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Vicinity of Tsukuba and history of Tone river improvement
Kamoto10 Nov. 2014
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Kinu R.
Kokai R.
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The Kokai River is characterized by the large share of its paddy area in the basin. These paddy fields are supported by irrigation water from the Kinu River and water returned from the 10,000 ha of paddy fields. Over 300 water intakes for agriculture water supply are located on the main Kokai River and its tributaries. The area irrigated by these facilities totals some 24,000 ha. On the other hand, irrigation and drainage canals including Fukuoka, Oka and Toyota Weir known as the three major weirs in Kanto where constructed in the downstream reaches of the Kokai River. These three weirs are well known for using the pond method to pump river water to a high elevation and store a large amount of water in the channel as if it storing water in a pond.
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Tone River and Retarding Basin
Tokyo
Tone R.
Watarase R.
Kinu R.
Kasumigaura L.
Kokai R.
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16,840 km2
322 km
Tanaka
Sugao
InatoiTone Canal
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TX
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Area and Volume ○Inatoi: 4.48km2 95.53 million m3
○Tanaka: 11.75km2 30.80 million m3
○Sugao: 5.92km2 28.50 million m3
○Watarase: 33.00km2 170.68 million m3
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1/200 Basin average Precipitation:
319.0 mm/3‐days
Control by up stream dams: 5,500 m3/s
Peak DesignFlood :22,000 m3/sat Yattajima
The peak discharge from Kinuand Kokai are controlled by
retarding basin
The peak discharge from Watarase River is controlled by
retarding basin
Unit: m3/s
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River System
Name of dam
Year of Completion
Catch‐mentarea(km2)
Reservoir area(km2)
Dam height (m)
Dam length (m)
Effective Storage capacity(mil. 3)
Flood control volume (mil. m3)
Up‐stream Tone
Yagisawa 1967 167.4 5.67 131.0 352 175.80 22.10
Naramata 1991 95.4 2.00 158.0 85.00 13.00
Fujiwara 1959 207.2 1.69 95.0 23.0 35.89 21.20
Aimata 1959 110.8 0.98 67.0 80 20.00 9.40
Sonohara 1966 492.2 0.91 76.5 128 14.14 14.14
Shimo‐kubo
1968 322.9 3.27 129.0 303 120.0 35.00
sum 1395.9 14.52 450.83 114.84
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River System
Name of dam
Year of Completion
Catch‐mentarea(km2)
Reservoir area(km2)
Dam height (m)
Dam length (m)
Effective Storage capacity(mil. m3)
Flood control volume (mil. m3)
Watara‐se
Kusaki 1976 254.0 1.70 140.0 405 50.50 20.00
Kinu Ikari 1957 271.2 3.10 112.0 267 46.00 14.00
Kawa‐mata
1966 179.2 2.59 117.0 131 73.10 24.50
Kawaji 1984 503.0 2.20 140.0 321 76.00 36.00
Yunishi‐gawa
2012 102.0 1.98 119.0 320 70.00 30.00
Sum 1055.4 9.87 265.10 104.50
Total 766.43 239.34
Ikari Dam
Kawamata Dam
Kinugaw
a River
Tonegawa River
Locations of the Group of Dams on Kinugawa River
Yanba Dam(under construction)
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Yunishigawa Dam (flooded water test)
Kawaji Dam
Kinunuma (headwaters)
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1. Old bank2. M33 (1900) 3. S14 (1939)4. S24 (1949)5. S55 (1980)6. Heisei (1989 ~)
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1783 Tenmei 3 Volcanic Eruption Mt. Asama
1786 Tenmei 6 Flood
1896 Meiji 29 Flood
1910 Meiji 43 Flood
1938 Showa 13 Flood in Kasumi‐ga‐uara
1947 Showa 22 Flood by typhoon Katharine
1986 Showa 61 Flood in Kokai River
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The Hakojima Retarding Basin
Kokai RiverOya River
Source: The Shimodate Office of River, Kanto Regional Development Bureau, The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism,
The Hakojima Retarding Basin
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“Mitsuka” (or “Mizuka”) refers to a foundation that is elevated in preparation for flooding, including structures on such foundations, if any. Many of them are still seen in low-lying areas in the Kanto region, where people used to suffer from frequent floods.
The Yoshida-ke Mituska has been confirmed to be the only one left in downtown Kuki. On June 26, 2008, KurihashiTown (former Kuki City) designated it as a municipal cultural asset, recognizing its historical importance for passing down local wisdom and the history of old inn town Kurihashi to the future generations.
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Nobusima‐Shinden along Kinu River 2014.11.2
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“Kasumi-tei,” or open levees, is built by placing multiple levees to overlap each other’s upstream and downstream tips so as to prevent floodwaters from overflowing. Kasumi-tei has been commonly applied particularly to rapid-current streams, such as ones running down through alluvial fans, since years before renovation in modern times.Each levee used for Kasumi-tei looks standing alone,
separate from each other, on a plan view. Functionally, however, they are not apart from one another, extending themselves upstream and downstream adequately enough to partially overlap each other. The key is that river water will not overflow because the river water level is lower towards downstream according to the river bed slope, or the slope of the alluvial fan in a broader sense.
from Nakao Tadahiko “河川工学の基礎と防災
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The following are some advantages of Kasumi-tei (1/2):
Kasumi-tei works like guide levees, which direct the stream towards the center of the river because each kasumi-tei levee, particularly its downstream part, is angled so as to lead the stream away from the residential and farming area to the center of the river.
Because of its unique design, it is the downstream part of each levee that is exposed to the dynamic flow of the rapid current. Thus, the upstream part can avoid the direct hit by floodwaters. This helps us focus more on the downstream part of the levee in terms of levee protection, instead of the entire length of the river.
Even if the downstream part of a kasumi-tei levee breaches, the residential and farming areas will still be protected from the direct hit by rapid floodwaters, because the upstream part of the adjacent, downstream levee works as a secondary levee.
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The following are some advantages of Kasumi-tei (2/2):
The gap between two kasumi-tei levees also works as a retarding basin. Traditionally, however, the gap has been considered as extra room or buffer zone rather than officially including it as part of design volume.
As the river water level continues rising, floodwaters will start overflowing slowly from the openings of kasumi-tei. However, damage is expected to be not so serious because the floodwaters are not the rapid current from the main stream but the ones with almost no velocity.
Kasumi-tei does not require large structures, such as water gates, to lead tributaries into the main stream. They can merge to the main stream through the openings of kasumi-tei. Reversely, floodwaters from the main stream can be led to tributaries through the openings.
Since early times, many communities have adopted kasumi-tei for rapid-current rivers because of these advantages. In recent years, however, kasumi-tei has been turned into continuous levees by connecting adjacent levees probably because its discontinuous design may not look safe enough.
利根川水系霞ヶ浦圏域河川整備計画茨城県より
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Sin‐tone R.
Ono R.
Sakura R.
Koise R.
Kita‐ura lake
Kasumiga‐Uralake
Kasumiga‐Ura
Catchment area 1,915 km²
Surface area 220 km²
Average depth 4 m
Max. depth 7 m
Water volume 0.848 km³
Shore length1 252 km
Surface elevation 0.16 m
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Photos in 2013 Sep 10
Aoki Weir
Location Sakuragawa City, Ibaraki, JapanName of river SakuraBeneficial area 61 haHeight of the weir 5 mManager of Facility Yamato & Sakura Water Supply AssociationLength of the weir 19 mStyle of the weir Semi Fixed Weir (Steel Slide Gate)Construction year 1998
Hojo Weir
Location Tsukuba CityName of river SakuraBeneficial area 231.8 haHeight of the weir 3.1 mManager of Facility Tsukuba City Land Improvement
OrganizationLength of the weir 36.3 mStyle of the weir Inflatable Rubber WeirConstruction year 1999
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Photo in 2013 Sep 10 2013 Oct. 19
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Flexible water usage at the
drought in 2001From industry to
irrigation
<Town development along TX in Ibaraki>8 locations about 1,700 ha
(Town redemarcation project)Planned population: about 100,000Planned housing land: about 1,000 ha
Shimana &
Fukudatsubo
Municipality Tsukubamirai Tsukuba Tsukuba
Primarycontractor
Ibaraki Pref . Ibaraki Pref . Ibaraki Pref .
Dev elopmentarea
275ha 243ha 168ha
Plannedpopulation
16,000 15,000 11,000
Kamikawarazaki& Nakanishi
LocationIna &
Yawaraky uury ou
Moriy a Sta. Nakane &
Area Kondadai
Municipality Moriy a Moriy a Tsukuba Tsukuba Tsukuba
Primarycontractor
Moriy a association UR UR UR
Dev elopmentarea
39 ha 40 ha 293 ha 485 ha 190 ha
Plannedpopulation
3,800 2,400 21,000 25,000 8,000
Location Kay amaru KatsuragiMoriy ahigashi
Ina & Yawarakyuryobu(Miraidaira)
Kayamaru(Midorino)
Shimana & Fukudatsubo(Banpakukinenkoen)
Kamikawarazaki& Nakanishi
Katsuragi(Kenkyugakuen) Nakane & Kondadai
Moriyahigashi
Moriya(Moriya)
Chiba Pref.
Outline of 8 locationsTsukuba Sta.
Midorino Sta.
Kenkyugakuen Sta.
Moriya Sta.
Miraidaira Sta.
Banpakukinen Sta.
Development along the TX line
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1 Town development along the TX line (Katsuragi Area)
Aerial view of Katsuragi Area after project
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1 Town development along the TX line (Katsuragi Area)
River improvement with town development along TX
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2 Rainwater drainage measures
Yata River(Yata‐gawa)
Hasunuma River (Hasunuma-gawa)
Nishiyata River(Nishiyata‐gawa)
Takaoka River(Takaoka‐gawa)
Current
Current
Current
Current
After improvement
After improvement
After improvement
After improvement
つくばエクスプレス
東光台研究団地
Rainwater drainage measures within the project area
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Hasunuma‐gawa regulating pond No.1
Hasunuma‐gawa regulating pond No.2
Katsuragi‐gawa regulating pond
Regulating pond
Regulating pond
2 Rainwater drainage measures
Rainfall detention/infiltration measures
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Private houses
Roads
Large parks
Small parks
Schools
Commercial/industrial facilities
2 Rainwater drainage measures
Tone Canal
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The construction of the Tone Canal by private initiative began in 1889 to shorten the route of water transport connecting the Tone and Edo rivers when waterborne traffic was bustling. The inland canal stretching about 9 kilometerswas completed in 1890. The canal was designed by Dutch engineer AnthonieThomas Lubertus Rouwenhorst Mulderand, unlike many other canals in Japan, it is curved to create beautiful scenery. The canal shortened the shipping route by some 40 kilometers, thereby increasing the speed of shipment from rice‐producing areas along the Tone River to Tokyo, a major consumption center. 1 outer ring steamboat and Takase ship, during the height, about 100 boats a day had been operated. The canal saw busy traffic through the first half of the 20th century . Over time, it has become the era of the automobile and railway.In 1941, Its embankments were destroyed by a typhoon and it was acquired by the country in 1942, thus ending a half century of its history in waterway shipping.Then, it had become the interim water channel to compensate for the water shortage in Tokyo temporary. It showed a quiet appearance after finishing also the role now, and it is also referred to as “Toneunga eco‐museum”.
Noda city is famous for Shoyu (soy source) production. Kikoman Company originates here.