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MARINE SHIP “OIL TANKER”

B.E. SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT REPORTMechatronics Specialization

Prepared by

SAUD AHMED NIZAMI (4558)

SAQIB MIRZA (4408)

ARSALAN ALI (4539)

SAJID MAJEED (4556)

Project Advisor

LECTURER OBAID REHMANI

College of Engineering

PAF – Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

Karachi

DEDICATION

We dedicate this report

To our parents, internal & external advisor and fellow mates

There is no doubt in our mind that without their love, guidance, continued support and

counsel we could not have completed this process. We are grateful to them with heart and

soul for encouragement and making more interests towards the project in every moment of

the process. We cannot give retaliation of their beneficence.

of 73

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

Praise to ALMIGTHY ALLAH, the most Gracious, Merciful and the most Compassionate.

We are very grateful to our external advisor Gold Medalist Engr. Hafiz Khwaja Amin

Nizami (Public Relations and Protocol Officer of PNSC) and external co-advisor Engr.

Hafiz Khwaja Adnan Nizami (Assistant Manager of SUPARCO Institute of Technical

Training), who projected us the final year project “Marine Ship ‘OIL TANKER’” and

provide us an opportunity to work under the supervision of them.

We are also grateful to our external relatives Marine Cadet. Talha Sheikh Nizami and

Zeeshan Anees who helped us a lot to design Ship structure and arrange hardware

equipments for development of Ship.

We are also grateful to our internal advisor Lect. Obaid Rahmani and internal co-advisor

Asst. Prof. Mr. Amir Hassan for enlighten us with their great knowledge and practical

experience relevant to our project and outside the project. We also would like to thanks to

SDP Chair person Asst. Prof. Mr. Abdul Aleem, who helped us to complete our

documentation relevant to our project. We are also thankful to entire SDP committee for

continuous monitoring and over screening on our evolution and imparting useful suggestions.

We also would like to thanks to our HODs, teachers, lab assistants, seniors and fellow mates

for providing useful suggestions and necessary help when we needed and especially we are

very grateful with depth of the hearts to our parents, who helped us not only financially but

also encourage us to keep hard work in every moment of the process.

At all, we are sincerely gratitude to our institute PAF-KIET College of Engineering for

providing us an opportunity to make our knowledge and experience vast and gave us strength

to undertake this project.

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ABSTRACT

Our project is a prototype of Marine Ship ‘Oil tanker’ in which we have done some

extra electronics to increase its efficiency .We also did our best to design and develop the

structure of Oil tanker with the help of Ship Construction and Naval Architecture workbooks

and marine websites resources to make it compatible. To stabilize the ship while loading and

unloading of Oil or any other cargo and to move in open sea without any damage or any

serious accident the Ballast Pumping Process is the main recourse for it. This is a process that

we are doing autonomous; in order to achieve this goal we used different components and

sensors for proper working. This solution will be a cost effective and will reduce man power.

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KEYWORDS

IMPORTANTWORD/

ABBREVATIONDEFINITION

Ballast To fill the empty space or volume with solid or liquid etcBallast Pumping Process This is the process which stabilizes the ship while loading

and unloading cargo and while floating. Oil Storage Hatch This is the hatch in which Oil stored.Float Sensor (Fuel Guage) This is variable resistor to measure the level of fuel in fuel

tanks.Ballast Water Tank This is the tank in which Ballast water stored for stabilize

the ship.Propeller This is a fan type use to float ship in water towards the

particular direction.XBEE This is RF modules for long range with minimum

distortion. Solenoid Valve This is Electromagnetic valve; use to control the flow of Oil

& Water.Pumping Machine This is a machine, use to pump any liquid.Rudder Rudder use in ships for steering.Servo Motor Servo motor use to move the motor at particular angle.PCB Printed Circuit Board.WUv1 Water Unloading Valve #1WUv2 Water UnLoading Valve #2WUv3 Water UnLoading Valve #3WLv1 Water Loading Valve #1WLv2 Water Loading Valve #2WLv3 Water Loading Valve #3

WLPm Ballast Water Loading Pumping machineWUPm Ballast Water Unloading Pumping machineOUPm1 Oil Unloading Pumping machine #1OUPm2 Oil Unloading Pumping machine #2OUPm3 Oil Unloading Pumping machine #3

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Table of ContentsLIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................8

LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................9

LIST OF GRAPH...................................................................................................................10

1 CHAPTER # 01..............................................................................................................11

1.0 PROJECT OBJECTIVES:......................................................................................11

1.0.1 Motivation:-....................................................................................................11

1.0.2 Aim:................................................................................................................11

1.0.3 Design Objective:............................................................................................11

1.0.4 Literature Review (Study Of Similar Systems):..............................................12

1.0.5 Design Issues And Their Analysis:-................................................................14

1.0.6 Functionality:-.................................................................................................15

1.1 CHAPTER # 02......................................................................................................17

1.1.1 BODY SECTION:..........................................................................................17

1.1.2 Analysis Of Literature Review (Alternate Devices & Components):-.............18

1.1.3 Flow Chart:.....................................................................................................21

1.1.4 Block Diagram:...............................................................................................23

1.1.5 Sub Block Diagram:........................................................................................24

1.1.6 Design Matrix:................................................................................................26

1.1.7 Algorithm:.......................................................................................................27

1.1.8 Ballast Pumping Process Scenario:.................................................................29

1.1.9 Simulation:......................................................................................................30

1.1.10 Schematic:.......................................................................................................32

1.1.11 Xbee Transmitter Pcb:.....................................................................................34

1.1.12 XBEE Receiver Pcb:.......................................................................................35

1.1.13 Ballast Pumping Part:......................................................................................36

1.1.14 Animation Snapshots:.....................................................................................38

1.1.15 Mechanical Design:.........................................................................................40

1.1.16 Hardware List (Final):.....................................................................................41

1.1.17 Software List (Final):......................................................................................41

1.1.18 Gantt Chart:.....................................................................................................42

1.1.19 Environmental And Safety Standards:-...........................................................43

1.1.20 Results And Their Analysis:...........................................................................44

1.1.21 Cost Analysis:.................................................................................................52

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1.1.22 Conclusion:.....................................................................................................53

1.1.23 Future Recommendation:................................................................................54

2 CHAPTER # 03..............................................................................................................55

2.0 References:-............................................................................................................55

3 CHAPTER # 04..............................................................................................................56

3.0 APPENDICES........................................................................................................56

3.0.1 Appendic A:....................................................................................................56

3.0.2 Appendix B:....................................................................................................59

3.0.3 Appendix C:....................................................................................................69

3.0.4 Appendix D:....................................................................................................70

3.0.5 Appendix E:....................................................................................................73

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1-1 DRY BULK CARRIER......................................................................................................12FIGURE 1-2 OIL TANKER.................................................................................................................12FIGURE 1-3 OIL TANKER (SIDE VIEW).............................................................................................13FIGURE 1-4 GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM........................................................................................23FIGURE 1-5 SUB BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BALLAST PUMPING PROCESS.............................................24FIGURE 1-6 SUB-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OIL TANKS.........................................................................24FIGURE 1-7 SUB-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DRIVING PART (XBEE TRANSMITTER)................................25FIGURE 1-8 SUB-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DRIVING PART (XBEE RECIEVER)........................................25FIGURE 1-9 BALLAST PUMPING PROCESS SCENARIO.....................................................................29FIGURE 1-10 XBEE TRANCIEVER SIMULATION SNAPSHOT..............................................................30FIGURE 1-11..........................................................................................................................................31FIGURE 1-12 XBEE TRANSMITTER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM...............................................................32FIGURE 1-13 XBEE RECIEVER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM......................................................................32FIGURE 1-14 BALLAST PUMPING PART SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM......................................................33FIGURE 1-15 XBEE TRANCIEVER SIMULATION SNAPSHOT..............................................................34FIGURE 1-16 XBEE TRANSMITTER PCB (3D TOP VIEW)...................................................................34FIGURE 1-18 XBEE RECIEVER PCB (3D TOP VIEW)...........................................................35FIGURE 1-17 XBEE RECIEVER PCB..................................................................................................35FIGURE 1-19 BALLAST PUMP CONTROLLER PART PCB....................................................................36FIGURE 1-20 BALLAST PUMPING CONTROLLER PART PCB (3D TOP VIEW)......................................36FIGURE 1-21 BALLAST PUMPING DRIVER PART PCB........................................................................37FIGURE 1-22 BALLAST PUMPING DRIVER PART PCB (3D TOP VIEW)...............................................37FIGURE 0-1 ANIMATED EXPECTED SHIP’S DESIGN........................................................................38FIGURE 0-2 ANIMATED INSIDE VIEW OF BALLAST TANK..............................................................38FIGURE 0-3 ANIMATED SOLENOID VALVE...................................................................................38FIGURE 0-4 ANIMATED WATER SUCK IN OR PUMP OUT SECTION................................................39FIGURE 0-5 ANIMATED PUMPING MACHINE SECTION.................................................................39FIGURE 0-6 AUTOCAD DRAWING, FRONT BACK VIEW OF SHIP....................................................40FIGURE 0-7 AUTOCAD DRAWING, SIDE VIEW OF SHIP.................................................................40FIGURE 0-8 SOLENOID VALVE AND PUMPING MACHINE..............................................................44FIGURE 0-9 BATTERIES FOR BALLAST PUMPING AND DRIVING SECTION......................................44FIGURE 0-10 FINAL SHIP DESIGN STRUCTURE................................................................................45FIGURE 0-11 VOLTAGE LEVEL TESTING OF FLOAT SENSOR.............................................................46FIGURE 0-12 PROPELLER & RUDDER (DRIVING SECTION)...............................................................50FIGURE 3-1 XBEE TRANSMITTER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM..............................................................56FIGURE 3-2 XBEE RECIEVER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM......................................................................56FIGURE 3-3 BALLAST PUMPING PART SCHEMATIC.......................................................................57FIGURE 3-4 AUTOCAD DRAWING, FRONT BACK VIEW OF SHIP....................................................58FIGURE 0-1 AUTOCAD DRAWING, SIDE VIEW OF SHIP.................................................................58FIGURE 0-2 REFERENCE MODEL OIL TANKER................................................................................70FIGURE 0-3 REFERENCE PROTOTYPE OIL TANKER (APPROX 7FT)..................................................70FIGURE 0-4 REFERENCE PROTOTYPE OF OIL TANKER (APPROX 3FT)............................................70FIGURE 0-5 MECHANICAL DRAWING OF BITUMENTANKER.........................................................71FIGURE 0-6 MECHANICAL DRAWING OF OIL TANKER....................................................................71FIGURE 0-7 MECHANICAL DRAWING OF OIL TANKER....................................................................72Figure 0-8 BALLAST PUMPING PROCESS SCENARIO AND PUMP MACHIN & VALVE FITTING........72

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LIST OF TABLESTABLE 2.0.2-1 COMPARISON BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLERS........................................18TABLE 2.0.2-2 COMPARISON BETWEEN MOTORS..............................................................19TABLE 2.0.2-3COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGINES AND MOTOR..............................................19TABLE 2.0.2-4 COMPARISON BETWEEN RF MODULES.............................................................20TABLE 2.0.6-1DESIGN MATRIX.......................................................................................................27TABLE 2.0.20-1 VOLTAGE VS QUANTITY OF OIL...............................................................46TABLE 2.0.20-2 TIME VS QUANTITY OF OIL.......................................................................48TABLE 2.0.20-3 TIME VS QUANTITY OF WATER................................................................49TABLE 2.0.20-4 XBEE MODULE RANGE TESTING...............................................................50TABLE 2.0.20-5 SCENARIO OF BALLAST PUMPING PROCESS.........................................51Table 2.0.21-1 Cost Estimate....................................................................................................52

LIST OF GRAPH

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GRAPH 2.0.20-1 VOLTAGE VS QUANTITY OF OIL.............................................................................47GRAPH 2-2.0.20-2 TIME VS QUANTITY OF WATER.........................................................................48Graph 2-2.0.20-3 Time Vs Quantity of Oil....................................................................................49

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1 CHAPTER # 01

1.0 PROJECT OBJECTIVES:

1.0.1 Motivation:-As a Mechatronics engineer the project of our final year is proposed to an ‘Oil Tanker

(Ship)’, as it is great demand of Global Oil markets.

Oil crisis have spirit for the last three decades in the world and world economy is now

chiefly base on oil supply to the world most developed and under developed countries.

So, as a Pakistani student it is a motive able project to be launched in present day

competition with an affordable innovation.

The need of Global shipping is Oil Tanker, Bulk Carriers and Gas Carrier Ships are

more than War Ships and general Cargo Ships.

A Pakistani Mechatronics Engineer may enter the field of shipping with the brighter

scope and smarter service as compared to the existing ships engineers, as most of them are not

fully graduate from any engineering university like PAF-KIET.

1.0.2 Aim: Our aim is to design and development of Marine Ship ‘Oil Tanker’ and control the

navigation through radio frequency.

1.0.3 Design Objective: To navigate the directions of ship by means of Remote control.

To control the ballast pumping process.

To set up the Fire Fighting System.

To make ship compatible for the mariners.

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1.0.4 Literature Review (Study Of Similar Systems):Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their size and cargo capacity.

Ships are used in sea, rivers and lakes for different purposes like trading of goods, war,

transporting or fishing etc. There are different categories of Marine Ships in which fighter

Ship, cruise Ship, Cargo Ship, Pirates Ship, and Hovercraft etc. Our project comes in the

category of Cargo Ship. Cargo Ships can divided into four groups. These groups can be

divided according to its carry.

1) General Cargo Vessels => This type of Ship carry packaged items like foods,

furniture,motor vehicles, machinery etc.

2) Tankers => This type of Ships use to carry oils, petroleum products or other liquid

forms etc.

3) Dry Bulk Carriers => This type of Ships carry coal , ore, grains or other products in

loose form.

4) Multipurpose Vessels => This type of Ships carry different classes of

Cargo. It carry liquid products and general cargo at a time.

Oil tankers, also known as petroleum tankers. There are two basic types of oil

tanker: the Crude tanker and the Product tanker. Crude tankers move large quantities

of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraasction to refineries. Product tankers,

generally much smaller, are designed to move petrochemicals from refineries to

points near consuming markets. Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved.

One of these is the naval oiler, a tanker which can fuel a moving vessel.

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Figure 1-2 Oil Tanker Figure 1-1 Dry Bulk Carrier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_TZ7XcJdf7ng/TGVYkOuzRQI/AAAAAAAAAKY/QW1wcWqikDk/s1600/oil+tanker-25000.jpg

Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved. One of these is the naval

replenishment oiler; this is a tanker which can fuel a moving vessel. Combination ore-

bulk-oil carriers and permanently moored floating storage units are two other

variations on the standard oil tanker design. Oil tankers have been involved in a

number of damaging and high-profile oil spills. As a result, they are subject to

stringent design and operational regulations.

A major component of tanker architecture is the design of hull or outer

structure. A tanker with a single outer shell between the product and the ocean is said

to be single-hulled. Most newer tankers are double-hulled, with an extra space

between the hull and the storage tanks Some of the advantages of the double-hull

design that were mentioned include ease of ballasting in emergency

situations, reduced practice of saltwater ballasting in cargo tanks decreases

corrosion, increased environmental protection, discharge is quicker, more complete

and easier, tank washing is more efficient, and better protection in low-impact

collisions and grounding.

1.0.4.1 Comparison between different types of cargo ships:-

The major difference between different cargo ships or war ships is of their

design structure and its purpose. In Oil Tanker, there are some tanks in Ship to load or

unload oil, fuel, petrol, chemicals or any other liquid fluids. In comparison to other

cargo ships, their structure or storing system is different. In container Ships there is

only tank for fresh water and replenishment of oiler which can fuel to moving vessel.

There also a cargo ship in which ice-cream or cold or ice items are loaded, for storing

ice-cream there are many fridges in ship to store these cold item.

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Figure 1-3 Oil Tanker (Side View)

The war ship is definitely different from Cargo ships with respect to its design

structure or purpose. The War Ships there is only tank for fresh water and

replenishment of oiler which can fuel to moving vessel and ballast pumping. There is

fighting or military system installed in war ships.

1.0.5 Design Issues And Their Analysis:-

1.0.5.1 Launching Effective And Compatible Oil Tanker

The main problem in launching an Oil Tanker (Ship) is competing in a huge market

of ship builders and Ship manufacturing companies but China our friendly country may help

us to launch Pakistani Oil Tanker for economical rates to Middle East and SAARC countries.

As a Mechatronics engineer this project is a little bit expensive to represent but

teamwork may share the loads.

Another problem to launch this project is to have a research study and material

hunting.

1.0.5.1.1 Autonomous Ballast Pumping Process:There are many process in Ship which is done manually, the Ballast Pumping Process

and the driving control is one of them. Nowadays, the ballast water tanks is measured by the

tube scale and then mariner manually control the ballast pumping process according to the

measurement of ballast water. To eliminate manual control of Ballast Pumping process, we

have made it autonomous. While loading an Oil Tank the ballast pumping process will

automatically control on that time.

1.0.5.1.2 Radio Frequency Controlled Driving Section:Another problem is manual control of driving section through wheel. So, in order to

eliminate the manual control of driving, we have controlled the driving section through XBEE

module`.

1.0.5.2 Assumptions:There are some assumptions of an Oil Tanker (Ship).

Marine ship moves in the pool.

Ballast pumping process works efficiently to stabilize the ship.

The loading or unloading of oil will have a feedback in order to control ballast

pumping process.

Movement control through Radio frequency controls all the directions of the ship.

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1.0.6 Functionality:-

LOADING OIL TANKS: While loading and unloading an Oil Tanks, ballast pumping

process done in order to keep stable an Oil Tanker (Ship).

Initially the all the Ballast Tanks are filled with water. Then the oil will charge on one

port, and on the same time the ballast water will discharge from that port to maintain the

stability of Ship.

DRIVING SECTION: Then Oil Tanker move towards desired position where to export and

import cargo through RF module Remote control.

UNLOADING OIL TANKS: After reaching at desired position, Oil is ready to unload. At

unloading part initially all the oil tanks are filled with oil. Then the oil will be unload on one

port, and on the same time the ballast water will be load on that port in order to ship keeps

stable.

1.0.6.1 Methodology:-We have designed and developed Marine Ship ‘Oil Tanker’ with the help of Naval

Architecture and Ship Construction. Which are able to carry different types of liquid products

like oils, petrol or chemicals etc safely. The ABS plastic has used to develop the structure of

an Oil Tanker (Ship). The driving of the Ship has controlled through Radio Frequency simply

by XBEE module. Because of the Oil or petrol, the Tanker is so dangerous so, avoiding from

flame fire fighting system will be present at the time of demonstration.

1.0.6.1.1 Implementation Phase:-Implementation phase will cover the following steps:

An Oil Tanker (Ship) structure developed on ABS Plastic.

Smallest boat engines or motor bike engine will be used for navigation system.

The navigation system will be control through Radio Frequency transmitter or simply

by remote control.

All the electronics circuit like transmitter and receiver portion will be self made or on

PCB.

1.0.6.2 Testing and evaluation phase:-

Oil Tanker (Ship) will go through the following test and evaluation phase:

First, we will have to design the structure of Oil Tanker with proper measurements

with the help of Naval Architecture and Ship Construction workbooks.

Then will have to develop the structure of Oil tanker and check the weight, balance

and stability of Ship.

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After the successful completion of Mechanical Structure of Oil Tanker, we will come

towards navigation system either its navigation properly working or not through

Radio Frequency.

Then will have to check the ballast pumping in order to stable an Oil Tanker when its

loading or unloading.

1.0.6.3 Market Adaptibility/Application:This project is much important than others due to the following reasons:-

1) The idea of making this project marine ship is not new. This type of ship

already exists in oil industries and some companies buy it from international

market. But the system we design is of low cost and our structure is enough

compatible and it easily move in water as industry need it.

2) To make it differ from other ship we are doing the Ballast Pumping process

autonomous. The design and including the extra electronics part the project is

not too expensive and this is the requirement of every industry’s efficiency

and cost effective and our project full fills the all requirement.

3) Global demand of Oil markets.

4) Pakistan National Shipping Corporation is now acquiring a fleet of Oil Tanker having

a marketing study of next 15 years and our National Shipping has find our

agreements on ten years basis since 2001 that is going to complete successfully this

year is with five major oil refineries. Now, for the next 15 years PNSC is planning to

extend Oil Tanker fleet.

5) The scope of Mechatronics engineering in Oil Tankers field of Ship Construction,

maintenance and operation is very bright. So, it is a good reason and paramount

importance to project an Oil Tanker for motivation of my colleagues to come forward

in a new exploration of global water Oil supplies.

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1.1 CHAPTER # 02

1.1.1 BODY SECTION:

1.1.1.1 Introduction:Our project is Marine ship ‘Oil Tanker’. The Oil Tanker is a ship in which oil, petrol,

fuel, chemical or any liquid fluids are loaded to export or import. Our project will be used for

the trading and Merchant Navy’s purposes. In Oil Tanker (Ship) there are some tanks to load

oil or other fluids and two tanks for fresh water and naval oiler to fuel moving vessel.

The navigation system of an Oil Tanker (Ship) will control through radio frequency

simply by remote control and will have a GPS system installed for feedback which will tell us

the current position.

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1.1.2 Analysis Of Literature Review (Alternate Devices & Components):-

1.1.2.1 Comparision Between Controllers:

FEATURES PIC 16 PIC 18 ATMEGA16

Operating Frequency DC – 20 MHz 40MHZ 16MHz

Flash Memory 8K 32K 16k

Data Memory 368bytes 256bytes 4–256 kB

Interrupts 15 3 external

interrupts

3 external

interrupts

I/O 32 Ports A, B, C, D, E

8bit each

Ports A,B,C,D,E 32 Ports A, B, C,

D, E

8 bit each

Power Consumption Less power

consumption

at 5v

low Higher

consumption

at 5v

10-Bit A/D Module 8 INPUT CHANNEL 8 INPIUT

CHANNEL

8 INPUT

CHANNEL

Instruction Cycle 8192 16348 131 instructions

Timers

8/16-Bit

2/1 2 16BIT 18BIT 2/1

Operating Voltage (2.0V- 5.5V) 2 -5v 4.5-5V

Table 2.0.2-1 Comparison between Microcontrollers

We have a command on pic and use in our project more than other controller.

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1.1.2.2 Comparison Between Motors:

Features Servo Motor Stepper Motor Dc Gear Motor

Smoother more Less Much smother

Current 300 to500ma 500ma to different

amp

100 mA to several

amperes

Control source code Require more

resources (code+

hardware)

Easily only

hardware

Cost More expensive Less expensive are inexpensive

Voltage Range 4.8V-6V Less than servo

voltage

Less than 5v

Clock Yes No noTable 2.0.2-2 Comparison between motors

1.1.2.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGINES AND MOTORS:

FEATURES

24V DC

MOTOR

PETROL

ENGINE

DIESEL

ENGINE

LIEF TIME LESS LESS LONG LIFE

EFFICIENT LESS MORE MORE

BUYING COST NORMAL NORMAL VERY HIHG

MAINTENANCE NORMAL NORMAL COSTLY

NOISE

GENERATE

HIGH LESS NOT NOISY

SIZE SMALL SMALL BIG

POWER

CONSUMPTION

MAXIMUM MINIMUM MAXIMUM

Table 2.0.2-3Comparison between Engines and Motor

We have used 24V DC Motor because it is less costly small in size and efficient.

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1.1.2.4 Comparison Between Rf Modules:

FEATURES RF MODULE XBEECOMMUNICATION The RF transmitter and

receiver allow one-way communication.

The Xbee modules allow two way communication

RANGE In meters In kilometersNoise issue Noisy Not NoisyFrequency RANGE 3HZ to 300 GHZ 900 MHz to2.4 GHZTable 2.0.2-4 Comparison between RF Modules

We have used XBEE module because it has good efficiency for long range transmission with minimum noise and distortion.

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1.1.3 Flow Chart:

1.1.3.1 Driving Part

NO

YES

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START

PRESS KEY through XBEE Transmitter

IS RECEIVED DATA=PREDEFINED DATA?

Transmit the data

Receive the data

Operate corresponding actuator

STOP

Ballast Pumping Oil Unloading

NO

YES

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Fill the ballast tank

If ballast tank fill

Sensor measure the tank

Controller compares the data

Correspond ballast tank filled

Controller receive data

th e data

START

Press key through Switch

Controller receives the input data

Unload Oil Tanks

Unload Oil Tanks

Sensor measure the rate of decreasing weight

Corresponding ballast tank is filled accordingly

Controller receives the sensor data

STOP

START

STOP

1.1.4 Block Diagram:

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Figure 1-4 General Block Diagram

1.1.5 Sub Block Diagram:

1.1.5.1 Ballast Pumping Process:

1.1.5.2 Oil Tanks:

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Figure 1-5 Sub Block Diagram of Ballast Pumping Process

Figure 1-6 Sub-Block Diagram of Oil Tanks

1.1.5.3 DRIVING PART:

1.1.5.3.1 XBEE Transmitter:

1.1.5.3.2 XBEE Reciever:

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Figure 1-7 Sub-Block Diagram of Driving Part (XBEE TRANSMITTER)

Figure 1-8 Sub-Block Diagram of Driving Part (XBEE RECIEVER)

1.1.6 Design Matrix:

Objectives

Module used to achieve objective

Components

used in

module

Alternative

Of the components

available

Justification

of the

selected

components

Functionality of module

Input and output of the module

Oil &Water level reading

Fuel Gauge Sensor

Potentiometer

Load cell

Ultrasonic

It's a mechanical structure to take water level reading. no circuit required.

Detect the level of oil or Water and controll the pumpingA machine and solenoid valve.

Input in the form of resistance and output is control signal which is in the form of voltage

Controller

PIC

Controller

8051

AVR

Controller

short codes,

Easy programming,

We learned this in labs.

It takes digital or analog input and controls the output according to the condition.

Digital or analog input and give output t in the form of voltages.

Transmit reading

XBEE Transmitter

XBEE

Ultra small transmitter

Modulator

RF916MHz

TLP434

Modulator

Low power

Consumption

Operation

low noise immunity

Perform DSSS modulation to the data which is to be transmitted.

Digital signal will be the input in the form of voltage and output will be

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a modulated Digital Signal in voltage form.

Receive Reading

XBEE Receiver

XBEE

Ultra small receiver

Demodulator

RF916 MHz

TLP434

DEMODULATOR

Low power

Consumption

Operation

Low noise immunity

Perform DSSS demodulation on data which is to be received.

Input will be a modulated digital signal in voltage form and output will be in voltage form.

Table 2.0.6-5DESIGN MATRIX

1.1.7 Algorithm:

Valve ‘WUv’ is for unloading & ‘WLv’ is for Water loading Valve, ‘OUPm’ is for Oil unloading pumping machine. ‘WUPm’ is for Water unloading pumping machine, ‘WLPm’ is for Water loading pumping machine & ‘OUPm’ is for Oil.

1) System started.

2) Pumping machine ‘WLPm’ and ‘WLv2’ activated.

3) Charge ballast water tank #2.

4) ‘WLv1’& ‘WLv2’ valve activated.

5) Charge ballast water tank #1 & 3 simultaneously.

6) Load oil hatch #1 manually.

7) Float sensor Potentiometer resistance vary as oil level changes.

8) Ballast Tank Valve ‘WUv1’ and ‘WUPm’ activated.

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9) Discharge ballast tank #1 simultaneously.

10) Then oil hatch # 2 & 3 load as well.

11) Oil loading and Ballast Pumping process completed.

12) DC motor and servo motor initialization.

13) Control the Propeller and Rudder through XBEE transciever.

14) Ship moves towards desire location.

15) Unload Oil hatch #1 through switch.

16) Pumping Machine ‘OUPm’ activated.

17) Float sensor Potentiometer resistance vary as oil level changes.

18) Pumping machine ‘WLPm’ & valve ‘WLv1’ activated.

19) Charge ballast tank #1 simultaneously.

20) Oil hatch #2 & 3 unload as well.

21) Finish.

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1.1.8 Ballast Pumping Process Scenario:

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Figure 1-9 BALLAST PUMPING PROCESS SCENARIO

1.1.9 Simulation:

1.1.9.1 XBEE Tranciever (Driving Section):

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Figure 1-10 XBEE TRANCIEVER SIMULATION SNAPSHOT

1.1.9.2 Ballast Pumping Part:

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Figure 1-11

1.1.10 Schematic:

1.1.10.1 XBEE Transmitter (Driving Part):

1.1.10.2 XBEE Receiver (Drivingpart):-

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Figure 1-12 XBEE TRANSMITTER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Figure 1-13 XBEE RECIEVER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM


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Figure 1-14 BALLAST PUMPING PART SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

1.1.11 Xbee Transmitter Pcb:

1.1.11.1 XBEE Transmitter PCB (3d View):

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Figure 1-16 XBEE TRANSMITTER PCB (3D TOP VIEW)

Figure 1-15 XBEE TRANCIEVER SIMULATION SNAPSHOT

1.1.12 XBEE Receiver Pcb:

1.1.12.1 XBEE Receiver Pcb (3d View):

Figure 1-18 XBEE RECIEVER PCB (3D TOP VIEW)

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Figure 1-17 XBEE RECIEVER PCB

1.1.13 Ballast Pumping Part:

1.1.13.1 Controller Part Pcb:

1.1.13.2 CONTROLLER PART PCB (3D VIEW):

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Figure 1-19 BALLAST PUMP CONTROLLER PART PCB

Figure 1-20 BALLAST PUMPING CONTROLLER PART PCB (3D TOP VIEW)

1.1.13.3 Driver Part Pcb:

1.1.13.4 Driver Part Pcb (3d View):

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Figure 1-21 BALLAST PUMPING DRIVER PART PCB

Figure 1-22 BALLAST PUMPING DRIVER PART PCB (3D TOP VIEW)

1.1.14 Animation Snapshots:

This is our ship’s theoretical view. In which have 3 Oil hatches.

Ship has 3 water ballast tanks between double hulls shown in figure tanks distributed through red line.

This is solenoid valve which is present in water ballast tanks and oil hatches used to

load and unload the water or oil.

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Figure 0-25 ANIMATED SOLENOID VALVE

Figure 0-23 Animated Expected Ship’s Design

Figure 0-24 Animated Inside view of Ballast Tank

This is ballast water sucking in or pump out portion.

This is water pumping machine part use to suck in or out of oil or water.

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Figure 0-26 ANIMATED WATER SUCK IN OR PUMP OUT SECTION

Figure 0-27 ANIMATED PUMPING MACHINE SECTION

1.1.15 Mechanical Design:

1.1.15.1 Front View:-

1.1.15.2 Top View:-

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Figure 0-28 AutoCAD Drawing, Front Back View Of Ship

Figure 0-29 AutoCAD Drawing, Side View Of Ship

1.1.16 Hardware List (Final):

ABS Plastic for design structure of Ship. Acrylic Sheet for Oil Hatches & Ballast Water Tanks. Rudder. Propeller. XBEE Pro Module 12V 7.8A DC Motor. Servo Motor (Medium). 12V 2.5A Pumping Machine. 12V 2A Solenoid Valve. Float Sensor (Fuel Guage). PIC 16F877A. Power Transistor TIP31C Power Mosfet IRF540. LM317 Discrete Components.

1.1.17 Software List (Final):

PIC C Compiler for coding. Proteus for simulation. Proteus for PCB Design. AUTOCAD for Design Structure of Ship.

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1.1.18 Gantt Chart:

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1.1.19 Environmental And Safety Standards:-

• Keep away “Oil Tanker” from the fire.

• To avoid fire “Fire Fighting System” should be near to the Oil Hatches and Engine

Room.

• To avoid from disbalancing of Ship, do not load Oil Hatches when Ballast Tanks are

empty.

• Oil Hatches should be safe from any electrical shock.

• Do not load Oil Tanks in adverse and rainy condition.

• Do not drive the Ship while loading and unloading.

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1.1.20 Results And Their Analysis:

1.1.20.1 Solenoid Valve And Pumping Machine:

1.1.20.2 Battery Used For Ballast Pumping Process And Driving Section:

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Figure 0-31 BATTERIES FOR BALLAST PUMPING AND DRIVING SECTION

Figure 0-30 Solenoid Valve and Pumping Machine

1.1.20.3 l Ship Design Structure:

1.1.20.4 Volume & Buoyancy Force Calculation: General Formula of Buoyancy Force (FB):

FB = (V) x (v) x (SPH2O)

v = (based on volume) of the object will be submerged in the water.

v = 70% submerged in WATER

SPH2O = Specific gravity of water

SPH2O = 64 pounds per cubic foot

Ship’s Volume = V = L x B x H

Data we have:

Length = L = 5.5 ft

Breadth = B = 2.0 ft

Height = H = 2.5 ft

o Volume = V = 5.5 * 2.5 * 2 = 27.5 cubic feet

FB = 27.5 * 0.70 * 64 = 1232 pounds

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Figure 0-32 Final Ship Design Structure

1.1.20.5 Voltage Level Testing Of Float Sensor (Ballast Pumping Part):

1.1.20.6 Voltage Vs Quantity Of Oil (Table):

VOLTAGE READING (in Volts) QUANTITY OF OIL(in liter)0 0

0.2 0 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.8 1.6

Table 2.0.20-6 Voltage Vs Quantity of Oil

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Figure 0-33 Voltage Level Testing of Float Sensor

1.1.20.7 Voltage Vs Quantity Of Oil (Table):

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Graph 2.0.20-1 Voltage Vs Quantity of Oil

1.1.20.8 Time Vs Quantity Of Oil (Table):

TIME (in sec) QUANTITY OF OIL (in litre)0 0.250514 0.187525 0.12535 0.062550 0.0225

Table 2.0.20-7 Time Vs Quantity of Oil

1.1.20.9 Time Vs Quantity Of Oil (Graph):

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Graph 2-2.0.20-2 Time Vs Quantity of Water

1.1.20.10 Time Vs Quantity of Water (Table):

TIME (in sec) QUANTITY OF WATER (in liter)0 08 0.2516 0.524 0.7532 140 1.2548 1.5

Table 2.0.20-8 Time Vs Quantity of Water

1.1.20.11 Time Vs Quantity Of Water (Graph):

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Graph 2-2.0.20-3 Time Vs Quantity of Oil

1.1.20.12 Propeller, Rudder & Xbee Module Testing:

1.1.20.12.1Propeller & Rudder (Driving Section):

1.1.20.12.2XBEE MODULE RANGE TESTING(TABLE):

DISTANE IN METER DATA STATUS

0.5 DATA RECEIVED

05 DATA RECEIVED

12 DATA RECEIVED

15 DATA RECEIVED

Table 2.0.20-9 XBEE MODULE RANGE TESTING

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Figure 0-34 PROPELLER & RUDDER (DRIVING SECTION)

1.1.20.13 Scenario Of Ballast Pumping Process:-

OIL HATCH #01LOADING



OIL HATCH #01UNLOADING



VALVE #01WATER LOADING

OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF


OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF


OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON

VALVE #01WATER UNLOADING

ON OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF


OFF ON OFF OFF OFF OFF


OFF OFF ON OFF OFF OFF

PUMP MACHINE#01 OIL UNLOAD

OFF OFF OFF ON OFF OFF


OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF


OFF OFF OFF OFF OFF ON

PUMP MACHINE #04WATER LOAD

OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON

PUMP MACHINE #05WATER UNLOAD

ON ON ON OFF OFF OFF

Table 2.0.20-10 Scenario of Ballast Pumping Process

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1.1.21 Cost Analysis:

S.NO ITEM COST/ITEMRs/--

QUANTITY TOTAL COSTRs/--

1 Structure of ship 20,000 1 20,000

2 Paint 2000 2 4000

3 DC Motor 3000 1 3000

4 Controller 250 6 1500

5 Fuel Gauge (Float Sensor)

300 3 900

4 XBEE Module 8000 1 8000

5 Solenoid valve 650 6 3900

6 Propeller 1500 1 1500

7 Rudder 1000 1 1000

8 Pumping Machine 250 5 1250

9 Servo Motor 2000 1 2000

10 12V 7.8A Battery 1800 1 1800

11 7.5V 2A Battery 350 3 1050

11 Discrete components

- 1500

TOTAL=51400 Rs/--

Table 2.0.21-11 Cost Estimate

In cost analysis, the DC motor we chose is of low cost, enough torque and speed and easily available in market.

We are using Pumping machine of 12v 2.5A and its flow rate is suitable for our project requirement.

Solenoid valve is of 12V 2A as it is low cost and this is well suited for our process. We are using Servo Motor (medium) for rudder because it has enough torque to

operate in water. We have used Xbee Module for wireless transmission which is high cost instead of

434MHz RF module, because its range is upto 1 Mile and it’s accuracy is high as compare to simple RF module.

Other components using to operate project easily and they are of moderate cost and easily available.

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1.1.22 Conclusion:

We started off the project with aim to design a Marine Ship ‘Oil Tanker’ but with the time and experience it was learnt that this was not at all an easy job, especially the structure of oil tanker and also to make it stable in water. But at last we completed our structure by the help from our teachers, our advisor and ours fellow relatives.

After the completion of first aim we started our work on electronics to make the driving section of ship wireless through XBEE Module.

Then we started work on the Ballast Pumping Process to make it autonomous.

By the bless of Allah we successfully achieved our all aim and objectives.

This project has been a successful as far as learning and practical implementation is concerned.

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1.1.23 Future Recommendation:

The design of ship can be further modify in order to achieve maximum stability of ship in water.

Oil level sensing can be further improved to achieve the 100% accuracy by using efficient sensors.

Autonomous Ballast Pumping Process can be done also while driving the ship in stormy sea in order to avoid sinking of ship.

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2 CHAPTER # 03

2.0 References:-

References from following books:

E. C. Tupper. Naval Architecture, fourth Edition. Jordan Hill: Elsevier Ltd, 2004

DJ EYRES. Ship Construction, sixth Edition. Jordan Hill: Elsevier Ltd, 2007

References from following websites:

MARITIME CONNECTOR,”OIL TANKER”. http://www.maritime-

connector.com/ContentDetails/81/lang/English/Oil-tanker.wshtml. Access time:

11:30pm

INEC, “TANKER-OIL TANKER”. http://www.inec.de/show.php?

id=186&currsite=tanker&pagetitle=Tanker AccessTime:09:15pm

Auke Visser’s International Super Tankers, “Magnificent Model of the Lucina”

http://www.aukevisser.nl/supertankers/part-2/id503.htm

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http://www.aukevisser.nl/supertankers/part-2/id503.htm

http://www.inec.de/show.php?id=186&currsite=tanker&pagetitle=Tanker

http://www.inec.de/show.php?id=186&currsite=tanker&pagetitle=Tanker

http://www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/81/lang/English/Oil-tanker.wshtml

http://www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/81/lang/English/Oil-tanker.wshtml

3 CHAPTER # 04

3.0 APPENDICES

3.0.1 Appendic A:

3.0.1.1 Electrical Drawing:

3.0.1.2 XBEE Transmitter (Drivingpart):

3.0.1.3 XBEE Receiver (Driving Part):-

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Figure 3-35 XBEE TRANSMITTER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Figure 3-36 XBEE RECIEVER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM


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Figure 3-37 BALLAST PUMPING PART SCHEMATIC

3.0.1.5 Mechanical Drawing:

3.0.1.6 Front View:-

3.0.1.7 TOP VIEW:-

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Figure 3-38 AutoCAD Drawing, Front Back View of Ship

Figure 0-39 AutoCAD Drawing, Side View of Ship

3.0.2 Appendix B:

3.0.2.1 Coding:

3.0.2.1.1 XBEE Transmitter (Driving Part):

#include <16f877a.h>

#fuses NOWDT,HS,PUT

#use delay(clock=20M)

#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=pin_c6,rcv=pin_c7,parity = N)

void main ( void )

{

while ( true )

{

if (input(pin_c0)) /////////////PROPELLER ON////////////////

{

putc ('a');

delay_ms (500);

}

if (!input(pin_c0)) /////////////PROPELLER OFF////////////////

{

putc('e');

delay_ms(500);

}

if ( input(pin_c1) && !input(pin_c2) ) ////////////RIGHT TURN////////////////

{

putc ('c');

delay_ms (500);

}

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if ( input(pin_c2) && !input(pin_c1) ) ////////////LEFT TURN////////////////

{

putc ('d');

delay_ms (500);

}

if (!input(pin_c1) && !input(pin_c2) )

{

putc ('b');

delay_ms (500);

}}

}

3.0.2.1.2 XBEE Receiver (Driving Part):

#include <16f877a.h>

#fuses NOWDT,HS,PUT

#use delay(clock=20M)

#use rs232(baud=9600,xmit=pin_c6,rcv=pin_c7, parity = N)

int1 check = 0 ;

int b=0,c=0,d=0,e=0;

char a;

#int_rda

void data (void)

{

a=getc ();

}

void main(void)

{

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enable_interrupts (global);

enable_interrupts (int_rda);

while(true)

{

if (a == 'a') ///////////PROPELLER FORWARD//////////

{

output_high (pin_c2);

}

if (a == 'e') ///////////PROPELLER STOP//////////

{

output_low (pin_c2);

}

if (a == 'b')

{

for ( b=0; b<50; b++ ) ///////////DEFAULT 0 DEGREE//////////

{

output_high(PIN_B5);

delay_us(1500);

output_low(PIN_B5);

delay_us(23500);

}

check=0;

}

if (a == 'c' && check == 0 ) ///////////RIGHT TURN//////////////

{

for ( b=0; b<50; b++ )

{


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delay_us(2200);

output_low(PIN_B5);

delay_us(22800);

}

check = 1;

}

if (a == 'd' && check == 0 )

{

for ( b=0; b<50; b++ ) ///////////LEFT TURN//////////

{


delay_us(800);

output_low(PIN_B5);

delay_us(24200);

}

check = 1;

}

}}

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3.0.2.2 Ballast Pumping Process:#include <16f877a.h>

#device adc=8

#fuses NOWDT,HS,NOPROTECT,NOLVP

#use delay(clock=20000000)

int c,d,e;

float v1,v2,v3;

//_____________________________________________________________________

//____________________________HAULT____________________________________

void hault(void)

{

output_low(PIN_B0); /////// OIL UNLOAD PUMPING MACHINE # 1////////



output_low(PIN_B3); /////// BALLAST LOAD VALVE #1/////////////////



output_low(PIN_B6); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE 1////////////////

output_low(PIN_B7); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE 2////////////////

output_low(PIN_C0); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE 3////////////////

output_low(PIN_C1); /////// BALLAST LOAD PUMPING MACHINE//////////

output_low(PIN_C2); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD PUMPING MACHINE////////

}

//_____________________________________________________________________

//____________________________LOAD TANK # 1____________________________

void loadtank1(void)

{

output_low(PIN_B7); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE # 2//////////////

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output_low(PIN_C0); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE # 3//////////////

output_high(PIN_B6); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE # 1//////////////

delay_ms(500);

output_high(PIN_C2); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD PUMPING MACHINE////////

}

//_____________________________________________________________________

//____________________________LOAD TANK # 2____________________________


{

output_low(PIN_B6); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE # 1 //////////////

output_low(PIN_C0); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE # 3 //////////////

output_high(PIN_B7); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE # 2 /////////////

delay_ms(500);


}

//_____________________________________________________________________

//____________________________LOAD TANK # 3____________________________


{



output_high(PIN_C0); /////// BALLAST UNLOAD VALVE # 3/////////////

delay_ms(500);


}

//______________________________________________________________________

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//_______________________________UNLOAD TANK#1__________________________

void unloadtank1(void)

{

output_high(PIN_B0); /////// OIL UNLOAD PUMPING MACHINE # 1///////

output_high(PIN_C1); /////// BALLAST LOAD PUMPING MACHINE ////////

delay_ms(300);

output_high(PIN_B3); /////// BALLAST LOAD VALVE # 1 ///////////////

}

//______________________________________________________________________

//_______________________________UNLOAD TANK #2__________________________


{

output_high(PIN_B1); /////// OIL UNLOAD PUMPING MACHINE # 2////////


delay_ms(300);

output_high(PIN_B4); /////// BALLAST LOAD VALVE #2/////////////////

}

//______________________________________________________________________

//_______________________________UNLOAD TANK #3 ________________________


{

output_high(PIN_B2); /////// OIL UNLOAD PUMPING MACHINE # 3////////


delay_ms(300);

output_high(PIN_B5); /////// BALLAST LOAD VALVE #3/////////////////

}

//*************************************************************************//

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//********************************MAIN*************************************//

void main(void)

{

setup_adc_ports(ALL_ANALOG);

setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_INTERNAL);

while (1)

{

output_high(PIN_D1);

delay_ms(300);

output_low(PIN_D1);

delay_ms(300);

c=input(PIN_C3);

d=input(PIN_C4);

e=input(PIN_C5);

//________________________________________________________

// TANK #1

set_adc_channel(0);

delay_ms(5);

v1= read_adc();

v1=(v1/51);

//________________________________________________________

// TANK #2

set_adc_channel(1);

delay_ms(5);

v2= read_adc();

v2=(v2/51);

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//________________________________________________________

// TANK #3

set_adc_channel(1);

delay_ms(5);

v3= read_adc();

v3=(v3/51);

//________________________________________________________

// TANK #1

if (v1>0.2 && v1<0.8 && c==0)

{

loadtank1();

}

else if(c==1)

{

unloadtank1();

}

//________________________________________________________

// TANK #2

else if (v2>0.2 && v2<0.8 && d==0)

{

loadtank2();

}

else if(d==1)

{

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unloadtank2();

}

//________________________________________________________

// TANK #3-

else if (v3>0.2 && v3<0.8 && e==0)

{

loadtank3();

}

else if(e==1)

{

unloadtank3();

}

else

{

hault();

}

}

}

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3.0.3 Appendix C:

3.0.3.1 Recommendation Letter

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3.0.4 Appendix D:

3.0.4.1 Supporting Documents:

3.0.4.1.1 Reference Model Of Similar Oil Tanker Ship’s Model:

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Figure 0-40 REFERENCE MODEL OIL TANKER

Figure 0-41 REFERENCE PROTOTYPE OIL TANKER (APPROX 7ft)

Figure 0-42 REFERENCE PROTOTYPE OF OIL TANKER (APPROX 3ft)

3.0.4.1.2 Reference Mechanical Drawing Of Ship Oil Tanker:

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Figure 0-43 MECHANICAL DRAWING OF BITUMENTANKER

Figure 0-44 MECHANICAL DRAWING OF OIL TANKER

3.0.4.1.3 Ballast Pumping Process Reference:

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Figure 0-45 MECHANICAL DRAWING OF OIL TANKER

Figure 0-46 BALLAST PUMPING PROCESS SCENARIO AND PUMP MACHIN & VALVE FITTING

3.0.5 Appendix E:

3.0.5.1 Datasheets:

3.0.5.1.1 XBEE Pro Module.

3.0.5.1.2 Servo Motor 180 Degree (Medium).

3.0.5.1.3 Pic16f877a

3.0.5.1.4 LM7805

3.0.5.1.5 Lm317

3.0.5.1.6 LF33CV

3.0.5.1.7 Power Mosfet Irf540

3.0.5.1.8 Power Transistor TIP31C

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