vet n dairy
TRANSCRIPT
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REPORTOF
THEADVISORYCOMMITTEE
ONANIMALHUSBANDRY&DAIRYING
VolumeIMAINREPORT
ConstitutedbythePLANNINGCOMMISSION
GovernmentofIndiaYojanaBhawan,NewDelhi.
January 2010
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1
PREFACEThePlanningCommission,GovernmentofIndia,videitsorderNo.Q13017/2/2008Agri
dated 4th
February, 2009, constituted a Committee to look into the various
developmental programmes followed in the Animal Husbandry & Dairy Sector and
suggestedmeasures
for
accelerating
the
growth
rate
with
the
objective
of
achieving
the
targets set for the 11th
Plan. The constitution of the Committee and its term of
referencehavebeenannexed.
Themembersof theCommitteevisitedallthestatesofthecountrytostudythe field
level implementationof the various programmes.Wrapupmeetingswereorganized
with the representatives of the states at Bengaluru, Mumbai, Bhubaneshwar,
ChandigarhandLucknow,wherethefindingsofthegroupswerepresentedandfuture
developmental strategies in animal husbandry and dairying sectorwas discussed. In
thesemeetings,inadditiontovariousdevelopmentprogrammes,VentureCapitalfund
andCDAP,whichisanessentialrequirementforRKVY,werealsodiscussed.
ThreesubgroupsoftheAdvisoryCommitteewereconstitutedonFodderDevelopment,
Livestock Extension and Value Addition (Milk andMeat). They took an independent
studyvisitingvariousstatesandinteractingwiththestakeholders.
TheCommitteeplacesonrecordthecontributionmadebytheStateGovernmentsand
thehospitalityextendedtothemduringvisittotheirstates.TheCommitteealsowants
toexpressitsgratitudetoHonbleShriAbhijitSen,Member,PlanningCommission,and
ShriL.Rynjah,PrincipalAdvisor(Agriculture),fortheirguidanceandsuggestionsduring
thedeliberationsofthemeeting.ThecontributionmadebyNationalDairyDevelopment
Board,Anand;
National
Dairy
Research
Institute,
Karnal;
Indian
Grassland
and
Fodder
Research Institute, Jhansi and Guru Angad Dev University of Veterinary and Animal
Science,Ludhiana,isalsoacknowledged.
InthecapacityofChairman,Ihavegreatpleasureinexpressinggratitudeandthanksto
allmembersoftheCommitteefortheirhardworkandtheircooperation.Itwasdueto
thehardworkput inbyeverymemberthat ithasbeenpossibletocompletethetask
within the given time frame. Many others who helped in the task included Dr.
R.M.Acharya,Retd.Dy.DirectorGeneral(AS),ICAR,NewDelhi;theircontributionisalso
gratefullyacknowledged.
(N.R.Bhasin)
January6,2010 Chairman
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CONTENTS
Chapters/Annex PageNo.Preface
1
ExecutiveSummary 211
Chapter1:LivestockinNationalEconomy 1220
Chapter2:GrowthofAnimalHusbandryandDairySectors 2123
Chapter3:PotentialforGrowthinAnimalHusbandryandDairySectors 2429
Chapter4:PublicInvestment 3035
Chapter5:InputsandServices 3647
Chapter6:DevelopmentalStrategy 4871
Chapter7:ResearchandTechnologySupportforAnimalHusbandry 7279
Chapter8:LivestockCreditandInsurance 8087
Chapter9:PublicPrivatePartnership 8892
Chapter10:ReviewofCentralSectorandCentrallySponsoredSchemes 93108
Chapter11:SuggestedCentralSectorandCentrallySponsoredSchemes 109111
Chapter12:InstitutionalandStructuralReforms 112116
Chapter13:StateSpecificRecommendations 117165
AnnexureI:ReportofSubgrouponFodderProduction 166209
AnnexureII:ReportofSubgrouponLivestockExtension 210224
AnnexureIII:ReportofSubgrouponValueAddition 225269
Enclosures
1. ConstitutionoftheCommittee
2. ConstitutionoftheSubgroups
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2
EXECUTIVESUMMARY1.Livestock isan importantsubsectorofIndianAgriculturalEconomyand
plays a multifaceted role in providing livelihood support to the rural
population.Livestock
sector
apart
from
contributing
to
national
economy
in
generalandtoagriculturaleconomyinparticularalsoprovideemployment
generation opportunities, asset creation, copingmechanism against crop
failureandsocialandfinancialsecurity.
2. Eventhoughtherehasbeendeceleration ingrowthrateoflivestock
output per se aftermid 1990s, the growth in livestock sector has been
fasterthancropsector.Thecontributionoflivestocksectorinagriculturein
termsofoutput,whichwas17.3percentduring198081,increasedto26.9
percent
in
2007
08.
Similarly,
contribution
of
the
sector
to
National
GDP
hasbeenaround5.5percentovertheyearsdespitepronouncedvariation
observed in contribution of crop sector to National GDP; indicating the
stabilityofthelivestocksector.
3. NearlytwothirdsoffarmhouseholdsinIndiaareassociatedwithone
ortheotherformoflivestockproductionand80percentofthemaresmall
landholders (
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3
productivityenhancement.The futuregrowthhas to sustainprimarilyon
enhancedproductivityandnotonincreaseoflivestockpopulation.
5. Intheruralareas,mostofthelivestockrearingactivitiesarehandled
bywomen
force.
As
many
as
75
million
women
are
engaged
in
livestock
sector as against 15millionmen. There is an increasing trend towards
participationofwomen in livestockdevelopmentactivities.Thishas ledto
empowermentofwomenheadedhouseholdsintheruralcommunities.
6. Inrecentyears,agradualshiftistakingplaceinlivestocksectorfrom
resource driven systems to demand driven systems and involvement of
educated youth in livestock production activities. The increase in the
processing of especially milk and meat had provided a fillip to this
development.Livestock
production
systems
have
also
provided
much
needed diversification opportunities especially in the states like Punjab,
Haryana andUttar Pradesh and also in the poorly endowed regions like
Bundelkhand.
7. Processingandvalueadditionhasbeenprimarily limitedtothemilk
subgroup. Themeat sector continues to be handled in an unorganized
manner. For making the meat sector more vibrant, profitable, export
orientedandproviderofsafemeat,agreateremphasisneedstobegiven
onestablishment
of
modern
slaughter
and
processing
facilities.
8. Thegrowthof the livestocksectorduring the8th
Planwas4.01per
centperannum,whichdeceleratedto3.45percentinthe9th
Planand3.91
percentinthe10th
Plan.Thecontributionofmilksectortothetotaloutput
fromlivestockisabout68percentandinsomeofthestatesitisashighas
80 per cent. After the completion of Operation Flood, there has hardly
been any investment in the cooperative sector. The investment under
centrally sponsored schemes has gone to nonviable areasmainly in the
NorthEast.
The
private
sector
has
made
considerable
investment
but
mainly intheprocessingsector,whichhasnotgiventherequired impetus
for achieving higher growth rate in milk subsector; consequently the
growthhasdeceleratedto3.91percent inthe10th
Plan.Duringthesame
periodthegrowth ineggproductionwaspositiveand increasedfrom4.41
percentinthe8th
Planto7.26percentinthe10th
Plan.Thegrowthinwool
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4
subsector hasbeen seriously affected due to lack of focusedpolicy and
alsoliberalizationoftheimportpolicyforwool.
9. Withhigherpurchasingpowerdue tohigher incomeover theyears
demandfor
consumption
of
livestock
products
is
going
to
enhance
during
the 11th
and 12th
Plan. The future strategy for achieving the targeted
livestockproductionshouldbethroughproductivityenhancementandthis
is possible through innovative approach of breeding, feeding and
management aspects. The future strategy should be based on obtaining
higher return per unit of product through value addition,which in turn
wouldbenefittheprimaryproducer.
10. Over the years there has been a quantum jump after the
liberalizationin
the
export
policy
of
livestock
product
especially
meat
and
milkwhichduringthelastyearhaveachievedanexportofRs.5000crores
in the case of meat and Rs. 1000 crores in the case of milk. India is
geographicallysituatedatanadvantagesplace inSouthEastAsiaandcan
capitalizeonthegrowingmarketinAfrica,MiddleEastandSouthEastAsia
inthegrowinglivestockmarket.
11. FromthevisitsmadebytheAdvisoryCommitteeconstitutedbythe
PlanningCommission,todifferentstatesofthecountry,ithasbeenclearly
establishedthat
there
are
large
differences
in
the
potential
of
the
growth
of
sector across the states/regions. Considering the geography and natural
resourceavailability,thedairydevelopmentshouldhaveideallytakenplace
in IndoGangetic plain comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
PradeshandBihar,whichhasnothappenedtothedesirable level.Onthe
contrary, traditionally low potential areas like Karnataka, Maharashtra,
AndhraPradeshandRajasthanhaveshownbetterperformance.Toagreat
extent this variation can be explained due to the emphasis put in these
statesoncooperativesystemofdairydevelopmentwhichnotonlyprovides
marketbut
also
the
requisite
input
services
for
increasing
milk
production.
12. The small ruminant sector offers considerable opportunities for
providingemployment to theresourcepoor farmersespecially in thearid
and Northhilly region of the country. A focused approach with higher
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5
investmentcommunityapproachanddevelopingprocessingfacilitieswould
providetherequiredboosttothesector.Thishasbeenlackingsofar.
13. Performanceofpoultrysectorhasbeenmore thansatisfactoryand
thesector
has
emerged
from
ameager
backyard
nature
to
afully
commercialized production system, which could be attributed to
technology in the form of high producing strains, role of private sector,
efficientmarketlinkagesandadequateprocessingfacilities.
14. Thedemandforporkandotherpigproductsissignificantlyhigherin
NorthEastern states and almost 80 per cent of the production in the
country isconsumedbypeopleofNEregion.Inspiteofthis,development
of piggery sector has almost been neglected in NE region; probably on
accountof
lack
of
feed
and
other
resources.
Therefore,
it
calls
for
acomprehensivestrategyforpiggerydevelopmenttomeetthedemand.The
state governments and North Eastern Council should emphasize in
promotingthissector.
15. Theoverall investmentmade in livestockanddairysectorhasbeen
verymeager over the Plan period. The 10th
Plan outlay (20022007) for
DAHDFwasRs.2500 crorewhich constituted11.84per centof the total
budgetary outlay of agriculture and allied sector.Out of this, the outlay
allocationfor
DAHDF
(excluding
fisheries)
was
Rs.
1760
crores
accounting
for 8.35 per cent of the total outlay for agriculture and allied sector. In
termsofexpenditure theperformanceof thedepartmenthasbeeneven
poorer and was 8.02 per cent during the entire Plan period; varying
between 6.42 per cent to 10.03 per cent from year to year. On the
contrary,contributionoflivestocksectorhasbeenincreasingovertheyears
(26.9 per cent in 200708) as indicated in earlier paragraphs.With the
meagerbudgetaryallocationmadetothesector, itwouldnotbepossible
toachievethedesiredgrowthrateof6percenttargeted inthe11th
Plan.
Notonly
the
public
investment
has
been
low
there
has
also
been
serious
lackof investmentbytheprivatesector inanimalhusbandryandthattoo
limited to dairying mainly in the processing sector. In the 11th
Plan, a
provision of Rs. 11000 crores was made for DAHDF. However, the
expenditureduring thePlanperiod is likely tobenomore thanRs.6000
crores.OneofthereasonsofpoorallocationmadeinthePlanisattributed
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6
to low absorption capacity of the department, which also needs to be
improvedtoachievehighergrowth.
DevelopmentalStrategies16. The strategies during the last few Plans has been to improve the
genetic potential of indigenous cattle through crossbreedingwith exotic
breeds.Inthe10th
PlanacentrallysponsoredNationalProjectonCattleand
Buffalobreedinghasbeen takenupcovering thewholeof thecountry.A
numberofbullproduction farms, frozensemenbankandAIcentershave
beenestablished.TheprojectwasallocatedRs.375croresinthe10th
Plan,
whichhasbeenenhanced toRs.500croresduring the11th
Plan.Thishas
resulted inaquantumjump in thenumberofartificial inseminationsand
theproduction
of
crossbreds.
However,
most
of
the
bulls
used
in
the
projectsarenotprogenytested;andadequatestrategyfor fieldrecording
andprogenytestingofthebullshasnotbeenbuiltintheproject.Itiswell
known that the high producing animals can give its performance only in
comparativelybetterenvironment.However,thestrategydoesnotprovide
forsimultaneousimprovementoffeedandfodderresources,duetowhich
ithasnotbeenpossible toharness the fullpotentialof thescheme. It is,
therefore, recommended that in all areas covered under NPCBB
programmeeffortsshouldbemadetodevelop feedand fodderresources
simultaneously.
17. Thestrategyfordevelopmentofsmallruminantsectorasawhole is
lacking.Duetoanumberofreasonsthesheepproductioninmajorpartsof
thecountryisatthecrossroads.Largesheepbreedingfarmforproduction
ofexoticramswassetupinHissar,Haryana,alongwithseven largefarms
instateswhereimportedsheepofMerinoandRambouiltbreedswerekept
forproductionoframs.InthecaseofRajasthan,projectsweretakenupon
wool grading andmarketing and production of fine andmedium quality
woolfor
quality
production.
All
these
projects
have
failed.
It
is
suggested
that the future strategy should be to improve quality ofwool in sheep
limitedtoNorthernstatesofthecountrynamelyJ&K,Uttarakhandandhilly
partsofUP.Inotherpartsofthecountrythestrategyshouldbetoimprove
sheepformuttonproduction.Variousprogrammesinthestatesshouldbe
redefined and redrafted on these lines.Despite the fact that goat offers
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7
greatpotentialnostrategyhasbeendevelopedforitsimprovement.There
is no central sector or centrally sponsored schemes for development of
smallruminants.Thissectorappearstohavebeencompletelyneglected.
18.As
indicated
earlier,
in
the
case
of
Pig
production,
there
amismatch
between the consumption and production centers. While the major
demandofbaconandotherproductsisintheNE,theproductionislimited
to areas of Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. It is suggested that the
present approach of individual farming should be replaced by cluster
approach in theNE regionwith simultaneousdevelopmentofprocessing
facilities.
19. Although the poultry sector has been completely commercialized,
backyardpoultry
offers
scope
in
the
rural
areas
for
providing
income
to
weaker sections of the community. The Central Avian Research Institute
hasdevelopedsuitabletechnologiesfordevelopmentofbackyardpoultry,
whichwould enhance its productivity and returns. Itmust, however, be
realizedthat inviewofcompetitionfromthecommercialsector,backyard
poultry has to be considered essentially as a sector limiting itself for
providinglivelihoodopportunitiestolandlessandresourcepoorfarmers.
20. In the case of animal health, the major emphasis is limited to
providingcurative
treatment
by
opening
hospitals
and
dispensaries.
The
disease investigation support is quite weak.Most of these facilities are
stationaryinnature,thereby,reducingtheirefficiency.Thepresentstrategy
shouldbereplacedbymissionmodeapproach.Anationalnetworkonthe
disease investigationand reportingshouldbeestablished.Epizooticmaps
ontheoccurrenceofvariousdiseasesinvariouspartsofthecountryshould
beprepared.Astrategytostampoutthediseasesshouldbedevelopedand
implementedfollowingtheapproachadopted ineradicationofRinderpest
disease. The existing manpower with the state veterinary and animal
husbandrydepartment
is
not
sufficient
to
provide
services
at
the
doorstep
ofthefarmers.Thisgapcanbefilledbyputtingmoreemphasisontraining
ofparavetswhowouldbeinapositiontoprovidethedesiredservicesand
relieving the veterinary doctors to assume higher responsibilities. The
production of vaccine is an area which needs to be privatized either
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8
completely or taken up on PPPmodels for efficient utilization of limited
resourcesavailabletothesector.
21. Under dairy developmentmilkproducers cooperativewill continue
toplay
amajor
role
despite
liberalization
of
the
sector.
However,
the
dairy
cooperativeswillhavetoreformthemselvesandbecomecompetitive.Milk
producersinstitutionsregisteredundercompanyslawhavebeenfoundto
bemore effective than the cooperatives.NDDB has prepared aNational
Dairy Plan, which has been submitted to theWorld Bank for financial
assistance.Under theproject theprocessingcapacitywouldbeexpanded
and also investmentmade in progeny testing and fodder production to
supportthebreedingprogramme.R&Deffortsindevelopingprocessedand
packagingtechnologyforIndianmilkproductsasalsootherinnovativemilk
productsneed
to
be
supported.
With
the
implementation
of
National
Dairy
Plan in thenear future there isaneed to relookat thevarious schemes
presently funded by DAHDF for avoiding duplication and overlapping of
investment.
22. Support should be provided to modernization of meat sector.
Registration of all slaughter houses in cities/towns is essential formeat
production and protection of environment. The establishment of rural
based abattoir in animal breeding track would reduce the need for
transportationof
live
animals
to
urban
area
for
slaughter.
In
addition,
modern abattoir/meat processingplant should be supported to promote
export.
23. Theexisting institutionalmechanism isnotsufficienttocatertothe
needs of various stakeholders of the sector. For meeting emerging
challengesbothatnationalandinternationallevelsaparadigmshift inthe
institutionalmechanismwouldbeessential.Structuralreformsarerequired
at various levels viz. national, state and production levels. For providing
comprehensiveinformation
on
livestock
related
aspects
and
drawing
long
term and short term policy/strategies, it is essential for establishing a
separateNational Body for Livestock Information and Policieswhich can
advise theMinistry in all policymatters relating to livestock sector. The
proposedbodycanestablishachannelofcommunicationandcoordination
withall the stategovernmentsand thepublic/privateorganizations,both
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9
nationalandinternationaldealingwithlivestock.Presently,nowelldefined
mechanism exists on import of germ plasm in the form of live animals,
frozensemenandembryos.Anadhocismprevailswhiletakingthedecision
on these issues. An authority for quality control on breeding material,
whichis
being
suggested
since
8th
Five
Year
Plan,
should
now
be
set
up
on
prioritybasis.Atpresentthevaccineproductionaswellasqualitycontrol
lieswiththestateveterinarydepartmentwhichfunctionsnotonlyasuser
but also as producer and quality controller, which is not a satisfactory
arrangement.AnindependentauthorityforQualityControlofVaccinesand
otherbiologicalproductsproducedbothinthepublicandprivatesectoras
suggestedinthe11th
Planshouldbesetup.
24. Manyofthestatedepartmentshavebeensettinguplivestockfarms
withoutassessing
their
requirements.
This
tendency
needs
to
be
discouragedandtheproductionofbreedingmales(bulls,rams)shouldbe
throughidentifiedfarmersandfarmersgroup.Theissuesofdisconnectand
nonconvergence between different departments implementing animal
husbandryanddairyingactivitiesatthestate levelneeds tobeaddressed
for harnessing full benefits of various schemes. The activity of semen
productionshouldbeplacedwiththeproposedcentralagencyforensuring
qualityandstandards.
25.The
future
strategy
should
give
greater
emphasis
on
developing
publicprivatepartnership (PPP) indifferentactivitiesofanimalhusbandry
anddairysector.Someoftheareas,whichcanbetakenmoreefficientlyin
PPPmode include: vaccine production and its delivery,meat production
andprocessing,processingoffallenanimalsandanimalbyproducts,fodder
seedproduction,managementof communitypastures and fodderbanks,
extensionandtechnologytransfer,etc.
26. Thereisaseriousshortageofqualityfodderseedsavailability inthe
country.The
State
Seed
Corporations
do
not
own
the
responsibility
of
producingfodderseeds.Fodderseedproductionisbasicallyinthehandsof
privatesectorandgroupsoffarmers.Thestrategycomparabletothecrop
sector will have to be developed for production of fodder seed, which
should incorporateproductionofbreederseed, foundationseed,certified
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10
seedandtruthfullylabeledseed.Extensioneffortswillhavetobemadeto
thetypeoftheseedsuitableforhisareaanditsavailability.
27. Livestock extension services to the farmers will be the key for
improvinglivestock
productivity
and
making
the
livestock
sector
competitive in the liberalized economy,which at present is almost non
existing.Livestockextensionservicesshouldincludetransferoftechnology
andalsostrengtheninglocallyrelevantinnovativesystems;advisoryservice
and provision of access to range of services. It is evident that extension
services need to undergo a paradigm shift. There is a need to have a
livestockextensionpolicybuilt intotheNationalAgriculturePolicy.Awell
developedknowledgeportalneedstobedevelopedandestablished.
28.Non
availability
of
credit
especially
to
landless
and
asset
less
farmers
isoneofthemajorimpedimentsindevelopmentandgrowthofthesector.
At present, short term credit to livestock farmers for meeting the
requirement for production purposes is not easily available. Livestock
Farmers Credit Card (like Kissan Credit Card) should be introduced for
providingshorttermcredittosolvetheproblemofworkingcapitalandto
avoidpayingveryheavyrateof interest tothemoney lenders. Innovative
creditfacilitiesthroughjointliabilitygroups/SHGsneedtobepromoted.
29.
The
DAHDF
is
implementing
a
number
of
centrally
sponsored
and
central sector schemes with different funding pattern. The different
components of the schemes,which are decided at the central level are
being implemented by the states and the states do not have any say in
deciding their pattern and technical contents. It is suggested that only
schemesofnational importance/relevancepertaining tobreeding,disease
control,feedandfodder,andNationalDairyPlanshouldbeplannedatthe
centrallevelandimplementedascentralsectorschemes.Asecondstream
withashelfofschemesmaybedevelopedandthestatesmaybeallowed
to
choose
relevant
schemes
based
on
state/region
specific
needs.
A
third
streamofschemetobe implementedthroughNABARDasventurecapital
fundisalsosuggested.
30. Thedevelopmentalprogrammes initiatedbyGovernmentofIndia in
therecentyearsviz.RKVY,NREGA,BRGF,WatershedProgrammes,etc.also
provide an opportunity for promoting livestock activities. Effective
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11
convergence and dovetailing of animal husbandry and dairy sectorwith
thesedevelopmentalschemesneedtobemade.
31. Consideringtheperformanceofdifferentstatesinimplementationof
various programmes of animal husbandry and dairy sectors, absorption
capacityandconstraintsofmanpowerandinfrastructure,itisunlikelythatitwouldbepossible toachieve theset targetof67percentgrowthper
annumduring the11th
Planperiod.Assuch, the target foroverallgrowth
rate in livestock sectormay have to be revised to 5 per cent during the
currentplanwitha4percentgrowthrateformilksectorand68percent
forpoultryandmeatsector.
32. Implementation of the developmental strategies suggested by the
Committeefordifferentsectorsalongwiththehigherinvestmentportfolios
wouldaccelerate
the
growth
in
the
livestock
sector.
This
would
result
in
achievingagrowthrateof67percentinthe12th
Planperiod.
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12
CHAPTER I
I. Livestock in National Economy1.1 LivestockisanimportantsubsectorofIndianAgriculturalEconomyand
plays a multifaceted role in providing livelihood support to the rural
population. Livestock sector apart from contributing to national economy in
general and to agricultural economy in particular alsoprovides employment
generation opportunities, asset creation, coping mechanism against crop
failureandsocialandfinancialsecurity.
1.2 Overtheyears,livestocksectorhasbeenmakingsignificantcontribution
tonationaleconomyaswellastotheagriculturesectoroutput.Growthratein
outputofcropsectorhaswitnessedadecelerationovertheyearsparticularly
aftermid1990s.Even though therehasbeendeceleration ingrowth rateof
livestockoutputperseaftermid1990s,thegrowthinlivestocksectorhasbeenfaster than crop sector leading to its increased share in the totalagriculture
sectoroutputfrom17.3percentduring1980/81to26.9percentin2007/08.
ThevalueofoutputfromlivestocksectorwastothetuneofRs.2,40,601crore
duringtheyear200708(atcurrentprices)accountingfor26.90percentofthe
valueofoutputfromagricultureandalliedsectors.
PercentageContributionofLivestockSectortoAgricultureandNationalGDP
(at199394prices)
PercentContributionofLivestocksectortoYear
AgricultureGDP NationalGDP
199000 24.39 5.59
200001 25.92 5.67
200102 25.91 5.70
200203 29.27 5.70
200304 27.26 5.40
200405* 24.90* 4.70*
200607 31.70 5.26
200708 26.90 5.21
At19992000prices.
1.3 The sustained economic and income growth in the country andintegrationofglobalagrifoodmarketsprovideconsiderablescope for future
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13
growthoflivestocksectorandopportunityofincreasedincomegenerationfor
livestock farmers, especially small holders. Nearly twothirds of farm
householdinIndiaareassociatedwithlivestockproductionand80percentof
themaresmalllandholders( 2ha).Whatisrequiredistoidentifytheexistingand emerging opportunities and develop a comprehensive road map for
harnessingtheseopportunities.
1.4 Thefactthatabout90millionfarmingfamiliesowningmilchanimalsare
involved inmilkproduction amply signifies the important roleof the sector.
Livestockprovidesa largeshareofdraughtpower,withabouthalf thecattle
populationand25percentofthebuffalopopulationbeingusedtocultivate60
million hectare of cropland. Draught animal power is making a significant
contribution to agricultural production and thus to the rural economy. The
contribution is roughlyestimated tobe to the tuneofRs.10,000 croresper
yearbesides savingapproximately sixmillion tonnesofpetroleumworthRs.
6,000crores. Draughtanimalpowerisstillrelevantandusefulduetothefact
that it issuitabletotheneedsofthefarmerswithsmall landholdingandthe
areaswheremechanized implementscannotbebroughttouse. Asignificant
outputfromsmallandbackyarddairyfarmingistheproductionofdung,which
isanimportantorganicmanure. Onanaverage,800milliontonnesofmanure
is produced. Of this, some 300 million tonnes are burnt as fuel and the
balancedusedasmanure. Eventhiscouldbeimproveduponbyscientificyet
pragmaticplanning likebiogasproduction. However,thedungcakesarethe
solesourceofenergyofthepoor,forcookingandforheatingtheirdwellings
duringwinter.
1.5 Contributionof livestock tooverallhousehold income is significantbut
differsacrossdifferentagroclimaticregionsofthecountry.Agriculturewitha
shareof44percent inhousehold income is thedominant income source in
irrigated and rain fed zones. Nonfarm income ismore than agriculture incoastal zone and almost the same in hill andmountain zone. In arid zone
contribution of livestock income is higher than agriculture income implying
greaterrisksincropproductioninthiszone.
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14
Incomebysourcesindifferentagroclimaticzones(%)
Agroclimatic
zone
Agriculture Livestock Wages Nonfarm
businessincome
Arid 31.6 36.0 17.0 15.4Coastal 28.5 7.6 24.3 39.5
Hill&mountain 33.8 13.6 23.1 29.5
Irrigated 44.5 18.0 16.1 21.4
Rainfed 43.8 11.4 21.8 23.0
Source:Brithaletal.,2007.
1.6 Livestock is considered as secondmost equally distributed source of
incomeafteragriculturewithaGinicoefficient (Gk)of0.745andcontributes
least (10.6per cent) to total incomeequalitywhich ismainlyascribed to its
weak correlation with total income and even distribution of livestock
ownership. Further, the significant contribution of livestock rearing as an
effective copingmechanism against crop failure has been amply proved in
recentyears inVidharbaregionofMaharashtraandsuicidepronedistrictsof
other states like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Farmers owning livestock
asset have been able to overcome the hardships of crop failure and loan
burdenandnosuicidecaseshavebeenreportedoffarmersowninglivestock.
1.7 The demand driven growth beingwitnessed in livestock in the recent
yearsisanimportantpathwayforincreasingtheincomeofmarginalandsmall
farmers and landless labourers. However, the benefits which can accrue
depend on a) scale of production and marketable surplus b) efficiency of
production, and c) market linkages / access to domestic and international
markets. Market opportunities due to the anticipated rise in demand for
livestock products will provide an avenue for resourcepoor farmers to
increase production, improve their livelihoods, reduce malnutrition and
thereby, contribute to the goal of overall poverty alleviation. Providing anenablingenvironment inwhichsmallproducersareabletotakeadvantageof
theopportunities,overcome the challengesandmeet the threats shouldbe
accordedpriority.
1.8 The growth attained in livestock sector hitherto has been attributed
largely to increase inanimalnumbersand toa lesserextentonproductivity
enhancement. The future growth has to sustain primarily on enhanced
productivityandnoton increaseof livestockpopulation.Thecurrenttrend in
stabilizationof livestockpopulationand increasednumberofcrossbredcattle
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15
andmilchanimalpopulation isan indication that focushasgradually shifted
towards productivity enhancement. The extent towhich growth in livestock
productioncanbeacceleratedwoulddependonhowtechnology, institutions
and policies address constraints facing the livestock sector. Thiswill requireovercoming feedand fodderscarcityand improvements indeliveryofanimal
healthandbreedingservices.
Contributiontoemployment
1.9 Livestock is an important source for employment generation and
increasedproduction implieshigheremployment.Dairying is labour intensive
at farm level and participation ofwomen is substantial. It is estimated that
each610kgperdayadditionalmilkprocessed in Indiaaddsonemanday for
feedingand care.Animalhusbandry isayear roundactivityengaging labour
forceparticularlythehouseholdmembersforallthe365daysoftheyearand
this isofparticularsignificance torain fedareaswheremonocroppingbeing
theusualpractice, thenumberofmandaysengaged inagriculturalactivities
gets restricted only during the cropping season. Milk andmeat processing
sectorsalsogenerateemploymentandcontributestolimitingemigrationfrom
villages. Small scalemilk processing is labour intensive and generates both
employmentandincome.
1.10 Gender equity is more pronounced in livestock sector, as women
participation is71percentof the labour forcewhile it isonly33percent in
cropfarming.Asmanyas75millionwomenareengagedinthelivestocksector
asagainst15millionmen. Womenplayamajor role in livestockproduction
andmostof themhavegoodknowledgeabout livestockbehaviourand local
feeds. Extent and nature of their involvement varies within and between
regions.Despitevariations,womenmostlyhandleaspectslikemilking,careof
youngand sickanimals, cleaningand feeding. In thepoultry sector,womenmostly look after rural poultry. Similarly,women play a prominent role in
rearingofsheep,goatandsmallruminants. AnimalHusbandry increasesthe
earning capacity of women and ultimately leads to their economic
empowerment. There isan increasingtrendtowardsparticipationofwomen
inlivestockrearingactivities.Onereasonforthisphenomenonisthemigration
ofmenfromruralareastotownsandcitiesinsearchofpaidemployment.This
hasresultedinanincreaseintheproportionofhouseholdsheadedbywomen.
Viewed fromaneconomicdimension, thedaytodayactivitiesperformedby
women are crucial inputs for either directly through sale of livestock andlivestockproductsortheuseoflivestockinvariouslivelihoodactivities.
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LivestockproductionsystemsinIndia
1.11 Livestockproductionsystems in Indiahavebeen traditionallypracticedmainly as an extensive, low input subsistence systems integratedwith crop
production. However, with liberalisation of Indian economy, sustained
economic and income growth, opportunities for export, etc. in the last two
decades or so has also brought about a subtle but sure change in livestock
productionsystems. Themajorchangesbeingseenintherecentyearsare:
Shiftfromresourcedriventodemanddrivenproductionsystems
Shift from extensive subsistence systems to semiintensive / intensive
commercialsystems
Manyeducatedyouth takingupanimalhusbandryactivities,especially
commercialdairyfarmingasbusinessenterprises
The subtlechangeshappening in thesectoralsocalls for reorientation in
theapproachforfuturedevelopmentandgrowth.Currently,4percentof
croplivestocksystemsareexclusivegrasslandbasedandwith thedecline
in both area and quality of grasslands it is expected that these systems
wouldslowlybereduced.Mixedrainfed(46percent)andmixedirrigated
(37 per cent) are themajor existing livestock production systems. It is
anticipated that the share of these systems would see a reduction in
coming years. Semiintensive and industrialproduction systemswhich at
presentaccountfor13percentareexpectedtoexpandsubstantially.
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Crop - Livestock systems in India
Such change also necessitates reorientation of approach, planning and
implementation strategies for facilitating growth of animal husbandry and
dairysectors:
Futuregrowth inAHanddairysectorwouldprimarilybemarketdrivengrowthanddependsonhowwellthemarketingstrategiesareconceived
andputinplace;
Oneof thekeydrivers forthesectoralgrowth is that livestock farming
systemswouldbetechnologydriven.Itisimperativethatcosteffective,
region specific technologies need to be developed and delivered
effectivelyforadoptionatthefieldlevel;
A paradigm shift in existing input deliverymechanism system would
have to be developed and put in place for delivering the services at
farmersdoorstep; A greater role for private sector through appropriate PPP business
models;and
Enablingpoliciesof thegovernment for facilitating speediergrowthof
thesector
Diversificationopportunities
1.12 Livestockproductionsystemsprovidescopefordiversificationoffarming
systems. In recent years over exploitation of groundwater, rapid decline of
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watertable,unsuitabilityofirrigationwater,andstagnationincropproduction
has become an issue of concern inmany parts of the country,more so in
Punjab and Haryana. In such situations, livestock production systems,
especially commercial dairy farming are being considered and promoted asmost viable alternate diversification opportunities for traditional crop
productionsystems.
Governmentalpolicies
1.13 Foracceleratedgrowthoflivestocksector,itisimperativethatastrong
and focused government policy is required.However, the fact remains that
despite the importanceof livestock sector in the Indianeconomy,especially
towards livelihood of resource poor farmers and landless labourers,
governmentpolicyforthesectorhassufferedfromthelackofclearandstrong
thrustandfocus. Oneoftheindicatorsofprioritytoasectorcouldbejudged
from budgetary allocation under various plan periods to the sector. Even
thoughthetotalbudgetallocationforthesectorasawholehasincreased,the
allocationtoanimalhusbandryanddairyingaspercentageoftotalplanoutlay
haseitherremainedstagnantorhasdecreasedboth in thecentralaswellas
statesplanoutlay.At thenational level, theallocation toAnimalhusbandry
departmentwas0.98percentduring theFourthPlanwhichwas reduced to
about0.28percentduringTenthPlancomparedtothesectorscontributionto
thenationalGDPofover5percent.InthefirstthreeyearsoftheEleventhPlan
the allocation has varied from 0.25 per cent to 0.28 per cent of the total
CentralPlanofGOI.
1.14 Severaloftheflagshipschemes/programmesintroducedbytheCentral
GovernmentintherecentpastlikeRKVY,IntegratedWatershedManagement
Programme,NREGA,BRGF,etc.provideanopportunityforaccessingadditional
funds for promoting activities in animal husbandry and dairy sectors. Theavailableavenuesandfundshavetobeefficientlyaccessedbytherespective
states.
AlternateInstitutionalArrangements
1.15 With theperceptiblechangehappening inanimalhusbandryanddairy
sectors and to meet newer emerging challenges both at national and
international scenario, it is essential for a paradigm shift in the institutional
setup for meeting these challenges. Alternate and efficient institutionalarrangementsarecalledforatdifferentlevels.Theeffortsshouldbeaimedat
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promotingandnurturingthegrassroot levelparticipatorybodiesalloverthe
stateas theorganic linkbetween theanimalhusbandrydepartmentand the
smallholders. Itshouldalsoencourageandpromoteadoptionofappropriate
technologies,enhanceproductivity,increaseeffectiveness,andensurereturnsproportional to the investment of time, energy and resources that small
holders, particularly women, make for livestock development and
management.
1.16 Mostof smallanimal rearers are landless, smallandmarginal farmers
andthereisauniquecaseofscalinguptomaximizeprofits.Increasinginputs,
product developments, processing and marketing is essential to realize
economicsof scale. Formulationand implementationof innovativeandbold
policiesand institutionalmechanismspecificallysuitedfordifferentregions ishighlydesirable.Milk cooperativeson thepatternofGujarat (Anand)model
arenot inplace inmanyof the regionsespecially in rain fedareasandhave
alsonotbeenuniversally successful. Establishmentofmodels like Producers
Company in theCompaniesActwillprovide the advantagesof retaining the
basic elements of cooperation while enjoying the regulatory regime as a
privatelimitedcompany.
1.17 For achieving livestock feed security, the concept of establishing a
National Livestock FeedAgencyon thepatternof FoodCorporationof IndiaalongwiththeNationalFeedGridhasbeenmootedanddiscussedatvarious
platforms.However,thishasnotbeentranslatedintoactiontilldate.
1.18 Another important issuewhich is relevant for effective integration of
livestock is thatofcreditand insurance.Creditand insuringrisksofdifferent
kindsrequireuniqueinnovationsforcopingwithmarketfailuresanddisasters.
A total livelihood credit portfolio providing muchneeded credit facility of
resource poor farmers needs to be developed and implemented. Livestock
insurance thoughbeing implementedhasnotbeen scaledup to thedesired
level.
1.19 Someoftheareaswhichrequirefocusare:
a) Increasing involvement of community organizations in decisionmaking
hasbecomethecommonagendaofalldevelopmentalprogrammesthat
are initiatedbythegovernment.However,inanimalhusbandryschemes
it
is
more
of
a
top
down
approach
or
target
oriented
schemes.
Convergence of AH activities holistically as a significant component in
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natural resourcemanagementholds considerablepromise. For realising
this,aparadigmshiftisnecessaryforeffectiveinvolvementofcommunity
basedorganizations.
b) Instead of the State departments taking complete responsibility in thearea of providingAI andminor veterinary services,major responsibility
could be entrusted towell established NGOs, private institutions, etc.,
withawelldrawnmonitoringandevaluationstrategy.
c) With the amendment to Part IX of the Companies Actmade in 2002,
considerable scope exists for promoting Producer Companies in
agricultural sector. Presently,more than 150 producer companies have
beenestablishedandoperatinginthecountry.However,suchcompanies
dealing in animal husbandry sector are very few and such alternate
institutions are relevant in rainfed areas. NDDB has been working on
establishinggreenfieldproducercompaniesindairysectorforharnessing
the benefits available for a producer companywhile at the same time
retaining thebasicstructureofcooperatives.Such initiativesneed tobe
exploredforotherlivestockproductsalso.
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CHAPTERII
II.GrowthofAnimalHusbandryandDairySectors
2.1 The11th
Plandocumenthassetatargetofachievinganannualgrowth
of67percentinthesectorasawholewithmilkgroupachievingagrowthof5
percentperannumandmeatandpoultrygroupachievingagrowthof10per
centperannumduringthePlanperiod.Thishasbeenconsideredessentialfor
achieving an overall growth of 4 per cent in agriculture sector during the
period.
2.2 Thedeceleration ingrowthofcropsectorover theyearshasbeen the
majorconcern
which
is
limiting
the
overall
growth
in
agricultural
sector.
Fortunately, the growth rate in livestock sector has been relatively steady
compensating for the slow growth in crop sector. However, a sign of
decelerationisalsoseeninthelivestocksectorwhichcouldmainlybeascribed
tosharpdeclineingrowthofmilksector.
GrowthinvalueofOutputfromLivestockSector(at199394prices)
GrowthduringPlanPeriod(%)SlNo. Item
8th
9th
10th
1 ValueofoutputfromAgriculture 3.26 1.39 1.70
2 Valueofoutputfromlivestock 4.01 3.45 3.90
3 Milkgroup 4.25 4.07 3.19
4 Meatgroup 4.17 2.70 4.91
5 Eggs 4.41 4.44 7.26
6 Woolandhair 3.51 2.93 0.05
7 Dung 0.92 0.03 3.96
8 Incrementinstock 15.56 3.48 11.57
2.3 Considerable variation in growth rate of output of livestock sector is
seenacrossdifferentstates.Except in thestatesofAndhraPradesh,Gujarat,
HimachalPradeshandUttarPradeshwhichhaveachievedagrowthofmore
than5percentperannumbetween8th
and10th
Plan,thegrowthinremaining
stateshaveremainedbelow4percent.Aslowgrowthinpotentialstates like
Punjab,Haryana,Maharashtra,KarnatakaandRajasthanisanissueofconcern
andthereasonsforthisneedtobecriticallylookedinto.
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22
Averagegrowthinoutputoflivestockduring8th
to10th
Planperiod
2.4 Average contributionofmilk sector to the totaloutput from livestock
sector is about 68 per cent and in the states of Gujarat, Haryana,Madhya
Pradesh,PunjabandUttarPradeshthecontribution isashighas80percent.
Anyadverse impactongrowthofmilk sector is likely toadverselyaffect the
overallgrowthoflivestocksector.Sharpdeclineingrowthofmilksectorduring
10th
Planmightbedue to lower investments in this sectorpost Operational
FloodwhichwasbeingimplementedbyNDDB.
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2.5 GrowthinPoultrysector,especiallyintheeggproductionhasbeenquite
encouragingduringthepastthreedecades.Theaverageannualgrowthinegg
productionwhichwasaround4.5percentduring8th
and9th
Planincreasedto
7.26per
cent
during
10th
Plan
period.
The
sector
witnessed
considerable
turmoildue tooutbreakofAvian Influenzaduring2006and2007and in the
firsttwoyearsofthe11th
Planaverageannualgrowthhasbeenaround5.2per
cent.Thesectorasawholehasmadesignificantprogressovertheyearsand
thecountryranks4th
ineggproductionintheworld.GrowthinoutputofMeat
sectorhasmoreorlessremainedstagnantataround4percentannually.
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CHAPTERIIIIII PotentialforGrowthinAnimalHusbandryandDairySectors3.1
Potential
for
growth
in
animal
husbandry
and
dairy
sectors
varies
considerably across the states and is governed by a host of factors viz.
geographicalconditions,cropproduction,climaticconditions,socioeconomic
dynamics, outlook of the state towards development of these sectors and
financialinvestmentmade.
3.2 Futuregrowthinanimalhusbandryanddairysectorwouldprimarilybe
marketdrivengrowthanddependonhowwell themarketing strategiesare
conceivedandput inplace.Withthespeedyeconomicgrowth inthecountry
andhigher
disposable
incomes,
the
needs
and
wants
of
the
domestic
consumers have considerably changed.However, adequate efforts have not
been made to understand the emerging needs and wants. Further, the
requiredinfrastructureandstrategicplansformarketingandbrandingofdairy
andotherlivestockproductshavenotbeenputinplace.
3.3 Thestrategyforgrowthinanimalhusbandryanddairysectorsshouldbe
oriented primarily towards developing amarketled growth and exploit the
vast
potential
available
both
in
the
domestic
as
well
as
export
market.
While
creatingthenecessaryinfrastructureandputtinginplacerelevantinstitutional
mechanisms, focus has also to be made towards developing market
intelligence(bothdomesticandinternational).
MilkSector3.4 Thesuccessofgrowth inmilk sectorover theyearscouldprimarilybe
ascribed to establishment ofwell developedmarket linkages andmarketing
infrastructure.Implementation
of
Operation
Flood
Project
by
National
Dairy
DevelopmentBoard(NDDB)helped indevelopmentofmarketingaspectsata
veryfastpace.Asharpdeclineingrowthofoutputfromthemilksubsectoris
ofconcernasthissectorcontributestoabout70percentofthetotaloutputof
thelivestocksector.Itisessentialthatthepotentialforgrowthinmilksectorin
thesestatesshouldbefullyharnessedbycreatingoverallenablingconditions,
higher investments, focusedapproachand infrastructuraldevelopment. The
states of Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and
AndhraPradeshhavepotentialforachievinghighergrowthratesof68per
centduring
the
remaining
part
of
11th
Plan.
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3.5 Forachievingthetargetedproductionof180millionMTofmilkby2020
the orientation has to be essentially directed towards productivity
enhancementofcowsandbuffaloes.Quantumjumpinproductivityispossible
throughinnovative
approach
in
breeding,
feeding
and
management
aspects.
The Punjab governments steps in encouraging setting up of hitech
commercialdairy farms,private investmentsbeingmade inAndhraPradesh,
verticalintegrationofdairyanimalsoncommerciallinesinKarnatakaaresome
of the positive indicators that the approach is slowly shifting towards
productivityenhancement.
3.6 Inthepresentdaymarketdriveneconomy,providingvalueadditionto
rawmaterialalwayspayshigherdividends.However,thiskeycomponenthas
beenaddressed
inadequately
in
the
milk
sector.
A
whole
set
of
issues
on
policy, regulatorymechanism, infrastructuraldevelopment,capacitybuilding,
institutionalsetup,etc.,havetobeaddressed. Currently,only1617percent
of the fluidmilk isbeingprocessed in thecountryofwhichbuffaloand cow
milkaccountfor55percentand45percentrespectively.Ofthetotalcowmilk
beingprocessed26per cent is from indigenous cowmilkand the rest from
crossbred cow milk. It is essential to enhance the quantum of milk being
processed tomake it safe for consumption and increase its keeping quality.
The
process
of
value
addition
begins
from
the
moment
milk
is
drawn
from
cow/buffalo;andateverystepfromproductiontoconsumptionthereisample
scopeforvalueaddition.
3.7 Almost70percentofmilkisconsumedasliquidmilkandconversionof
milkintovariousvalueaddedproductsistoaverylimitedextent,especiallyin
the organized dairy sector. Anand CooperativeMilkUnion (AMUL),Gujarat,
hasbeen thepioneer indiversificationprocessandmanufacturesa rangeof
valueaddedmilkandmilkproductsoncommercialbasis.Someof theother
CooperativeMilk
Unions
like
KMF
in
Karnataka;
MILKFED
in
Punjab;
SARAS
in
Rajasthan;andVERKAinHaryanahavealsobeenperformingconsiderablywell
inprovidingvalueadditiontomilkandmilkproducts.
3.8 Someoftheareaswhichneedtobefocusedforvalueaddition indairy
sectorare:
a) Theextentofcollectionandprocessinghastobeenhanced.Atargetof
enhancingmilk processing from current level of 1617 per cent to at
least25
per
cent
in
the
next
five
years
has
to
be
set.
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b) Averagecollectionofmarketablesurplusmilkbyorganizeddairies(both
cooperativeandprivate) isonly toanextentof30per cent except in
Gujarat where 85 per cent of surplus milk is collected by Dairy
Federation.Forenhancingproductionandcollectionofliquidmilk,each
ofthe
state
should
create
23new
milk
shed
areas
every
year.
c) TheNationalDairyPlanenvisagesthatforachievingthetargetedgrowth
in dairy sector, the handling of marketable surplus by private and
cooperativeinstitutionshastoessentiallyincreasefromcurrentlevelof
50millionKg/dayto160millionKg/dayby202021.Forachievingthis,
all producers/processors should develop amilk collection network on
themodelofGujarat.
d) At least 68 zones which have potential for highmilk collection and
processing facilities (like Kolar area in Karnataka) should be identified
anddeveloped
as
export
promotion
zones.
e) Traditional Indian dairy productswhich have huge potential for value
addition and export have not been focused.More research has to be
done in indigenousmilkproductsandorganizeddairyprocessingplants
shouldessentiallyharnesstheexistingopportunity.
f) Training and capacity building in the area of value addition has been
neglected.Focused trainingmechanismsatdifferent levelsneed tobe
developed and implemented. Adequate number (about 100) of
Polytechnics
may
be
established
for
imparting
a
2
year
certification
course.
MeatSector3.9 Foracceleratingthegrowthinmeatsectorthereisaneedforproviding
greater assistance to the sector in terms of more public funding through
central assistance/ schemes and enabling policy environment. Presently, no
Central assistance or schemes are available for this sector and even the
incentivesgiven
to
the
sector
in
the
form
of
export
subsidy,
etc.,
have
been
graduallywithdrawn.TherestrictionsimposedbyOIEareposinghindranceto
export.Thecertificationprocessneedstobestreamlined.
3.10 Value addition inmeat sectorhasbeen almostnonexistent except in
caseofbuffalomeatprocessingwhich isprimarilymeant forexportmarket.
The topmostpriority inmeat sector shouldbe toensureproductionof safe
and qualitymeat and promote the concept of FarmtoFork in a sustained
manner.Livestockmarketsandabattoirsaremostlyinunorganizedsectorand
formaking
the
meat
sector
more
vibrant,
profitable,
export
oriented
and
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providerofsafemeat,itisnecessarythataperceptibleshiftfromunorganized
to organized sector takes place. Currently, only buffalomeat export iswell
organizedand0.5million tonnesofbuffalomeatworthUS$600millionwas
exportedin200809.Thepotentialwhichexistforexportofbuffalomeatand
poultryproducts
especially
to
Asian
and
African
countries
should
be
exploited
asanimmediatestrategy.
3.11 TheMeatandPoultryProcessingBoard setup recently in2009by the
Ministry of Food Processing would provide considerable impetus for meat
processing sector. However, the production side still remains unaddressed.
Withthe likelihoodofCODEXstandardsbecomingapplicable inthenext four
years time, the traceability issuewouldbeamajor concern formeatexport
sector. For overcoming this problem, probably in future, large commercial
meatfarms
may
have
to
be
set
up
exclusively
for
rearing
animals
for
meat
purpose.
3.12 VerylittleefforthasbeenmadebyAnimalHusbandrydepartmentboth
at state and central level for development and growth of small ruminant
sector.Presently,noeffectivecentrallysponsored/centralsectorschemesare
available for providing much needed assistance. The vast potential of
developinggoatsector,whichexists insomeoftheregions likeBundelkhand,
parts
of
Rajasthan
and
Himachal
Pradesh
needs
to
be
beneficially
harnessed.
A
focusedapproachwithhigher investment,communityapproach,establishing
meatprocessingplantanddevelopingadequatemarketlinkagesistobemade.
3.13 Development of sheep sector has been at crossroads. The population
has stagnatedduring the last twodecadesexcept foramarginal increaseof
about 6 per cent between 1997 and 2003. The wool production has also
remainedconstantat40millionkg,ofwhich4millionkg isof finewool.The
trade policy of permitting import ofwool underOGL has affected domestic
traditionalmarket.
A
clear
cut
policy
direction
is
needed
on
priority
as
to
whetherthefocusshouldcontinuetoraisesheep forwoolproductionorthe
focusshouldshifttowardsmuttonproduction.
3.14 TheNorth Eastern region holds considerable potential for developing
Piggerysectorasthepighusbandryisthemostimportantactivityinthestates
ofNorthEastespeciallyinthetribalareas.Eventhoughmorethan80percent
of theporkproduced inthecountry isconsumed innortheasternregion,no
serious attempts have been made by the state governments, central
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government or North Eastern Council in promoting pig production on
commercialbasis.
PoultrySector3.15 Poultry sector in India,over the years,has slowly transformed from a
meagre backyard farming to a well structured, organised industry on
commercial lines.Theorganised sectorof the industryhasaddressedall the
interlinked issues like breeding farms, hatchery, feed mills, equipment
manufacture,feedsupplements,drugandvaccineproduction,etc.inaholistic
manner.However,marketingofthefinalproductistheweaklinkinthechain
and is still under the control of traders. Potential for further growth in this
organised sector has to come primarily through focusing on achieving
improvedFeed
Conversion
Ratios
(FCR)
and
tackling
of
outbreak
of
diseases
likeAvianInfluenzaandotherneweremergingdiseases.
3.16 Promotingofruralbackyardpoultryhastobeconsideredessentiallyas
a sector limiting itself for providing livelihood opportunities to landless and
resourcepoorfarmerssince it isdifficult forthissectortocompetewithwell
organisedcommercialsector.
3.17
Considering
the
performance
of
different
states
in
implementation
of
various programmes of animal husbandry and dairy sectors, absorption
capacityandconstraintsofmanpowerandinfrastructure,theCommitteeisof
theview that it isunlikely thatwewouldbe inaposition toachieve theset
targetof67percentgrowthperannumduringthe11th
Planperiod. Assuch,
thetargetforoverallgrowthrateinlivestocksectormayhavetoberevisedto
5percentduringthecurrentPlanwitha4percentgrowthrateformilksector
and68percentforpoultryandmeatsector.
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Annualgrowthrateinlivestocksector(currentandpotential)inmajorStatesofIndia
State CurrentAnnualgrowthrate(%) PotentialAnnualgrowthrate(%)
AndhraPradesh 5.56 68
Assam 2.19 34
Gujarat 5.47 68
Haryana 3.40 56
HimachalPradesh 4.33 56
Karnataka 2.73 56
Kerala 0.95 23
MadhyaPradesh 2.68 56
Maharashtra 3.77 67
Punjab 3.48 68
Rajasthan 3.32 67
TamilNadu 2.40 56
UttarPradesh 4.09 67
WestBengal 2.66 34
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CHAPTERIVIV PublicInvestmentTenthPlanOutlayandExpenditure4.1 Theoutlayandexpenditureduringthe10
thPlanperiodforthethree
departmentsoftheUnionMinistryofAgriculture,namelytheDepartment
of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC), the Department of Animal
Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DAHDF) and the Department of
AgriculturalResearch&Education(DARE)ispresentedinTable4.1.Asmay
be seen, a substantial increase in outlay was provided to Ministry of
Agriculture since 200405 taking the Central Government share of total
planexpenditure
on
Agriculture
and
allied
sectors
from
33
per
cent
in
2002
03to44percentin200607.Themajorexpenditurewashoweveroncrop
sector. The Ministry introduced several new programmes during the 10th
Plan aimed at diversification of agriculture, strengthening technology
validation, demonstration and dissemination, water saving and
developmentofinfrastructure.
4.2 Despite larger allocation to the agriculture and allied sector, the
share of public fund to Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying has
beenvery
low.
The
DAHDF
accounted
for
11.87
per
cent
of
the
total
outlay
of theMinistry ofAgriculture during the10th
Plan.OutofRs.2500crores
allocated, the actualexpenditure was Rs. 2345.60 crores byDADF.Out of
this, the expenditure on fisheries was Rs. 570.33 crores and the
expenditure by Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying was Rs.
1775.24 crores. TheDAHDaccounted for only 8.35 percent of the outlay
madeavailabletoMinistryofAgriculture.
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Table4.1OutlayandExpenditureofMinistryofAgricultureDuringthe
TenthFiveYearPlanCurrent
Price
S.No. Period
DAC DAHDF DARE TotalDAHDF
as
%of
Total
Outlay
forMoA
1.
TenthPlan
Outlay(2002
07)
13200.00 2500.00 5368.00 21068.00 11.87
2.
200203
(Expenditure)1655.94
238.90
650.75
2536.95
3.200304
(Expenditure)2050.34 271.76 748.98 3068.67
4.200405
(Expenditure)2656.26 566.22 816.01 4035.72
5.200506
(Expenditure)3817.46 589.37 1046.75 5453.37
6.
200607
(Revised
Estimate)4860.00
679.32
1430.00 7040
7.Total
Expenditure15040.00 2345.57 4692.49 22134.71
DAC=DepartmentofAgriculture
DAHDF=Deptt.ofAnimalHusbandry,DairyingandFisheries
DARE=DepartmentofAgriculture,ResearchandEducation
DAHD=DepartmentofAnimalHusbandry&Dairying
Fish=Fisheries
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Table4.2OutlayandExpenditurebyDepartmentofAnimalHusbandryDairying
&FisheriesinTenthFiveYearPlanCurrentPrice
S.No. PeriodDAHDF Fisheries DAHD DAHDas
%oftotal
outlayforMoA
1. Tenth Plan Outlay
(200207)
2500.00 740.00 1760.00 8.35
2. 200203
(Expenditure)
238.90 75.90 162.92
3.
200304
(Expenditure)271.76
68.72
203.00
4. 200405
(Expenditure)
566.22 150.51 415.12
5. 200506
(Expenditure)
589.37 109.00 480.00
6. 200607
(Expenditure)
670.32 166.12 513.20
7. Total 2345.57 570.33 1775.24
DAC=DepartmentofAgriculture
DAHDF=Deptt.ofAnimalHusbandry,DairyingandFisheries
DARE=DepartmentofAgriculture,ResearchandEducation
DAHD=DepartmentofAnimalHusbandry&Dairying
Fish=Fisheries
EleventhPlanOutlay4.3 The 11
th Plan outlay for the DAHDF is Rs. 8174 crores. The pace of
expenditureduringthelasttwoyearshasbeenslow.Againstanallocation
of Rs. 910 crores during 200708, an expenditure of Rs. 784 crores was
made.Similarly,during200809,againstanallocationofRs.1000crores,an
expenditureofRs.872.86croreshasbeenmade.Similarly, in200910the
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original allocation of Rs. 1100 crores has been revised downwards to Rs.
920crores.Itisfearedthatthetotalexpenditureduringthe11thPlanwill
notreachevenRs.5000crores.
4.4
TheAnimal
Husbandry
&
Dairying
contributes
between
25
per
cent
to30percentoftheGDPoftheagriculture.Despitethissignificantsharein
GDP,theresourcesallocatedtoDAHDhavebeenmeagerand insufficient.
This inturnhasaffectedtherateofgrowthofAHDwhichwas lessthan4
percentduringthe10thFiveYearPlan.
StatePlans4.5 The resources made available under state plans to the Animal
Husbandry&
Dairying
have
also
been
insufficient
and
small
in
almost
every
stateofIndia. Instatesalsothebulkoftheexpenditurehasbeenmadeon
the crop sector and Animal Husbandry & Dairying has not received the
adequateshareintheresourceallocation.
ExternalAssistance4.6 Dairy sector has received massive external assistance. Operation
Flood I was implemented through funds (over Rs. 100 crores) generated
from
the
sale
of
commodities
(SMP
andButter
Oil)
donated
by
European
Union. IDA of World Bank assisted state dairy projects in Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Operation Flood II and III also received
assistancefromIDAofWorldBank.Butfortheseassistance,itwouldhave
notbeenpossibleforIndiatomakeasignificantcontribution in increasing
milkproductionandprocessingcapacity.ANationalDairyPlanpreparedby
NationalDairyDevelopmentBoardhasbeensubmittedtotheWorldBank
forassistanceandisunderdiscussion.
4.7
Livestock
development
has
been
a
component
of
a
number
of
agricultural projects assisted by World Bank. This includes UP Diversified
Agriculture Project, Assam Infrastructure and Agriculture Development
Project, Rajasthan Agriculture Development Project, Watershed
Development projects in various states, and is currently a component in
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Assam Agriculture Competitiveness Project, Tank Development Project in
AndhraPradesh,etc.
BilateralAssistance4.8 Animal husbandry has received assistance under a number of
bilaterally assisted projects. DANIDA and CIDA have assisted projects in
variousstates, including Tamil Nadu Livestock Development Project.Most
oftheseprojectshavebeencompletedwithpositiveresults.
RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojana4.9 AnovalschemetosupportagriculturedevelopmentRKVYhasbeen
introducedin
the
11th
Five
Year
Plan
with
aprovision
of
Rs.
25,000
crores.
AnimalHusbandry&Dairying(andFisheriesalso)areeligibleforassistance
underthisscheme.However,theallocationtotheanimalhusbandrysector
has been quite poor. During 200708 the Animal Husbandry sector
(includingfisheries)receivedRs.111.25crores(9.53percent).During2008
09 the sector received Rs. 394.29 crores (14.56 per cent). The poor
allocationmadetotheAnimalHusbandrysectorisbasicallyduetoinability
toformulateprojectsfollowingtheguidelinesofRKVY.
4.10
The
Agriculture
Departments
function
as
nodal
departments
forRKVYintheStates.TheAnimalHusbandryofficerscomplainofbigbrotherly
approach of state agriculture departments in matters of allocation of
resources. The Union Minister for Agriculture, Shri Sharad Pawar has
advised all the state governments to give favourable consideration to
AnimalHusbandrysectorandallocateatleast30percentoftheresources
duringaparticularyeartoAnimalHusbandryandDairying.
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PrivateSectorInvestment4.11 There is hardly any private sector investment in Animal Husbandry
except in states like Gujarat and Rajasthan where people assist in the
developmentof
Gaushala
and
Gosadans.
In
the
case
of
dairy
development,
withthe liberalizationofeconomy,considerableprivatesector investment
has been made in the processing, value addition and marketing. The
dairying isno longeramonopolyofthecooperativesector;asamatterof
factprivatelyowneddairyplantsaccountfor51percentofthetotalmilk
processedinIndia.Thedairyprocessingwasnotincludedunderthepriority
sector lending by the banks. In his budget speech 2009, the Finance
Minister announced the Government decision to treat dairying as a Food
Processing Industry which would extend priority sector lending besides
providing
a
host
of
concessions.
However,
a
notification
is
awaited.
Withthesemeasures,itwouldbepossiblefortheprivatesectortoinvestinthe
processingandmarketingsectors.
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CHAPTERV
V.InputsandServices
Background
5.1 Animal husbandry has been recognized as an important source of
livelihoodacrossthecountry,particularlyinprovidinggainfulselfemployment
toBelowPovertyLine(BPL) families. This isbecauseofthegrowingdemand
formilkandotheranimalproductstotheextent,thattheproductionfromthe
presentlevelwillhavetobedoubledduringthenext15years. Asmostofthe
BPLfamilies
in
rural
India
maintain
livestock
for
supplementary
income,
this
is
an excellent opportunity to improve the productivity to meet the growing
demandwhileenhancingtheirincomes.However,thesuccessdependsonthe
abilitytoimprovethequalityandyieldwhilereducingthecostofproductionto
avoidpressurefromtheinternationalmarket.
5.2 Indeed, the lackofqualityand inefficiencyof livestockdevelopment in
most of the states are bottlenecks for the farmers engaged in the livestock
sector,toharnessthepotentialandtoenhancetheirincome.
5.3 The important reasons for suboptimal performance of the livestock
developmentprogrammesinIndiaare:
Lackofawarenessamonglivestockownersaboutopportunitiesandbest
practicesavailabletoimprovetheproductionandprofitmargins;
Shortageoftrainedhumanresourcestoprovidetechnicalservicesatthe
doorstepsoflivestockowners;
Inadequate
and
untimely
supply
of
critical
inputs
to
ensure
optimum
production;
Involvementofmultipleagenciesengagedinvariousaspectsoflivestock
developmentwithoutanyfocussedgoals;and
Lackof value chain approach to establish coordination among all the
playerstoenhancetheproductionandprofitability
5.4 Due to the above hurdles, livestock husbandry is not able to register
significant progress in spite of its inherent potentials and huge financial
outlays.To
overcome
this
problem,
it
is
essential
to
identify
various
activities
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and players in the value chain under different production systems in the
livestocksector.
ValueChaininLivestockHusbandry
5.5 Among various speciesof livestock,milch cattle andbuffaloesare the
major contributors to the economy as milk is the main livestock product
contributingtotheNationalGDP in India. Startingfrom livestockbreedingto
milkprocessingandmarketing,thereareseveralplayersinvolvedinthesector
betweenthedairyfarmersandthemilkconsumer. Figure1 listssomeofthe
majorplayers
in
the
value
chain
of
dairy
husbandry.
Figure1:ValueChainforDairyDevelopment
Small holder/Dairy cattle
Hub/
Local org.
Milkcollection
Milkprocessing/
marketing
ParavetVeterinarian
SeedsFertilizers
Feed/Minerals
Micro-finance
Crop residuesFodder production
Fodder producers /
Traders
Water conservation/supply
Pasturedevelo ment
Plant breedersSoil scientists
Training /Capacity building
Monitoring /Evaluation
Consumer
Breeding servicesVaccinationsDeworming
Disease InvestigationVeterinary services
Breed selectionSuperior germplasm
Performance evaluation
Lab servicesInput supply
5.6Similar
value
chains
can
be
developed
for
meat,
egg,
fish
and
wool
production. Although, we observe that the dairy farmers are availing the
breedingandveterinaryservicestoproducemilkandsupplytomilkprocessing
units through their cooperatives or middlemen, there are many agencies
involved in providing support to these farmers directly or indirectly. Dairy
farmersneedthefollowingservicesand inputsforsuccessfulmanagementof
theirenterprises:
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Services
Breeding
Pregnancydiagnosis
Vaccination
Deworming
Veterinaryservices
Testingagainstvariousdiseases(diseaseinvestigation)
Nutritionalanalysisofvariousfeedingredients
Adviseoffoddercultivationandbalancedfeeding
Milkcollection,chilling,marketing
Efficientuse
of
dung
and
carcass
Inputs
Fodderseeds
Fodder,feedandconcentrates
Mineralandvitamins
Dewormers,vaccines,medicines
Milkingvessels,milkingequipments
Variousfarm
equipments
5.7 Thesuppliersoftheaboveservicesandinputsarepartofthevaluechain
ofthedairy industry.Availabilityoftheseservicesand inputswell intimeare
verycriticalforensuringtheprofitabilityofdairyentrepreneurs. Introduction
ofvariousefficiencymeasureswillnotonlyenhance theproductionbutalso
reducethecostofmilkproduction. Hence,itisadvisabletodevelopasuitable
strategyfortimelysupplyofservicesandinputstolivestockowners.
Agenciesin
the
Value
Chain
5.8 Presently, the following agencies are involved in providing the above
services. Whilesomeofthemareengagedasserviceorganisationsonbehalf
of theGovernmentorotherdevelopmentorganisations,othersareengaged
forgenerationofemploymentandprofitsforthemselves.
Table5.1 indicates the roleof variousplayers involved indifferent activities
whicharerelatedtotheenhancementoflivestockproductivity.
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Table5.1:AgenciesEngaged
AgenciesActivities
AI/
PI
Minor Veterinary
Services
Major
Services
Semen
Produ-
ction
Input SupplyOther
InputsCredit Remarks
Vaccin-
ation
Deworm
- ing
DI
SurveillanceFeed
Mineral
Mixture
Fodder
Seeds
Animal
Husbandry
Departments Free
Livestock
Development
Boards Free
Dairy Federations Nominal CostPrivate Agencies /
Manufacturers On Payment
DI Laboratories /
Vaccine
Production Units Free to AHD
Universities /
Veterinary
Colleges Sponsored
Research
NGOs Free /subsidised
Private
Veterinarians On Payment
Banks / Micro
Finance Units Business
Terms
RoleofDifferentAgencies
5.9 Animal Husbandry Department: While the Animal Husbandry
Department isthemost importantagencyengaged in livestockdevelopment,
the activities carried out by the department are mainly based on the
availability of funds to cover different activities in smaller pockets. The
progressoftheseactivitiesaremeasuredonthebasisofthebudgetspentand
physicaltargets
covered
without
any
evaluation
of
the
quality
of
services
provided and the impact of the work on the overall productivity of the
livestock and the benefits derived by the farmers. In the absence of any
parametersformeasuringtheperformance,theimpactisnotvisible.
The AHD is handicapped in providing all the required services to livestock
ownersdueto lackofadequatefundstomeetthefielddemandsanda large
number of vacancies at all levels. For instance, inputs such as vaccines,
medicines and fodder minikits provided to veterinary dispensaries is not
adequateeven to cover2530per centof thedemand. With regard to the
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veterinary services, with over 2530 per cent posts of veterinary doctors
vacant, many veterinary hospitals are operating without any veterinarians.
Furthermore, in the absence of clear cut priorities given by the AHD, the
officersoftensettheirownpriorities,dependingontheirconvenience,inputs
available and benefits, rather than the needs of farmers. There are many
instanceswherefarmersareunabletoavailthebreedingservices fromother
agencies,whicharemoreefficientandeconomical,buttheofficersoftheAHD
continue this work instead of concentrating on major veterinary services,
allowingthebreedingservicestobeperformedbysemiskilledparavets.
5.10Livestock
Development
Boards:
Livestock
Development
Boards
are
the
latestcreationsatthe instanceoftheGovernmentof Indiato implementthe
programme under theNCPBP. Themandate of the Livestock Development
Boards is to carry out breeding, extension and management to enhance
livestock productivity. However, the implementation of the programme is
dependent on the staff, deputed from the AHD,who are partially occupied
with variousadministrativeduties. Thus, the LivestockDevelopmentBoards
havenotbeenabletomakesignificantcontributionto livestockdevelopment
in many states, while a few states have encashed this opportunity for
acceleratingthe
progress.
Although,
the
Boards
have
set
clear
targets
for
work
outputs,intheabsenceofsystematiclinkagewiththeservicesandmarket,the
impacthasnotbeenverysignificant.
5.11 Dairy Federations: Since the launching of theOperation Flood in the
1970s,mostofthestateshavepromotedDairyCooperativesandtheirState
level Federation to organise themarketing ofmilk and other products. This
programmewas launched as a viable businessmodel to organisemarketing
andalsotoestablishavaluechainthroughvariousbackward linkages. These
servicesincludedAIthroughparavets,diseasediagnosticservices,cattlehealthcamps, vaccinations, production and distribution of cattle feed, etc., which
indeed enabled the dairy farmers to improve their performances and
profitability. However,thequalityofserviceshavebeenwidelyvaryingintheir
efficiencyandcoverage. ManyoftheFederationshadtodiscontinuesomeof
the services due to constraints of finance, human resources and poor
managementof the corebusinessofmilkprocessingandmarketing. Often,
they had to discontinue to avoid duplication of similar services by other
agencies.Presently,
very
few
State
Dairy
Federations
are
in
good
financial
health to continue some of these activities efficiently. Nevertheless, their
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approachandoperations indicate thepotential todelivervarious services to
rebuildthevaluechain.
Indeed, this is the only sector where business planning is done to a great
extent and policy for clean and economic production to meet the future
challenges are discussed, after reviewing the present value chains.
Empowering the Dairy Federations to take a lead to reestablish the value
chain based on the business opportunities can accelerate the growth in the
livestocksectorandenablethedairyhusbandryprogrammetoprovidegainful
selfemploymenttosmallfarmersinthecountry.
However,manyoftheStateDairyFederationsinthecountryaresufferingdue
to poor administration,weak business plan and overdomination of vested
interestsatthecostofthedairyfarmers. Toovercomethis,anewgeneration
CooperativesandProducerCompanieshaveemergedonapilot scalewhose
performanceonawiderscaleisyettobeobserved.
5.12 Biological ProductionUnits:Many of the States have theirVeterinary
BiologicalUnits forproductionof vaccines,antigens,diagnostickitsandalso
forproviding
disease
investigation
services
to
farmers
through
decentralized
disease investigation laboratories. Many of these laboratories have
successfullyproducingall the required vaccines.However,providing support
servicestothedecentralizedDIlaboratoryandtakingupdiseasesurveillancein
the fieldhasbeenaweak link. Thisbeingan independentactivityproviding
critical support for animal production, additional capacity building and
strengtheningisrequired. Biologicalproductionunitsanddiseaseinvestigation
laboratoriesplayaverycriticalrole inpromotingcleanmilkproductionwhile
bringingdownthecostofproduction.
5.13 StateAgriculturalUniversities:Thepolicybehind theestablishmentof
StateAgriculturalUniversities,VeterinaryColleges andKVKswas to support
the farmers by way of transfer of technology through training and field
demonstration as well as to design research studies based on the field
problems. However,manyoftheveterinaryfacultiesinUniversitiesareoften
isolatedfromthefield. Asaresult,thiscloseinteractionbetweenthefarmers
andscientistshasbeendisconnected. Thishasseverelyaffectedthedelivery
ofservices
and
transfer
of
new
technologies.
Nevertheless,
some
of
the
Universitiesareinvolvedinbreedingofforagecropsanddevelopmentofgood
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productionpracticesforoptimisingthefodderyields.Goodworkhasalsobeen
donebymanyResearch Institutions indevelopmentofsuperiorquality feeds
and mineral mixtures, mineral mapping of the field areas to identify the
mineral deficiencies in different regions, etc.,with good extension services.
Thebenefitsoftheseresearchescanreachtheneedyfarmers.
There is an urgent need to understand the communication breakdown
between the farmand the laboratoriesandstrengthen the linkage toensure
thattheResearch Institutions formanactiveand importantpartofthevalue
chain.
5.14 Voluntary Organisations: There are a few important NGOs currently
engaged in promotion of livestock production in the country. Prominent
among themareBAIF, IndiaGenand JKTrustwhichareengaged inproviding
livestockbreedingandminorveterinary care services inmany States. Apart
from theseorganisations, therearealsoothers likePradan,Anthra,Nimbkar
ResearchInstitute,etc.,whichareinvolvedinpromotionofsmallruminantsin
differentpartsof thecountry. Theservicesof theseagencies,particularlyof
those engaged in providing livestock breeding services have been very
effectiveand
very
well
accepted
by
the
farmers,
even
on
payment
of
service
charges. Manyof theseagenciesareworking inclosecoordinationwith the
respective State Governments as well as the Government of India. These
agencieshavea longstandingreputationandabilitytoextendtheservices, if
financial support andwholehearted cooperation are extended by the State
AHDsandtheDairyFederations.
Apartfromprovidingbreedingservicesandanimalhealthcare,NGOscanalso
take up miniveterinary services such as deworming, vaccination, disease
investigation, disease surveillance, supply of cattle feeds, mineral mixture,fodder seeds, etc., at reasonable cost, under strictmonitoring of the State
VeterinaryDepartmentordonoragencies. Astrongcoordinationbetweenthe
AHDandtheseNGOscanhelptheStateinexpandingtheprogrammeatalow
costwhile saving precious time of the veterinary graduatesworking in the
Departmenttotakeimportantandhigherresponsibilities.
5.15 Private Veterinarians and Paravets: There are many private
veterinarianswho
are
involved
primarily
in
providing
veterinary
services
and
someofthemarealsoengaged inprovidingbreedingservices. However,the
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qualityofserviceisquestionableandthecostsareveryhigh,mainlybecauseof
lack ofmonitoring on the quality of their services. As their objective is to
generateincomeforthemselves,strictcontrolonthemisnecessarytoprevent
exploitationoffarmers.
ManyStateGovernmentshavepromotedtheappointmentofParavets inthe
State.However,manyof them have not been successful,particularlywhere
theyarenotabletogettheassuredandsteadysupplyof liquidnitrogenand
frozensemenattheirplacesofwork. Inmanystates,theirworking istotally
dependenton themercyof theveterinaryofficersand suchaprogramme is
notsustainable.
Promoting
the
services
of
paravets
can
be
asustainable
activity, if they are assured of regular supply of inputs and their quality of
servicesareperiodicallymonitored.
5.16 PrivateBusinessEnterprises:Therearemanypharmaceuticalsandfeed
manufacturers in the private sectorwho are primarily engaged in providing
inputsthroughsomeoftheaboveagenciesondemandbasis. Primarily,these
agencies having business motivation, require regular monitoring about the
quality and price by the Government authorities. As their operational and
overheadsare
high,
they
will
not
be
able
to
compete
with
other
agencies
in
providingbreedingandhealthcareservicesdirectly.
5.17 Banks and MicroFinance Institutions: Microfinance plays a very
significant role in livestockdevelopment in thecountry. Ithasbeen reported
that over 25 per cent of the disbursements through leadingmicrofinance
agencieshavebeeninvestedinlivestocksector. Thisindicatesthepotentialof
the sector and the scope for turning livestock husbandry into an important
income generation activity in rural India. Microfinance agencies and banks
can play a very significant role by establishing a link with various serviceproviderstoensurethatthefarmersareabletoavailtheseservicesoncredit.
StrategyforDeliveryofInputsandServices
5.18 For establishing an efficient value chain in dairy husbandry, themilk
processing unit either operated by the Federation or the new generation
cooperatives canassume theprimeposition forestablishing various support
servicesand
linkages.
There
can
be
aconsortium
of
AHD
and
milk
processing
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