video: recovering from wwii 2:00 video: germany after the war 2:43
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UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS
An international peacekeeping organization
Formed after WWII in 1945 Purpose:
– help settle disputes among member nations
– prevent wars from starting– take actions to end wars that did start.
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SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION
A union of countries under one Communist government
After WW II it included Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria
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COLD WARCOLD WAR
The competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world after WWII
Characterized by political and economic conflict along with military tension
It was “cold” because there was no direct military conflict between the two nations.
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TRUMAN DOCTRINETRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947 – Great Britain announced
that it could no longer afford to support Greece and Turkey in their struggle against Communist revolution.
President Truman spoke to Congress saying the U.S. would take the leading role in fighting the spread of Communism.
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CONTAINMENTCONTAINMENT A political policy of preventing the
spread of Communism American leaders believed that
communism would die out on its own if it did not spread.
This would be the cornerstone of American foreign policy for over 50 years.
Leads to our involvement in the Leads to our involvement in the Korean WarKorean War and and Vietnam WarVietnam War
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MARSHALL PLANMARSHALL PLAN 19471947 – Proposed by Secretary of – Proposed by Secretary of
State State George MarshallGeorge Marshall A program of economic
assistance to help rebuild the economies of western Europe after WWII
The U.S. could contain communism, win allies, create new democracies, and new markets for American goods.
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NATONATO 19491949 North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization U.S., Canada, Britain, France, U.S., Canada, Britain, France,
Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, and othersand others
An “association of democratic peace-loving nations”
“An armed attack against one or more of them . . . shall be considered an attack against them all.”
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WARSAW PACTWARSAW PACT
Soviet UnionSoviet Union responded to responded to NATO by forming a NATO by forming a military alliance with its military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern satellite nations in Eastern EuropeEurope..
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Formation of West Formation of West GermanyGermany Germany remained divided
into four zones after WWII occupied by England, France, U.S. and the Soviet Union.
In 1948, England, France and the U.S. combined their zones into a single democratic government (West Germany).
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Formation of East Formation of East GermanyGermany
The Soviet Union responded by forming a Communist nation, East Germany.
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The Division of BerlinThe Division of Berlin
Berlin, the capital city, was located in East Germany.
It was divided in half also. East Berlin was under Soviet
Communist control. West Berlin was free and
Democratic.
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West and East GermanyWest and East GermanyEast Germany Under Soviet Communist
ControlBritish, French and American zones become West Germany
Capital: Berlin. Also divided into east and
west.
BERLIN BLOCKADEBERLIN BLOCKADE
The Soviets were opposed to Marshall Plan aid to West Germany.
June 1948 Soviets blocked all land shipments of food and other needed supplies to 2.5 million inhabitants of West Berlin.
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BERLIN BLOCKADEBERLIN BLOCKADE
Truman did not want to risk a war with the Soviets by using military force.
Truman organized an airlift to fly supplies into West Berlin
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BERLIN BLOCKADEBERLIN BLOCKADE
West Berlin was non-communist,
but it was surrounded entirely by
Soviet territory. Nothing/Nobody
went in or out over land.
East Berlin was under communist
control.
The Berlin Wall ran through the center of the city, dividing east from west.
BERLIN AIRLIFTBERLIN AIRLIFT American and British pilots 300 days 200,000 flights 13,000 tons of goods daily Total of 1.5 million tons of
goods Soviets gave up the blockade in
May 1949
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Video: The Marshall Plan and the Berlin Video: The Marshall Plan and the Berlin BlockadeBlockade
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THE KOREAN THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”“CONFLICT”
At the end of World War II, Japan surrendered its control of Korea to the Allies
Forces north of the 38th parallel were surrendered to the Soviets
Forces south of the 38th parallel were surrendered to the Americans
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THE KOREAN THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”“CONFLICT”
A A CommunistCommunist regime was regime was established in the established in the northnorth
A A pro-Americanpro-American government government formed in the formed in the southsouth
19491949 – all occupying forces – all occupying forces left both regionsleft both regions
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THE KOREAN THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”“CONFLICT”
1950 – North Korean troops invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunite the two countries under Communism
The United Nations branded the invasion an act of aggression and called on member nations to defend South Korea
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THE KOREAN THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”“CONFLICT”
President Truman assumed that the invasion had been planned and backed by the Soviets
Truman ordered American air and naval support for South Korea
Congress never formally declared war on North Korea
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THE KOREAN THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”“CONFLICT”
General Douglas MacArthur commanded the American troops in Korea
Nov. 1950 - He launched an offensive plan to drive the N. Korean forces all the way across the Chinese border
Chinese forces pushed the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel
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THE KOREAN THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”“CONFLICT”
MacArthur insisted that American forces lead an attack against the China mainland
Truman would not agree MacArthur was relieved of his
command in April 1951 The war continued 2 more years
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End of the Korean End of the Korean ConflictConflict
Dwight D. Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower is is elected in elected in 19521952
He threatens to use He threatens to use atomicatomic weaponsweapons and and peace talkspeace talks between North and South between North and South make progressmake progress
19531953 – – TruceTruce is signed leaving is signed leaving the country divided at about the country divided at about the the 3838thth parallel parallel
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The border between N. and S. Korea. Peace talks between the two take place in the blue buildings. The tables cross the border and each side sits on their own territory.
North Korea is still a Communist nation and a threat to world peace; as far as they are concerned, the war is not over.
KOREA TODAYKOREA TODAY 16
Dwight D. Dwight D. EisenhoweEisenhowerr
World War II World War II General General
President 1953 - President 1953 - 19611961
RepublicanRepublican New YorkNew York Continued policies Continued policies
of of containmentcontainment ConcludedConcluded the the
Korean conflictKorean conflict
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THE ARMS THE ARMS RACERACE
A struggle to gain A struggle to gain weapons weapons superioritysuperiority
Sept. Sept. 19491949 – – SovietsSoviets tested their tested their first first atomic weaponatomic weapon
1950 – U.S. began developing a 1950 – U.S. began developing a thermonuclear hydrogen bombthermonuclear hydrogen bomb
19521952 – – U.S.U.S. tested the tested the “H Bomb”“H Bomb”
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THE ARMS THE ARMS RACERACE
19531953 – – USSRUSSR tested the tested the “H “H Bomb”Bomb”
1954 to 1958 – U.S. tested 19 1954 to 1958 – U.S. tested 19 hydrogen bombs in the Pacifichydrogen bombs in the Pacific
1 hydrogen bomb had the 1 hydrogen bomb had the destructive force of 750 atom destructive force of 750 atom bombs bombs
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ICBMsICBMs
IntercontinentaIntercontinental ballistic l ballistic missilesmissiles
Developed by Developed by the the USSRUSSR
Long range Long range rockets rockets designed to designed to carry H bombs carry H bombs to their targetsto their targets
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MILITARY MILITARY INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXCOMPLEX
U.S. became U.S. became permanentlypermanently mobilizedmobilized – over 1 million – over 1 million troops around the worldtroops around the world
Military spending Military spending ½ federal ½ federal budgetbudget by 1960 by 1960
MilitaryMilitary, , sciencescience, and , and industryindustry became linked in create new became linked in create new weapons technologyweapons technology and and employing 3.5 million employing 3.5 million AmericansAmericans
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McCARTHYISMMcCARTHYISM Similar to the Red Scare of the
1920’s Joseph McCarthy, Republican
Senator from Wisconsin Launched a campaign in the 1950s to
find and expel all Communists from U.S. Government jobs
Senate hearings called hundreds of individuals to testify about their connections to the Communist Party
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McCARTHYISMMcCARTHYISM Even the accusation that a
person might be a Communist ruined the lives of many citizens
McCarthy advocated limiting Americans’ freedom of speech and press to keep people from even discussing Communism as a political choice
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SPUTNIK ISPUTNIK I 1957 Launched by Soviets 1st satellite launched into orbit It showed that the U.S. was no
longer ahead in aeronautical technology
Started the “space race”
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The last remaining piece of Sputnik I on display in the National Air and Space Museum.
Model of Sputnik I
NATIONAL DEFENSE NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACTEDUCATION ACT 1958 – To compete with the Communists
scientific advances Congress approved more money
to improve schools and required students to complete more math and science courses.
Provided low-cost loans to college students
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NASANASA
Created by U.S. Government Created by U.S. Government in in 19581958
National Aeronautics and National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationSpace Administration
An independent agency for An independent agency for space explorationspace exploration
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Space Race HeroesSpace Race Heroes
Yuri Gagarin—First man in space
John Glenn—First American to orbit the
Earth
Neil Armstrong—First man to walk on the
moon
Project MercuryProject Mercury
1958 – 19631958 – 1963 Launched the first Americans Launched the first Americans
into space into space Goal was to orbit a manned Goal was to orbit a manned
spacecraft around the Earth, spacecraft around the Earth, investigate a human's ability investigate a human's ability to survive and function in to survive and function in space, and safely return both space, and safely return both pilot and craft.pilot and craft.
The nickel alloy and titanium capsule is small. John Glenn said, “You don't get into it, you put it on." Yet its operating systems are so sophisticated that the
capsule holds seven miles of electrical wire.
The Mercury Capsule
John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy
1961-19631961-1963 DemocratDemocrat MassachusettsMassachusetts Youngest man Youngest man
ever elected (44 ever elected (44 years old)years old)
First CatholicFirst Catholic
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BAY OF PIGSBAY OF PIGS CubaCuba had fallen to had fallen to CommunismCommunism and and
was under the control of the Soviets.was under the control of the Soviets. Communist dictator of Cuba was Communist dictator of Cuba was
Fidel CastroFidel Castro Before JFK’s election, the Before JFK’s election, the CIACIA
developed a plot to developed a plot to assassinate assassinate CastroCastro and overthrow the and overthrow the Communist regimeCommunist regime
April of April of 19611961
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BAY OF PIGSBAY OF PIGS It was planned poorly and It was planned poorly and failedfailed
badly. badly. Kennedy said, “It made the US Kennedy said, “It made the US
look like fools to our friends, look like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies, and rascals to our enemies, and incompetents to the rest.”incompetents to the rest.”
JFK promised to be more JFK promised to be more responsible in handling foreign responsible in handling foreign affairs.affairs.
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CUBAN MISSILE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962CRISIS, 1962
October 14October 14 - Aerial surveillance - Aerial surveillance revealed revealed missilesmissiles in Cuba in Cuba supplied by the supplied by the SovietsSoviets
October 22October 22, JFK addressed the , JFK addressed the nation on Soviet threat and nation on Soviet threat and announced a “announced a “quarantinequarantine” of ” of CubaCuba
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CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
October 23October 23 - The USSR warned that - The USSR warned that US actions could lead to a US actions could lead to a nuclear nuclear warwar..
October 27October 27 - JFK and Khrushchev’s - JFK and Khrushchev’s agreed to avoid waragreed to avoid war
SovietsSoviets removed the missilesremoved the missiles and and US ended the blockade US ended the blockade - promising - promising not to invade Cuba.not to invade Cuba.
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