Vertebrates

Linnea Kirby, Michelle

Duffy, and Adrienne

Vergith-Hill

Vertebrate Evolution

 

Chordates

• notochord• dorsal hollow nerve cord• muscular post-anal tail• pharyngeal slits or clefts• deuterostomes

Craniates

• neural crest • genetically complex• pharyngeal clefts

What is a vertebrate? 

• internal bony skeleton • sub phylum of Chordata• notochord evolved into

spinal cord

Lampreys

• Oldest living lineage of vertebrates• Live in marine and freshwater environments• Parasitic to fish

Fish• 3 Types 

o chondrichthyes first lineage

gnathostomes cartilaginous  must constantly swim in

order to surviveo ray-finned  fish

first lineage of osteichthyans operculum (gill cover) swim bladder 2-chambered hearts

o lobe-finned fish possibly predecessors of

tetrapods

Amphibians

• first lineage of tetrapods• amphibians means "two lives"• found in damp habitats• 3-chambered heart

xxx

Amniotes

• have an amniotic egg• amniotic egg has

extraembryoic membraneso function in gas exchangeo waste storageo transfer of stored nutrients

to embryoo 4 membranes

allantois amnion chorion yolk sac

Reptiles

• first lineage of amniotes•  have scales 

o needs to use its lungs for air exchange

o waterproof barrier to prevent dehydration

• ectothermic• 3-chambered heart

Reptiles cont. — Birds

• endothermic• hollow bones

o help with flight   • flight• feathers - made

out of same protein as scales

• 4-chambered heart

Mammals

• amniotes that have hair and produce milk

•  4-chambered heart•  3 subgroups

o monotremes lay eggs only found in Australia

and New Guinea don't have nipples

o marsupials higher metabolic rate pouch

o eutherians (placental mammals) longer period of

pregnancy embryonic development

in uterus

Humans

• bipedal hominoid with a large brain• different than hominids

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Picture Citations

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