victor kaptelinin
DESCRIPTION
Activity theory and HCI. Victor Kaptelinin. 2002-11-08. Outline. Introduction Two waves of HCI Post-cognitivist HCI: Second-wave theories Activity theory as a middle ground An overview of basic principles The Activity Checklist UMEA. Wave I: The cognitive approach. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Victor Kaptelinin
2002-11-08
Activity theory and HCI
![Page 2: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
Introduction
Two waves of HCI
Post-cognitivist HCI: Second-wave theories
Activity theory as a middle ground
An overview of basic principles
The Activity Checklist
UMEA
![Page 3: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Wave I: The cognitive approach
The focus on user interface
Experimental studies of factors underlying efficient human-computer interaction
Models of the user
Usability criteria and techniques
![Page 4: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wave II:From human factors to human actors (Bannon, 1991)
From product to process in research and design
From individuals to groups
From the laboratory to the workplace
From novices to experts
From analysis to design
From user-centered to user-involved design
From user requirements specifications to iterative design
![Page 5: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Wave III: Beyond...
Beyond work: learning, play, entertainmentBeyond adults: Children as design partnersBeyond general purpose computers: Ubiquitous computingBeyond tools: Persuasive technologies, etc.Beyond HCI: web design, interaction design, etc.… and beyond
![Page 6: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
From UI to work to life...
user(s) UI
worker(s)
human being(s)
tool
artifact
understanding
designingevaluating
informing
![Page 7: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is activity theory?
A psychological approach based on cultural-historical psychology
An interdisciplinary framework
An approach to the complex phenomena of purposeful use of information technologies by individual and groups in social context
![Page 8: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What activity theory is not
Activity theory is a framework for thinking about activity, not a finished body of a theoryA conceptual framework, not strongly predictive theoryAn analytical tool, not a cookbook for design and evaluation
![Page 9: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Why activity theory?
The extending scope of HCI and CSCW research
Studying context (from ”Situated actions” to ”Contextual Design” and beyond)
Focus on ”user experiences”
HCI and CSCW in search of a conceptual framework
![Page 10: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A summary of the basic principles of activity theory
Object - relatednessHierarchical structure of activityInternalization/externalizationMediationDevelopment
![Page 11: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Object - relatedness
Subject and objectUnity of material and ideal world.Another example: become a doctor
transform one’s own mind and body to enact medical skills
![Page 12: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hierarchical structure of activity
Activities and motives conscious and unconscious
Actions and goals conscious
Operations and conditions unconscious, habitual
Poly-motivation
![Page 13: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hierarchical structure of activityfor an individual subject
![Page 14: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Internalization/ externalization
Mental processes vs. external behaviorThe nature and functions of internalizationThe nature and functions of externalizationIntra-subjectivity vs. inter-subjectivityInternal/external and individual/social: two separate dimensions of human activity
![Page 15: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Two dimensions of human activity
internal
external
individual - social
Image of the World
Internal Plane ofActions
instrumentalactivity
multi-voicedness
communication
collaboration
![Page 16: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mediation
Language and technology mediate human experience Accumulation and transmission of social experienceMediation of external and internal activitiesTechnical tools and psychological toolsFunctional organs
![Page 17: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Development
Object of study and research methodologyPractice as a result of historical developmentTypes of development and methods of their studyZone of Proximal Development
![Page 18: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Zone of Proximal Development
"The distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers"
Lev Vygotsky
![Page 19: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Beyond individual activities
Hierarchy of motives
Collective subjects and activity systems : two perspectives on supra-individual activities
![Page 20: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Engeström's model
instrument
object --> outcomesubject
rules community division of labor
![Page 21: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Basic principles of activity theory: A summary
Tools are used by active subjects (individuals, groups, organizations) who interact with the world to achieve their goalsSubjects have hierarchies of goals which reflect, on the one hand, higher-level objectives and their tradeoffs, and, on the other hand, available resourcesSubjects are shaped by their activities—having an impact on their social/cultural environment, subjects impact themselvesHuman experience is crystallized in tools and is transmitted to other people by mediating their activitiesHuman activities undergo various kinds of developmental transformations
![Page 22: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A historical overview
1991 "Through the interface" by Susanne Bødker1992 Plenary session at the EWHCI'92 Conference (S. Petersburg, Russia)1995 A workshop at the Third Decennial "Computers in Context" Conference (Aarhus, Denmark)1996 Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction, MIT Press, ed., Bonnie Nardi
1998 ISCRAT Conference, June 7-11, Denmark
2001 Special Issue Journal CSCW on activity theory and design, B. Nardi and D. Redmiles, eds.
2002 ISCRAT Conference, 18-22 June, Amsterdamaz
![Page 23: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
AT and HCI:Main directions of research
Retrospective analyses based on activity theoryComputer-Supported Cooperative WorkComputer-Supported Collaborative LearningParticipatory design, scenario-based design, and industrial designActivity-based workplace studies and designInterface designDevelopmental work researchInformation systems
![Page 24: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The overall structure of the Checklist
Part 1. Means and ends
Part 2. The environment
Part 3. Learning, cognition and articulation
Part 4. Development
![Page 25: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Part 1. Means and ends
Human beings have hierarchies of goals which emerge from attempts to meet their needs under current circumstances. Understanding the use of any technology should start with identifying the goals of target actions, which are relatively explicit, and then extending the scope of analysis both "up" (to higher-level actions and activities) and "down" (to lower level actions and operations).
![Page 26: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Part 2. The environment
Human beings live in the social, cultural world. They achieve their motives and goals by active transformation of objects in their environments. This section of the checklist identifies the objects involved in target activities and constitutes the environment of the use of target technology.
![Page 27: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Activities include both internal (mental) and
external components which can transform into
each other. Computer systems should support
both internalization of new ways of action and
articulation of mental processes, when
necessary, to facilitate problem solving and
social coordination
Part 3. Learning, cognition and articulation
![Page 28: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Activities undergo permanent developmental
transformations. Analysis of the history of
target activities can help to reveal the main
factors influencing the development. Analysis
of potential changes in the environment can
help to anticipate their effect on the structure
of target activities
Part 4. Development
![Page 29: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Main issues in analysis
Functionality
Flexibility
Learning
Collaboration
Personal/ Social Spaces
Breakdowns
User resistance
Power differences
etc
![Page 30: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Space mission as an activity: the case of Apollo 13
collective activity
“pre-processed activity”
shift from one activity to another after the breakdown
![Page 31: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Suggestions
Suggestion 1: Video monitoring of Apollo 13 from the inside and the outside, so that people at Mission Control could watch the spacecraft and the astronauts.Suggestion 2: Shared goal-specific representations indicating sub-goals, priorities, distribution of responsibilities, and available resources. Suggestion 3: Support of decision making (primarily by the head of Mission Control and those immediately responsible for the decision) with explicit representation of options and consequences associated with a specific problem.Suggestion 4: Support of meaningful interpretation of instrumentation dataSuggestion 5: Dedicated human assistants for astronautsSuggestion 6: Systematic preliminary check of potential conflicts and breakdowns at each phase of the mission
![Page 32: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
UMEA: User-Monitoring Environment for Activities
Applications as environments: Coping with multiple information hierarchies
Supporting Higher-Level User Actions: Existing Approaches Personal information management systems Dedicated project spaces Non-hierarchical information space architectures
The UMEA approach: Converting interaction histories into project contexts
![Page 33: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Rationale
minimize overhead and make the benefits of creating project environments apparent to the user;
integrate personal information management, communication, and management of tools and materials;
capitalize upon actual work practices of users.
![Page 34: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Architecture
overview
project context
PIM tools
MS Office
COM add-in DLL
project-tagged interaction history
7
6
5
4
2
1 resource lists
3
![Page 35: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
User interface: Minimized overview
project panel
resource panel
”maximize”button
fol – ders
con -tacts
URLs
docu -ments
project icons
resourcemenu
buttons
![Page 36: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
User interface: Maximized overview
RL
CP
PL
![Page 37: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
User interface: Project view
PIM/H
PD
RL
CP
STL
![Page 38: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
An example use scenario
-- the user launches the UMEA application;decides, which project to focus on;selects a project and opens necessary resources;continues working on the project, i.e., opens and saves documents, sends emails, etc; file names, etc, are automatically added to respective lists of resources; PIM entries are automatically linked to the project; when the user switches to another project, he or she gets an immediate access to PIM tools and resources related to that project.
![Page 39: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Main advantages
an access to various types of resources related to a project “from one place”,
an overview of ongoing projects,
a possibility to instantly switch back and forth between projects, and
the help provided by the system in recalling the context of a project, which made it easier to resume working on the project after a break.
![Page 40: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Main problems
the need to manually clean up resource lists and/or interaction histories from time to time to delete irrelevant items,
some participants experienced difficulties with understanding the user interface and the functionality of the system
![Page 41: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Prospects for future work
Heuristics
Two challenges
New directions of development
![Page 42: Victor Kaptelinin](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56813b2d550346895da3f786/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Questions
???