vet. neuroanatomyscholar.cu.edu.eg/felnady/files/156_neuro_lecture_1.pdf · 11/5/2014 12 pia mater...

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11/5/2014 1 Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady Introducing Vet. Neuroanatomy Function of the nervous system 1. The nervous system coordinates and controls body activity. 2. Receive information (from ext./int. environment) 3. Analyze and integrate that information. 4. Bring the appropriate response. Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning The Structures of the Nervous System There are two major divisions of the nervous system: The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, and ganglia

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Page 1: Vet. Neuroanatomyscholar.cu.edu.eg/felnady/files/156_neuro_lecture_1.pdf · 11/5/2014 12 Pia mater Arachnoid Dura mater Meninges = membranes 3 membranes surround CNS The spinal and

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Prof. Dr. Fawzy Elnady

Introducing 

Vet. Neuroanatomy

Function of the nervous system

1. The nervous system coordinates and controls body activity.

2. Receive information (from ext./int. environment)

3. Analyze and integrate that information.

4. Bring the appropriate response.

Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning

The Structures of the Nervous System

There are two major divisions of the nervous system:

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system, and ganglia

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NervousSystem

Topographically

CNS

BrainSpinalcord

PNS

Cr. Nn Sp. NnIntramuralPlexuses

AutonomicNn & theirganglia

Functionally

Typeofinfo

Somatic Visceral

Sympathetic Parasymphathetic

Direction of fibers

Afferent Efferent

The building blocksof the Nervous system

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• Dendrites:transmit information toward the cell body

• Axons:transmit information away from the cell body

Somatic motor neuron

Neurons by function 

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A neuron may synapse on another neuron’s dendrites, cell body, or synaptic ending.

The building blocks of the Nervous system

Supporting cells 

Neuroglia or glial cells:

are the supportive cells of the nervous system

Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning

• Glial cells (glue) consist of– astrocytes

– microglia

– ependymal cells

– oligodendrocytes

– Schwann cells

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The Gap = synapse

The space between two neurons or between a neuron and receptor is the synapseChemical substances calledneuro‐transmitters are released into the space to allow information to be relayed

Copyright © 2006 Thomson Delmar Learning

A neuron may synapse on another neuron’s dendrites, cell body, or synaptic ending.

Cells that produce the myelin sheath

Schwann cells

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Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow the passage of oxygen and nutrients

Nodes of Ranvier

The part of the neuron that contain the nucleus

Cell body

The membrane surrounding the nerve cell

Neurilemma

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Dense connective tissue holding nerve fibers together

Neuroglia 

Group of cell bodies found in the PNS

Ganglia 

The space between two neurons

Synapse 

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The space between a neuron and a muscle fiber

Neuromuscular junction

The chemical that allows the transmission of a nervous impulse

neurotransmitter

Short projections that receive impulses

Dendrite

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Long projections that transmit impulses

Axons

Nerve Regeneration

Bony protection of CNS

SKULL

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Bony protection of CNS

Vertebral column

The Discs (intervertebral discs)

The vertebrae are protected from each other by IVD

IVD are layers of fibrocartilage that form pads separating and cushioning the vertebrae from each other

The Discs (intervertebral discs)

Outer Annulus fibrosus

Central Nucleus pulposus

no innervation or possible that outer disc innervated

Avascular 

Thicker in neck and lumbar regions

Thickest in coccygeal

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Severe compression of spinal cord by extradural malignantlymphoma. Cat.

Lumbar spinal cord after removal of vertebral laminae. dorsal view.

The Spinal Meninges

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Pia mater

Arachnoid

Dura mater

Meninges = membranes

3 membranes surround CNS

The spinal and cranial (cerebral) meninges are continues at the foramen magnum.

Denticulate ligaments

The pia mater is bilaterally thickened along the lateral surfaceof the spinal cord, Midway between successive spinal roots .

Extensions of the pia mater traverse the subarachnoid space,arachnoid mater and attach to the dura mater between thedorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves.

Thus the denticulate ligaments suspend the SC laterally in theCSF within the subarachnoid space.

Arachnoid mater

Def.

Thin transparent Avascularmembrane between dura and pia

maters. 

Shape: Spider‐web like appearance due to has numerous trabeculae & filaments.

It is pressed against the dura by CSF pressure.

Separated from pia by SubArachnoid Space (SAS), which is filled with (CSF).

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Which layer of the meninges is present in the spinal cord but not in the brain?

Epidural space

Which one of the following statements concerning the meninges of the brain and spinal cord is true?

The arachnoid membrane is the finest, most delicate layer, reminiscent یذكرنا بشبكة العنكبوت of a spiderweb, that immediately surrounds the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is contained in the subdural space of both the brain and spinal cord.

The superficial‐to‐deep sequence of the meninges on the brain is inverse to that of the spinal cord.

The meninges consist of three layers, which from superficial to deep are the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater

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Cauda Equina …. How it is formed?

in the Adult horse:

the cauda equina starts @ the lumbosacral junction.

the conus medullarisextends to S1

the filum terminaleextends to S4

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Structures forming the Cauda Equina:

1‐ Conus medullaris

2‐ Filum terminale

3‐ Spinal nerves (that flank  1 and 2)

Lumbosacral portion of spinal cord

Median section

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Which one of the following statements regardingthe spinal cord is true?

It contains nerve cell bodies within its white matter and axonal processes within its grey matter.

It extends the length of the vertebral canal.

It possesses neurons associated with the parasympathetic nervous system in the region of the intermediate horn.

It receives sensory neurons through the dorsal horn.

Early SPINAL CORD Development

Regions of Developing Neural Tube

Alar Plate

Basal Plate

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Cs spinal cord

Arrangement of gray and white matter in the spinal cord:

(1) Dorsal gray column

(2) Lateral gray column (intermediate gray matter)

(3) Ventral gray column

(4) Dorsal funiculus

(5) Lateral funiculus

(6) Ventral funiculus.

The Mature Spinal Cord

Gray matter

Cervical enlargement ‐ C5 ‐ T2

Lumbar enlargement ‐ L4 – S2

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Model of sympathetic innervation. Preganglionic cells can synapse (A) on postganglioniccells a few segments cranial in the sympathetic trunk; (B) on a postganglionic cell at the segmentwhere the postganglionic fiber emerges; (C) on a postganglionic cell caudal in the sympathetictrunk; (D) the preganglionic cell can bypass the sympathetic trunk ganglia and synapse in the prevertebralganglia.

(1) Preganglionic cell body; (2) Spinal nerve; (3) Ramus communicans; (4) Postganglionic cell body;

(5) Sympathetic trunk ganglion; (6) Sympathetic trunk.

Roots and branches of a spinal nerve

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The Mature Spinal Cord ‐ 3

White matter

Dorsal funiculus

Lateral funiculus

Ventral funiculus

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THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

‘NO ONE TELLS ME WHAT TO DO!’’

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Summary of major PNS subdivisions