured. Foundation of Verulamium (St Albans).52 Governor Aulus Didius Gallus builds a legionary base at Wroxeter. 58 Governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus launches an invasion of Wales.61 Paulinus captures Anglesey, the last stronghold of the druids. Boudicca leads a rebellion, Iceni and Trinovantes burn Colchester, and massacre civilians. Paulinus defeats rebels, but removed from office after an enquiry63 Joseph of Arimathea came to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain.

268 Governor Marcus Vettius Bolanus unsuccessfully attacks the lands of the Brigantes.69 Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes, is overthrown.71 Governor Quintus Petillius Cerialis conquers the Parisii and Brigantes tribes of the north-east.74 Governor Sextus Julius Frontinus completes the conquest of the Silures, and constructs a fort at Caerleon.78 General (later Governor) Gnaeus Julius Agricola completes the conquest of the Ordovices.79 Legionary fortress constructed at Chester; subjugation of north-west completed. Grand opening of civic centre in St Albans.80 Agricola advances to the River Tay, and fortifies Carlisle and Corstopitum.82 Agricola subdues and occupies Galloway.83 Roman army campaigns against the Caledonii tribes of the north; constructs a base at Inchtuthil.84 Battle of Mons Graupius: Romans defeat the Caledonii, and advance to the Moray Firth.85 Agricola recalled to Rome. Construction of Dere Street and Stanegate begins.118 Governor Quintus Pompeius Falco suppresses a revolt by the Brigantes.c. 120 Car Dyke constructed over newly drained East Anglian Fens.122 Emperor Hadrian visits Britain and appoints Aulus Platorius Nepos as Governor. Construction of Hadrian's Wall begins, Construction of London forum completed. 133 Julius Severus, governor of Britain, is sent to Palestine to crush the revolt139 Newly appointed Governor Quintus Lollius Urbicus advances to the Clyde-Forth line, re-constructing Corstopitum as a base.142 Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall.154 Governor Gnaeus Julius Verus suppresses a revolt by the Brigantes. Antonine Wall overrun.155 Fire destroys much of central St Albans. 158 Re-fortification of Hadrian's Wall begins.160 Antonine Wall re-occupied.163 Antonine Wall abandoned. Governor Sextus Calpurnius Agricola re-builds forts along Hadrian's Wall.167 Phagan and Deruvian, said to have been sent by Pope Eleutherius to convert Britons to Christianity. 175 - 5,500 conscripted Sarmatian cavalry stationed in northern Britain.180 Northern tribes breach Hadrian's Wall and ravage the countryside. Governor Ulpius Marcellus launches punitive campaigns to the north.184 - Lucius Artorius Castus, led his troops to Gaul to quell a rebellion. This is first appearance of name, Artorius, and some believe is basis, for Arthurian legend. 185 Marcellus forced to retreat to Hadrian's Wall. Roman army in Britain mutinies. Helvius Pertinax appointed as Governor, and suppresses mutiny.187 Pertinax resigns, after becoming unpopular with the army.192 Clodius Albinus, Governor of Britain, briefly proclaimed Emperor, but instead acquiesces to the rival claim of Septimus Severus.196 Albinus proclaims himself "Augus" and invades Gaul, seeking to overthrow Severus.197 Albinus defeated at the Battle of Lyons in Gaul; Severus appoints Virius Lupus as Governor. Maeatae launch raids against Hadrian's Wall.208 - Severus goes to defend Britain209 Severus and Caracalla lead an expedition against the Caledonii St. Alban, first British martyr, was killed for his faith 210 Caracalla leads an expedition against the rebellious Maeatae tribe.211 Feb 4 Severus dies at York, while preparing another expedition against the northern rebels. Caracalla, now Emperor, abandons territory north of Hadrian's Wall, and returns to Rome.c. 214 Britain divided into two provinces, Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior, with administrative centres at London and York.c. 220 Saxons raid south-east coast; forts built at Reculver and Brancaster.250 First mention on record of the Picts attacking from the north.255 Work begins on a riverside wall in London.259 Rebel leader Latinus Postumus proclaims Britain as part of his "Empire of the Gauls".270 Construction of forts along the Saxon Shore begins in response to increased raiding.273 Stone walls built around St Albans.274 Postumus' Gallic Empire is reabsorbed into the Roman Empire under Aurelian.287 Mausaeus Carausius proclaims himself Emperor.289 Carausius defeats Emperor Maximian in a naval battle.293 Finance minister Allectus murders Carausius and seizes power; employs Frankish mercenaries.296 Julius Constantius defeats Britons near Silchester, killing Allectus297 Re-building of forts near Hadrian's Wall begins. Constantius returns to Gaul.301 Emperor Diocletian fixes the prices of British woollen goods and beer.306 July 25 Emperor Constantius Chlorus dies at York, after campaigning against the Picts. Constantine (later to be known as "the Great") was proclaimed Emperor at York.314 Reforms of Diocletian, dividing Britain into four provinces and separating military and civilian government. Establishment of initial Christian hierarchy in Britain. Three British bishops attend the Council of Arles.343 Jan - Emperor Constans visits Britain

3353 Byzantine Emperor Constantius II punishes British supporters of Magnentius, and suppresses paganism.355 Julian the Apostate placed in charge of Britain and Gaul.359 Julian makes Britain main granary for western Roman army.360 Picts and Irish attack northern frontier.367 Great Conspiracy: raids by Picts, Irish, Saxons. Hadrian's Wall abandoned and commander Fullofaudes captured or killed.368 Count Theodosius arrives in Britain with task-force.369 Theodosius defeats invaders, builds new watchtowers from Filey to Huntcliff, re-fortifies northern frontier.382 Magnus Maximus defeats the Picts and Scots.383 Maximus usurps control of the Empire397 Saint Ninian converts the region around Galloway to Christianity. Stilicho, comes to Britain and repels an attack by Picts, Irish and Saxons.401 Stilicho withdraws troops from Britain, and abandons forts on the Yorkshire coast.402 Last issue of Roman coinage in Britain.403 Victricius, Bishop of Rouen, visited Britain over the Pelagian heresy.405 Niall of the Nine Hostages leads Irish raids along the south coast.406 Roman army in Britain decided to mutiny. 407 Army in Britain proclaims Constantine III as Emperor.408 With both Roman legions withdrawn, Britain endures devastating attacks by the Picts, Scots and Saxons.409 Army rebels against Constantine. Saxons raid Britain.410 Honorius recalls the last legions from Britain. Britain gains "independence" 411 Capture, at Arles, of Constatine, last Emperor of Britain. He was executed at Ravenna soon afterward.420 Pelagian heresy outlawed in Romec.420 Death of Coel Hen, probably the last Roman Dux Brittanniarum. 421 Death of King Gradlon Mawr of Brittany. Probable division of Brittany into sub-kingdoms of Cornouaille and Domnonée.425 Vortigern usurps Imperial power in Britain, possibly as High-King.c.425-50 King Conomor flourishes in Dumnonia, probably from his capital at Castle Dore. 428 Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain. 429 Pope sends Saint Germanus to Britain, who defeats the Pelagians in public debate.c.430 Vortigern allows Anglo-Saxon mercenaries to settle on Thanet.433 Britons call the Angles to come and help them as mercenaries against the Picts. c.434 St. Patrick is captured by pirates and taken to Ireland as a slave. 435 -Tibatto leads Armorican movement for independence from Roman Gaul. 437 Ambrosius Aurelianus leader of Pro-Roman faction in Britain (traditionally returning from exile in Brittany). Vortigern's apparent relative, Vitalinus (Guitolinus), fights against Ambrosius at the Battle of Wallop. c.440 St. Patrick escapes from his captors and returns to Britain. c.440-50 Civil War and famine in Britain443 Death of King Constantine Corneu of Dumnonia. His kingdom was divided between his two sons as Dumnonia and Cerniw.446 "Groans of the Britons": Britons appeal (possibly to Consul Aetius) for Roman army to come back.c.446 Vortigern authorizes the use of Saxon mercenaries.447 Saint Germanus returns to Britain, and exiles the Pelagians.c.447 Britons, aroused to heroic effort, "inflicted a massacre" on their enemiesc.448 Civil war and plague ravage Britain.c.450 Coming of the Saxons. welcomed by Vortigernc.452 Increasing Saxon settlement in Britain. .c.453 Raids on British towns and cities becoming more frequent. Increasing Saxon unrest. 455 Battle of Aylesford: Hengest and Horsa defeat Vortigern, although Horsa dies in the battle. c.456 St. Patrick goes to Ireland. 457 Battle of Crayford: Hengest & Æsc defeat the Britons, driving them from Kent. c.458-60 Full-scale migration of British aristos and city-dwellers across Channel to Armorica, in north-western Gaul. 458 Saxon uprising in full-swing. Hengest finally conquers Kent, in south-eastern Britain. c.459 Vortigern is burnt to death while being besieged by Ambrosius Aurelianus at Ganarew. c.460-70 Ambrosius Aurelianus of pro-Roman faction takes full control of Britain464 Supposed death of the legendary King Aldrien of Brittany.466 Battle of Wippedesfleot: Hengest and Æsc again defeat an army of the Britons. c.469 Roman emperor, Anthemius, appeals to Britons for military help against the Visigoths. 473 Hengest and Æsc fight against the Britons, driving Britons back477 Ælle lands at Selsey, and founds the Kingdom of Sussex. c.485-96 Period of Arthur's "twelve battles" during which he gains reputation for invincibility.485 Ælle fights against the Britons near the margin of Mearcræd's stream.

4486 Aelle and sons engaged by Britons at B. of Mercredesburne.491 Ælle and his son Cissa besiege Pevensey, and kill all the Britons there. 493 Death of St. Patrick, in Glastonbury according to local legend. Down Patrick seems more likely.495 Cerdic, later the first King of Wessex, lands at Southampton.c.500 B. of Mons Badonicus Angles colonise the North Sea and Humber coastal areas, particularly around Holderness.501 Port and his sons, Bieda and Mægla, arrive at what is now Portsmouth. 508 King Cerdic of Wessex defeats British king, Nudd-Lludd (Natanleod), at the Battle of Netley. c.510 B. of Llongborth, King Gerren Llyngesoc of Dumnonia, killed.c.515 Death of Aelle. Kingdom of Sussex passed to his son, Cissa519 Cerdic founds the Kingdom of Wessex.527 Foundation of the Kingdom of Essex.536 The climate changes of 535–536 likely caused a great famine and decline in population. 537 B/ of Camlann, between the forces of Arthur and Mordred. 545 Death of the joint-Kings Budic II and his son Hoel I Mawr of Brittany. 546 St. Gildas returns to Brittany with St. Cadog.547 Angles under Ida conquer a Celtic area called Bryneich, founding the Kingdom of Bernicia.c.548 King Cono-Mark of Cerniw, Poher and Domnonée marries Princess Triphine of Broërec.549 A great plague causes much population loss. 550 Gildas completes his post-Roman history On the Destruction of Britain.552 King Cynric of Wessex lays siege to the British at Old Sarum and put them to flight.556 King Cynric of Wessex lays siege to the British at Barbury Castle and is victorious.558 Broërec is attacked by King Childebert of the Franks. King Canao II leads resistance.560 Angles conquer eastern Yorkshire and the British kingdom of Ebrauc, and establish the Kingdom of Deira.569 St. David holds the Synod of Victoria to denounce the Pelagian heresy once more.570 Death of St. Gildas.c.570-75 Northern British Alliance between kingdoms of North Rheged, Strathclyde, Bryneich and Elmet. They fight the Northumbrians at the Battles of Gwen Ystrad and the Cells of Berwyn571 Foundation of East Anglia. B. of Bedcanford: Cuthwulf captures Limbury, Aylesbury, Benson, and Eynsham. 577 Battle of Dyrham: Ceawlin of Wessex captures Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, expanding to the west. 584 Battle of Fethanleag: Ceawlin and Cutha fight against the Britons. 585 Foundation of the Kingdom of Mercia.585 Death of King Alain I of Brittany.586 Death of King Rhun Hir of Gwynedd. Death of King Judwal of Domnonée.588 King Edwin of Deira is ousted by Bernicians and seeks refuge at the court of King Iago of Gwynedd.589 Death of Saint and King Constantine of Dumnonia. Death of St. David, Archbishop of St. Davids.590 Elmet joins an alliance of Celtic kingdoms against expanding Angles of Bernicia. Urien of Rheged murdered. 597 St. Augine leads papal mission to Britain, converts Kent, becomes first Bishop of Canterbury.600 Battle of Catterick: Northumbria defeats an invasion by a combined force from Wales and Lothian.601 Bishopric of Canterbury is raised to an Archbishopric.604 The first Bishop of London and Bishop of Rochester are consecrated; King Ethelbert of Kent founds Saint Paul's Cathedral. King Ethelfrith unites Bernicia and Deira to create the Kingdom of Northumbria. 606 Death of King Pybba of Mercia. He is succeeded by his kinsman, Ceorl.611 Death of King Ceolwulf of Wessex. He is succeeded by his nephew, Cynegils. 613 King Aethelfrith of Bernicia invades Gwynedd in order to route out his old enemy, King Edwin of Deira. 614 King Cynegils & his son, Prince Cwichelm, of Wessex invade Dumnonia and defeat the local army 614 Cynegils and Cwichelm fight on the same side at Beandun, defeating the Welsh. 616 Battle of Chester: King Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats Powys. Battle of the River Idle: King Rædwald of East Anglia kills Ethelfrith of Northumbria, and conquers Elmet.617-32 Supremacy of Edwin of Northumberland618 Raedwald's son. Eorpwald, takes the East Anglian throne from his uncle, King Eni.619 Death of Archbishop Laurence of Canterbury.626-55 Supremacy of Penda of Mercia626 Death of King Ceorl of Mercia. He is succeeded by Penda, son of his predecessor. 627 Paulinus first Bishop of York, and converts Northumbria and Lindsey.628 Battle of Cirencester: King Penda of Mercia defeats Wessex and captures lands along the River Severn.629 St. Paulinus meets Blecca, the Praefectus Civitatis of Lincoln, and converts him to Christianity.630 West Saxons invade Gwent. King Meurig defeats them at the Battle of Pont-y-Saeson.c.630 King Penda of Mercia besieges Exeter631 Saint Felix and Saint Fursey convert East Anglia to Christianity.632 Oct 12- B. of Hatfield Chase: Gwynedd and Mercia attack, defeat Northumbria;

5 West Saxons cross into Wales and defeat King Idris of Meirionydd on the Severn.633 Battle of Heavenfield: Northumbria expels the Gwynedd army. 634 Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne.635 King Penda of Mercia attacks his rivals in East Anglia. Saint Birinus begins the conversion of Wessex to Christianity.638 King Oswald of Northumbria captures Edinburgh.642 Aug 5 Battle of Maserfield: King Penda of Mercia kills Oswald of Northumbria and divides his realm.643 Widsith, the earliest surviving example of English heroic prose, is composed.645 King Cenwalh of Wessex flees to Court of King Anna of East Anglia. Penda overruns Wessex.652 Penda's Mercian army invades Bernicia and besieges King Oswiu at Bamburgh. Cenwalh of Wessex wins b. Bradford-on-Avon. 653 Saint Cedd begins the conversion of Mercia and Essex to Christianity.c.653 Aethelwald of Deira rejects his uncle's overlordship and turns to Penda of Mercia instead mounts another attack of Bernicia. 654 King Penda of Mercia and his armies invade East Anglia and kill King Anna.655-58 Supremacy of Oswy of Northumberland655 Nov 15 Battle of Winwaed: King Oswiu of Bernicia kills King Penda of Mercia657 Mercia regains its independence. Saint Hilda founds Whitby Abbey.658 Battle of Peonnum: King Cenwalh of Wessex conquers Dorset and Somerset660 King Sigeberht II of Essex is murdered by his brothers,660 First Bishop of Winchester consecrated.661 King Cenwalh of Wessex invades Dumnonia. He is victorious at the Battle of Posburyc.662 King Swithelm of Essex is converted to Christianity664 Supremacies of Oswy of Northumberland and Wulfhere of Mercia664 Synod of Whitby settles disputes between the Roman and Celtic Churches.669 Theodore of Tarsus enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury First Bishop of Lichfield consecrated.c.669 King Ecgbert I of Kent loses the overlordship of Surrey to King Wulhere of Mercia.672 King Ecgfrith of Northumbria defeats the Picts. Sep 26 Synod of Hertford gives the Archbishop of Canterbury authority over whole of English Church.674 Construction of Ripon Minster, in the Italian style, begins. Benedict Biscop founds Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey. Queen Seaxburh of Wessex is removed from power King Wulfhere of Mercia leads an army against King Ecgfrith of Northumbria, but is defeated676 First Bishop of Hereford consecrated.676 Southern Picts rebellion defeated by Angles677 Saint Wilfrid, the Bishop of York, expelled from Northumbria after resisting re-organisation of the Church.678 Battle of the River Trent: Mercia defeats Northumbrian invasion.680 St Wilfrid converts last Saxon pagan realm, Kingdom of Sussex, to Christianity. First Bishop of Worcester consecrated.681 Centwine pursues the Britons to the sea.684 Saint Cuthbert becomes Bishop of Hexham. King Ecgfrith of Northumbria campaigns in Ireland.685 May 20 Battle of Dunnichen Moss: Picts kill Ecgfrith, ending Saxon rule north of the River Forth. King Cædwalla of Wessex takes control of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and the Isle of Wight.687 King Mul of Kent and twelve companions are burnt to death during a Kentish uprising688 Cædwalla baptised in Rome, but dies shortly after. Succeeded by Ine. Re-foundation of Glastonbury Abbey.690 King Oswine of Kent is toppled by Wihtred the brother of the late King Eadric of Ken691 Saint Wilfrid exiled again, to Mercia.694 King Ine of Wessex writes a new code of laws.698 Creation of the Lindisfarne Gospels begins.705 Saint Wilfrid re-instated as Bishop of Ripon. Bede completes his first chronological work.710 Picts unsuccessfully invade Northumbria. 711 Dux Berhtfrith leads a Northumbrian campaign against the Picts and defeats them in Manau Gododdin. 713 Death of King Eadwulf of East Anglia. He is succeeded by his brother, Aelfwald.715 Kings Ine of Wessex and Coelred of Mercia clash at the Battle of Wodensbarrow716-57 Supremacy of Ethelbald of Mercia718 Death of King Coenred of Northumbria. The throne is seized by one, Osric722 King Ine of Wessex fails to conquer Cornwall725 Death of King Nunna of Sussex. The exiled Prince Ealdberht, seeks sanctuary in Sussex. Ine attacks the South Saxons and kills Ealdberht. Death of King Wihtred of Kent. kingdom divided between three sons: Aethelbert II as overking, King Eadbert in West Kent and Alric who dies soon afterward.

6726 Abdication of King Ine of Wessex. succeeded by his brother-in-lawAethelheardc.729 Northumbrians sign a peace treaty with the Picts. 730 Northumbria annexes Rheged. 731 Bede completes his Ecclesiastical History of the English.735 Bishopric of York upgraded to an Archbishopric; Ecgbert becomes the first Archbishop.736 King Ethelbald of Mercia describes himself as "King of Britain".737 King Ceolwulf of Northumbria abdicates in favour of his cousin, Eadberht, 738 Death of King Swaefbert of Essex. He is succeeded by Saelred740 Death of Aethelheard of Wessex succeeded by a distant kinsman, Cuthred. King Eadberht of Northumbria marches his army north to attack the Picts. King Aethelbald of Mercia takes advantage of his absence and ravages Southern Northumbria. Internal struggles re-emerge in Northumbria with the murder of Earnwine, son of the late usurping King Eadwulf. c.740 Death of King Mildfrith of Magonset. He is replaced by a Mercian Ealdorman. King Aethelbald of Mercia takes control of Berkshire from Wessex. 743 Kings Aethelbald of Mercia and Ceolred of Wessex join forces to attack Gwent and Powys. St. Wihtburh, youngest daughter of the late King Anna of East Anglia, dies at East Dereham Abbey and is buried there. c.744 Construction of Wat's Dyke. The border between Mercia and Powys is set there. 746 Death of King Saelred of Essex. He is succeeded by Swithred, grandson of the late King Sigeheard. 747 First Council of Clofeshoh reforms the Church.748 Death of King Eadbert of West Kent. He is succeeded by his sons, Eadbert and Eardwulf. 749 Edict of Gumley: Church freed from its economic obligations to the King of Mercia. Death of Aelfwald of East Anglia succeeded by Hun, Beorna and Alberht. Relationship unknown. Beorna emerges as dominant. King Aethelbald of Mercia calls the Synod of Gumley and agrees to exempt monasteries from Royal service. 750 King Eadberht of Northumbria invades the Kingdom of Strathclyde, capturing Kyle.752 Battle of Beorhford: Wessex defeats Mercia.756 King Eadberht captures Dumbarton, capitol of Strathclyde.757-86 Supremacy of Offa of Mercia757 Wat's Dyke constructed.758 King Eadberht of Northumbria abdicates in favour of his son, Oswulf. c.758 King Cynewulf of Wessex retakes Berkshire from the Mercians. 759 King Oswulf of Northumbria is murdered 760 Battle of Hereford: Battle between Mercia and the Welsh; Dyfnwal ap Tewdwr dies.761 King Aethelwald Moll of Northumbria faces a rebellion under Oswine. Battle of Eildon. 762 Death of King Aethelbert II of Kent. His nephew, King Eadbert of West Kent,764 Offa conquers Kent.771 Offa conquers Sussex.774 Offa first uses the title "King of the English".776 Battle of Otford: Kent expels the Mercians.778 Offa raids Dyfed. King Aethelred I ordering the execution of three of his Duces. 779 Offa, King of Mercia, becomes "King of All England". Offa defeats Cynewulf of Wessex at Battle of Bensington 784 Offa raids Wales. Construction of Offa's Dyke begins.786 Papal legates hold councils in Mercia and Northumbria. Mercia regains control of Kent.787 Offa issues the first silver penny. Offa has his son consecrated as King788 At Offa's urging, the Pope upgrades the Bishopric of Lichfield to an Archbishopric.789 Charlemagne establishes a trade embargo on the English790 King Aethelred I returns to Northumbria, captures King Osred II,c.790 Offa of Mercia takes control of East Anglia. 793 June 8 Vikings raid Lindisfarne.794 Vikings raid Jarrow.796 Kent rebels against Mercia again. Offa raids Dyfed. Battle of Rhuddlan. 26 July Offa dies; Wessex regains its independence. 798 Kentish rebellion suppressed.801 Northumbrian invasion of Mercia fails.802-39 Supremacy of Egbert of Wessex.803 Council of Clofeshoh abolishes the Archbishopric of Lichfield.c.812 King Sigered of Essex is reduced to the rank of Dux by his Mercian overlords. 815 Egbert of Wessex conquers Cornwall. 816 Saxons invade the mountains of Eryri and the kingdom of Rhufoniog.

7818 King Cenwulf of Mercia devastates Dyfed. 821 Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury, submits to Cenwulf of Mercia in a dispute over Church lands.822 Mercian army destroys the fortress of Degannwy and takes control of Powys. 823 A fight of Welsh/Britons [against] Devon-men at Galford825 B. of Ellendun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Mercians, ending the Mercian Supremacy.829-839 Egbert of Wessex King829 Egbert of Wessex temporarily conquers Mercia.830 Nennius completes his Historia Brittonum.835 Vikings raid Sheppey.836 Wessex is defeated by invading Vikings at the Battle of Carhampton. 838 Battle of Hingston Down: Egbert of Wessex defeats combined Danish and Cornish armies.839-858 Aethelwulf King of Wessex841 Death of King Eanred of Northumbria. He is succeeded by his son as King Aethelred II.842 Vikings raid London, Rochester, and Southampton.851 Kentish ships defeat the Danes off Sandwich in the first recorded naval battle in English history. Battle of Oakley: King Ethelwulf of Wessex defeats the Danes. Danes over-winter in England for the first time, at Thanet.852 Saint Swithun becomes Bishop of Winchester.852 Death of King Beorhtwulf of Mercia. He is succeeded by his kinsman, Burghred.853 Mercia and Wessex attack Powys. King Ethelwulf sends his son Alfred to the papal court in Rome.855 Death of King Aethelweard of East Anglia.858-860 Aethelbald King of Wessex860-866 Aethelbert King of Wessex865. Danish invasion force lands in East Anglia.866-871 Aethelred King of Wessex866 Nov Danes capture York.867 Danes defeat Northumbrians and install a puppet ruler.869 Nov 20 Battle of Hoxne: Danes defeat East Anglians, killing King Edmund the Martyr.870 Edmund of East Anglia is captured by Ivarr the Boneless and Ubbe Ragnarson Ivarr's brother, Halfdan Wide-Embrace moves the Viking army to Wessex via the Thames and takes Reading Vikings clash with Ealdorman Aethlewulf of Berkshire at the Battle of Englefield. The invaders are driven back to Reading and besieged by King Aethelred I and his brother, Alfred. Ealdorman Aethelwulf is killed in the fighting. The Danes are victorious and drive the English into the marshes. 871-99 Alfred the Great871 Jan - Battle of Ashdown: Ethelred defeats the Danes. 'Great Summer Army' April 23 Ethelred dies; succeeded by his brother Alfred the Great Alfred fights the Danes at the Battle of Wilton and defeated. 872 Alfred buys a peace with Vikings and they remove the 'Great Heathen Army' from Reading to London. Death of King Ecgberht I of Northumbria. Vikings install one Ricsige in his place. 873 The 'Great Heathen Army' of Vikings returns to York from where they attack Mercia. They capture the Royal capital at Repton and spend the winter there. 874 From Repton Vikings drive King Burgred of Mercia into exile, install puppet Ceolwulf, as sub-King 875 'The Great Heathen Army' divided. Halfdan & Uppsala takes a contingent back to York 'Great Summer Army' moves on ambridge under Guthrum, Oscetel and Anund. Alfred fights them in a Naval engagement. 876 Vikings take Wareham under Guthrum, and Alfred forced to buy peace once more. The invaders retreat to Exeter. Danes capture southern Northumbria, and found the Kingdom of York.877 Saxons kill Rhodri the Great and his son Gwriad. Danes capture Exeter, and settle in the Five Boroughs.878 Jan - Danes capture Chippenham, and take control of much of Wessex. Easter - Alfred constructs a fort at Athelney, and holds out against the Danes. 11 May - Battle of Edington: Alfred defeats the Danes. Guthrum baptised. Danes take control of East Anglia. Princes of southern Wales acknowledge Alfred as their overlord.879 Death of sub-King Aethelred of East Anglia Guthrum takes the throne. Alfred begins to build a large mobile army and naval fleet, establishes defensive burghs around the country. Death of Ceolwulf II of Mercia. Aethelred II king of the Mercians. 884 Aethelred II of Mercians marries Princess Aethelflaed, daughter of Alfred, accepts Wessex overlordship885 Alfred summons Asser, to English Court. Vikings attack Rochester but are beaten back by King Alfred. 886 Alfred restores London to Mercia. Alred signs a treaty with Guthrum, granting the territory between the Thames and the Tees to the Danes; later known as Danelaw.892 Danes invade again, under the leadership of Hastein. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle first compiled.893 B. of Buttington Island: Alfred joins with Welsh forces to push back Danes to Chester.

8 Asser writes the Life of Alfred.894 Danish forces reach the Thames estuary.895 Alfred blockades the Danish fleet at the River Lea; Danes retreat to Bridgnorth.896 Danish army leaves Wessex.899 Oct 26 King Alfred dies899-924 Edward the Elder King of Wessex902 Irish Norsemen, expelled from Dublin, establish colonies on The Wirral.903 Danes attack Mercia and Wessex905 Norse settler, Ingimund, and his men revolt against the Mercians and try to take the city of Chester. They are beaten off. 909 Death of Bishop Asser of Sherborne. 910–920 Edward the Elder, King of Wessex, and Ethelfleda, King of Mercia, conquer most of the Danelaw. 910 Aug 5 Battle of Tettenhall: Edward the Elder, King of Wessex defeats a Viking army.911 Edward transfers London and Oxford from Mercia to Wessex.913 King Edward the Elder of England recaptures Essex from the Danes. 914 Ealdred I of Bamburgh persuades King Constantine II of Alba to invade Norse controlled Bernicia Vikings defeat the Scots at the First Battle of Corbridge. 915 First Battle of Corbridge Viking victory over the Anglo-Saxons. King Edward occupies Bedford.917 King Edward captures Derby and seizes control of East Anglia. All Danes south of the Humber submit to his rule.918 King Ethelfleda of Mercia dies; Edward the Elder takes control of his kingdom. Welsh princes pay homage to Edward. Second Battle of Corbridge. 919 Ragnall ua Ímair seizes control of the Kingdom of York.920 Norse Vikings under Sihtric attack Cheshire. Constantine II of Scotland, and the kings of Strathclyde, York, and Northumbria acknowledge Edward the Elder as their overlord.c. 923 Athelm enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. 924 July 17 Edward the Elder dies and is succeeded by Athelstan as King of Wessex.924-940 Athelstan King of Wessex926 Athelstan annexes Northumbria, and forces the kings of Wales, Strathclyde, the Picts, and the Scots to submit to him c. 926 Wulfhelm enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. 927 King Athelstan of Wessex unites the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy into the Kingdom of England. July 12 Kings of Scotland and Strathclyde acknowledge Athelstan as their overlord.928 King Athelstan defeats the Welsh, and sets the border of Wales at the River Wye. King Athelstan subdues the Cornish, and sets the border of Cornwall at the River Tamar.931 Athelstan holds the first Council of All England, at Colchester.934 Athelstan invades Scotland, reaching as far as Caithness.935 Athelstan mints the first coins proclaiming himself to be "King of All Britain".937 Battle of Brunanburh: King Athelstan defeats the Scots, Vikings, and Strathclyde Welsh.939 Failed expedition to support King Louis IV of France against the Germans.940-946 Edmund the Magnificent King of Wessex940 King Edmund cedes Northumbria and the Five Boroughs to Olaf Guthfrithson. Saint Dunstan becomes abbot of Glastonbury and initiates monastic reform and revival. King Edmund summons Dunstan to his court where he becomes a favourite. 941 Oda the Severe enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. Olaf Guthfrithson dies; Olaf Sihtricsson becomes King of York.942 King Edmund re-captures the Five Boroughs.944 King Edmund takes York from the Vikings.945 King Edmund invades Strathclyde, and grants Cumbria to King Malcolm I of Scotland.946 May 26 King Edmund murdered946-955 Eadred King of Wessex947 Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York invites the Viking leader Eric Bloodaxe to become King of York.948 King Edred expels Eric Bloodaxe from Northumbria. King Malcolm I of Scotland raids Northumbria.949 Olaf Sihtricsson returns as King of York.952 Eric Bloodaxe reconquers York. King Edred imprisons Wulfstan of York.954 Eric Bloodaxe dies allowing King Edred to recover York.955-959 Eadwig (Edwy) All-Fair King956 Dunstan exiled after quarreling with King Edwy.957 Dunstan re-founds abbeys at Bath, Exeter, Malmesbury, and Westminster. Mercia and Northumbria rebel, choosing Edgar of England as King.959-975 Edgar the Peaceable King of England959 Aelfsige enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury but dies en route to Rome. Birthelm enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. Oct 1 King Edy dies and is succeeded by his brother Edgar of England. Edgar overturns the appointment of Birthelm as Archbishop of Canterbury. Dunstan enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.

9961 Saint Oswald becomes Bishop of Worcester; establishes or re-founds abbeys at Ramsey, Evesham, Pershore, and Winchcombe.963 King Edgar grants legal autonomy to the Danelaw. Saint Ethelwold becomes Bishop of Winchester; re-founds abbeys at Ely and Peterborough.c. 970 Regularis Concordia produced at Winchester. 971 July 15 Planned removal of body of Saint Swithun during re-building of Winchester Cathedral delayed by 40 days due to rain. Kenneth II of Scotland raids England, reaching as far as Yorkshire.973 May 11 Coronation of King Edgar at Bath. Edgar sails to Chester, and receives homage from the rulers of Alba, Strathclyde, Wales, and the Kingdom of the Isles.975-978 Edward the Martyr King978 Mar 18 Edward murdered by servants of stepmother Ælfthryth978-1016 Æthelred II (Ethelred the Unready) 980 Vikings begin a new wave of raids on England.981 Danish raids on Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall begin, and continue for a further seven years.988 Æthelgar enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. c.988 Manx Vikings, under King Godfred I, ravage Anglesey. 990 Sigeric the Serious enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. 991 March 1 Ethelred signs a treaty with Duke Richard I of Normandy, by which each agrees not to aid the others enemies. Aug Norse invasion force sacks Ipswich. Aug 10 Battle of Maldon: Danes defeat the English army. The first Danegeld, of £10,000, is paid to the Danes in return for their leaving England.992 Aethelred makes a truce with Duke Richard I of Normandy. 993 Danes raid Northumbria.994 Norse and Danish armies under Olaf Trygvesson ravage the south-east, but fail to capture London. £16,000 of Danegeld paid. Olaf II of Norway is baptised at Andover, and swears not to return to England.995 Ælfric of Abingdon enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury. 997 King Ethelred issues a law code at Wantage, defining legal position in Danelaw and introducing trial by jury. Ælfric of Eynsham completes the English Lives of Saints.998 Danes raid southern and western coasts.999 Danes raid Kent, attacking Rochester.1000 English fleet invades Isle of Man. English invasion of Cumbria fails. Heroic poem The Battle of Maldon composed.1003 Sweyn and an army of Norsemen land in England and wreak a terrible vengeance. 1007 Aethelred buys two years' peace from the Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver. Uhtred, son of Ealdorman Waltheof I of Northumbria, is appointed to his father's old position. 1012 Danes sack Canterbury: bought off for 48,000 pounds of silver. 1013 King Sweyn Forkbeard of Denmark lands in England and is proclaimed king; Aethelred II the Unready flees to Normandy. c.1013 Archbishop Lyfing probably restores Canterbury Cathedral, adding porticus towers and a massive 'westwerk'. 1014 English recall Aethelred II the Unready as King on death of King Sweyn Forkbeard; Canute (II), retreats to Denmark and turns his attention to annexing Norway. 1015 King Canute II of Denmark & Norway again invades England; war between Danes and Saxons. 1016 Edmund II (Ironside) 1016–1042 Danish rule 1016 Edmund Ironside and King Canute meet on the Isle of Alney near Deerhurst and agree to divide the kingdom: Canute holds the north and Edmund Wessex; Edmund is assassinated Canute takes the throne as King Canute the Great of England. 1016-1035 King Canute the Great of England1017 Canute the Great divides England into four earldoms. 1019 Canute the Great marries the Dowager-Queen Emma, widow of Aethelred II. 1026 Canute the Great's steward, Orc, founds Abbotsbury Abbey. 1027 Canute's pilgrimage to Rome1034 Death of King Malcolm II of Scotland, Duncan I accedes to the Scottish throne 1035-1040 Harold I Harefoot, King of England1035 William the Bastard became Duke of Normandy at the age of only seven years old1040-1042 Harthacnut King of England1042-1066 Edward the Confessor King1051 Earl Godwin exiled (until 1052): he returns with a fleet and wins back his power. 1051 William said that King Edward had promised that William should succeed him as king of England.1052 Married Matilda of Flanders. William and Matilda had six daughters and four sons1053 Death of Godwin: his son Harold succeeds him as Earl of Wessex. begins programme of building work at Waltham Abbey. 1055 Harold's brother Tostig becomes Earl of Northumbria. 1063 Harold and Tostig subdue Wales. 1064 Harold is shipwrecked in Normandy; while there, he swears a solemn oath to support William of Normandy's claim to England. 1065 Northumbria rebels against Tostig, who is exiled

10

1066–1154 Norman period1066-1087 William the Conqueror 21 years 1066 Jan 4 Death of Edward the Confessor Jan 6 Harold Earl of Wessex crowned King of England April Halley's Comet May Sandwich attacked and occupied by Tostig Spring Norman mission to Rome to seek Papal support for the Norman Invasion June Tostig degeated by Earl Edwin and Lindsea militia July William prepares his fleet for the English invasion at the River Dives in Normandy Aug Harold disbanded militia and dispersed fleet Sep 18 Hardrada and Tostig land at Riccall Sep 20 Battle of Gate Fulford - Vikings defeat the English led by Morcar Sep 21 Harold marches his army from South Coast of England to York to defend England against Vikings Sep 25 Stamford Bridge Battle - King Harold defeats Harald Hadrada and the Vikings at York Sep 27 Duke William sets sail for England - The Norman Invasion begins Sep 28 Duke William lands at Pevensey, on the South coast of England. The Norman Invasion Sep 29 Duke William occupies Hastings, on the South coast of England Oct 1 Harold , celebrating his victory over the Vikings at York, receives news of the Norman invasion Oct 1 Harold marches his army back from the North of England to the South of England to defend against the Norman Invasion! Oct 6 King Harold arrives in London Oct English Army prepare their defences at Senlac Oct 13 Negotiations between the Normans and Saxons Oct 14 Battle of Hastings. Dec 25 William is crowned King of England in Westminster Abbey in London1067 Quashed a rebellion led by King Harold's mother Gytha1068 King William exacted a terrible punishment on the rebels in the North of England referred to as 'The Harrying of the North' Matilda is crowned Queen of England1071 Quashed a rebellion led by Hereward the Wake1073 Building of Norman castles in England including the Tower of London1086 Work commences on the Domesday Book 1087 Sep 9 Death of William the Conqueror 1087-1100 William Rufus King of England 13 years 1088 The English Rebel against William Rufus but he quashes the rebellion in July 10881089 Lanfranc dies1093 Death of Malcolm III of Scotland in battle against the English 1095 Robert Mowbray's Rebellion. Mowbray was a Norman Baron.1099 Ranulf Flambard was made Bishop of Durham1099 July 15 First Crusade take Jerusalem 1100 Aug 2 Death of William II 1100-1135 Henry I King of England 35 years 1100 Aug 5 Henry Crowned at Westminster1100 Nov 11 He married Edith, the daughter of Malcolm Greathead, King of Scotland. 1101 July, Treaty of Alton. 1106 Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son and brother to Henry I, led a rebellion against Henry but was defeated1114 Jan Matilda, the daughter of Henry I is married to Emperor Henry V1118 May 1 Queen Maude died at the Palace of Westminster1119 Stephen married Queen Matilda of Boulogne (1105 - 1152)1120 Nov 25 Sinking of White Ship - William Adelin, the son of King Henry I died1121 Jan 29 King Henry I, Beauclerc, married Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey I of Leuven, there were no children from this marriage1125 Matilda, was briefly married to the German Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor but he died in 11251125 Matilda returns to Normandy1126 Dec Henry holds a council at Woodstock1127 Jan King Henry I forced the Barons to swear allegiance to Matilda1128 Matilda marries Geoffrey of Anjou 1134 Robert Curthose, William's eldest son and brother to Henry I, died in captivity in Cardiff Castle1135–1148 The Anarchy 1135 Dec 1 Death of Henry I1135 Dec 22 Stephen seizes the throne of England1135-1154 Stephen King of England 19 years1136 The civil war between Stephen and Matilda begins1138 Aug 22 Battle of the Standard - Stephan defeats David of Scotland

111139 Sep 30 Matilda arrives in England and her greatest supporter was Robert Earl of Gloucester, 1141 Feb 2 Stephen captured at the Battle of Lincoln April Matilda was claimed Queen of England June Matilda entered London for her coronation but had no support in London and was forced to flee city. Sep 14 Rout of Winchester. Stephen's imprisonment was ended when he was exchanged for the Earl of Gloucester1142 Matilda continued plotting against Stephen with the aid of Geoffrey de Mandeville1142 Oxford captured and burnt by Stephen1143 Sep Stephen arrested Geoffrey de Mandeville taking his lands and making him an outlaw1145 King Stephen captured the castle at Farringdon from Matilda1147 Robert, Earl of Gloucester died and Matilda gave up her fight for England, conceded throne to Stephen1147 Matilda left England for Normandy and spent the rest of her life in a convent1147 The eldest son of Matilda, Henry, attempted to invade England but he failed1149 May 22 Henry was knighted at Carlisle by David, King of the Scots.1149 Henry again attempted to invade England but he was driven back to Normandy by Stephen1150 Henry was given the title of Duke of Normandy by his father.1151 War in Normandy - King Louis VII of France declared war. 1152 May 18 Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine1153 Henry again invaded England and Stephen forced to agree that Henry should be heir to the throne1153 Eustace the son of Stephen was furious and continued the fight but he died suddenly on Aug 171154–1399 The Plantagenets 1154 Oct 25, Stephen died in Dover1154 Nov 6 Treaty of Wallingford..1154-1189 Henry II 35 years 1154 Dec 19 Henry crowned1154 Grand Master of Knights Templar, André de Montbard, superintended Masons in England and built their Temple in London1154 Thomas Becket was appointed as Chancellor of England. Beckett and Henry became good friends1155 Conquest of Ireland begins 1161 Thomas Becket was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury1163 July Council at Woodstock: King Henry II and Becket argue over the control of payments to Sheriffs. 1163 Oct - Council of Westminster: Henry put forward plans to reduce the power of the Church1164 Constitutions of Clarendon, a set of laws which governs the trial of members of the Church in England 1164 Oct meeting at Northampton: King Henry planned to accuse Becket of being a traitor1164 November: Becket left England and went into exile in France. Henry confiscated all his property.1168 Richard was invested with the duchy of Aquitaine1169 Jan 6 Henry II, King Louis VII of France and Thomas Becket met at Montmirail. 1169 Start of English expansion in Ireland1170 Richard de Hastings, the Master of the English Templars, attempted to reconcile King Henry II and Thomas Becket Jul 22: Becket and Henry meet at Freteval Dec 1: Becket returned to Canterbury and excommunicated Henry Henry went into a fit of temper where he raved and ranted against Becket asking why no one would rid him of Becket Dec 29: The four knights killed Becket 1171 Jan 1 King Henry is told of the murder of Becket1172 Richard was invested with the duchy of Poitiers1173 Feb 21 Thomas Becket was canonised by Pope Alexander III English Barons rebel against King Henry. Henry argues with all of his sons Henry begins his notorious affair with Rosamund Clifford - 'Fair Rosamund'. Henry (the Young King), Geoffrey joined Richard in Paris in an effort to rise up against their father King Henry orders the arrest of his wife and Eleanor was treated as a prisoner for the next 15 years, 1174 July 7 Whipping of Henry II: 1179 Richard took fortress town of Taillebourg in just two weeks 1179 Richard argued with his brothers and joined his father King Henry II 1183 June: Henry the Young King died of dysentery and Richard became heir to the throne of England1186 July: Geoffrey, son of Henry II dies in a tournament1187 The capture of Jerusalem by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt1187 Nov Richard takes the Cross1189 John was married to Avisa, but the marriage was annulled1189 July 6 Death of Henry II 1189-1199 Richard the Lionhearted 10 years 1189 Queen Eleanor was freed from prison and was to reign until Richard arrived from France1189 Sep 3 Richard was crowned in Westminster Abbey1189 Dec 11 Richard began planning his Crusade by selling mansions and castles1189 King Richard gives John the titles of Count of Mortain and Lord of Ireland

121189 Richard names Arthur of Brittany ( the eldest son of his brother Geoffrey) as heir to the English throne1190 Richard appoints Hugh, Bishop of Durham, and William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex, as regents. 1190 July 4 Richard embarks on the Third Crusade first stopping at Sicily1190 Richard's brother John, furious at his brother's choice of regents starts to plot against Richard1190 - 1194 John attempts to overthrow William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely and take the throne of England. During this period the legend of Robin Hood is started1191 May 6: Richard sails to Cyprus1191 May 12: Married Queen Berengaria of Navarre 1191 June 1: Richard gains control of Cypress1191 Jun 6 Richard arrived at Tyre and attacked Acre1191 July 11: Richard gains control of Tyre1191 July: Richard recovers the city of Acre from the Saracens1191 - 1192 King Richard remained for longer in the Holy Land than the other leaders. 1192 Sep 2 Richard and Saladin finally concluded a truce1192 King Richard on his return from the Holy Land was shipwrecked off the coast of the Adriatic1192 Dec Richard is captured by Duke Leopold of Austria whilst returning from the Crusades 1194 Feb 4 The ransom was paid and Richard was finally released1194 During his absence, John had come close to seizing the throne but Richard forgave him, and even named him as his heir1199 Apr 6 - Death of Richard I 1199-1216 King John 17 years 1199 May 27 The coronation of King John 1200 Aug 24 King John married Isabelle of Angouleme 1202 April 28: John was declared a rebel and forfeits the lands of Aquitaine, Poitou and Anjou to King Philippe1202–14 Anglo-French War 1203 April 3: John was involved in the murder of Arthur1203 Aug -1204 March 8 Siege of Château Gaillard loss of Normandy1205 John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III1208-13 Interdict laid on England and Wales. 1209 King John excommunicated by Pope Innocent III 1211 John quashes a Welsh rebellion1212 King John imposes taxes on Barons in his attempts to regain the lost lands of Aquitaine, Poitou and Anjou1213 May 30-31 Battle of Damme English victory1214 July 27 Defeat at Battle of Bouvines: King John was forced to accept an unfavourable peace with France1215 June 15, Magna Carta1215 - 1217 First Barons War: The rebel barons support the son of the king of France, Prince Louis1216 May 21, Louis invades England and marches to London, John escapes to Winchester June 14 Louis captures Winchester and then conquers over half the kingdom July 25 Siege of Dover Castle: Louis fails to capture the castle Oct 19, King John dies at Newark and is was buried in Worcester Cathedral Oct 28, The barons turn against Louis and give their support to the nine year old son of John 1216-1272 King Henry III 56 years1216–1219 William Marshal Regent1219–1227 Hubert de Burgh is Regent1225 Great Charter, Magna Carta reissued1227 King Henry took control of England and removed Hubert de Burgh from power1230 Henry campaigns in France1234 The English barons rebelled against King Henry 1236 Henry married Eleanor of Provence1237 Border between Scotland and England established by the Treaty of York 1242 Henry campaigns in France1247 Treary of Woodstock1256 Welsh revolt: Llewelyn ap Gruffydd rebelled against English control.1257 King Henry and his son Edward quash the Welsh rebellion1258 Provisions of Oxford1259 Dec 4 Treaty of Paris 1262 Henry obtained a papal bull exempting him from his agreements made at the Provisions of Oxford leading to Civil War1263 Scotland defeats Norway at the Battle of Largs 1264 - 1265 Second Barons War 1264 May 14 Simon de Montfort leads rebel English barons to defeat Henry III at the Battle of Lewes 1265 Battle of Evesham: Simon de Montfort is defeated and power restored to King Henry1266 Scotland and Norway sign Treaty of Perth Scottish control of Western Isles is acknowledged 1267 Treaty of Montgomery

131272 Nov 16 King Henry III died1272-1307 King Edward I Longshanks 35 years 1274 Aug 19 The coronation of Edward I1277 England annexes Wales a state of affairs which lasted until 1283 1278 Edward commissioned building of four major castles in Wales - Flint, Rhuddlan, Builth and Aberystwyth1279 Statute of Mortmain 1282 English conquest of Wales 1282 Edward commissioned building of Caernarfon, Conwy, Harlech and Beaumaris castles in Wales 1284 Prince Edward was the first English prince to hold the title of the Prince of Wales1284 The Statute of Rhuddlan: Wales became incorporated into England1290 Queen Eleanor died and King Edward was distraught. 1290 Jews expelled from England1292 John Balliol was crowned King of Scotland at Scone1296–1357 Scottish Wars of Independence 1296 March 30 Capture of Berwick by Edward I April: Balliol renounced his homage to Edward. Edward retaliated by invading and sacking Berwick. Apr 27 Battle of Dunbar followed and Edinburgh Castle was captured. July 10 John de Balliol, King of Scots abdicated Stone of Scone: King Edward had the sacred Stone of Scone, removed to London Scottish Rebellion and William Wallace ( now known as Braveheart ) led the Scots.1297 Feb Salibury Parliment1297 Battle of Stirling Bridge - William Wallace and the Scots defeat the English1298 July 22 Battle of Falkirk : William Wallace was defeated by King Edward. 1299 Sep: King Edward married Marguerite of France daughter of King Philippe III of France (Phillip the Bold)1300 King Edward I chose Piers Gaveston as a suitable companion to Prince Edward1305 William Wallace was tried and executed in London. The Scots were still not subdued1306 March 25 Robert the Bruce rebelled and crowned king of Scotland.1307 Jul 7 Edward I (Longshanks) died.1307-1327 King Edward II 20 years 1308 Jan 25: King Edward II married Isabella of France 1311 The power of the decadent King was curbed by the Barons and the Parliamnet1312 English barons, headed by the king's cousin Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, went to war against King Edward II and Piers Gaveston1312 June 19 Piers Gaveston was murdered.1314 Robert the Bruce was laying siege to Stirling Castle1314 June Edward led an army into Scotland to relieve Stirling Castle1314 June 24: Battle of Bannockburn. King Edward II was defeated by Robert the Bruce 1315-1317 Famine in Britain and Europe1318 Hugh the younger Despenser replaced the role of Piers Gaveston. Edward gave him the title of the Earl of Gloucester1321 Parliament, led by Thomas of Lancaster, had Hugh le Despenser and his son banished.1322 War with the Barons: Edward recalled the Despensers from exile, and defeated Lancaster at Boroughbridge.1322 - 1327 The Despensers effectively ruled England1323 Aug 1 Mortimer escaped from Tower of London1325 Queen Isabella went to France to negotiate a solution to the disputes. Her eldest son, Edward of Windsor accompanied her.1325 Queen Isabella formed a liaison with Roger Mortimer 1326 Sep 4 Isabella landed in Essex accompanied by Roger Mortimer and her son Edward1326 Oct 2 : King Edward fled from London who supported Isabella1326 Nov 16: King Edward was and imprisoned in Monmouth Castle1327-1377 King Edward III 50 years 1327 Jan Edward III usurps the English throne1327 Feb 1 The coronation of Prince Edward1327 April 3: The deposed Edward was imprisoned in Berkeley Castle1327 Sep 21 King Edward II killed1328 England recognises Scotland's independence in the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton 1330 Edward seized control of English court, overthrowing Mortimer, who was executed, and removing Queen Isabella from power.1333 Battle of Halidon Hill: King Edward III defeated the Scots1337–1453 Hundred Years War with France 1338 Edward III claims the throne of France, Start of the Hundred Years' War 1340 Jan 26: Edward had a claim to the French throne and declared himself king of France1346-1347 Edward III campaign in Northern France1346 July 12 Edward III lands in France St. Vaast1346 July 26 Caen sacked1346 Aug 26 Battle of Crecy

141347 Aug 4 Calais captured1347 Sep 28 A truce is signed 1348-1349 Black Death first arrives in England and ultimately kills c. one third of the population 1349 Edward forms the Order of the Garter1350 Jan 2 Calais retaken by French1351 Parliament passes Statute of Ordinance1355 Black Prince campaigns in south France1356 Battle of Poitiers: Black Prince led England to the great victory at the Battle of Poitiers1358 Jacquerie rebellion in France1360 The Treaty of Bretigny: English were given a three million crown ransom for the release of the captured French king, John II1362 Piers Plowman published1366 Parliment refuses to pay feudal tribute to the Pope1367The Black Prince campaigns in Castile1369 Queen Philippa died 1369 King Edward took Alice Perrers as his mistress1376 June 8: Edward, the Black Prince died. 1376 The "Good Parliament": Parliament criticized Edward's councilors,1377-1399 King Richard II 22 years1380 Henry married Mary de Bohun; they had two daughters and four sons.1381 Peasants' Revolt1386 The Wonderful Parliament1387 Dec 19 Battle of Radcot Bridge, Lords Appellant defeat Richard II1388 The Merciless Parliament1392 Great Act of Praemunire 1396 Twenty eight year truce concluded with France1398 King Richard II banished Henry Bolingbroke to France1399 Feb 3 John Gaunt died1399 July 4 Henry Bolingbroke landed in Yorkshire with an army provided by the King of France1399 King Richard was captured, forced to abdicate 1399-1471 House of Lancaster1399-1413 King Henry IV 14 years 1400 Feb 14 King Richard II died - believed murdered in Pontefract Castle1400 Henry quashed the Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndwr who had declared himself Prince of Wales 1403 Feb 7, Henry IV married Joanna of Navarre (c. 1370-1437) - They had no children1403 July 21 Battle of Shrewsbury 1405 King Henry IV suffered from an unnamed illness - some believe leprosy, and suffered recurring illnesses up to his death1410 The health of King Henry IV was so bad that his son, Prince Hal, took over many of his kingly duties1413 March 20 Death of Henry IV 1413-1422 King Henry V 9 years 1415 Southampton Plot1415 Aug 13 King Henry V crosses channel1415 Oct 25 Battle of Agincourt1419 An English army under Henry V captured the duchy of Normandy.1420 May 21 Charles VI of France signed Treaty of Troyes.1420 June 2, Henry married Catherine of Valois, the daughter of King Charles VI1420 Dec 1 Henry V, King of England and de facto ruler of France, entered Paris.1422 Aug 31 Henry V died 1422-1461King Henry VI 39 years1423 Sep 23 English nobles swore loyalty to the young Henry VI.1429 April 29 Siege of Orleans: Joan of Arc gains victory over the English1429 Nov 6, Coronation of Henry VI1429 Catherine of Valois secretly married a Welsh courtier called Owen Tudor after the death of King Henry V1430 May 23 Joan of Arc was captured by the English1431 Jan 9 The trial of Joan of Arc started at Rouen1431 May 30 The execution of Joan of Arc who was burnt at the stake1431 December 16, Henry was proclaimed King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on December 16, 14311437 His mother, Catherine of Valois, died and Henry took power of England1445 April 23, Henry VI married Margaret of Anjou1453 King Henry VI had a mental breakdown1450 Duchy of Aquitaine and Normandy were lost, Calais England's only remaining territory in France1450 Jack Cade led a rebellion in Kent. 1454 Edward of Westminster was invested as Prince of Wales

151454 Richard, Duke of York was named regent as Protector of the Realm1455–1485 Wars of the Roses 1455 King Henry VI made a temporary recovery form his illness and his strong wife drove Richard, Duke of York from court 1455 May 22 First Battle of St Albans was the start of Civil war in England called the Wars of the Roses1460 July 10 Battle of Northampton1460 Henry VI again suffered a bout of madness and Richard Duke of York was again appointed Regent1460 Oct Act of Accord: Richard1460 Battle of Wakefield: Richard defeated by the Lancastrian army. Richard was killed in the battle.1461-1485 House of York1461-1470 Edward IV First Reign 9 years1461 March 4: Edward of York was declared King Edward IV in London1465 Henry VI imprisoned by Edward IV1466 Warwick's quarrels with Edward IV begin; forms alliance with Louis XI1468 Last great acquisition of territory by Scotland when Orkney and Shetland come under Scottish control 1470 Warwick turns Lancastrian 1470 French support an English invasion led by Margaret, Warwick and Clarence.1470 King Edward IV was forced to flee 1470-1471 Henry VI Second Reign 1 year1470 Oct 3 Readeption of Henry VI1470 Dec Prince Edward was married to Anne Neville1471 March: King Edward IV lands with an invasion force in England1471 April 14 Battle of Barnet 1471-1483 Edward IV Second Reign 12 years1471 May 4 Battle of Tewkesbury 1471 May: Queen Margaret and her daughter-in-law, Anne Neville, are taken as prisoners 1471 May 22, death of King Henry VI at the Tower of London. 1472 July 12 Richard married Anne Neville 1475 Edward IV invades France; Peace of Piequigny between England and France1476 King Edward IV started his affair with Jane Shore, his most famous mistress1478 Feb 18 Edward's brother, the Duke of Clarence, imprisoned in the Tower of London for treason. 1482 Richard recaptured Berwick-upon-Tweed from the Scots1483 April 9 Death of Edward IV, Edward V accedes throne. 1483Edward V Deposed and Murdered1483 June 25 Parliament declared the two little princes illegitimate1483 June 26 Richard, Duke of Gloucester was declared King Richard III1483-1485King Richard III 2 years1483 July 6 Richard was crowned at Westminster Abbey.1484 March 16 Anne Neville, the wife of King Richard III died of tuberculosis1484 April 9 Edward of Middleham, only son of King Richard III of England died suddenly, cause unknown1484 Caxton prints Morte D'Arthur, 1485–1603 Tudor period 1485 Aug 22 B. of Bosworth Field 1485-1509 Henry VII 24 years 1486 Henry VII (Tudor) married Elizabeth of York uniting houses of York and Lancaster. 1487 B. of Stoke is fought between Henry VII and Lambert Simnel a Yorkist claimant to the throne. Last battle of Wars of the Roses 1496 Henry VII joins the Holy League; commercial treaty between England and Netherlands.1502 Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, marries James IV of Scotland. 1509-1547 Henry VIII 38 years 1513 B. of Flodden Field (fought at Flodden Edge, Northumberland) Scots defeated by English under James IV of Scotland is killed.1515 Thomas Wolsey, Archbisop of York, is made Lord Chancellor of England and Cardinal1517 Protestant Reformation begins; Martin Luther nails his "95 Theses" 1519 Charles V elected Holy Roman Emperor1520 Field of Cloth of Gold: Francois I meets Henry VIII but fails to gain support against Emperor Charles V1521 Lutheran writings begin to circulate in England. 1521 Henry VIII receives the title "Defender of the Faith" from Pope Leo X for his opposition to Luther1525 Henry VIII seeks an annulment of his marriage, which is refused. 1526 Cardinal Wolsey orders the burning of Lutheran books. 1529 - Henry VIII dismisses Wolsey for failing to obtain his divorce. Thomas More appointed Chancellor; Henry VIII summons "Reformation Parliament" and declares himself head of English church. 1530 Thomas Wolsey dies1532 English Reformation begins 1532 Sir Thomas More resigns over the question of Henry VIII's divorce

161533 Jan 25 Henry marries Anne Boleyn June 1 Anne Boleyn's Coronation July 1 Henry VIII is excommunicated Sep 7 Elizabeth is born Sep 10 Elizabeth is given a magnificent christening at Greenwich Nov 25 Henry Fitzroy, Henry VIII's illegitimate son, married Mary Howard 1534 March 16 Final severance of England from Rome Act of Supremacy passed May 11 Henry VIII makes peace with Scotland Sep 25 Pope Clement VII dies. Pope Paul III succeeds1535 June 6 Thomas More is executed, aged 57. 1536 Jan 7 Death of Catherine of Aragon Jan 29 Anne Boleyn gives birth to a still-born son May 19 Execution of Anne Boleyn May 30 Henry marries Jane Seymour July 1 Both Mary and Elizabeth are declared illegitimate by Parliament July 12 Erasmus dies in Freiburg, aged 69 July 22 Death of Henry Fitzroy Oct 6 William Tyndale is condemned for heresy Oct 1 Lincolnshire Rising Oct 13 Pilgrimage of Grace Dissolution of the monasteries Union of England and Wales1537 Jan Bigod's Rebellion Oct 12 The birth of Prince Edward, the "boy King" Edward VI Oct 15 Edward VI is christened Oct 24 Death of Jane Seymour, Edward's mother1538 James V of Scotland marries the French Mary of Guise. Execution of Henry Pole1539 Treaty of Toledo, ends conflict between Francis I and Charles V Dissolution of Glastonbury Abbey; buildings torched and looted by king's men; Abbot Richard Whiting is executed by hanging atop Glastonbury Tor.1540 Jan 6 Henry marries Anne of Cleves. The marriage is soon annulled July 28 Henry VIII marries Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's cousin. Thomas Cromwell is executed1541 Henry VIII assumes title of King of Ireland, and "Head of the Church in Ireland" Oct 18 Death of Henry VIII's sister, Margaret Tudor Nov 9 Katherine Howard is sent to the Tower of London1542 Feb 13 Catherine Howard is executed on charges of adultery Nov 25 Battle of Soloway: English victory over invading Scottish Army Dec 8 Birth of Mary, soon to be Mary, Queen of Scots Dec 14 James V of Scotland dies1543 Jul 1 England and Scotland signed the peace of Greenwich. July 12 Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr Nov 20 Hans Holbein dies Alliance between Henry and Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) against Scotland and France Mary, Queen of Scots, goes to live in France First burning of Protestants by the Spanish Inquisition1544 War with France. Treaty of Crespy-en-Valois, ending two year conflict between Charles V and Francis I1545 Council of Trent opens Henry VIII's flag ship, The Mary Rose, sinks just off the coast of Portsmouth1546 Feb 18 Martin Luther dies June 7 Peace of Ardres, ending two years of conflict between Henry VIII and Francis I1547 Jan 28 The death of Henry VIII, aged 55. Feb 20 Edward is crowned King of England age of only nine. 1547-1553 Edward VI 6 years Duke of Somerset, becomes protector of England March 3 Francis I dies aged 521548 Sep 5 Katherine Parr dies1549 March 20 Execution of Thomas Seymour, Edward Seymour's brother, for treason. War with France. Kett's rebellion Act of Uniformity Prayer Book rebellion in south-west England 1550 Treaty of Boulogne

17 June 4 Robert Dudley married Amy Robsart. Princess Elizabeth was among the guests Fall of Duke of Somerset:; Duke of Northumberland succeeds as Protector1551 Renewal of war between France and Charles V Archbishop Cranmer publishes Forty-two Articles of religion1552 Jan 22 Execution of Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset1553 Act Against Sectaries May 21 The arranged marriage of Lady Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley took place July 6 Death Edward VI July 10 Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen her reign lasts nine day July 20 Mary Tudor proclaimed Queen Aug 3 Mary rode in triumph into London, her half -sister Elizabeth with her1553-1558 Mary 5 years Oct 30 Coronation of Mary I Restoration of Roman Catholic bishops in England1554 Thomas Wyatt's rebellion Feb 12 Execution of Lady Jane Grey and her husband Guildford Dudley March 18 Elizabeth is sent to the Tower for supposed complicity with Wyatt and his followers April 11 Execution of Sir Thomas Wyatt May 19 Elizabeth is taken from the Tower to be closely confined at Woodstock Manor, Oxfordshire July 25 Queen Mary marries Philip II1555 England returns to Roman Catholicism The famous burning of Protestants by Mary I Elizabeth is released from Woodstock after a year's captivity, and allowed to return to Hatfield March 23 Pope Julius III dies April 30 Pope Marcellus dies, aged 52, succeeded by Pope Paul IV Oct 16 Bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley are burned at the stake at Oxford Oct 25 Charles V hands over his imperial position to his brother Ferdinand, and his sovereignty of Netherlands to his son, Philip1556 March 21 Archbishop Thomas Cranmer is burned at the stake1557 July 7 Mary Tudor declares war on France in support of her husband Aug 10 Battle of St Quintin: Spanish and English troops in alliance defeat the French1558 Jan 7 England's last dominion in France, Calais, is lost to the French April 24 Mary Queen of Scots marries Francis, heir to the French throne Sep 21 Charles V dies, aged 581558-1603 Elizabeth I 45years Nov 17 Queen Mary dies. Elizabeth becomes Queen Repeal of Catholic legislation in England Dec 14 Mary I is buried at Westminster1559 Jan 15 Coronation of Elizabeth I April 3 Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis which brings peace with France May 2 John Knox returns to Scotland May 8 Elizabeth's Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity are passed May 10 Knox incites Scottish Lords of Congregation to rise against regency of Mary Queen of Scots mother. June 20 Henry II is seriously injured in a jousting tournament July 10 Henry II dies. His son, Francis, becomes King. Mary Queen of Scots declares herself Queen of England Aug 18 Pope Paul IV dies aged 83 Oct 21 Scottish Lords depose Mary of Guise Dec 18 Elizabeth I sends aid to the Scottish Lords by land and sea1560 July 6 Peace with Scotland in Treaty of Edinburgh. Sep 8 Robert Dudley's wife, Amy Dudley (or Robsart as she is also known) is found dead in mysterious circumstances1561 Aug 19 Mary, Queen of Scots returns to Scotland, O'Neill's rebellion in Ireland1562 March 1 Duc de Guise orders a massacre of Huguenots at Vassay, begins wars of religion in France May 26 Shane O' Neill leads a second rebellion in Ireland Sep 22 Elizabeth signs the Treaty of Hampton Court, which gives assistance to the French Huguenots Oct Elizabeth is seriously ill with small pox John Hawkins begins English slave trade1563 Thirty Nine Articles are issued, which define the Anglican faith. John Foxe's "Acts and Monuments" or as it is better known, "Book of Martyrs," is published. Plague in London1564 Apr 11 Peace of Troyes England renounces claim to Calais, French pay 222,000 crowns1565 July 29 Mary Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley Ashley, Elizabeth's old governess, dies. Sir John Hawkins introduces Tobacco to England1566 March 9 The murder of David Rizzio by Darnley and his friends

18 June 19 James VI (and later I of England) is born Nov 10 Robert Devereux, the future Earl of Essex1567 Feb 10 Darnley is murdered at Kirk O Field, Scotland April 24 Mary Queen of Scots is "abducted" by James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell May 15 Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, after his marriage is annulled June 2 Shane O Neill, Earl of Tyrone, is assassinated July 24 Mary is forced to abdicate. Mary's son, James, is proclaimed King of Scotland Sep 29 Huguenot conspiracy of Meaux to capture Charles IX provokes the second phase of the wars of religion in France Oct 6 Margaret of Parma resigns regency of the Netherlands. Duke of Alva takes complete command1568 March 23 Treaty of Longjumean ends second phase of French wars of religion May 2 Mary Queen of Scots escapes from Lochleven May 16 Mary takes refuge in England. But her relief is short lived, as she is imprisoned May 23 William of Orange defeats a Spanish at Heiligerlee, beginning of the Revolt of the Netherlands Sep 30 Eric XIV is depose as he has shown signs of mental illness, and replaced by his brother John III Elizabeth seizes the treasure of a Spanish fleet driven into Plymouth1569 Nov 9 Northern Rebellion against Elizabeth breaks out1570 Jan 23 James Stewart, Earl of Moray assassinated Feb 20 Northern Rebellion finally defeated completely Feb 25 Elizabeth is excommunicated by the Pope. (The Papal Bull) Aug 8 Peace of Germain-en-Laye ends the third period of the French wars of religion Potato is introduced to Europe from Spanish America1571 Act Prohibiting Papal Bulls from Rome, Treasons Act 1571 Jan 23 Royal exchange is opened Ridolfi plot to assassinate Elizabeth1572 Jan 16 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for conspiracy in the Ridolfi Plot June 2 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk executed for treason Aug 22-24 Massacre of St Bartholomew's1573 Walsingham principal secretary for Elizabeth I. He founded espionage network to protect queen and served her until 1590. 1575 Nov 14 Elizabeth refuses the sovereignty of the Netherlands Elizabeth visits Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, at Kenilworth, amidst spectacular entertainments1576 May 6 Peace of Monsieur ends fifth phase of the French wars of religion Oct 12 Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II dies, aged 49, and is succeeded by his son, Rudolf1577 Alliance between England and Netherlands Aug 17 Peace of Bergerac ends the sixth phase of the French Wars of Religion Dec 13 Sir Francis Drake sets out on the first English voyage around the world (to 1580)1578 March 12 James VI takes over reigns of government in Scotland, the Earl of Morton resigning the Regency Aug 4 Sebastian I of Portugal is killed in a battle in north-west Africa. He is succeeded by Cardinal Henry Oct 1 Don John of Austria dies of fever1579 Rebellion in Ireland, Simier comes to England in an attempt to negotiate a marriage between Elizabeth and Alencon1580 June 5 Proclamation to restrict the growth of London Aug 25 Philip of Spain invades Portugal, defeat the Portuguese army, and Philip is proclaimed King of Portugal as Philip I Sep 26 Drake enters Plymouth Harbor after having circumnavigated the globe Nov 26 Peace of Fleix ends seventh phase of the French wars of religion Jesuit missionaries arrive in England1581 April 4 Francis Drake is knighted Francis, Duke of Alencon, himself comes to England to further the negotioations for the Queen's hand in marriage Nov 7-11 Marriage treaty is signed between Elizabeth and Alencon Dec 1 English Jesuit Edmund Campion is executed1582 Aug 22 James VI is captured by the English party while out hunting, and kept in captivity until June 1583, 5 Oct - Gregorian Calendar is adopted by Catholic countries, and the 5 of Oct becomes the 15th Plague in London1583 Irish rebellion is defeated Dec 20 John Somerville is executed for a plot to assassinate Elizabeth1584 July 10 Francis Throgmorton is executed for conspiracy for a Spanish invasion of England Bond of association is formed, subjects of Queen pledge allegiance to her, and promise to avenge her murder if it takes place Sir Walter Raleigh sales to Virginia, Roanoake settlement The Spanish Ambassador, Mendoza, is expelled from England1585 June 7 First English colony in America is established at Roanoke Island, Virginia June 29 Elizabeth again refuses sovereignty of the Netherlands Aug 14 Elizabeth issues a declaration that she is taking the Netherlands under her protection Sep 3 Treaty of Nonsuch English expedition to Netherlands

191586 Expedition of Francis Drake to West Indies July 1 Treaty of Berwick, in which Elizabeth I and James VI forma league of amity July 17 Babington plot to assassinate Elizabeth and place Mary of Scots, on the throne is revealed by Francis Walsingham Sep 20 Anthony Babington and fellow conspirators are executed Sep 22 The battle of Zutphen Oct 11-14 The trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, for her supposed complicity in the Babington plot Oct 17 Sir Philip Sidney dies of wounds received in the battle Oct 25 Sentence is pronounced against Mary Queen of Scots1587 Feb 1 Elizabeth signs the death warrant of Mary, Queen of Scots Feb 8 Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots at Fotheringay April 19 English attack Spanish fleet triumphantly at Cadiz Aug 18 First English child to be born in North America, Virginia Dare, is born on Roanoke Island1588 Aug 8 Defeat of the Spanish Armada Sep 4 Death of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester1589 Jan 5 Death of Catherine de Medici April 13 Francis Drake and Sir John Norris lead a campaign to Portugal July 31 Henry III of France is murdered1590 April 6 Death of Sir Francis Walsingham1591 Essex leads English expedition to Brittany in an attempt to aid Henry IV Nov 20 Death of Sir Christopher Hatton Trinity College is founded by Queen Elizabeth1592 Plague in London, Rose Theater is opened1593 Act Against Papists 1593 Plague in London June 1 Christopher Marlowe is killed Theaters are temporarily closed1594 Beginning of a series of bad harvests, Cardinal William Allen dies, Frobisher dies1595 Feb 2 Execution of English Jesuit, Robert Southwell Raleigh's voyage to Guiana July 23 Spanish land in Cornwall and burn Penzance and Mousehole1596 Jul 1 An English fleet sacked Cadiz, Spain. Death of Sir Francis Drake1597 Irish rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone (finally put down 1601) Unsuccessful expedition against the Spanish under the leadership of Essex Second Spanish Armada is defeated by bad weather1598 April 15 Henry IV of France issues the Edict of Nantes which tolerates Protestants Aug 4 Death of William Cecil Aug 14 Irish forces defeat the English at the Yellow Ford on the Blackwater River Sep 13 Deaths of Philip II of Spain . Succeeded by his son Philip III End of the French Civil War Publication of Love's Labour's Lost, the first play published under Shakespeare's name1599 Expedition to France led by Essex, Essex made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and sent there. He returns without Queen's consent and imprisoned Death of Edward Spencer1599 Sep 21 Globe Theater had its first recorded performance. 1600 English East India Company is founded Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex tried for misdemeanors after his return from ireland and sentenced to lose his offices at court Aug 5 Gowrie Conspiracy in Scotland - James VI is seized by Lord Gowrie, but later rescued1601 Elizabethan Poor Law charges parishes with providing for needy Jan 7-8 Essex Revolt against the Queen Feb 19 Essex is tried for treason Feb 25 Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, is executed Nov 20 Queen Elizabeth delivers her "Golden Speech" A force of 3,000 Spaniards arrive in Ireland to aid the Irish rebellion1602 English Fleet capture Portuguese treasure ship, Epidemic of small pox1603-1649 House of Stuart1603-1625 James I 22 years 1603 March 24 Death of Elizabeth I. James I becomes king, Union of Crowns of England and Scotland Jul 17 Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) was arrested, incarcerated in the Tower of London for 13 years Plague in England 1604 Hampton Court Conference 1605 Nov 5 Gunpowder plot

201607 Parliament rejects proposals for union between England and Scotland; May 13 Jamestown founded1609 Plantation of Ulster begins1610 Hudson Bay discovered1611 King James Bible is completed; English and Scottish Protestant colonists settle in Ulster1614 James I dissolves the "Addled Parliament" which has failed to pass any legislation1617 Jan 6 Pocahontas, attended a court masque with King James I and Queen Anne.1618-1648 Thirty Years' War1618 Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh 1620 Sep 16 Pilgrims sailed from England on the Mayflower Expansion into America begin1622 James I dissolves Parliament for asserting its right to debate foreign affairs1624 Alliance between James I and France; Parliament votes for war against Spain; Virginia becomes crown colony Settlement of Barbados1625-1649 Charles I 24 years1625 March 27 Death of James VI of Scotland/James I of England Charles I marries Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII of France; dissolves Parliament which fails to vote him money1626 Parliament dismiss Villiers, 1st Duke Buckingham from command of English forces in Europe Charles, furious, dismisses Parliament. 1628 Charles recalls Parliament John Felton murders George Villiers in Portsmouth. Petition of Right; Charles I forced to accept Parliament's statement of civil rights in return for finances1629 Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules personally until 16401630 England makes peace with France and Spain1633 William Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. 1637 Charles attempts to impose Anglican services on Presbyterian Church of Scotland1639 - 1640 War between England and Scotland, the Bishops' Wars 1640 Charles recalls Parliament to raise funds: this was Short Parliament, promptly dismissed by Charles Oct 26 Charles forced to sign the Treaty of Ripon. Nov Charles again summons Parliament; this was the Long Parliament. 1641 Triennial Act requires Parliament to be summoned every three years; Star Chamber and High Commission abolished by Parliament; Catholics in Ireland revolt; some 30,000 Protestants massacred; I Dec Grand Remonstrance is presented to the King. 1642 Charles I fails in attempt to arrest five members of Parliament Feb 23 Henrietta Maria goes to the Netherlands with Princess Mary and the crown jewels. June 2 Nineteen Propositions rejectedEnglish Civil War 1642-60 July Charles I of England besieges the city of Kingston upon Hull in order to secure its arsenal. Aug 22 Charles I of England raises his standard at Nottingham and the war commences Sep 23 Battle of Powick Bridge. Oct 23 Battle of Edgehill Nov 12 Battle of Brentford. Nov 13 Battle of Turnham Green 1643 Solemn League and Covenant is signed by Parliament Jan 19 Battle of Braddock Down March 19 Battle of Hopton Heath March 30 Battle of Seacroft Moor May 16 Battle of Stratton June 18 Battle of Chalgrove Field John Hampden killed in the skirmish June 30 Battle of Adwalton Moor July 5 Battle of Lansdowne (or Lansdown) fought near Bath. July 13 Battle of Roundway Down fought near Devizes Sep 20 First Battle of Newbury Oct 11 Battle of Winceby 1644 Scots marched South and joined Parliament's army threatening York. Jan 26 Battle of Nantwich March 29 Battle of Cheriton June 29 Battle of Cropredy Bridge July 2 Battle of Marston Moor Oct 27 Second Battle of Newbury Sep 13 Second Battle of Aberdeen

211645 Formation of Cromwell's New Model Army May 9 Battle of Auldearn June 16 Battle of Naseby July 2 Battle of Alford Aug 15 Battle of Kilsyth Sep 13 Battle of Philiphaugh Sep 24 Battle of Rowton Heath Surrender of Leicester Oct fear of Royalist attack in south Lincolnshire Charles went to Welbeck, Nottinghamshire Dec 17 Siege of Hereford ended with the surrender of Royalist garrison. 1646 Jan 18 Siege of Dartmouth ended with the surrender of Royalist garrison. Feb 3 Siege of Chester ended with the surrender of Royalist garrison after a 136 day siege. Feb 16 Battle of Torrington victory for the New Model Army March 10 Ralph Hopton surrenders the Royalist army at Tresillian bridge in Cornwall. March 21 Battle of Stow-on-the-Wold the last pitched battle of the First Civil War is a victory for the New Model Army April 13 Siege of Exeter ended with the surrender of Royalist garrison. May 5 Charles surrendered to a Scottish army at Southwell, Nottinghamshire May 6 Newark fell to the Parliamenterians June 24 Siege of Oxford ended with the surrender of Royalist garrison. July 22 Siege of Worcester ended with the surrender of Royalist garrison. July 27 after a 65 day siege Wallingford Castle, The last English royalist stronghold, surrenders to Fairfax. 1647 Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to Isle of Wright; makes secret treaty with Scots. Aug 19 Royalist garrison of Raglan Castle surrendered Aug 31 Montrose escaped from the Highlands March 13 Harlech Castle the last Royalist Stronghold surrendered to the Parliamentary forces. 1648 The Second English Civil War May 8 Battle of St. Fagans May 16 - July 11 Siege of Pembroke June 24 Battle of Maidstone June 13 - Aug 28 Siege of Colchester Aug 17 - Aug 19 Battle of Preston Aug 28 Royalist Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle were shot Dec Pride's Purge, troops under Colonel Thomas Pride removed opponents of Cromwell from Parliament by force of arms 1649-1660 The Commonwealth of England 1649-1653 The Long Parliament 4 years1649 Jan 20 Trial of Charles I of England by the High Court of Justice begins Jan 27 1649, The death warrant of Charles I of England is signed Jan 30 Charles I of England executed Feb 5 The eldest son of Charles I, Charles, proclaimed King of Scots in Edinburgh, Scotland March 9 Engager Duke of Hamilton, Royalist Earl of Holland, and Royalist Lord Capel were beheaded at Westminster March 24 The capitulation of Pontefract Castle 1650 Charles II lands in Scotland; is proclaimed king.Third English Civil War Dec 1 Battle of Hieton, Scotland (skirmish) Sep 3 Battle of Dunbar, Scotland 1650-1660 English Interregnum 1651 First Navigation Act Jan 1 Charles II crowned King of Scots at Scone, Scotland July 20 Battle of Inverkeithing, Scotland Aug 25 Battle of Wigan Lane (skirmish) Sep 3 Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Oct 16 Charles II landed in Normandy, France, after successfully fleeing England 1652-4 First Anglo-Dutch War1653-1658 Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell 1654 Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic1655 England divided into 12 military districts by Cromwell; seizes Jamaica from Spain1656 War with Spain (until 1659)1658-1659 Protectorate under Richard Cromwell 1658 Sep 3 Death of Oliver Cromwell; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard; Battle of the Dunes, England and France defeat Spain; England gains Dunkirk1659 - Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; "Rump" Parliament restored

221659-1660 The second period of the Commonwealth of England 1660-1714 House of Stuart Restored1660-1685 Charles II 25 years 1660 English Restoration and return of King Charles II of England July Richard Cromwell left England for France where he went by a variety of pseudonyms, including “John Clarke” 1660-1662 The trials and executions of the regicides of Charles I Oct 16 John Cooke England’s solicitor-general during the 1649 trial of Charles 1, was hanged. Oct England’s King Charles II enacted his first Declaration of Indulgence. Nov 28 London Royal Society formed.1661 Jan 30 Remains of Cromwell were posthumously executed. Clarendon Code; "Cavalier" Parliament of Charles II passes series of repressive laws against Nonconformists; English acquire Bombay1662 Aug 24 An Act of Uniformity passed by Parliament.1662 Royal Society incorporated 1664 England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, change name to New York1665-7 Second Anglo-Dutch War1665 In London at least 68,000 people died of the plague this year. 1666 Sep 2-6 Great Fire of London ravages the city. 1667 Dutch fleet defeats the English in Medway river; treaties of Breda among Netherlands, England, France, and Denmark1668 Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France1670 Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II and Louis XIV to restore Roman Catholicism to England Hudson's Bay Company founded1671 English Protestants became alarmed when they learned that James, Duke of York, had converted to Catholicism.1672 Mar 15 England’s King Charles II enacted a 3rd Declaration of Indulgence.1672-4 Third Anglo-Dutch war 1673 Test Act aims to deprive English Roman Catholics and Nonconformists of public office1674 Treaty of Westminster between England and the Netherlands1677 William III, ruler of Netherlands, marries Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, heir to English throne1678 Titus Oates failed Catholic seminarian, and Israel Tonge concocted the Popish Plot. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury formed County Party, later known as Whigs, to prevent James from becoming king.1679 Mar King Charles II sent his brother James to the Netherlands for safety. May 15 Earl of Shaftesbury introduced Exclusion Bill to Parliament May 27 England’s House of Lords passed Habeas Corpus Act (have the body) to prevent false arrest and imprisonment. Charles II rejects petitions calling for new Parliament; petitioners become known as Whigs; their opponents (royalists) as Tories In England an autumn election produced a new House of Commons, but King Charles II declined to allow it assemble.1681 Whigs reintroduce Exclusion Bill; Charles II dissolves Parliament1681 Jan 18 England's King Charles II suspended Parliament and set its next meeting for March in Oxford. Apr 8 Charles II received 1st installment of a 5-million livre subsidy from King Louis of France. Oct 24 Earl of Shaftesbury (d.1683) accused of high treason in London. Earl had challenged the king on question of succession. 1685-1688 James II 3 years1685 Feb 6 Charles II died and was succeeded by Catholic brother James II Rebellion by Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, against James II is put down1686 James II disregards Test Act; Roman Catholics appointed to public office1687 Apr 4 King James II ordered his Declaration of Indulgence read in church.1688 Apr 27 King James II issued another Declaration of Indulgence Jun 10 A male heir was born to Britain’s James II. Jun 30 A jury proclaimed 7 English bishops not guilty of seditious libel against James II. Oct 1 William of Orange invited him to invade England and rescue country from James’ “popery.” The Glorious Revolution Nov 5 William of Orange landed in southern England Dec 11 King James II attempted to flee London Dec 28 William of Orange made a triumphant march into London 1689-1694 William and Mary 5 years 1689-97 War of the League of Augsburg (King William’s War)1689 Toleration Act grants freedom of worship to dissenters in England; Catholic forces loyal to James II land in Ireland from France and lay siege to Londonderry Apr 11 (OS) William III and Mary II were crowned as joint sovereigns of Britain. Apr 21 (NS) William III and Mary II were crowned joint king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Dec 16 English Parliament adopted a Bill of Rights after Glorious Revolution. The Bill of Rights included a right to bear arms. William and Mary gave Royal Assent which represented end of the concept of divine right of kings.1690 Jul 1 Battle of Boyne (in Ireland). The 2nd Treatise on Government by John Locke was published

231691 Treaty of Limerick allows Catholics in Ireland to exercise religion freely, but severe penal laws follow. The French War begins1692 Glencoe Massacre occurs1694-1702 William of Orange 8 years 1694 Death of Queen Mary; King William now rules alone. Foundation of the Bank of England. Triennial Act sets the maximum duration of a parliament to three years1695 Lapse of the Licensing Act1697 Sep 20 Treaty of Ryswick ended the War of the Grand Alliance (aka War of the League of Augsburg,1688-1697) .1701 Act of Settlement settles the Royal Succession on the Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover.1702-1714 Queen Anne 12 years1702 March 19 King William III dies and is succeeded by his sister-in-law Queen Anne. 1702-13 War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s War)1704 Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim. Aug 4 British capture Gibraltar1707 Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland as Great Britain1708 London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, was completed Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarede. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign1709 Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet1710 A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government1713 Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, concluding War of the Spanish Succession1714-1901 House of Hannover1714-1727 George I 13 years 1714 Queen Anne dies and is succeeded by King George I; start of the Hanoverian dynasty 1715 Jacobite Rebellion1716 Septennial Act sets General Elections to be held every seven years. Disarming Act attempts to secure the peace of the Scottish Highlands 1717 Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended1718 Nov 22 British troops during a battle off the Virginia coast captured English pirate Edward Teach known as "Blackbeard" 1719 Attempted Spanish invasion in support of Jacobites - defeated at Battle of Glen Shiel 1720 Collapse of the South Sea Company, the South Sea Bubble, results in a London stock market crash 1721 Walpole returns to gov as First Lord of Treasury, remains in office until 1742, effectively becomes Britain's first Prime Minister1722 Death of the Duke of Marlborough. The Jacobite 'Atterbury Plot' is hatched1726 First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his 'Gulliver's Travels'1727-1760 George II 33 years1727 June 11 King George I dies and is succeeded by his son King George II 1729 Alexander Pope publishes his ' Dunciad'1730 A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend1732 A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America1733 'Excise Crisis' occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise1737 Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline1738 John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain1739-48 War of Jenkins' Ear (King George’s War)1740 Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe1742 Walpole resigns as Prime Minister1743 George II leads British troops into battle at Dettingen in Bavaria War of Austrian Succession - open, but unofficial, hostilities between Britain and France Sep 13, Britain signs the Treaty of Worms with Austria and Sardinia 1744 Ministry of Pelham, French invasion attempt on southern England with Charles Stuart stopped by storms, France declares war 1745 Britain and allies lose the Battle of Fontenoy in Flanders Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland led by 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' Sep 21, Scottish victory Battle of Prestonpans 1746 April 16, Battle of Culloden effectively ends the Jacobite Rising Act of Proscription seeks to crush the Scottish clans, the kilt banned. 1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close1749 Henry Fielding, commissioned a half dozen constables known as the Bow Street Runners.1751 Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne1752 Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain1753 Parliament passes the Jewish Naturalization Bill1754 The ministry of Newcastle

241754 - 1763 French and Indian War in the North American English colonies. 1755 Jul 13 Braddock died Following the July 9 battle at Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh, Pa.). Sep 8 British and 250 Indians defeated the French and their allied Indians at B. of Lake George, NY.1756-63 Seven Years War1756 May 17 Britain declared war on France Jun 20 In India rebels defeated the British army at Calcutta. 1757 William Pitt becomes Prime Minister Battle of Plassey and secures the Indian province of Bengal for Britain. Jul 26 Benjamin Franklin (51) arrived in London.1758 Nov 25 British under Forbes captured Ft. Duquesne. George Washington participated in the campaign. 1759 Apr 23 British seized Basse-Terre and Guadeloupe in the Antilles from France. Wolfe captures Quebec and expels the French from Canada1760-1820 George III 60 years 1762 Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. He becomes very unpopular and employs a bodyguard1763 Peace of Paris ends the Seven Years' War. Grenville ministry. 1765 Rockingham ministry. American Stamp Act1766 Chatham ministry. Repeal of the American Stamp Act1768 Grafton ministry. Middlesex Election Crisis occurs1769 James Watt patents the Steam Engine1769-70 Captain James Cook's first voyage to explore the Pacific1770 Lord North begins service as Prime Minister. Falkland Island Crisis occurs. Edmund Burke publishes his 'Thoughts on the Present Discontents' Cook claims Australia1771 Encyclopedia Britannica is first published1773 Boston Tea Party'. 1774 Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the 'Boston Tea Party'1775-83 American War of Independence1775 Nov 13 American forces under Gen. Richard Montgomery captured Montreal. 1776 Jul 1 British fleet anchored off Sandy Hook in New York Bay. July 4 American Declaration of Independence. Edward Gibbons' publishes his 'Decline and Fall' and Adam Smith, his 'Wealth if Nations' Oct 13 Benedict Arnold was defeated at Lake Champlain Cook’s third voyage to Pacific1777 Jul 1 British troops departed from their base at the Bouquet river to head toward Ticonderoga, New York. Dec 5 A British advance column met unexpected resistance at Germantown.1778 France enters war against Britain1779 Jul 16 American troops under Wayne captured Stony Point, NY The rise of Wyvill's Association Movement1780 Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act1781 British troops at the surrender of Yorktown1782 Prime Minister Rockingham in his second ministry. Ireland obtains short-lived parliament1783-1806 Pitt the Younger. Britain recognizes American independence. Fox-North coalition established1784 Parliament passes the East India Act1785 Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated, John Adams, the new US ambassador to Britain1786 Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up1787 English ships transported some 38,000 slaves this year.1788 George III suffers first attack of 'madness' (caused by porphyria), First European settlement established in Botany Bay. 1789 Outbreak of the French Revolution May 12 William Wilberforce laid out his case for the abolition of slavery to the House of Commons. 1790 Edmund Burke publishes his 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'1791 James Boswell publishes his 'Life of Johnson' and Thomas Paine, his 'Rights of Man'1792 oal gas is used for lighting first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her 'Vindication of Rights of Women' In England consumers began an organized boycott against West Indian sugar. 1793 War between Britain and France. The voluntary Board of Agriculture is set up.

25 Commercial depression throughout Britain1795-1803 First British occupation of the Cape1795 The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted1795 Founding of London Missionary Society1796 Vaccination against smallpox is introduced1798 B. of Nile, Introduction of a tax of ten percent on incomes over £200. Malthus publishes his 'Essay on Population' Irish Rebellion1799-1801 Commercial boom in Britain1799 Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France1799 May 4 British forces defeated the sultan of Mysore at the Battle of Seringapatam. Jul 11 An Anglo-Turkish armada bombarded Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops in Alexandria Egypt. Jul 17 Ottoman forces, supported by the British, captured Aboukir, Egypt from the French.1801 Act of Union with Ireland created United Kingdom1802 Rosetta Stone was seized by the British in Egypt. first English income tax 1802 Peace of Amiens with France Peel introduces the first factory legislation1803 Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain declares war on France. Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land1805 Oct 21 Battle of Trafalgar.1806 British permenant occupation of Cape1807 Bombardment of Copenhagen and capture of Danish fleet.1807 British slave trade abolished1808-14 Peninsular War1809-10 Commercial boom in Britain1810 Final illness of George III begins1811 Depression caused by Orders of Council. Luddite disturbances in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire. Prince of Wales, Regent1812 Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated1812-14 War with US1813 Jane Austen's 'Pride and Prejudice' is published. The monopolies of the East India Company are abolished1813 Oct 5 Battle of Moraviantown was decisive in the War of 1812.1814 Aug 14 British marines land in Maryland Aug 24 British troops marched into Washington, D.C., Sep 12 A British fleet began bombardment of Fort McHenry. Sep 12 Battle of North Point was fought near Baltimore during War of 1812. Sep 14 In the dawn light Francis Scott Key saw that the American flag still waved over Fort McHenry Sep Congress of Vienna convened1815 Corn Laws Jun 8 Congress of Vienna ended. Jun 18 Battle of Waterloo. Jul 15 Napoleon captured by British Navy at Rochefort, France. Sep 26 Russia, Prussia and Austria signed a Holy Alliance. Nov 20 The 2nd Peace of Paris were concluded. British debt reached 745 million pounds.1815-17 Commercial boom in Britain1816 Dec Henry “Orator” Hunt made a speech in Spa fields in East London which was disrupted by a group of revolutionaries1817Economic slump in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances1818 Death of the King's wife, Queen Caroline. Mary Shelley's publishes her 'Frankenstein'1819 Aug 16 'Peterloo Massacre'1820-1830 George IV 10 years 1820 Jan 29 Britain's King George III died insane at Windsor Castle Cato Street Conspiracy, fails. Trial of Queen Caroline1821 Jul 19 Coronation of George IV. 1821-23 Famine in Ireland1823 Anti-Slaver Society founded1824 National Gallery is established. Commercial boom in Britain

261825 Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace. World's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens. Trade Unions are legalized. Commercial depression in Britain1828 Wellington becomes Prime Minister1829 Metropolitan Police Force is set up by Robert Peel. Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. 1830-1837 William IV 7 years1830 Death of George IV succeeded by brother William IV. Opening of Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Rise of Whigs, under Grey, Wellington, served as British prime minister, considered one of England’s worst prime ministers.1830-32 First major cholera epidemic in Britain1831 'Swing' Riots in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities. The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames Dec 28 Samuel Sharp led a slave uprising in Jamaca. 1832 Feb A cholera epidemic ended in Great Britain. The first or great Reform Act is passed. May 23 Samuel Sharp was hanged in Jamaica for leading a slave rebellion. 1833 Factory Act, prohibit children less than nine from working in factories Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church1834 Aug 1 Emancipation Act. Slavery was abolished throughout Empire. Parliament passes the Poor Law Act, establishing workhouses for poor. Robert Owen founds Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. Dec 10 Robert Peel became prime minister. Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster1835-36 Commercial boom with 'little' railway mania across Britain1835 Municipal Reform Act1837-8 Canadian Rebellions1837-1901 Queen Victoria. The Victorian Age 64 years Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law. Charles Dickens publishes 'Oliver Twist,' drawing attention to Britain's poor. 1838-42 First Afghan War1838 Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism Apr 8 British steamship "Great Western" set out on its maiden voyage from Bristol to NY, Apr 23 arrived in NYC Jul 1 Charles Darwin presented a paper on his theory of evolution Oct 1 Lord Auckland, British governor general in India, issued the Simla Manifesto Dec India’s governor general dispatched to Kabul Army of the Indus to protect British interests from growing Russian influence.1839 Chartist Riots take place1839-42 First Opium War1840 Queen Victoria marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The penny post is instituted1841 first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken. Aug 30 Robert Peel became PM of Britain for a 2nd time. 1842 Jardine, Matheson & Co., founded in Canton in 1832, established head office on HK. Amoy, was one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened by the Treaty of Nanjing.1843 Mar 25 England’s Thames Tunnel opened 18 years after construction began. Sep “The Economist” founded in London.1844-45 Railways mania explodes across Britain. 1844 Parliament passes the Bank Charter Act1845-49 Irish Potato Famine kills more than a million people1845 George Smythe (27) stood as the most articulate of Disraeli’s “Young England” political cabal1846 End of Sir Robert Peel's Ministry. Whigs come to Power. Repeal of the Corn Laws1847 Britain passed a Vagrancy Act to combat begging as famine swept Ireland.1848 Apr 10 Major Chartist demonstration in London. Revolutions in Europe Parliament passes Public Health Act1849 Repeal of Navigation Acts1851 Great Exhibition Paul Julius Reuter began transmitting stock-market quotes between London and Paris over new Dover-Calais telegraph cable.1852 Death Wellington. Derby's first minority Conservative government. Aberdeen's coalition government is established1853 Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory. Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold. 1854-56 Crimean War

27 Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published 1855 End of Aberdeen's coalition government. Palmerston's first government comes to power1855 Livingstone first saw Victoria Falls. 1855 English Commons voted for an inquiry into the conduct of the Crimean campaign.1856-7 Anglo-Persian War1856-60 Second Opium War 1857-8 Indian Mutiny 1858 Jul John Speke discovered Lake Victoria, Africa. Apr 10 Big Ben bell placed into St. Stephen’s Tower at the Houses of Parliament. Aug The summer Great Stink, aka The Big Stink Derby establishes his second minority government. Parliament passes the India Act1859 End of Derby's second minority government. Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power. Charles Darwin publishes his 'The Origin of the Species'1860 Gladstone's budget and Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends principles of free trade Oct 7 - 2nd Opium War 1861 Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort1862 Limited Liability Act 1863 Edward, Prince of Wales, marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Salvation Army is founded1865 Death of Palmerston. Russell establishes his second Liberal government Orissa famine in India 1866 Russell and Gladstone fail to have their moderate Reform Bill passed in parliament. Derby takes power in his third minority Conservative government1867 Mar 5 Fenian uprising against English rule in Ireland. Jul 1 Canada became a self-governing dominion. Second Reform Bill doubles the franchise to two million. 1868 Disraeli succeeds Derby as Prime Minister. Gladstone becomes Prime Minister for the first time1869 Irish Church is disestablished. Suez Canal is opened1870 Primary education becomes compulsory in Britain through the Forster-Ripon English Elementary Education Act. 1870 Oct 20 Summer Palace in Beijing, was burnt to the ground by a Franco-British expeditionary force.1871 Trade Unions are legalized1872 Secret voting is introduced for elections. Parliament passes the Scottish Education Act1873 Gladstone's government resigns after defeat of their Irish Universities Bill. Disraeli declines to take up office instead1874 Disraeli becomes Conservative Prime Minister for the second time1875 Disraeli purchases a controlling interest for Britain in the Suez Canal. Agricultural depression increases1875-76 Parliament passes R.A. Cross's Conservative social reforms1876 Victoria becomes Empress of India. massacre of Christians in Turkish Bulgaria leads to anti-Turkish campaigns in Britain1877 - Confederation of British and Boer states established in South Africa1878-80 Second Afghan War1878 Congress of Berlin is held. Disraeli announces 'peace with honour', 1st electric street lights were deployed in London, England.1879 A trade depression emerges in Britain. Zulu War - British are defeated at Isandhlwana, but are victorious at Ulundi and Roukes Drift/1879-80 Gladstone's Midlothian campaign denounces imperialism in South Africa and Afghanistan1880 Gladstone establishes his second Liberal government1880-81 The first Boer War1881 In London a court and police station on Bow Street opened Parliament passes the Irish Land and Coercion Acts1882 Britain occupies Egypt.1884 Parliament passes the third Reform Act which further extends the franchise1884-5 Conference of Berlin1884 Mahdist revolt in Sudan1885 Death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Burma is annexed. Salisbury succeeds Gladstone with his first minority Conservative government. Parliament passes the Redistribution Act Indian National Congress founded1886 Gladstone's third Liberal government fails to pass its first Irish Home Rule Bill

28 Gladstone resigns as Prime Minister. Split in the Liberal Party. Salisbury establishes his second Conservative-Liberal-Unionist government. Royal Niger Company is chartered. Transvaal Gold rush1887 Queen Victoria celebrates Golden Jubilee. Independent Labour Party is founded. British East Africa Company is chartered1888 County Councils' Act establishes representative county based authorities1889 London Dockers' Strike. Cecil Rholes’ British South Africa Company is chartered1892 Gladstone forms his fourth Liberal government1893 Second Irish Home Rule Bill fails to pass the House of Lords1894 Rosebery takes power with his minority Liberal government Mar 3 Gladstone submitted his resignation to Queen Victoria, ending his fourth and final premiership. Apr 30 Giuseppe Farnara and Francis Polti convicted for attempted terrorism in London.1895 Salisbury forms his third Unionist ministry, British began shipping thousands of Indians to east Africa to build a railway. Jameson Raid1896 British conquest of the Sudan begins1897 Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee, Suffragette movement started, turned militant in 1903, won the vote 1918.1898 Sep 2 Battle of Omdurman1898 Fashoda crisis1899-1902 Second Boer War1900 Salisbury wins Khaki election. Labour Representation Committee formed. Jun 21 Boxers began a two-month assault on the legations in Beijing. Jul 9 Queen Victoria signed Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act1901 Jan 1 Commonwealth of Australia became official as established July 9, 1900, Death of Queen Victoria. She is succeeded by her son, Prince Albert, as King Edward VII India’s population of about 300 million was secured and governed by a British contingent of some 154,000 including dependents. 1902 British Global telegraph system1904 Grand Pier opened.1904 Anglo-French Entente1906 HMS Dreadnought begins new arms race