Faculty of Veterinary Science

VET- CLINICS

17th feb,2016

Medical terms

Medicine: Application of different clinical and paraclinical sciences to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases

Disease: abnormal bodily physiological conditions Patient: The persons who is receiving medical treatment Diagnosis: application of different clinical and

paraclinical sciences to reveal the disease. There are different types of diagnosis:

1- Tentative diagnosis: is the limitation of the illness in certain diseases and then to try to exclude some diseases to reach the final diagnosis.

2- Final diagnosis: to confirm the disease by different laboratory methods.

3- Differential diagnosis: to differentiate between certain types of diseases.

4- Diagnostic treatment : to use different treatment trials to diagnose the disease.

Treatment (Therapy, remedy & regimen): to use different medicines or methods to try to make a sick or injured person well.

Prognosis: to predict the fate of the disease (Favorable or unfavorable)

Examination of the animal The clinical examination has three parts: 1- The animal 2- The history 3- The environment General inspection (visual examination) of the

animal includes: 1- Signs of health 2- Behavior and general

appearance 3- Voice 4- Defecation 5- urination 6- Posture 7- Gait 8- Body condition 9- Body conformation 10- Smell 11- Skin 12- Body temperature 13- pulse 14- Respiration

Physical examination (Parameters) includes: 1- Temperature 2- Auscultation 3- percussion 4- palpation)

Special examination of animal includes: 1- Skin 2- Head and neck 3- Thorax 4- Abdomen

5- Urogenital system 6- Cardiovascular system 7- Nervous system 8- Musculoskeletal system

Animal examination Steps

Information included in the medical reports are: I- Date II- The clinic III- Owner’s Data (Name, Address) IV- Animal’s data (Name, Species, Sex, breed,

color, age & any distinguishing mark) V- The chief complain VII- Case history

VIII- General (Visual) examinationIX- Special examinationX- Tentative diagnosisXI- Final diagnosisXII- Treatment

Case history

It is important to describe animal’s clinical symptoms because animals can not do so.

It is an important key to accurate diagnosis Human fallibility must be taken into

considerationTo avoid being misled, it is essential that the

veterinarian assess the accuracy of the history by careful examination

The history suggest not only the diagnostic possibilities but also the probabilities (e. g. A 1-year-old heifer unlikely to have clinical Johne’s disease).

History-taking methodNeeds experienceThe veterinarian should introduce himself to the

owner, and the usual greetings of the day will help to establish a veterinarian-client relationship.

‘How can I help you today?’ is an opening question

The owner or attendant must be handled by diplomacy

The use of nontechnical terms is essential Owners may attempt to disguise their neglect by

condensing time or varying the chronology of eventsThe clinician must try to separate owner’s

observations from their interpretations It is impossible to avoid the use of leading questions

as: ‘was there any vomiting?’ but it is necessary to weight the answer

The clinician must know the right questions to ask

Types of case history

We have 3 types: 1- Immediate (present) 2- Past 3- General and

consideration to the environment 1- Immediate historyTo ask about the clinical symptoms of current

disease as: Appetie, defecation, urination, respiration, sweating, general health condition and lactation and to do the visual examination

In case of outbreaks to ask about group castration and hair or wool cutting, vaccination, prophlaxis, morbidity rate and mortality rate and to bring samples of affected animals. Also to ask about any trials of treatment and names of drugs.

2- Past historyTo ask about previous diseases in details (clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment, morbidity, mortality, PM results and recent animals replacements)

3- General history and consideration to the environment:To ask about: rearing system, nutrition (type of composition diet and any sudden change in it), source of water, Geography of the residence (endemic diseases), weather, Nature of barns, beddings, breeding systems and breeds.

General examination of animal (Visual examination)

1- Signs of healthShoulders, ribs, back and femoral regions can

be observed by naked eye (in short hair animals) or palpation.

Unhealthy animal is emaciated with sunken eyeball, pointed ribs, nonelectric dry skin, pale mucous membranes

2- Behavior and general appearanceSeparation of animal from it’s group is an

indication of illness.Responses to stimuli (bright, dull or apathetic,

dummy’s syndrome, mania, furious and frenzy)Circling, epilepsy (Mg), colic 3- Voice Grunting of teeth and yawning

4- Eatingprehension, mastication swallowing, rumination eructation5- Defecation6- Urination7- PostureDog setting posture, arching of the back with the limbs tucked under the body, abduction of the elbows, rigidity of tail, ears and limbs, recumbency. opisthtonus

8- GaitMovements of the limbs. Ataxia, artheritis, laminitis, dummy syndrome9- Body conditionnormal, fat, obese, thin or emaciated (Cachectic)10- Body conditionSymmetry, shape and size of different body regions relative to other region e.g. chest to abdomen

Tuberculosis CBP

Equine colic Equine colic

Milk fever Grass tetany

Ketosis Johne’s disease

Mastitis Pregnancy toxaemia

Rabies Rickets

FMD FMD

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